other uses File Paw and pads.jpg thumb right 250px Right front paw of dog showing A claw, B digital pads, C metacarpal pad, D dew claw, E carpal pad. A paw is the soft foot of a mammal , generally a quadruped , that has claw s or nails. A hard foot is called a hoof . Paws are used to pad feet for walking and increase friction . Common characteristics The paw is characterised by thin, pigment ed, keratin ised, hairless Epidermis skin epidermis covering subcutaneous , collagenous , and adipose tissue, which make up the pads. These pads act as a cushion for the load bearing limbs of the animal. The paw consists of the large, heart shaped metacarpal pad forelimb or metatarsal pad rear limb , and generally four load bearing toe digital pads, although there can be five or six toes in the case of bear s and the Giant Panda . A carpal pad is also found on the forelimb which is used for additional Traction engineering traction when stopping or descending a slope in digitigrade species. Additional dewclaw s can also be present. The paw also includes a horny, beak shaped claw on each toe digit . Though usually hairless, certain animals do have fur on the soles of their paws. An example is the Red Panda , whose furry soles help insulate them in their snowy habitat. Animals with paws Members of the Canidae family, such as dog s and fox es Felidae Felines , such as cat s and tiger s some of these animals may have toe tuft s Bear s and Raccoon s Weasel s and other mustelid s Rodent s gallery File DogDewClawTika1 wb.jpg A dog s paw resting on a hard concrete surface File Panthera tigris11.jpg A tiger s paw, showing pads File cat paw depth of field.jpg A cat s paw, showing pads Deleted image removed File Giant panda & lesser panda eating bamboo.PNG the paws of a Giant Panda giant and Red Panda red panda gallery See also commons category Paws Claw Digitigrade References http www.mcpi.org Maine Coon Polydactyl International Category Mammal anatomy de Pfote et K pp ht Pat pye b t ja ... more details
italictitle speciesbox name Erliansaurus fossil range Late Cretaceous , fossilrange 72 68 image Erliansaurus.jpg image width 250px image caption Reconstructed skeleton display parents 2 genus Erliansaurus parent authority Xu Xing paleontologist Xu et al. , 2002 in paleontology 2002 species bellamanus authority Xu et al. , 2002 Erliansaurus is a genus of therizinosauroid theropod dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous of China . A fossil of Erliansaurus was found near Sanhangobi in Inner Mongolia . The type species , Erliansaurus bellamanus , was described by Xu Xing paleontologist Xu Xing , Zhang Xiaohong , Paul Sereno , Zhao Xijin , Kuang Xuewen , Han Jun and Tan Lin in 2002. The generic name refers to the town of Erlian . The specific name zoology specific name is derived from Latin bellus , beautiful , and manus , hand , in reference to the exquisite preservation of the forelimb. ref X. Xu, Z. H. Zhang, P. C. Sereno, X. J. Zhao, X. W. Kuang, J. Han, and L. Tan 2002 . http scholar.ilib.cn Abstract.aspx?A gjzdwxb200203007 A new therizinosauroid Dinosauria, Theropoda from the Upper Cretaceous Iren Dabasu Formation of Nei Mongol . Vertebrata PalAsiatica 40 228 240 ref The holotype , LH V0002 , was uncovered in the Iren Dabasu Formation dating from the late Campanian or early Maastrichtian faunal stage stage , around 72 68 mya unit million years ago . It consists of a partial skeleton, lacking the skull, of a subadult individual. It includes five vertebrae of the neck, back and tail a right scapula a left forelimb lacking the carpus parts of the pelvis a right femur both tibia e, a right fibula and elements of the metatarsus . The type specimen represents a subadult about two and a half metre long. In 2010 Gregory S. Paul estimated the adult length at four metres, the weight at four hundred kilogrammes. ref Paul, G.S., 2010, The Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs , Princeton University Press p. 158 ref The thigh bone is 412 millimetres long. File Erliansaurus bellamanus.jp ... more details
dictate limb identity. In humans, Tbx4 specifies hindlimb status, while Tbx5 specifies forelimb status ... in forelimb development. Tbx4 and Tbx5 appear to be important for limb outgrowth, but not necessarily ... limb mesenchyme. WNT2B and WNT8C stabilize this FGF10 expression in the forelimb and hindlimb, respectively ... the anterior region, forelimb formation coincided with Tbx5 expression, while hindlimb formation ... portion expressed Tbx5 and forelimb features, while the posterior portion of the limb expressed ... s place, normal limb development proceeds. When an extra AER is added, two limbs form. When forelimb mesenchyme is replaced with hindlimb mesenchyme, a hindlimb grows. When forelimb mesenchyme is replaced .... Whether Pitx1 merely diverts a prospective forelimb from that path to become a hindlimb, or if Tbx5 ... more details
