Infobox Embryology Name Foregut Latin praeenteron proenteron GraySubject 241 GrayPage 1101 Image Gray27.png Caption Diagram showing the expansion of amnion and delimitation of the Navel umbilicus . Image2 Digestive system showing bile duct.png Caption2 Termination of the foregut. System CarnegieStage 9 Precursor Mesenchyme GivesRiseTo MeshName MeshNumber Code Terminologia Embryologica TE E5.4.4.0.0.0.2 The foregut is the anterior part of the alimentary canal , from the mouth to the duodenum at the entrance of the bile duct . At this point it is continuous with the midgut . Pain in the foregut is typically referred to the epigastric region, just below the intersection of the ribs. Structures of the foregut are Esophagus Stomach Duodenum 1st and 2nd parts Liver Gallbladder Inferior portion of Pancreas Spleen Note that it is located in the foregut region, but is not a gut organ Superior portion of pancreas Arterial supply to all these structures is from the celiac trunk , and venous drainage is by the portal venous system . Lymph from these organs is drained to the prevertebral celiac nodes at the origin of the celiac artery from the aorta . See also Midgut Hindgut External links EmbryologyUNC digest 008 MedicalMnemonics 2452 http sprojects.mmi.mcgill.ca embryology gi fg.htm Foregut embryology at mcgill.ca Development of digestive system Category Embryology of digestive system developmental biology stub digestive stub de Vorderdarm eo Anta intesto ... more details
Foregut fermentation is a form of digestion that occurs in the foregut of some animals. It has convergent evolution evolved independently in several groups of mammals, and also in the hoatzin bird. All ruminant s use foregut fermentation, whereas only some rodent s and marsupials do. It has also evolved in colobine monkeys and in sloth s. ref cite web url http www.mapoflife.org topics topic 573 Foregut fermentation in mammals title Foregut fermentation in mammals publisher Map of Life date 2010 07 22 accessdate 2010 11 11 ref References Reflist biology stub Category Digestive system ... more details
A monogastric organism has a simple single chambered stomach , compared to a ruminant organism which has a four chambered complex stomach. Examples of monogastric animals include omnivores such as humans , rats and pigs , carnivores such as dogs and cats , and herbivore s such as horses and rabbits . Herbivores with monogastric digestion can digest cellulose in their diet by way of symbiotic gut bacteria. However, their ability to extract energy from cellulose digestion is less efficient than in ruminants. ref name Waikato http sci.waikato.ac.nz farm content animalstructure.html Animal Structure & Function ref Herbivores digest cellulose via microbial fermentation biochemistry . Monogastric herbivores who can digest cellulose nearly as well as ruminants are called hindgut fermentation hindgut fermenters , while ruminants are called Foregut fermentation foregut fermenters . ref http vcebiology.edublogs.org 2011 04 30 hindgut versus foregut fermenters Hindgut versus Foregut Fermenters ref These are subdivided into two groups based on the relative size of various digestive organs in relationship to the rest of the system colon ic fermenters tend to be larger species such as horses and rhino s, and cecum cecal fermenters are smaller animals such as rabbits and rodents. ref name Grant http www.lafebervet.com small mammal medicine nutrition adaptations in herbivore nutrition Grant, Kerrin. Adaptations in Herbivore Nutrition, July 30, 2010 ref The great apes bonobos , chimpanzees , gorillas , and orangutans , in contrast to humans, derive significant amounts of phytanic acid from the hindgut fermentation of plant materials. ref name pmid20932325 cite pmid 20932325 ref Monogastrics cannot digest the fiber molecule cellulose as efficiently as ruminants, though the ability to digest cellulose varies amongst species. ref name Waikato A monogastric digestive system works as soon as the food enters the mouth. Saliva moistens the food and begins the digestive process. After being ... more details
