Expand German Formale Begriffsanalyse date February 2012 Formalconceptanalysis is a principled way ... description Formalconceptanalysis refers to both an unsupervised machine learning technique and, more broadly, a method of data analysis . The approach takes as input a matrix specifying a set ... lattice also called, in formalconceptanalysis, a line diagram , encodes enough information ... per generated concept. FormalConceptAnalysis tools Many FCA software applications are available today. The main purpose of these tools varies from formal context creation to formalconcept ... first Gerd editor3 last Wille editor3 first Rudolf title FormalConceptAnalysis Foundations and Applications ... last Wolff contribution A first course in FormalConceptAnalysis title StatSoft 93 editor F. Faulbaum ... Course in FormalConcept Analysis.pdf pages 429 438 year 1994 . citation last1 Davey first1 B.A. last2 Priestley first2 H. A. title Introduction to Lattices and Order chapter 3. FormalConceptAnalysis ... www.fcahome.org.uk A FormalConceptAnalysis Homepage http www.ketlab.org.uk scripts context Demo http w3.uqo.ca icfca10 8th International Conference on FormalConceptAnalysis. ICFCA 2010 Agadir, Morocco, March 15 18, 2010 DEFAULTSORT FormalConceptAnalysis Category Machine learning Category Lattice ... A formalconcept for a context is defined to be a pair O sub i sub , A sub i sub such that O sub i ... an isomorphic lattice from any finite lattice. Concept algebra of a context Modelling negation in a formal ... Construction and Exploration. In Suplementary Proceeding of International Conference on Formalconcept ... FcaBedrock , etc. See also Biclustering Cluster analysisConcept mining Conceptual clustering Notes ... 3 540 27891 5 citation last1 Ganter first1 Bernhard last2 Wille first2 Rudolf title FormalConcept ... Concept Data Analysis Theory and Applications publisher Wiley year 2004 isbn 978 0 470 85055 8 . citation ... correspond one for one with natural object clusters, and a concept is a pair containing both a natural ... more details
A formalanalysis is an established method for analysis analyzing works of art . First introduced by Roger de Piles 1635 1709 , in his book the Principles of Painting , the technique of formalanalysis is more fully developed by Roger Fry in Vision and Design 1909 . For a particular work of art , a formalanalysis consists of a purely visual description of the work irrespective of cultural context, history , or artistic motivation. As such, it is a basic tool for Art history art historians and artist s to understand the purely visual aspects of a work of art. This is not to say that such cultural or motivational interpretations can be separated from the artwork, but that the visual elements provide an essential starting point for understanding a work of art. Elements of a formalanalysis include descriptions of color , space , line geometry line , volume , mass , and composition visual arts composition . See also Art history W lfflin and stylistic analysis W lfflin and stylistic analysis Category Visual arts theory ... more details
wiktionarypar formalFormal, adj. relating to an established procedure or set of specific behaviors. For other uses of form see Form disambiguation p For other uses of formalism see Formalism disambiguation p Formal may also refer to p Formal university , a type of ceremonial event at university School formal , a type of ceremonial event at school Formal wear , clothing for formal occasions Informal sector , as opposed to Formal sector , economic activity beyond the purview of government A Formality , an established procedure or set of specific behaviors Logic and mathematics Formal logic Informal, formal, and symbolic logic Formal logic , logical argument based on form Formal cause , Aristotle s intrinsic, determining cause Formal power series , a generalization of power series without requiring convergence, used in combinatorics Formal calculation , a calculation which is systematic, but without a rigorous justification Formal set theory , as opposed to Naive set theory Formal derivative , an operation on elements of a polynomial ring which mimics the form of the derivative from calculus Linguistics Formal system , an abstract means of generating inferences in a formal language Formal language , comprising the symbolic words or sentences of a formal system Formal grammar , a grammar describing a formal language Formal proof , a fully rigorous proof as is possible only in a formal system Dynamic and formal equivalence word for word translation, especially of the Bible Chemistry Formaldehyde , short form for, also formalin Dimethoxymethane , a synonym for this a quantity similar to molar concentration Computer science Formal methods , mathematically based techniques for the specification, development and verification of software and hardware systems Formal specification , describes what a system should do, not how it should do it Formal verification , proves correctness of a system disambig cs Form ln es Formal fr Formel it Formalit nl Formeel no Formel ... more details