Automatic taxobox name Drepanosaurus fossil range Late Triassic image Drepanosaurus BW.jpg image width 250px taxon Drepanosaurus unguicaudatus parent authority Giovanni Pinna Pinna , 1979 authority Pinna, 1979 Drepanosaurus is a genus of arboreal tree dwelling reptile that lived during the Triassic Period. Only one specimen of Drepanosaurus has thus far been found. Sadly this specimen was incomplete and lacked a head and neck. Drepanosaurus was probably an insectivore, and lived in a coastal environment in what is now modern Italy. Image Drepanosaurus unguicaudatus.JPG 200px left thumb Drepanosaurus Anatomy A full sized adult Drepanosaurus had a length of about half a meter citation needed date March 2012 . Its name means scythe lizard , which is thought to refer either to the enlarged claw on its forelimb, or the claw like structure at the tip of its prehensile tail. The structure at the end of the tail is made of fused vertebra e citation needed date March 2012 . The forelimb of Drepanosaurus is highly modified compared to other vertebrates and very robust citation needed date March 2012 . Its ulna was altered from being a forearm bone into an odd crescent shaped site for muscle attachment citation needed date March 2012 . The role played by the ulna in most tetrapod s is replaced by an elongated carpal bone citation needed date March 2012 . Additional musculature would be attached to the high withers that characterized Drepanosaurus and its close relatives citation needed date March 2012 . A clue to the purpose of these large muscles can be found on its hand. The animal s index finger bore a large claw reminiscent of those born by dinosaurs such as Noasaurus and Baryonyx . However it is more likely that Drepanosaurus used its claw like the modern pygmy anteater , tearing through bark and insect nests to find invertebrate prey citation needed date March 2012 . Some researchers have forwarded the more far fetched proposal that the claw was used to excavate burrows, ... more details
The Serra Fault is the northernmost Fault geology fault in a zone of northwest striking range front thrust faults adjacent to and northeast of the San Francisco Peninsula segment of the San Andreas Fault , in eastern San Mateo County, California San Mateo County , California . ref name kennedy Kennedy, 2005 . ref The Serra Fault is positioned approximately convert 1.5 3 km mi sp us northeast of the San Andreas Fault moreover the Serra Fault extends for more than convert 20 km mi abbr on from Hillsborough, California the town of Hillsborough to a point near Daly City, California Daly City . Serra geology According to Kennedy Three angular unconformities within the Merced and overlying Colma Formation s have formed on the steeply dipping fold forelimb . ref name kennedy Mid to later Holocene fluvial channel deposits inset into the Merced Formation along the forelimb of the fold seem to be deformed, illustrating that the folding is active. The Serra Fault is a low angle imbricate fault that has thrust older Franciscan Assemblage rocks and soils of the Merced Formation over the younger Colma Formation. The Serra Fault was originally zoned as potentially active by the State of California ref California, 1974 ref under the mandated special studies for surface fault rupture. 1980s studies concluded that evidence for active Holocene age faulting displacement within past 11,000 years along the Serra Fault is lacking. ref Earth Metrics, 1989 ref The Serra Fault is, therefore, not zoned for Special Studies by the State of California and is classified as Quaternary in age that is, fault displacement within the past two million years. Regional geology Age constraints for coastal exposures of the Pleistocene Colma and uppermost Merced Formations have prior to 2005 been primarily correlative, generating uncertainty about the depositional history of these units as well as the timing of fault activity responsible for lifting them to elevations up to seventy meters along the northwes ... more details
bone , lies on the palmar aspect of the Equine forelimb anatomy coffin joint between the second Phalanx bones phalanx and third phalanx, known as the Equine forelimb anatomy Distal phalanx coffin or pedal ... location Equine forelimb anatomy Additional images gallery File Navicular bone posterior ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 File Patagium flying squirrel psf.png thumb Patagium on a flying squirrel In bat s, the skin forming the surface of the wing, is an extension of the skin of the abdomen that runs to the tip of each digit, uniting the forelimb with the body. The patagium of a bat has four distinct parts Propatagium the patagium present from the neck to the first digit Dactylopatagium the portion found within the digits Plagiopatagium the portion found between the last digit and the hindlimbs Uropatagium the anterior portion of the body between the two hindlimbs In the extinct flying pterosaur s, it is also the skin forming the surface of the wing. In these creatures, the skin was extended to the tip of the very