Infobox Embryology Name PAGENAME Latin mesenteron GraySubject GrayPage Image Illu small intestine.jpg Caption The midgut and hindgut. Image2 Caption2 System CarnegieStage 10 Precursor Mesenchyme GivesRiseTo MeshName MeshNumber Code Terminologia Embryologica TE E5.4.7.0.0.0.2 The midgut is the portion of the embryo from which most of the intestines develop. After it bends around the superior mesenteric artery , it is called the midgut loop . It comprises the portion of the alimentary canal from the end of the foregut at the opening of the bile duct to the hindgut , about two thirds of the way through the transverse colon. Structures in the adult midgut Duodenum distal half of 2nd part, 3rd and 4th parts Jejunum Ileum Cecum Vermiform appendix Appendix Ascending colon Hepatic flexure of colon. Transverse colon proximal two thirds Vascular, lymphatics and innervation Arterial supply to the midgut is from the superior mesenteric artery , an unpaired branch of the aorta . Venous drainage is to the portal venous system . Lymph from the midgut drains to prevertebral superior mesenteric nodes located at the origin of the superior mesenteric artery from the aorta. Portal drainage carries all non lipid nutrients from digestion to the liver for processing and detoxification, while lymphatic drainage carries fatty chyle to the cisterna chyli . Autonomic innervation of the midgut is from the superior mesenteric plexus . Clinical notes Malrotation of the midgut during development can lead to volvulus . Pain in the midgut is referred to the umbilical region around the umbilicus belly button . See also Foregut Hindgut External links EmbryologyUNC digest 020 eMedicine radio 450 Midgut Volvulus Chorus 00494 http www.med.umich.edu lrc coursepages M1 embryology embryo 10digestivesystem.htm Umich.edu development digestive stub developmental biology stub Development of digestive system Category Embryology of digestive system de Mitteldarm ... more details
Infobox Embryology Name Laryngotracheal groove Latin sulcus laryngotrachealis GraySubject 235 GrayPage 1071 Image Gray947.png Caption The head and neck of a human embryo thirty two days old, seen from the ventral surface. The floor of the mouth and pharynx have been removed. Laryngo tracheal tube labeled at lower left, second from bottom. Image2 Caption2 System CarnegieStage Days 28 Precursor endoderm ref http www.llu.edu llu medicine anatomy glossary syllabus resp.html LLU Medicine Anatomy Histology Mentor Respiratory Bot generated title ref GivesRiseTo MeshName MeshNumber Code Terminologia Embryologica TE E5.5.3.0.0.0.2 The laryngotracheal groove is a precursor for the larynx and Vertebrate trachea trachea . The rudiment of the respiratory organs appears as a median longitudinal groove in the ventral wall of the pharynx. The groove deepens and its lips fuse to form a septum which grows from below upward and converts the groove into a tube, the Laryngotracheal groove or laryngo tracheal tube , the cephalic end of which opens into the pharynx by a slit like aperture formed by the persistent anterior part of the groove. Initially the cephalic end is in open communication with the foregut but eventually it becomes separated by indentations of mesoderm, the tracheoesophageal folds . When the tracheoesphageal folds fuse in the midline to form the tracheoesophageal septum , the foregut is divided into trachea ventrally and the esophagus dorsally. The tube is lined by endoderm from which the epithelial lining of the respiratory tract is developed. The cephalic part of the tube becomes the larynx, and its next succeeding part the trachea, while from its caudal end two lateral outgrowths, the right and left lung buds, arise, that branch into main primary , lobar secondary , segmental tertiary , and subsegmental bronchi and lead to development of the lungs.The Hox complex, FGF 10 fibroblast growth factor , BMP 4 bone morphogenetic protein , N myc a proto oncogene , syndecan ... more details
Infobox Embryology Name Respiratory buds Latin gemma respiratoria, gemma pulmonalis GraySubject 235 GrayPage 1071 Image Gray948.png Caption Lung buds from a human embryo of about four weeks, showing commencing lobulations. Image2 Gray949.png Caption2 Lungs of a human embryo more advanced in development. System CarnegieStage Days 28 Precursor foregut ventral GivesRiseTo MeshName MeshNumber Code Terminologia Embryologica TE E5.5.3.0.0.0.3 The cephalic part of the laryngo tracheal tube becomes the larynx , and its next succeeding part the Vertebrate trachea trachea , while from its caudal end two lateral outgrowths, the right and left respiratory buds or lung buds , arise, and from them the bronchi and lungs are developed. External links eMedicineDictionary respiratory diverticulum EmbryologyUNC digest 012a EmbryologyUNC digest 013 EmbryologySwiss rrespiratory phasen02 http embryology.med.unsw.edu.au Notes coelom3.htm Histology at med.unsw.edu.au http embryo.chronolab.com respiratory.htm Diagram at chronolab.com Gray s Development of respiratory system Category Developmental biology Category Embryology respiratory stub developmental biology stub ... more details