Conceptual model Conveyed concept Definitionism Formalconceptanalysis Fuzzy concept ...Other uses Concept has been variously defined by sources. Philosophy Philosophers generally agree that a concept ... defines concept as a conception, construct an abstraction abstract or general idea inferred or derived ... idea corresponds to a description of a concept. According to Locke, a general idea is created ... individuals. For example, the abstract general idea or concept that is designated by the word ... or concept that is signified by the word dog is the collection of those characteristics which are common ... and Pathology, Schopenhauer said that a concept is drawn off from previous images ... by putting off their differences. This concept is then no longer intuitively perceptible, but is denoted and fixed merely by words. Nietzsche , who was heavily influenced by Schopenhauer, wrote Every concept originates through our equating what is unequal. No leaf ever wholly equals another, and the concept leaf ... By contrast to the above philosophers, Immanuel Kant held that the account of the concept as an abstraction ... concept is a general representation Vorstellung or non specific thought of that which is common to several specific perceived objects Logic , I, 1., 1, Note 1 . A concept is a common feature or characteristic ... of generating any concept whatever. For example, I see a fir, a willow, and a linden. In firstly ... gain a concept of a tree. Logic, 6 Kant s description of the making of a concept has been paraphrased ... 0 19 825003 7 ref Etymology The term concept is traced back to 1554 60 Latin Wikt conceptus conceptum ... of concept is explored in mainstream information science , ref Stock, W.G. 2010 . http onlinelibrary.wiley.com ... Hj rland, B. 2009 . Concept Theory. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology ... and information science contexts, especially, the term concept is often used in unclear or inconsistent ..., or Ontology as Reality Representation , Formal Ontology and Information Systems. Proceedings of the Third ... more details
About the album by Slave band Slave the EP track by Teenage Fanclub Bandwagonesque Infobox Album Name The Concept Type Studio Artist Slave band Slave Cover Released 1978 Recorded 1978 small Atlantic Studios, New York City , New York small Genre Soul music Soul Funk music funk Length 43 52 Label Cotillion Records Producer Jeff Dixon Last album The Hardness of the World br 1977 This album The Concept br 1978 Next album Just a Touch of Love br 1979 Album ratings rev1 Allmusic rev1Score Rating 4 5 ref Allmusic class album id r49518 tab review label Slave The Concept Review first Andrew last Hamilton accessdate 30 August 2011 ref The Concept is the third album by the United States American funk music funk band Slave band Slave , released in 1978. The album reached number eleven on Billboard s Top R&B Hip Hop Albums Top Soul Albums chart. Track listing Stellar Fungk 8 43 The Way You Love Is Heaven 4 33 Thank You Lord 1 31 Drac Is Back 3 59 We ve Got Your Party 4 49 Just Freak 7 56 Coming Soon 6 20 Charts class wikitable Chart 1978 Peak br position Billboard 200 Billboard Pop Albums ref name allmusic albums Cite web url Allmusic class artist id p5452 charts awards billboard albums pure url yes title Slave US albums chart history publisher allmusic.com accessdate 2011 08 30 ref align center 78 Billboard Top R&B Hip Hop Albums Top Soul Albums ref name allmusic albums align center 11 Singles class wikitable style text align center rowspan 2 Year rowspan 2 Single colspan 3 Chart positions ref name allmusic singles Cite web url Allmusic class artist id p5452 charts awards billboard singles pure url yes title Slave US singles chart history publisher allmusic.com accessdate 2011 08 30 ref style font size smaller width 40 Hot R&B Hip Hop Songs US br R&B rowspan 1 1978 align left Stellar Fungk 14 External links http www.discogs.com Slave The Concept master 200492 Slave The Concept at Discogs References Reflist DEFAULTSORT Concept Category 1978 albums Category Slave albums Category ... more details
see also mathematical proof proof theory axiomatic system A formal proof or derivation is a finite sequence of Proposition philosophy sentences called well formed formula s in the case of a formal language ... . The last sentence in the sequence is a theorem of a formal system . The notion of theorem ... find a proof of a given sentence or determine that none exists. The concept of natural deduction is a generalization of the concept of proof. ref The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy, deduction ... of the deductive apparatus of some formal system to the previous well formed formulae in the proof sequence. Formal proofs often are constructed with the help of computers in interactive theorem proving . Significantly, these proofs can be checked automatically, also by computer. Checking formal proofs ... upon the formal system in use. Background Formal language Main Formal language A formal language ... any meaning. Formal proofs are expressed in some formal language. Formal grammar main Formal grammar Formation rule A formal grammar also called formation rules is a precise description of the well formed formula s of a formal language. It is synonymous with the set of String computer science strings over the alphabet of the formal language which constitute well formed formulas. However, it does not describe their semantics i.e. what they mean . Formal systems main Formal system A formal system also called a logical calculus , or a logical system consists of a formal language together with a deductive ... of transformation rule s also called inference rules or a set of axiom s, or have both. A formal system ... main Formal semantics logic Interpretation logic An interpretation of a formal system is the assignment of meanings to the symbols, and truth value s to the sentences of a formal system. The study of interpretations is called Formal semantics logic formal semantics . Giving an interpretation is synonymous ... External links cite web title A Special Issue on Formal Proof url http www.ams.org notices 200811 ... more details