long fourth finger of each hand. The Pterosaur Parts of the pterosaur wing patagium of a pterosaur had three distinct parts Propatagium the patagium present from the shoulder to the wrist Brachiopatagium the portion stretching from the fourth finger to the hindlimbs. Uropatagium or cruropatagium the anterior portion between the two hindlimbs, depending on whether it did or did not include the tail In Flying and gliding animals gliding species, such as some lizard s, rodent s and other mammals , it is the flat parachute like extension of skin that catches the air, allowing them to glide. In some lepidoptera ns, it is one of a pair of small sensory organs situated at the bases of the anterior wings. In birds , it is the fold of skin extending from the humerus to the carpus carpal joint , making up the leading edge of the wing. Category Animal anatomy animal anatomy stub ca Patagi de Flughaut es Patagio gl Pataxio hr Letna ko ica it Patagio pt Pat gio tr Patagium ... more details
Infobox Disease Name Periostitis Image Caption DiseasesDB 29059 ICD10 ICD10 M 90 1 m 86 ICD9 ICD9 730 ICDO OMIM MedlinePlus eMedicineSubj eMedicineTopic MeshID D010522 Periostitis , also known as periostalgia , is a medical condition caused by inflammation of the periosteum , a layer of connective tissue that surrounds bone. The condition is generally chronic, and is marked by tenderness and swelling of the bone and an aching pain. Causes Acute periostitis is due to infection , is characterized by diffuse formation of pus, severe pain, constitutional symptoms, and usually results in necrosis . It can be caused by excessive physical activity as well, as in the case of medial tibial stress syndrome also referred to as tibial periostalgia, soleus periostalgia, or shin splints . Congenital infection with syphilis can also cause periostitis in newborn infants. Fossil record Evidence for periostitis found in the fossil record is studied by Paleopathology paleopathologists , specialists in ancient disease and injury. Periostitis has been seen in the prehistoric crocodile Borealosuchus formidabilis , once known as Leidyosuchus . In one study, periostitis was the most common pathology in this species, with 134 instances of the condition out of 7,154 bones the scientists examined showing evidence for the condition. Periostitis has also been documented in dinosaurs, including a forelimb referred to the Sauropod long necked Camarasaurus grandis , as well as the shoulder blade of a Ceratopsian horned dinosaur . ref name dino peri McWhinney, L., Carpenter, K., and Rothschild, B., 2001, Dinosaurian humeral periostitis a case of a juxtacortical lesion in the fossil record In Mesozoic Vertebrate Life, edited by Tanke, D. H., and Carpenter, K., Indiana University Press, pp. 364 377. ref See also Periosteal reaction References Reflist Inflammation Osteochondropathy Category Osteopathies medicine stub ca Periostitis cs Z n t okostice de Periostitis es Periostitis fr P riostite io Perio ... more details
Wiktionarypar coronet Coronet is a type of crown. Coronet may also refer to Animals Coronet or coronary band , an anatomical name for a Equine forelimb anatomy part of a horse s leg just above the hoof. Coronet , several species of hummingbirds in the genus Boissonneaua Automobiles Dodge Coronet , a model of full size American automobile Businesses Coronet Camera Company , a British camera manufacturer in business from 1926 to 1967 Coronet Films , a producer and distributor of American educational films in business from 1946 until the 1970s Coronet Industries , a phosphate company operating outside Plant City, Florida Coronet Boats , a line of recreational boats and yachts built by Botved Boats in Denmark. Military history Operation Coronet, the invasion of the Japanese island of Honsh by the Allies in Operation Downfall in World War II Music The Coronet , a music venue and former cinema in the Elephant and Castle area of London The Coronets , a doo wop group popular in the early 1950s Epiphone Coronet , a solid body electric guitar The cornet , a brass instrument Places Coronet Peak , a popular ski mountain in Queenstown, New Zealand Printing and typing Coronet typeface , a decorative typeface Coronet, a model of electric typewriter manufactured by Smith Corona Publishing Coronet magazine Coronet magazine , an American magazine Science fiction Coronet, the capital city of Corellia , a planet in the Star Wars universe Ships Coronet yacht Coronet yacht , built in 1885 Coronet , a yacht built in 1928 and renamed USS Opal PYc 8 USS Opal PYc 8 for service in the United States Navy during World War II USS Coronet SP 194 USS Coronet SP 194 , a United States Navy patrol boat in commission from 1917 to 1919 Video games Coronet, a series of Denj in the video game Keitai Denj Telefang 2 Mt. Coronet, a location in the video games Pok mon Diamond and Pearl , and Pokemon Platinum See also Kind Hearts and Coronets , a British film Cornet disambiguation Cornette disambig de Cor ... more details