Infobox Embryology Name Tracheoesophageal septum Latin GraySubject GrayPage Image Caption Image2 Caption2 System CarnegieStage Days 26 Precursor tracheoesophageal folds ref http www.med.umich.edu lrc coursepages M1 embryology embryo 14respiratorysystem.htm Respiratory System Bot generated title ref GivesRiseTo MeshName MeshNumber DorlandsPre s 08 DorlandsSuf 12730645 The tracheoesophageal septum is formed from the tracheoesophageal folds which fuse in the midline to form a structure called tracheoesophageal septum . It divides the esophagus from the Vertebrate trachea trachea . It divides the foregut tube into the laryngotracheal tube ventrally and esophagus dorsally. ref http www.med.mun.ca anatomyts digest agutdev.htm Development of the Digestive System Bot generated title ref Developmental abnormalities can lead to a tracheoesophageal fistula . ref Cite web url http www.aafp.org afp 990215ap 910.html title Esophageal Atresia and Tracheoesophageal Fistula February 15, 1999 American Academy of Family Physicians accessdate 2007 11 11 work ref References references Development of digestive system Anatomy stub Category Head and neck Category Embryology of digestive system ... more details
Hindgut fermentation is a digestive process seen in monogastric herbivore s, animals with a simple, single chambered stomach . Cellulose is digested with the aid of Symbiosis symbiotic bacteria . ref name Waikato http sci.waikato.ac.nz farm content animalstructure.html Animal Structure & Function . Sci.waikato.ac.nz. Retrieved on 2011 11 27. ref The microbial fermentation biochemistry fermentation occurs in the digestive organs that follow the small intestine , namely the large intestine and cecum . Examples of hindgut fermenters include large odd toed ungulate s such as horses and rhino s, as well as small animals such as rodent s and rabbits . ref name Grant In contrast, foregut fermentation is the form of cellulose digestion seen in ruminant s such as cattle which have a four chambered stomach which digests cellulose. ref http vcebiology.edublogs.org 2011 04 30 hindgut versus foregut fermenters Hindgut versus Foregut Fermenters . Vcebiology.edublogs.org 2011 04 30 . Retrieved on 2011 11 27. ref Smaller hindgut fermenters of the order biology order Lagomorpha rabbits and pika s absorb the needed levels of nutrients via their upper digestive system by reingestion of cecotrope s, which are passed through the intestines and subsequently reingested for added nutrients. Coprophagy is also practiced by some rodents, such as the capybara , guinea pig and related species. ref cite journal author Hirakawa, Hirofumi title Coprophagy in Leporids and Other Mammalian Herbivores journal Mammal Review year 2001 volume 31 issue 1 pages 61 80 doi 10.1046 j.1365 2907.2001.00079.x ref While foregut fermentation is generally considered more efficient, and monogastric animals cannot digest cellulose as efficiently as ruminants, ref name Waikato hindgut fermentation allows animals to consume small amounts of low quality forage all day long and thus survive in conditions where ruminants might not be able to obtain nutrition adequate for their needs. Hindgut fermentors are able to extrac ... more details
the liver and thus gives rise to the ventral mesentery of the foregut, which in turn is the precursor ... join Fibroblast Growth Factor FGF signals from the cardiac mesoderm induce part of the foregut ... more details