In mathematical logic , a formal calculation is sometimes defined as a calculation which is systematic, but without a rigorous justification . This means that we are manipulating the symbols in an expression using a generic substitution, without proving that the necessary conditions hold. Essentially, we are interested in the form of an expression, and not necessarily its underlying meaning. This reasoning can either serve as positive evidence that some statement is true, when it is difficult or unnecessary to provide a proof, or as an inspiration for the creation of new completely rigorous definitions. However, this interpretation of the term formal is not universally accepted, and some consider it to mean quite the opposite A completely rigorous argument, as in mathematical logic formal mathematical logic . Examples A simple example A somewhat exaggerated example would be to use the equation math sum n 0 infty q n frac 1 1 q math which holds under certain conditions to conclude that math sum n 0 infty 2 n 1. math This is incorrect according to the usual definition of infinite sums of real numbers, since the related sequence does not converge. However, this result can inspire extending the definition of infinite sums, and the creation of new fields, such as the p adic number 2 adic numbers , where the series in question converges and this statement is perfectly valid. Formal power series Formal power series is a concept that adopts some properties of convergent power series used in real analysis , and applies them to objects that are similar to power series in form, but have nothing to do with the notion of convergence. Symbol manipulation Suppose we want to solve the differential equation math frac dy dx y 2 math Treating these symbols as ordinary algebraic ones, and without ... frac 1 C x math Because this is a formal calculation, we can also allow ourselves to let math C infty .... See also Formal power series Mathematical logic References cite book author Stuart S. Antman title ... more details
, which does not relate to the use of a formal language . Example An ontology might contain a concept ... information source and a concept in the formal ontology that corresponds with the meaning of the former concept. Where two or more external information sources map to one and the same formal ontology ... connected to that formal ontology concept that frames this element in reality. br The lexicon , the collection ... formal ontology in philosophy. In information science, a formal ontology is an ontology information science that is defined by axiom s in a formal language , typically an ontology language . Those formal ontologies may or may not be based on the kind of formal Upper ontology information science upper level ontology described here. In philosophy, the term formal ontology is used to refer to an ontology defined by axiom s in a formal language with the goal to provide an unbiased Problem domain ... large scale ontologies. By maintaining an independent view on reality a formal upper level ontology ... content. content and context independence any kind of concept can find its place. accommodate ... and Aristotle . Existing formal upper level ontologies foundational ontologies main Upper ontology information science Basic Formal Ontology BFO Basic Formal Ontology Upper ontology computer science DOLCE and DnS DOLCE Descriptive Ontology for Linguistic and Cognitive Engineering General Formal Ontology GFO General Formal Ontology Object centered high level reference ontology OCHRE Object Centered ... UMBEL UMBEL Upper Mapping and Binding Exchange Layer Common terms in formal upper level ontologies The Difference in terminology used between separate formal upper level ontologies can be quite substantial, but the one and foremost dichotomy most formal upper level ontologies apply is that between ... are those Entity entities that can be observed perceived as a complete concept, at no matter which ..., but they need another entity in many formal ontologies this entity is restricted to be an endurant ... more details