Image Gesunde Strahlform.jpg thumb right 200px The frog is triangular in shape. The frog is a part of a horse s hoof , located on the underside, which should touch the ground if the horse is standing on soft footing. The frog is triangular in shape, and extends from the heels to mid way toward the toe, covering around 25 of the bottom of the hoof. ref King, Christine, BVSc, MACVSc, and Mansmann, Richard, VDM, PhD. Equine Lameness. Equine Research, Inc. 1997. ref The frog acts as a shock absorber for the foot when it makes impact with the ground, decreasing the force placed on the bones and joints of the leg. Function of the frog The frog is not only a shock absorber, it is also an important part of the circulatory system of the horse horse s circulatory system &mdash it pumps blood up the horse s leg each time the frog makes contact with the ground. The blood flows down the horse s leg into the digital cushion, a fibrous part of the inner hoof located just above the frog which contains a network of blood vessels. The horse s weight then compresses the frog on the ground, squeezing the blood out of the digital cushion, and pushing it back up the horse s legs. Therefore, farrier s keep the frog as large and ground covering as possible when they trim or horseshoe shoe the feet. When a horse has certain types of lameness equine lameness , the farrier may use the frog for support, using specialized shoes that help keep correct pressure on the frog so that less force is transmitted to the wall and sole of the foot or to the navicular bone , Equine forelimb anatomy Distal phalanx coffin bone , and Equine anatomy Ligaments and tendons deep digital flexor tendon . The frog may also decrease in size if it does not receive constant pressure, which can occur if the heels of the horse become contracted. Problems associated with the frog Thrush horse Thrush a bacterial infection that commonly affects the frog, which can cause lameness in severe cases. See also Horse hoof Equine a ... more details
Automatic taxobox fossil range Wuchiapingian , fossilrange 260.4 253.8 image Cistecephalus.jpg image width 250px image caption Fossil in Karoo authority Richard Owen Owen , 1876 in paleontology 1876 type species extinct C. microrhinus type species authority Owen, 1876 Cistecephalus is an extinct genus of dicynodont therapsid from the Late Permian of South Africa . It was a small, specialised, burrowing dicynodont, possibly with habits similar to a modern Mole animal mole . The head was flattened and wedge shaped, the body long, and the forelimbs very strong, with similarities in structure to the forelimb of modern burrowing mammals. ref name EoDP cite book editor Palmer, D. year 1999 title The Marshall Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Animals publisher Marshall Editions location London page 190 isbn 1 84028 152 9 ref File Cistecephalus1DB.jpg thumb left Restoration Image Cistecephalus angusticeps.jpg thumb left Cistecephalus angusticeps skull at the Museum f r Naturkunde, Berlin It was one of the first genera of dicynodonts to be described, by Richard Owen , in 1876 . Cistecephalus is so far known from the Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone of the South Africa n Karoo , as well as from Zambia and India . A very similar genus, Kawingasaurus , is known from the Kawinga Formation of Tanzania, which is probably equivalent in age to the Cistecephalus zone. Cistecephalus was about convert 33 cm in in length. References reflist King, Gillian M., 1990, the Dicynodonts A Study in Palaeobiology , Chapman and Hall, London and New York External links http gatito.valdosta.edu fossil pages fossils per t32.html Cistecephalus http www.palaeos.com Paleozoic Permian Karroo.htm The Beaufort Formation Karoo Basin Category Dicynodonts Category Permian synapsids Category Prehistoric synapsids of Africa anomodont stub Anomodontia D. ca Cistecephalus es Cistecephalus nl Cistecephalus ja pl Cistecefal ru zh ... more details
italictitle speciesbox name Patagonykus fossil range Late Cretaceous image Patagonykus.jpg image width 250px image caption Reconstructed skeleton genus Patagonykus parent authority Novas, 1996 species puertai authority Novas, 1996 Patagonykus is a genus of theropod dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous of Argentina . This alvarezsaur was discovered in exposures of the Portezuelo Member Turonian Coniacian of the Rio Neuquen Formation in the Neuquen Province of Argentina . The holotype consists of an incomplete but well preserved skeleton , lacking a skull , but including many vertebrae , the coracoid s, a partial forelimb, pelvic girdle, and hindlimbs. Patagonykus Patagonian claw has been classed with the Alvarezsauridae , a family which includes such taxa as the Mongolia n Mononykus and the Argentinian Alvarezsaurus . Patagonykus is estimated to have been approximately two meters in length. References Novas, F. E. 1997. Anatomy of Patagonykus puertai Theropoda, Avialae, Alvarezsauridae , from the Late Cretaceous of Patagonia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 17 1 137 166. Novas, F. E. and Ralph Molnar Molnar , R. E. eds. 1996. Alvarezsauridae, Cretaceous basal birds from Patagonia and Mongolia. Proceedings of the Gondwanan Dinosaur Symposium , Brisbane. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 39 3 iv 489 731 675 702. Portal Dinosaurs Category Alvarezsaurids Category Cretaceous dinosaurs Category Dinosaurs of South America theropod stub ca Patagonykus peuratai cs Patagonykus es Patagonykus ja pl Patagonyk zh ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 File Acro dance hand walking.gif thumb 220px An acro dance r handwalks across the stage. Hand walking is an unusual form of gait human human locomotion in which a person travels in a vertically inverted orientation with all body weight resting on the hand s. It can be executed with legs fully extended or with variations such as stag, straddle or front split gymnastics split s. Hand walking is performed in various athletic activities, including acro dance and circus performing art circus acrobatics . Skills and technique Hand walking is a skill that relies on a prerequisite ability to perform handstand s, which in turn requires adequate arm upper body pressing physical strength strength in the deltoids and triceps as well as a heightened sense of Balance ability balance and spatial awareness . Because the body is inverted during hand walking, blood pressure in the brain is greater than normal. As with other physical skills, one must practice hand walking in order to become proficient and develop adequate endurance. Handstands and hand walking are often learned at the same time because hand walking can be used to help maintain balance in a handstand before one learns to perform a stable handstand. Balance can also be maintained by varying the arch of the back. In non human animals Some quadruped s are able to walk bipedal ly on their forelimb s, thus performing hand walking in an anthropomorphic sense. For example, when attacked, the spotted skunk may rear up on its forelimbs so that its anal glands, capable of spraying an offensive oil, are directed towards the attacker. Dog s can also be trained to walk on their forelimbs. See also Animal locomotion Terrestrial locomotion Johann Hurlinger , Austrian man who walked on his hands from Paris to Vienna in 1900 Locomotion DEFAULTSORT Hand Walking Category Circus skills Category Bodyweight exercise Category Terrestrial locomotion Category Gymnastics manoeuvres Gymnastics stub d ... more details
Unreferenced date May 2009 Infobox Disease Name PAGENAME Image Caption DiseasesDB ICD10 ICD10 M 86 8 m 86 ICD9 ICD9 733.99 ICDO OMIM MedlinePlus eMedicineSubj eMedicineTopic MeshID Image Equine dist forelimb bones.png thumb right 300px Location of the sesamoid bones, behind the fetlock. Sesamoiditis is inflammation of the sesamoid bone s. In humans it occurs on the bottom of the foot, just behind the large toe. There are normally two sesamoid bones on each foot sometimes sesamoids can be bipartite, which means they each comprise two separate pieces. The sesamoids are roughly the size of jelly beans. In humans the sesamoid bones act as a fulcrum for the flexor tendons, the tendons which bend the big toe downward. In the horse it occurs at the horse s fetlock . The sesamoid bones lie behind the bones of the fetlock, at the back of the joint, and help to keep the tendons and ligaments that run between them correctly functioning. Usually periostitis new bone growth occurs along with sesamoiditis, and the suspensory ligament may also be affected. Sesamoiditis results in inflammation, pain, and eventually bone growth. Humans will also experience inflammation and pain. Sometimes the sesamoid bone will even fracture and can be difficult to pick up on X ray. A bone scan is a better alternative. Image Sesamoid skeletalfront.gif thumb human sesamoid bones Causes In the horse sesamoiditis is generally caused by excess stress on the fetlock joint. Conformation that promotes sesamoiditis include long pastern s or horses with long toes and low heels. In the human excessive forces caused by sudden bending upwards of the big toe, high heels, or a stumble can contribute to sesamoiditis. Once the sesamoid bone is injured it can be very difficult to cure because every time you walk you put additional pressure on the sesamoid bone. Treatment in humans consists of anti inflammatory medication, cortisone injections, strapping to immobilize the big toe and orthotics with special accommodat ... more details
. Additionally, a veterinarian may flex both equine forelimb anatomy fore or hindlimbs ..., a positive response to forelimb flexion tests, meaning lameness was evident after the limb ... of examination, discontinuation of a prepurchase examination based solely on a failed forelimb ... http www.aaep.org health articles view.php?id 88 Ramey, David. 1997 . Prospective Evaluation of the Forelimb ... more details