Infobox Embryology Name Hindgut Latin metenteron GraySubject 241 GrayPage 1101 Image Gray472.png Caption Profile view of a human embryo estimated at twenty or twenty one days old. Hindgut labeled at lower left. Image2 Gray1118.png Caption2 Primitive kidney and Urinary bladder bladder , from a reconstruction. Hindgut labeled at upper right. System CarnegieStage 10 Precursor Mesenchyme GivesRiseTo MeshName MeshNumber Code Terminologia Embryologica TE E5.4.9.0.2.0.1 The hindgut or epigaster is the Posterior anatomy posterior Caudal anatomical term caudal part of the alimentary canal . In mammals, it includes the distal third of the transverse colon and the splenic flexure , the descending colon , sigmoid colon and rectum . Blood flow Arterial supply is by the Inferior mesenteric artery , and venous drainage is to the portal venous system . Lymphatic drainage is to the chyle cistern . Autonomic innervation The hindgut is innervated via the inferior mesenteric plexus . Sympathetic innervation is from the Lumbar splanchnic nerves L1 L2 , parasympathetic innervation is from S2 S4. Additional images gallery Image Gray985.png Abdominal part of digestive tube and its attachment to the primitive or common mesentery. Human embryo of six weeks. Image Gray1115.png Tail end of human embryo twenty five to twenty nine days old. gallery See also Foregut Midgut Hindgut fermentation External links EmbryologyUNC digest 035 Development of digestive system Category Colon anatomy Category Embryology of digestive system digestive stub developmental biology stub ms Usus belakang ... more details
Infobox Nerve Name PAGENAME Latin ganglia aorticorenalia GraySubject 220 GrayPage 85 Image Gray847.png Caption Abdominal portion of the sympathetic trunk , with the celiac plexus and hypogastric plexus . Aorticorenal ganglion labeled at right, fourth from the top. Image2 Caption2 Innervates BranchFrom celiac ganglion BranchTo MeshName MeshNumber DorlandsPre g 02 DorlandsSuf 12384250 The Aortiocorenal Ganglion is composed of the Superior mesenteric ganglion Superior mesenteric , Renal ganglia Renal , and inferior mesenteric ganglia. This is distinct from the Coeliac ganglia . However, they are part of the preaortic ganglia. Sympathetic input to the gut comes from the sympathetic chain next to the thoracic vertebrae. The upper nerve supply leaves the sympathetic chain by the Thoracic splanchnic nerves greater splanchnic nerve and synapses in the Celiac ganglia celiac ganglion before proceeding onto the foregut. Below this the Thoracic splanchnic nerves lesser splanchnic nerve leaves the sympathetic chain and synapses at the aorticorenal ganglion before going onto also supply the kidney and upper ureter. Below this the Thoracic splanchnic nerves least splanchic nerve leaves the sympatheic chain to synapse at the renal plexus . External links DartmouthHumanAnatomy figures chapter 30 30 4.HTM DartmouthHumanAnatomy figures chapter 32 32 6.HTM The preganglionic ventral root of the least splanchnic nerve originates from vertebral level T12, and enter the abdominal cavity by piercing the crus of the diaphragm. Gray s Autonomic Category Sympathetic nervous system neuroscience stub ... more details
Infobox Embryology Name Pancreatic bud Latin GraySubject GrayPage Image Gray982.png Caption Sketches in profile of two stages in the development of the human digestive tube. His. A X 30. B X 20. Image2 Gray989.png Caption2 Schematic figure of the bursa omentalis, etc. Human embryo of eight weeks. System CarnegieStage Precursor Foregut superior portion GivesRiseTo Pancreas , pancreatic duct MeshName MeshNumber DorlandsPre d 26 DorlandsSuf 12310132 The ventral and dorsal pancreatic buds or pancreatic diverticula are outgrowths of the duodenum during human embryogenesis . They join together to form the adult pancreas . The dorsal pancreatic bud gives rise to the accessory pancreatic duct , while the ventral pancreatic bud gives rise to the major pancreatic duct . In pancreas divisum , the buds fail to fuse. Additional images gallery Image Gray1101.png Pancreas of a human embryo of five weeks. Image Gray1102.png Pancreas of a human embryo at end of sixth week. Image with unknown copyright status removed Image Pancreas embryology.PNG Pancreas embryology deletable image caption 1 subst time l, j F Y 7 days gallery External links EmbryologyUNC digest 019 EmbryologyUNSW Notes endocrine10 EmbryologySwiss sdigestive pankreas01 http anatomy.med.umich.edu modules peritoneal dev module peritoneal 07.html Gray s Development of digestive system Category Embryology of digestive system digestive stub developmental biology stub ... more details