File Agendacumple en Z.jpg thumb upright An example formal specification using the Z notation . In computer science , specifically software engineering , formal methods are a particular kind of mathematically based techniques for the formal specification specification , development and formal verification ... What is Formal Methods? url http shemesh.larc.nasa.gov fm fm what.html date 2001 08 06 accessdate 2006 11 16 ref The use of formal methods for software and hardware design is motivated by the expectation that, as in other engineering disciplines, performing appropriate mathematical analysis can ... title Why Engineers Should Consider Formal Methods url http klabs.org richcontent verification holloway ... 2006 11 16 ref However, the high cost of using formal methods means that they are usually ... Engineering, 9, 201 232 2002 ref where safety or security is of utmost importance. Formal methods are best ..., in particular logic in computer science logic calculi, formal language s, automata theory , and program ... specification and verification. ref Monin, pp.3 4 ref Taxonomy Formal methods can be used at a number of levels Level 0 Formal specification may be undertaken and then a program developed from this informally. This has been dubbed formal methods lite . This may be the most cost effective option in many cases. Level 1 Formal development and formal verification may be used to produce a program in a more formal manner. For example, proofs of properties or program refinement refinement from the formal specification specification to a program may be undertaken. This may be most appropriate ... fully formal machine checked proofs. This can be very expensive and is only practically worthwhile ... information on this is expanded Uses below . As with Formal semantics of programming languages programming language semantics , styles of formal methods may be roughly classified as follows Denotational ... what is true before and afterwards . Lightweight formal methods Some practitioners believe that the formal ... more details
analysis as a formalconcept is a relatively recent development. ref http plato.stanford.edu entries analysisAnalysis ref The word is a transcription of the ancient Greek language Greek analusis ...?term analysis Online Etymology Dictionary ref As a formalconcept, the method has variously ... category portal thinking Topics related to Thinking List of thinking related topics Formalanalysis ...Other uses Wiktionary AnalysisanalysisAnalysis is the process of breaking a complexity complex topic ... . Applications Chemistry See also Analytical chemistry List of chemical analysis methods The field of chemistry uses analysis in at least three ways to identify the components of a particular chemical compound qualitative analysis , to identify the proportions of components in a mixture quantitative analysis , and to break down chemical process es and examine chemical reaction s between chemical element elements of chemical matter matter . For an example of its use, analysis of the concentration ... activation analysis neutron activation to develop discrete measurements within vast samples. A matrix chemical analysis matrix can have a considerable effect on the way a chemical analysis is conducted and the quality of its results. Analysis can be done manually or with a analyser device . Chemical analysis is an important element of national security among the great power major world powers with Materials ... See also Isotope analysis Isotope geochemistry Chemists can use isotope s to assist analysts with issues ... of environmental radioactivity . Business Financial statement analysis the analysis of the accounts and the economic prospects of a firm Fundamental analysis a stock valuation method that uses financial analysis Technical analysis the study of price action in securities markets in order to forecast future prices Business analysis involves identifying the needs and determining the solutions to business problems Price analysis involves the breakdown of a price to a unit figure Market analysis ... more details
logic, formal learning theory, information processing and analysis of democracy http www.uni konstanz.de philosophie huber Franz Huber formal epistemology, philosophy of science, philosophical logic ...Cleanup date August 2011 Formal epistemology uses formal methods from decision theory , logic , probability ... of formal epistemology has tended to differ somewhat from that of traditional epistemology, with topics like uncertainty, induction, and belief revision garnering more attention than the analysis of knowledge ... have been laboring since the emergence of formal logic and probability theory if not earlier , only ... be attributed to the organization of yearly Formal Epistemology Workshops by http fitelson.org Branden ... in logic and formal epistemology . In 2010, the department founded the http www.formalepistemology.org Center for Formal Epistemology . Topics Some of the topics that come under the heading of formal ... Algorithmic learning theory computational epistemology Formal approaches to paradoxes of belief and or action Formal models of epistemic states, like belief and uncertainty Formal models of rationality constraints on belief and changes in belief Formal theories of coherentism and confirmation Foundations of probability and statistics. List of contemporary formal epistemologists http www.hss.cmu.edu ..., Philosophy foundations of probability, mathematical logic Anthony Gillies belief revision, formal ... epistemology, belief revision, etc. http matthewkotzen.net Matthew Kotzen formal epistemology .... and Hendricks, V. F. eds. 2012 . A Formal Epistemology Reader. Cambridge Cambridge University Press ... Publishers. Hendricks, V. F. 2006 . Mainstream and Formal Epistemology. New York Cambridge University Press. Hendricks, V. F. ed. 2006 . Special issue on 8 Bridges Between Mainstream and Formal Epistemology ... Ashgate. Hendricks, V. F. and Symons, J. eds. 2005 . Formal Philosophy. New York Automatic Press VIP . http www.formalphilosophy.com Hendricks, V. F. and Symons, J. eds. 2006 . Masses of Formal Philosophy ... more details