Italic title Taxobox name Borealonectes fossil range Middle Jurassic image image width image caption regnum Animal ia phylum Chordata classis reptile Sauropsida ordo Plesiosauria subordo Pliosaur oidea familia Rhomaleosauridae genus Borealonectes genus authority Sato and Wu, 2008 subdivision ranks Species subdivision B. russelli small Sato and Wu, 2008 type species type small Borealonectes is a genus of rhomaleosauridae rhomaleosaurid pliosaur oid, a type of plesiosaur . Its fossils were found in the Callovian age Middle Jurassic , about 165 161 million years ago Hiccles Cove Formation of Melville Island Canada Melville Island , Canada , one of the islands in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago . It is holotype based on a skull, neck vertebra e, and the right forelimb of one individual. Named in 2008 by Sato and Wu, Borealonectes is one of the few plesiosaurs known from the Jurassic of North America , and the first marine reptile from the Canadian Arctic with a well preserved skull. The type species is B. russelli. ref name SW08 cite journal last Sato first Tamaki coauthors and Xiao Chun Wu year 2008 title A new Jurassic pliosaur from Melville Island, Canadian Arctic Archipelago journal Canadian Journal of Earth Science volume 45 issue 3 pages 303 320 doi 10.1139 E08 003 ref References reflist Category Jurassic plesiosaurs Category Prehistoric reptiles of North America Category Prehistory of the Arctic plesiosaur stub Jurassic reptile stub es Borealonectes zh ... more details
Quittor is a somewhat Archaism archaic term used to describe the result of an injury to the leg, usually an abscess seen on the equine forelimb anatomy coronary band above the horse hoof hoof of a horse or other equidae equine . It occurs when an injury allows foreign matter to get into the leg and then collect beneath the hoof and an infection sets in. In some cases, to remove this matter, it may be necessary to cut away parts of the hoof. Abscesses may also form inside the hoof capsule itself from improper horseshoe shoeing and trimming of the hoof, from laminitis , or from injury to the sole of the hoof, but the horse will be significantly lame for a longer period of time if the infection has to migrate up to the coronary band rather than down. Treatment of hoof and coronary band abscesses today usually incorporates use of antibiotics, sometimes combined with Poultice poulticing . The term was common in the 19th century, but is not commonly used today. In the 1890 International Cyclopedia , it was described as a fistulous wound about the top of a horse s foot, and results from treads, pricks, or neglected corns, which lead to the formation of matter underneath the hoof . Any dead horn, matter, or other cause of irritation must be sought for by cutting away the hoof. A free opening must be provided for the egress of any pent up matter. Poultice Poulticing for a few days is often useful while healing may afterward be expedited by the injection of any mild astringent lotion. References http books.google.com books?id 4F90F mIJnIC&pg PA207&lpg PA207&dq quiltor horse&source bl&ots 1Ljl9dJDL9&sig pnAaCjd2 2ZdgeZ mumFCEcSyLQ&hl en&ei eF8LSpCHA4OUswO v H Ag&sa X&oi book result&ct result&resnum 2 PPA208,M1 The Practical Horse Keeper By George Fleming 1897 This article incorporates text from the International Cyclopedia of 1890, a publication now in the public domain. Category Equine injury and lameness Category Equine hoof Category Horse diseases ... more details
Infobox rockunit name Kalazha Formation image caption type Geological formation age Upper Jurassic prilithology otherlithology namedfor namedby region country flag China coordinates unitof subunits underlies overlies thickness extent area map map caption The Kalazha Formation is a geological Formation geology formation in Xinjiang, China whose strata date back to the Late Jurassic . Dinosaur remains are among the fossils that have been recovered from the formation. ref name latejurassicdistribution Weishampel, David B et al. 2004 . Dinosaur distribution Late Jurassic, Asia . In Weishampel, David B. Dodson, Peter and Osm lska, Halszka eds. The Dinosauria, 2nd, Berkeley University of California Press. Pp. 550 552. ISBN 0 520 24209 2. ref Vertebrate paleofauna class wikitable align center width 100 colspan 5 align center Dinosaur s of the Kalazha Formation Genus Species Presence Notes Images style background E6E6E6 Chiayusaurus ref name latejurassicdistribution style background E6E6E6 C. lacustris ref name latejurassicdistribution style background E6E6E6 style background E6E6E6 Later found to be indeterminate sauropod remains. ref name latejurassicdistribution rowspan 99 Hudiesaurus ref name latejurassicdistribution H. sinojapanorum ref name latejurassicdistribution Geographically located in Xinjiang Uygur Zizhiqu, China. ref name latejurassicdistribution Dorsal vertebra, complete forelimb, and four teeth. ref name table 13 1 263 Table 13.1, in Weishampel, et al. 2004 . Page 263. ref style background E6E6E6 cf. Szechuanosaurus ref name latejurassicdistribution style background E6E6E6 cf. S. campi ref name latejurassicdistribution style background E6E6E6 Geographically located in Xinjiang Uygur Zizhiqu, China. ref name latejurassicdistribution style background E6E6E6 Later found to be indeterminate theropod remains. ref name latejurassicdistribution See also List of dinosaur bearing rock formations References Portal box Earth sciences Paleontology Dinosaurs Reflist coor ... more details