The endocardial heart tubes are paired regions in the embryo that appear in its ventral pole by the middle of the third week of gestation and consist of precursor cells for the development of the embryonic heart . The endocardial heart tubes derive from the Lateral plate mesoderm visceral mesoderm and initially are formed by a confluence of angioblast ic blood vessels on either side of the embryonic midline. The endocardial tubes have an intimate proximity to the foregut or pharyngeal endoderm . ref cite book title Cardiac development last Kirby first Margaret L. authorlink coauthors year 2007 publisher Oxford University Press location isbn 019517819X page 119 pages url http books.google.com books?id fjhCQ QbtbsC accessdate 20 April 2011 ref As folding of the embryo in the horizontal plane initiates in the 4th week of gestation, the endocardial tubes meet in the midline to form the primitive heart tube , which will eventually develop into the histologically definitive endocardium . The myocardium forms from mesoderm cells surrounding the heart tube, while the epicardium develops from other cells, most likely from neural crest cells. References reflist External links EmbryologyTemple Heart98 heart97a sld018 EmbryologyTemple Heart98 heart97a sld019 Development of circulatory system Category Embryology of cardiovascular system Anatomy stub ... more details
University Press volume 252 issue 2 pages 251 262 doi 10.1111 j.1469 7998.2000.tb00620.x ref The foregut structure of the anterior alimentary system has the least derived foregut anatomy of all the families ... Taylor, J.D., Kantor, Y.I& Sysoev, A.V.,1993 . Foregut anatomy, feeding mechanisms, reletionships ... more details
Image bronchogenic cyst high mag.jpg thumb right Micrograph of a mediastinal bronchogenic cyst . H&E stain . Bronchogenic cysts are small, solitary cysts or sinuses, most typically located in the region of the suprasternal notch or over the manubrium . ref name Andrews cite book author James, William D. Berger, Timothy G. et al. title Andrews Diseases of the Skin Clinical Dermatology publisher Saunders Elsevier location year 2006 pages isbn 0 7216 2921 0 oclc doi accessdate ref rp 682 Histology They are lined by respiratory type epithelium, which is characterized by cilia. Histologically these are also composed of cartilage, smooth muscle, fibrous tissue and mucous glands. These cysts originate from the ventral foregut that forms the respiratory system. These cysts are located close to the trachea or main stem bronchi. Rarely there is communication of the cyst with the tracheobronchial tree. Clinical features These cysts are found most often in young adults and are rare in infancy. The usual symptoms are the result of compression by the cyst, e.g., dyspnoea, dysphagia, cough and chest pain. Malignant degeneration has been reported in these cysts on rare occasions. Chest x rays show a smooth density just in front of the trachae or main stem bronchi at the carinal level. When the cyst communicates with the tracheobronchial tree, the air fluid level may be seen within the cyst. CT scanning is useful in localising these cysts. Treatment wikt excision Excision provides definitive diagnosis and cure. Biopsy provides definitive diagnosis with less surgical risk. Observation provides minimal risk from the intervention, but carries some risk of bleeding or infection of the cyst at a later time, making excision more difficult if it occurs. Additional images gallery Image Cilia light micrograph.jpg Very high magnification light micrograph showing the cilia of a bronchogenic cyst . H&E stain . gallery See also Cutaneous columnar cyst List of cutaneous conditions References refl ... more details
The development of human lung arises from the laryngotracheal groove . The larynx , Vertebrate trachea trachea , bronchus bronchi and lungs begin to form during the fourth week of embryonic development. ref name Moore 2002 cite book author Moore KL, Persaud TVN title The Developing Human Clinically Oriented Embryology edition 7th ed. publisher Saunders year 2002 id ISBN 0 7216 9412 8 ref At this time, the respiratory diverticulum lung bud appears ventrally to the caudal portion of the foregut . The location of the diverticulum along the gut tube is directed by various signals from the surrounding mesenchyme , including fibroblast growth factors . As the lung bud grows, its distal end enlarges to form the tracheal bud . At the same time the future trachea separates from the foregut through the formation of tracheoesophageal ridge s, which fuse to form the tracheoesophageal septum . The tracheal bud divides into two primary bronchial bud s. During the fifth