in the field of the formal sciences. As an explicit analysis of the methods of reasoning, logic received ...refimprove date July 2011 science The formal sciences are the branches of knowledge that are concerned with formal system s, such as logic , mathematics , theoretical computer science , information theory ... . Unlike other sciences, the formal sciences are not concerned with the validity of Scientific theory theories based on observation s in the Reality real world , but instead with the properties of formal system s based on definition s and Rule of inference rule s. Methods of the formal sciences are, however ... Formal sciences began before the formulation of scientific method , with the most ancient Mathematics ... logic was later adopted in Middle Ages medieval China. As a number of other disciplines of formal science ... analysis scientific computing , and theoretical computer science . Theoretical computer science also ..., social , the formal sciences do not involve empirical procedures. They also do not presuppose knowledge of contingent fact, or describe the real world. In this sense, formal sciences are both logically ... of any empirical procedures. Although formal sciences are conceptual systems, lacking empirical content, this does not mean that they have no relation to the real world. But this relation is such that their formal .... That is why formal sciences are applicable in all domains and useful in all empirical sciences. Because of their non empirical nature, formal sciences are construed by outlining a set of axioms and definitions from which other statements theorems are deduced. In other words, theories in formal ... ref Citation first Thompson last Bill title The Nature of Statistical Evidence chapter 2.4 Formal Science ... 1st year 2007 page 15 ref See also Wikipedia books Formal science colbegin Rationalism Abstract ... in computer science Formal grammar Formal language Formal method Formal system Mathematical model ... Springer Verlag, 1967. C. West Churchman 1940 . Elements of Logic and Formal Science , J.B. Lippincott ... more details
Image Formal charge Principle V.1.svg 350px right Formal charge in ozone and the nitrate anion In chemistry , a formal charge FC is the charge assigned to an atom in a molecule , assuming that electron s in a chemical bond are shared equally between atoms, regardless of relative electronegativity . The formal ... structure for a molecule, the structure is chosen such that the formal charge without sign on each of the atoms is minimized. Formal charge is a test to determine the efficiency of electron distribution ... left. Thus, using the definition of formal charge, hydrogen has a formal charge of zero 1 0 2 and nitrogen has a formal charge of 1 5 0 8 . After adding up all the formal charges throughout the molecule the result is a total formal charge of 1, consistent with the charge of the molecule given in the first place. Note The total formal charge in a molecule should be as close to zero as possible, with as few ... to both oxygen atoms carbon 2, oxygens 1 each, total CO2 oxygen carbon dioxide formal charge 0 Carbon ... sub single sub 1, total formal charge 0 Carbon double bonded to both oxygen atoms carbon 0, oxygens 0, total formal charge 0 Even though all three structures gave us a total charge of zero, the final ... The following is equivalent Draw a circle around the atom for which the formal charge is requested ... the formal charge. Image ls3a.png center 350px The formal charges computed for the remaining ... to keep in mind that formal charges are just that formal , in the sense that this system is a formalism. The formal charge system is just a method to keep track of all of the valence electrons that each atom brings with it when the molecule is formed. Formal charge compared to oxidation state The concept of oxidation states constitutes a competing method to assess the distribution of electrons in molecules. If the formal charges and oxidation states of the atoms in carbon dioxide are compared ... between these values is that formal charges and oxidation states represent fundamentally different ... more details
by some syntactical rules, the actual definition of the conceptformal language is only ... s. The notion of a formal grammar may be closer to the intuitive concept of a language, one described ... framework formal modes of speech in natural languages Register sociolinguistics A formal language is a set mathematics set of words that is, string computer science strings of symbol formal symbols ... from which the words of the language may be formed . A formal language is often defined by means of a formal grammar also called its formation rule s . Words that belong to a formal language are sometimes called well formed words or well formed formula s . Formal languages are studied in computer science and linguistics . The field of formal language theory studies the purely syntactical aspects of such languages that is, their internal structural patterns. In