About the part of a horse the fungus Ergot File Pasterns.jpg thumb On this horse, the ergot is a small point at the back of each fetlock The ergot is a small callosity on the underside of the fetlock of a horse or other equine . Some equines have them on all four fetlocks others have few or no detectable ergots. In horses, the ergot varies from very small to the size of a pea or bean, larger ergots occurring in horses with Feathering horse feather long hairs on the lower legs. In some other equines, the ergot can be as much as 1.5 inches in diameter. ref name Ridgeway1905 Ergot comes from the French word for rooster s spur . ref Clothier, Jane, The Ergot, p.15, Equine News Autumn 2010 ref Evolution File Horse anatomy hooves.jpg thumb left The ergot is numbered 33 click on image for closer view File Tapir hooves.jpg thumb Tapir feet showing sole pad and toes Like the chestnut horse anatomy chestnut , the ergot is thought to be a Vestigiality vestige of some part of the ancestral foot of the multi toed Equidae , the ergot corresponding to the sole pad of other extant taxon extant members of Perissodactyla , such as the tapir and rhinoceros . ref name Ridgeway1905 Unlike the chestnut, which in the same individual may be large on the forelegs and smaller or even absent on the hindlegs, the ergot is of roughly equal size on all four legs. ref name Ridgeway1905 cite book title The origin and influence of the Thoroughbred horse author William Ridgeway publisher University Press year 1905 pages 538 url http books.google.com books?id PuETAAAAYAAJ&pg PA12&dq ergot chapter 2 ref seealso Evolution of the horse See also Equine forelimb anatomy References reflist External links http horses.about.com od partsofthehorse g ergot.htm About.com Parts of the horse the ergot Category Horse anatomy ... more details
Taxobox name LaGuaira Bachia regnum Animal ia phylum Chordate Chordata classis Reptile Reptilia ordo Squamata familia Gymnophthalmidae genus Bachia species B. heteropa species authority Wiegmann, 1856 binomial Bachia heteropa subdivision ranks Subspecies subdivision B. h. heteropa Wiegmann, 1856 B. h. alleni Barbour, 1914 B. h. lineata Boulenger, 1903 B. h. marcelae Donoso Barros & Garrido, 1964 B. h. trinitatis Barbour, 1914 synonyms Chalcides heteropus Wiegmann, 1856 Bachia lineata Boulenger, 1903 Scolecosaurus alleni Barbour, 1914 Scolecosaurus alleni parviceps Barbour, 1933 Scolecosaurus trinitatis Barbour 1914 Bachia anomala Roux, 1929 Bachia marcelae Donoso Barros & Garrido, 1964 Bachia heteropus Schwartz & Henderson, 1991 The LaGuaira Bachia Bachia heteropa is a microteiid lizard found in the Caribbean and South America . Its distribution includes Grenada , the Grenadines , Trinidad and Tobago , and Venezuela , and Colombia . It belongs to the monotypic genus Bachia . It can reach a length of 64 mm snout to vent, and its tail may be more than 1.5 times that long. Its limbs are very small relative to its body length. It has four digits on each forelimb, and two digits on each hindlimb. Its body is covered by rows of large, overlapping, hexagon al scales. It lives in forest s, where it dwells in leaf litter. It feeds on arthropod s and their larva e. References refbegin colwidth 60em citation last1 Malhotra first1 Anita last2 Thorpe first2 Roger S. title Reptiles & Amphibians of the Eastern Caribbean publisher Macmillan Publishers Macmillan Education Ltd. year 1999 isbn 0 333 69141 5 pages 107 . refend External links http www.eol.org pages 795618 Bachia heteropa at the Encyclopedia of Life http jcvi.org reptiles species.php?genus Bachia&species heteropa Bachia heteropa at the Reptile Database lizard stub Category Reptiles of the Caribbean Category Reptiles of South America Category Gymnophthalmidae Category Monotypic reptile genera Category Animals described in ... more details