week of development, the bronchial buds enlarge to form right and left main bronchi. These continue to develop into secondary bronchus secondary and tertiary bronchus tertiary bronchi . Phases The maturation of the lungs occurs in several phases ref name Sadler 2003 cite book author Sadler T title Langman s Medical Embryology edition 9th ed. publisher Lippincott Williams & Wilkins year 2003 id ISBN 0 7817 4310 9 ref A picture of these stages may be found at http php.med.unsw.edu.au embryology index.php?title Respiratory System Development. class wikitable Period Time Description Pseudoglandular period also known as glandular period ref name isbn0 7817 5309 0 cite book author Kyung Won, PhD. Chung title Gross Anatomy Board Review publisher Lippincott Williams & Wilkins location Hagerstown, MD year 2005 pages 156 isbn 0 7817 5309 0 oclc doi ref weeks 6 to 16 The developing lung resembles an endocrine gland at this time. By the end of this period, all of the major lung elements, except those required for gas exchange ... more details
About a radiography method the espionage technique canary trap Image Maag.jpg thumb X ray of the stomach with both positive barium sulphate and negative CO sub 2 sub radiocontrast . A barium meal , also known as an upper gastrointestinal series is a procedure in which X ray radiographs of the esophagus , stomach and duodenum are taken after barium sulfate is ingested by a patient. Barium meals are useful in the diagnosis of structural and motility abnormalities of the foregut . The gastrointestinal tract, like other soft tissue structures, does not show clearly enough for diagnostic purposes on plain radiographs. Barium salts are radioopaque they show clearly on a radiograph. If barium is swallowed before radiographs are taken, the barium within the esophagus, stomach or duodenum shows the shape of the lumina of these organs. Liquid suspensions of barium sulfate are non toxic, apart from a small risk of producing a disturbance in bowel function for 48 hours after ingestion. They usually have a chalky taste that can be disguised by adding flavours. ref http www.fmh.org body.cfm?id 181 Upper G.I. Barium Swallow Bot generated title ref A barium meal contains roughly 2.5 milli sievert s of radiation, which is less than some X rays. Ref http www.ansto.gov.au data assets pdf file 0017 45314 Ionising Rad broch lr.pdf Australian government pamphlet Ionising radiation ref A barium meal usually takes less than an hour. The patient ingests gas pellets and citric acid to expand the stomach. Then about 3 cups about 709mL of Barium is ingested. The patient may move or roll over to coat the stomach and esophagus in barium. A needle may also be used to relax the muscle between the stomach and the duodenum. Following these preparations, an x ray is taken. There are two varieties of barium meal single and double contrast meals. A single contrast meal uses only barium, a radioopaque or positive contrast medium, to image the upper gastrointestinal tract. A double contrast meal uses bar ... more details
Image stomatogastric ganglion.jpg thumb alt stomatogastric ganglion text The photo shows the stomatogastric ganglion STG of a Jonah crab Cancer borealis , taken by Marie Suver California Institute of Technology with permission during the Neural Systems & Behavior course at the Marine Biological Laboratory in Woods Hole, MA. The STG contains the somata of 26 neurons that belong to two central pattern generating neural circuits gastric mill and pyloric circuit The Stomatogastric Nervous System STNS is a commonly studied neural network composed of several ganglion ganglia in arthropod s that controls the motion of the gut and foregut. The network of neurons acts as a central pattern generator . It is a model system for motor pattern generation because of the small number of cells, which are comparatively large and can be reliably identified. The system is composed of the stomatogastric ganglion STG , oesophageal ganglion and the paired commissural ganglia . Because of the many similarities between vertebrate and invertebrate systems, especially with regards to basic principles of neuronal function, invertebrate model systems such as the crustacean stomatogastric nervous system continue to provide key insight into how neural circuits operate in the numerically larger and less accessible vertebrate CNS. Understanding how neuronal