computer science, formal languages ... of the language are associated with particular meanings or semantics . Software for parsing formal ... and parser generator . Since formal languages alone do not have semantics, other constructs are needed ... s are typically defined as formal languages, and complexity class es are defined as the sets of the formal ... of mathematics , formal languages are used to represent the syntax of formal theories. Logical system s can be seen as a formal language with additional constructs, like proof calculi ... interpreted formal language all its sentences have meanings that make them either true or false. In less technical contexts, the term artificial language is sometimes used to denote a formal language ... language s. History Expand section date April 2011 The first formal language is thought be the one used by Gottlob Frege in his Begriffsschrift 1879 , literally meaning concept writing , and which Frege described as a formal language of pure thought. ref name Herken1995 cite book editor Rolf Herken ... of formal languages, can be any set mathematics set , although it often makes sense to use ... more details
Formal verification Selected formal verification bibliography Static code analysis Temporal logic ... policy, see Wikipedia Verifiability . In the context of hardware and software systems, formal ... correctness of intended algorithms underlying a system with respect to a certain formal specification or property, using formal methods of mathematics Citation needed date June 2009 . Quote box width 30em quoted true bgcolor FFFFF0 salign center Complete formal verification is the only known way ... klein sosp09.pdf title seL4 Formal Verification of an OS Kernel paper submitted to 22nd ACM Symposium ... Usage Formal verification can be helpful in proving the correctness of systems such as cryptographic ..., and software expressed as source code. The verification of these systems is done by providing a formal ... net s, timed automata , hybrid automata , process algebra , formal semantics of programming languages ... needed date September 2009 Approaches to formal verification One approach and formation is model ... is logical inference. It consists of using a formal version of mathematical reasoning about the system ... and temporal logics can also be used in logical inference, not just in model checking. Formal verification for software Logical inference for the formal verification of software can be further divided ... case s? . Industry use The growth in complexity of designs increases the importance of formal verification techniques in the hardware industry. ref cite journal doi 10.1109 LICS.2003.1210044 title Formal ... citation.cfm?id 800667 Formal verification of a real time hardware design . Portal.acm.org 1983 06 27 . Retrieved on 2011 04 30. ref At present, formal verification is used by most or all citation needed ... to automated proof methods, making formal verification easier to introduce and more productive. ref http www.cl.cam.ac.uk jrh13 slides types 04sep99 slides1.pdf Formal Verification in Industry ... Ba10EW.pdf Ingredients of Operating System Correctness? Lessons Learned in the Formal Verification ... more details
The term formal operation my refer to the formal operational period in Piaget s theory of cognitive development . a formal calculation in mathematical logic. disambiguation ... more details
Formal Consensus refers to a specific organizational structure which formalizes both the relationships between members of an organization and the processes through which they interact to create an environment in which Consensus decision making can occur in a specific, consistent, and efficient manner. While many diverse consensus decision making techniques exist, Formal Consensus emphasizes the concept ... as the content of any proposal or discussion. Main Principles Formal Consensus is designed to structurally ... consensus. The concept of formulating specific and consistent procedural structures must begin at the very foundation of an organization, if Formal Consensus is to be successfully implemented. Organizations intending to use Formal Consensus must establish the fundamental principles, values ... of Formal Consensus will vary from one organization to the next, based on the needs, goals, values, and resources of the organization. However, the basic concept remains once a specific and consistent ... that Formal Consensus aims to apply this process content distinction to all types of organizational ... and Disadvantages The main advantage of Formal Consensus over more traditional decision making .... Formal Consensus emphasizes universal participation through inclusive, open, and transparent ... the highest number of votes. The predictable and consistent structure which Formal Consensus ... implementation of any given proposal. A disadvantage to the Formal Consensus model is that participation ... people to enter an existing organization and participate to their full capacity. Structure of Formal Consensus The general structure of a decision reached by Formal Consensus should resemble the following ... are central to the Formal Consensus model, but it is important to understand that each role is a function ... to ensure that equal opportunity is given for everyone to voice their opinion. It is possible for a Formal ... the Formal Consensus model Alaska Native Health Board Alecander Technique International Food Not Bombs ... more details