italictitle speciesbox name Yueosaurus fossil range Cretaceous , fossil range Aptian Cenomanian image genus Yueosaurus parent authority Zheng et al. , 2012 in paleontology 2012 authority Zheng et al. , 2012 species tiantaiensis Yueosaurus is an extinct genus of basal phylogenetics basal ornithopod dinosaur known from Zhejiang Province , China . ref name Yueosaurus cite journal last Zheng first Wenjie coauthors Xingsheng Jin, Masateru Shibata, Yoichi Azuma and Fangming Yu year 2012 title A new ornithischian dinosaur from the Cretaceous Liangtoutang Formation of Tiantai, Zhejiang Province, China url http www.sciencedirect.com science article pii S0195667111001790 journal Cretaceous Research volume 34 issue pages 208 219 doi 10.1016 j.cretres.2011.11.001 ref Description Yueosaurus is known only from the holotype Zhejiang Museum of Natural History ZMNH M8620, an articulated , partial but well preserved postcrania l skeleton which includes cervical vertebrae cervical , dorsal back and Caudal vertebrae caudal vertebra e, scapula , rib , hip bone s, partial forelimb and partial hindlimb . It was collected in Tiantai locality from the Liangtoutang Formation , dating to the Aptian Cenomanian stages of the latest Early Cretaceous and the earliest Late Cretaceous . Yueosaurus represents the southernmost basal ornithopod dinosaur from Asia, and the first one from China . It differs from other ornithischians by a combination of characters. ref name Yueosaurus Etymology Yueosaurus was first named by Wenjie Zheng, Xingsheng Jin, Masateru Shibata, Yoichi Azuma and Fangming Yu in 2012 in paleontology 2012 and the type species is Yueosaurus tiantaiensis . The specific name zoology specific name refers to the Tiantai , where the holotype was discovered. ref name Yueosaurus References reflist Portal Dinosaurs ornithopod stub Category Cretaceous dinosaurs Category Dinosaurs of Asia Category Fossil taxa described in 2012 Category Ornithopods cs Yueosaurus es Yueosaurus nl Yueosauru ... more details
italic title Taxobox name Sinharaja shrub frog status CR status system IUCN3.1 trend up image image caption Pseudophilautus simba image width regnum Animal ia phylum Chordata classis Amphibia ordo Anura familia Rhacophoridae subfamilia Rhacophorinae genus Pseudophilautus species P. simba binomial Pseudophilautus simba binomial authority Manamendra Arachchi & Pethiyagoda , 2005 Pseudophilautus simba is a species of shrub frog in the family Rhacophoridae . Description Mature male 12.6 mm SVL mature females 14.5 15.6 mm SVL. Body elongate. Head dorsally convex. Snout truncate in lateral aspect, snout angle category 5 angle of snout 97 . Canthal edges rounded. Loreal region flat. Interorbital space convex. Internarial space flat. Tympanum distinct, oval, vertical. Pineal ocellus absent. Vomerine ridge absent. Lingual papilla absent. Supratympanic fold distinct. Cephalic ridges absent. Skin on head not co ossified with skull. Lateral dermal fringe absent on fingers. Rudimentary webbing present on fingers. Prepollex prominent. Toes with rudimentary webbing. Tarsal fold absent. Calcar absent. Snout, interorbital area and posterior dorsum smooth. Dorsum and lateral side of head with glandular warts. Lower flank granular. Dorsal part of forelimb, thigh, shank, and foot smooth. Throat and chest granular, smooth. Belly and underside of thigh granular, rough. Males with inner vocal slits, but nuptial pad absent. References http www.iucnredlist.org apps redlist details 58905 0 iucnredlist Category Rhacophoridae ... more details
One source date February 2012 No footnotes date February 2012 Amblypoda is a taxonomic hypothesis uniting a group of extinct, herbivorous mammal s. They were considered a suborder of the primitive ungulate mammals and have since been shown to represent a polyphyletic group. Characteristics The Amblypoda take their name from their short and stumpy feet, which were furnished with five toes each and supported massive pillar like limbs. The brain cavity was extremely small and insignificant in comparison to the bodily mass, which was equal to that of the largest rhinoceros es. These animals were, in fact, descendants of the small ancestral ungulates that retained all the primitive characteristics of the latter, accompanied by a huge increase in body size. The Amblypoda were confined to the Paleocene and Eocene periods and occurred in North America , Asia especially Mongolia and Europe . The cheek teeth were short crowned brachyodont , with the tubercles more or less completely fused into transverse ridges, or cross crests lophodont type , and the total number of teeth was in one case the typical 44, but in another was fewer. The vertebra of the neck unite on nearly flat surfaces, the humerus had lost the foramen, or perforation, at the lower end, and the third trochanter to the femur may have also been wanting. In the forelimb, the upper and lower series of carpal finger bones scarcely alternated, but in the hind foot, the astragalus overlapped the cuboid, while the fibula , which was quite distinct from the tibia as was the radius bone radius from the ulna in the forelimb , articulated with both astragalus and calcaneum. Types of amblypods The most generalized type was Coryphodon , representing the family Coryphodontidae , from the lower Eocene of Europe and North America, in which there were 44 teeth and no horn like excrescences on the long skull, while the femur had a third trochanter. The canines were somewhat elongated and were followed by a short gap in each jaw, ... more details
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