networks enable animals and humans to make coordinated movements is a continuing goal of neuroscience research. The stomatogastric nervous system of decapod crustaceans, which controls aspects of feeding, has contributed significantly to the general principles guiding our present understanding of how rhythmic motor circuits operate at the cellular level. Rhythmic behaviors include all motor acts that at their core involve a rhythmic repeating set of movements. The circuits underlying such rhythmic behaviors, central pattern generator s CPGs , all operate on the same general principles. These networks remain rhythmic in the completely isolated ne ... more details
Distinguish2 the Duodenal cap also known as the Duodenal Ampulla, the first part of the duodenum Infobox Anatomy Name Ampulla of Vater Latin Ampulla hepatopancreatica, ampulla Vaterii GraySubject 250 GrayPage 1199 Image Biliary system new.svg Caption A diagram of the Biliary system . Note that the ampulla of Vater is behind the Major duodenal papilla . Image2 Ampulla endo.jpg Width 200px Caption2 The Major duodenal papilla , seen on duodenoscopy at the time of ERCP . This is the protrusion of the ampulla of Vater into the duodenum. System Precursor MeshName Ampulla of Vater MeshNumber A03.159.183.079.300.950 DorlandsPre a 32 DorlandsSuf 12127886 Bile ducts and pancreas The ampulla of Vater , also known as the lang la hepatopancreatic ampulla , is formed by the union of the pancreatic duct and the common bile duct . The ampulla is specifically located at the major duodenal papilla . The ampulla of Vater is an important landmark, halfway along the second part of the duodenum , that marks the anatomical transition from foregut to midgut and hence the point where the celiac trunk stops supplying the gut and the superior mesenteric artery takes over . Function Various smooth muscle sphincter s regulate the flow of bile and pancreatic juice through the ampulla the sphincter of the pancreatic duct , the sphincter of the bile duct , and the hepatopancreatic sphincter Sphincter of Oddi . The sphincter of Oddi controls the introduction of bile and pancreatic secretions into the duodenum, as well as preventing the entry of duodenal contents into the ampulla. Related disorders Pancreatitis can result from a failure of pancreatic secretions to drain properly. One possible cause of impaired drainage of pancreatic juice is blockage of the hepatopancreatic ampulla. A common culprit to cause blockage is a gallstone in the common bile duct . Eponym The eponymical term ampulla of Vater is named after Abraham Vater 1684 1751 , a German anatomist who first published a description of it ... more details
Infobox Nerve Name Thoracic splanchnic nerves Latin GraySubject 217 GrayPage 981 Image Gray838.png Caption The right sympathetic chain and its connections with the thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic plexuses. Greater and lesser splanchnic nerves labeled at left. Image2 Gray847.png Caption2 Abdominal portion of the sympathetic trunk, with the celiac and hypogastric plexuses. Greater splanchnic and lowest splanchnic labeled at upper left. Greater splanchnic and lesser splanchnic labeled at upper right. Innervates BranchFrom thoracic ganglia BranchTo MeshName Splanchnic Nerves MeshNumber A08.800.050.050.800 Thoracic splanchnic nerves are splanchnic nerves that arise from the sympathetic trunk in the thorax and travel inferiorly to provide sympathetic innervation to the abdomen . The nerves contain preganglionic sympathetic and visceral efferent fibers. There are three main thoracic splanchnic nerves class wikitable Name Ganglia Description greater ref DorlandsDict six 000071188 greater splanchnic nerve ref T5 T9 or T5 T10 ref name norman NormanAnatomy thoraxlesson5 ref The nerve travels through the Thoracic diaphragm diaphragm and enters the abdominal cavity, where its fibers synapse at the celiac ganglia . The nerve contributes to the celiac plexus , a network of nerves located in the vicinity of where the celiac trunk branches from the abdominal aorta . The fibers in this nerve modulate the activity of the enteric nervous system of the foregut . They also provide the sympathetic innervation to the adrenal medulla , stimulating catecholamine release. lesser ref name DorlandsLesser DorlandsDict six 000071189 lesser splanchnic nerve ref T9 T12, T9 T10 ref name DorlandsLesser , T10 T12, or T10 T11 ref name norman The nerve travels inferiorly, lateral to the greater splanchnic nerve. Its fibers synapse with their postganglionic counterparts in the superior mesenteric ganglia , or in the aorticorenal ganglion . The nerve modulates the activity of the enteric nervous system of ... more details