Formal organization is a fixed set of rules of intra organization procedures and structures. As such, it is usually set out in writing, with a language of wiktionary rule rules that ostensibly leave little discretion for interpretation logic interpretation . In some societies and in some organization, such rules may be strictly followed in others, they may be little more than an empty formalism. To facilitate the accomplishment of the goals of the organization In a formal organization the work is delegated to each individual of the organization. He She works towards the attainment of definite goals, which are in compliance with the goals of the organization. To facilitate the co ordination of various activities The authority, responsibility and accountability of individuals in the organization ... due to a well defined hierarchical structure which is inherent in any formal organisation. Permit the application of the concept of specialization and division of Labour, division of work amongst .... Create more group cohesiveness Characteristics of a formal organization Well defined rules and regulation ... through scalar chain Distinction from informal organization Formal rules are often adapted to subjective ... rule bound instead, all real organizations represent some mix of formal and informal. Consequently, when attempting to legislate for an organization and to create a formal structure, it is necessary ... can fail, or, if already set in order, can work against mismanagement. blockquote Formal organizations .... But in modern societies, formal organizational structures arise in highly institutional contexts. Organizations ... that reflect institutional rules tend to buffer their formal structures from the uncertainties of the technical activities by developing a loose coupling between their formal structures and actual ... helpful. In the opinion of systems theory and cybernetics , however, formal organization fades into the background ... Organizations Formal Structure as Myth and Ceremony Category Types of organization Category Sociology ... more details
Formal balance , also called symmetrical balance, is a concept of Composition visual arts aesthetic composition involving equal weight and importance on both sides of a composition. ref cite book title Art and Creative Development for Young Children author J. Englebright Fox, Robert Schirrmacher edition 7 publisher Cengage Learning, 2011 isbn 9780495913122 pages 368 ref ref cite web url http www.usask.ca education coursework skaalid theory cgdt balance.htm title Classic Graphic Design Theory Principles of Design Balance ref ref cite web url http char.txa.cornell.edu language principl principl.htm title Art, Design, and Visual Thinking Principles of Design ref ref cite web url http goshen.edu art ed Compose.htm title Some Ideas About Composition and Design Elements, Principles, and Visual Effects author Marvin Bartel publisher Goshen College accessdate 15 November 2011 ref References reflist Art stub Category Aesthetics ... more details
primarysources date May 2010 Formal democracy is a State polity state system that has in place superficial forms of democracy but is not actually managed democratically. The former Soviet Union has been retroactively characterized in this fashion since its constitution was essentially democratic, while the state was managed by the bureaucracy bureaucratic lite known as the Politburo . But the concept was originally introduced in the 1988 book Manufacturing Consent by Edward S. Herman and Noam Chomsky to describe one effect of USA Foreign policy of the United States foreign policy and Nation building techniques which created market client states for neo liberalism neo liberal capitalism . States identified by Herman & Chomsky as formal democracies include pre revolutionary Iran , Nicaragua under Anastasio Somoza Garc a Somoza and the Philippines under Ferdinand Marcos Marcos . The United States, especially from 1980 on under Ronald W. Reagan, is also said to fit the description, as all levers of government were effectively controlled and often directly staffed by members of the plutocracy. The visible manifestations of this mode of government seemed to have peaked during the administration of George W. Bush, who went so far as to seek to undermine the US Constitution itself, but government by manipulated consent is a problem afflicting the entire US political system, regardless of party affiliation, and is likely to continue until extensive radical reforms are implemented to overhaul or bypass the business controlled mass communications system, inaugurate proportional representation, root out corporate lobbying and overwhelming corporate influence on all sectors of national policy, and embrace other measures designed to make the satisfaction of the well informed ordinary citizen s interest the chief object of political activity. In the acquisition of this ambitious goal ... DEFAULTSORT Formal Democracy ... more details
Scotism In scholastic metaphysics , a formal distinction is a distinction intermediate between what is merely conceptual, and what is fully real or mind independent. It was made by some realist philosophers of the Scholasticism Scholastic period in the thirteenth century, and particularly by Duns Scotus . Background Many realist philosophers of the period such as Aquinas and Henry of Ghent , recognised the need for an intermediate distinction that was not merely conceptual, but not fully real or mind dependent either. Aquinas held that the difference between our concepts arise not just in the mind, but have a foundation in the thing fundamentum in re . Henry held that there was an intentional distinction distinctio intentionalis such that intentions i.e. concepts that are distinct in the mind, correspond to things which are potentially distinct in reality. Scotus argued for a formal distinction distinctio formalis a parte rei , which holds between entities which are inseparable and indistinct in reality, but whose definitions are not identical. For example, the personal properties of the Trinity are formally distinct from the Divine essence. Similarly, the distinction between the thisness or haecceity of a thing is intermediate between a real and a conceptual distinction ref Honderich p. 209 ref . There is also a formal distinction between the divine attributes and the powers of the soul. William of Ockham Ockham was opposed to the idea, arguing that whenever there is any distinction or non identity in reality, then two contradictory statements can be made. But contradictory statements cannot be truly asserted unless the realities they stand for are either 1 distinct real things 2 distinct concepts or 3 a thing and a concept. But if they all exist in reality, they are not distinct concepts, nor are they a real thing and a concept. Therefore they are distinct in reality ... 2003. Category Metaphysics Category Scotism DEFAULTSORT Formal Distinction ... more details
In mathematics , formal moduli are an aspect of the theory of moduli space s of algebraic varieties or vector bundle s, for example , closely linked to deformation theory and formal geometry . Roughly speaking, deformation theory can provide the Taylor polynomial level of information about deformations, while formal moduli theory can assemble consistent Taylor polynomials to make a formal power series theory. The step to moduli spaces, properly speaking, is an algebraization question, and has been largely put on a firm basis by Artin s approximation theorem . A formal universal deformation is by definition a formal scheme over a complete local ring , with special fiber the scheme over a field being studied, and with a universal property amongst such set ups. The local ring in question is then the carrier of the formal moduli. References Springer id d d030700 title Deformation Category Moduli theory ... more details
unreferenced date April 2011 File Morning dress 1901.jpg thumb right Morning dress with formal striped trousers Fashion , 1901 Formal trousers in British Cashmere stripes or American slang spongebags are formal trousers, either checked or striped, worn with morning dress and stroller style semi formal daywear . They have a muted design in black, silver and charcoal grey, and are made from heavy wool. clothing stub Category Formalwear ... more details
Unreferenced date November 2008 Dress code Western Formal wear US, Canada and formal dress UK, Australia, New Zealand, and other Commonwealth Realms are the general terms for clothing suitable for formal social events, such as a wedding , formal garden party or dinner, d butante cotillion , dance, or race. The Western style of formal evening dress, characterized by black and white garments, has spread through many countries it is almost always the standard formal social dress in countries without a formal national costume . A dress code Western dress code is a set of rules governing a certain combination of clothing some examples are black tie and morning dress . Formal dress is the grouping of all the dress codes which govern clothes worn to formal events. The traditional rules that govern men s formal dress are strictly observed By whom date August 2010 from these derive the evening dress variants worn on many occasions, such as high school prom dances, formal dances, and entertainment industry award programs. The dress codes considered formal in the evening are white tie and black tie . In the UK, morning dress is standard formal day time clothing a lounge suit being still considered ... remain in certain settings in Europe, Australia, and Japan. TOC limit 3 Terminology formal File Girl.in.Prom.Dress.1950s.jpg thumb right 150px Girl in formal dress, United States of America USA , 1950s ... of formal dress standards since the end of the World War II Second World War is redefining what clothes constitute formal and semi formal dress. cn date May 2011 The original term full dress was used in the nineteenth century and the early twentieth century to mean the most formal option available ... somewhat to the twenty first century structure of formal, semi formal, and informal. These are the terms ... consultants use looser, modern definitions, in which white tie is styled as most formal , very formal or ultra formal black tie as formal and the traditionally informal lounge suit as pseudo formal ... more details
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