Infobox Anatomy Name Uncinate process of pancreas Latin processus uncinatus pancreatis GraySubject 251 GrayPage 1200 Image illu pancreas duodenum.jpg Caption 1 Head of pancreas BR 2 Uncinate process of pancreas BR 3 Pancreatic notch BR 4 Body of pancreas BR 5 Anterior surface of pancreas BR 6 Inferior surface of pancreas BR 7 Superior margin of pancreas BR 8 Anterior margin of pancreas BR 9 Inferior margin of pancreas BR 10 Omental tuber BR 11 Tail of pancreas BR 12 Duodenum Image2 Caption2 System Artery superior mesenteric artery MeshName MeshNumber DorlandsPre p 34 DorlandsSuf 12667716 In the head of the pancreas , the angle of junction of the lower and left lateral borders forms a prolongation, termed the uncinate process . The word uncinate comes from the latin uncinatus , meaning hooked . ref http www.anatomy.usyd.edu.au glossary glossary.cgi?page u ref Embryology The pancreas arises as 2 separate bodies, the dorsal pancreas and the ventral pancreas. The dorsal pancreas appears first, at around day 26, opposite the developing hepatic duct, and grows into the dorsal mesentery. The ventral pancreas develops at the junction of the hepatic duct and the rest of the foregut. During development, differential growth of the wall of the stomach , causes it to rotate to the left, and the liver and stomach undergo a lot of growth. This makes the 2 parts of the pancreas rotate around the duodenum. They then fuse the dorsal pancreatic bud becomes the body, tail, and isthmus of the pancreas and the ventral pancreatic bud forms the pancreatic head and uncinate process. The glands continue to develop but the duct systems anastamose. The main pancreatic duct is formed by the fusion of the dorsal and ventral pancreas. The embryology also explains the strange zig zag course of the main pancreatic duct and the occasional appearance of an accessory pancreatic duct . Note the uncinate process, unlike the remainder of the organ, passes posteriorly to the superior mesenteric vessels. P ... more details
Taxobox image Reticulidia halgerda.jpg image caption Reticulidia halgerda , head end at the front regnum Animal ia phylum Mollusca classis Gastropoda unranked ordo clade Heterobranchia br clade Euthyneura br clade Nudipleura br clade Nudibranchia br clade Euctenidiacea superfamilia Doridoidea familia Phyllidiidae genus Reticulidia subgenus species R. halgerda binomial Reticulidia halgerda binomial authority Brunckhorst & Burn in Brunckhorst, 1990 synonyms Reticulidia halgerda is a species of sea slug , a dorid nudibranch , a shell less marine ocean marine gastropod mollusk in the family Phyllidiidae . ref name Bouchet Bouchet P. & Rocroi J. P. Ed. Fr da J., Hausdorf B., Ponder W., Valdes A. & War n A. 2005. Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families . Malacologia International Journal of Malacology, 47 1 2 . ConchBooks Hackenheim, Germany. ISBN 3 925919 72 4. ISSN 0076 2997. 397 pp. http www.vliz.be Vmdcdata imis2 ref.php?refid 78278 ref ref cite web url http www.marinespecies.org aphia.php?p taxdetails&id 536733 title WoRMS World Register of Marine Species Reticulidia halgerda Brunckhorst & Burn in Brunckhorst, 1990 publisher Marinespecies.org date 2010 11 03 accessdate 2011 08 11 ref Description Reticulidia halgerda grows to a maximum length of 7.0 cm. ref name sealifebase1 cite web url http www.sealifebase.org summary speciessummary.php?id 87410 title Reticulidia halgerda publisher Sealifebase.org date accessdate 2011 08 11 ref This species is different externally and internally from species in the Phyllidia and Phyllidiopsis genera, both of which also have yellow coloration and tuberculate ridges. Reticulidia halgerda does not have spiculose tubercles, but instead has reticulate ridges on the notum that are smooth. Phyllidia ocellata , Phyllidia tula , Phyllidia varicosa , and Phyllidia coelestis all have a different foregut as well as tubercles capped with yellow coloration. Furthermore, unlike Reticulidia fungia , Reticulidia halgerda does not posses ... more details
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