Image Formal charge Principle V.1.svg 350px right Formal charge in ozone and the nitrate anion In chemistry , a formal charge FC is the charge assigned to an atom in a molecule , assuming that electron s in a chemical bond are shared equally between atoms, regardless of relative electronegativity . The formal ... structure for a molecule, the structure is chosen such that the formal charge without sign on each of the atoms is minimized. Formal charge is a test to determine the efficiency of electron distribution ... left. Thus, using the definition of formal charge, hydrogen has a formal charge of zero 1 0 2 and nitrogen has a formal charge of 1 5 0 8 . After adding up all the formal charges throughout the molecule the result is a total formal charge of 1, consistent with the charge of the molecule given in the first place. Note The total formal charge in a molecule should be as close to zero as possible, with as few ... to both oxygen atoms carbon 2, oxygens 1 each, total CO2 oxygen carbon dioxide formal charge 0 Carbon ... sub single sub 1, total formal charge 0 Carbon double bonded to both oxygen atoms carbon 0, oxygens 0, total formal charge 0 Even though all three structures gave us a total charge of zero, the final ... The following is equivalent Draw a circle around the atom for which the formal charge is requested ... the formal charge. Image ls3a.png center 350px The formal charges computed for the remaining ... to keep in mind that formal charges are just that formal , in the sense that this system is a formalism. The formal charge system is just a method to keep track of all of the valence electrons that each atom brings with it when the molecule is formed. Formal charge compared to oxidation state ... in molecules. If the formal charges and oxidation states of the atoms in carbon dioxide are compared ... between these values is that formal charges and oxidation states represent fundamentally different ways of looking at the distribution of electrons amongst the atoms in the molecule. With formal charge ... more details
Cleanup date August 2011 Formal epistemology uses formal methods from decision theory , logic , probability ... of formal epistemology has tended to differ somewhat from that of traditional epistemology, with topics ... have been laboring since the emergence of formal logic and probability theory if not earlier , only ... be attributed to the organization of yearly Formal Epistemology Workshops by http fitelson.org Branden ... in logic and formal epistemology . In 2010, the department founded the http www.formalepistemology.org Center for Formal Epistemology . Topics Some of the topics that come under the heading of formal ... Algorithmic learning theory computational epistemology Formal approaches to paradoxes of belief and or action Formal models of epistemic states, like belief and uncertainty Formal models of rationality constraints on belief and changes in belief Formal theories of coherentism and confirmation Foundations of probability and statistics. List of contemporary formal epistemologists http www.hss.cmu.edu ..., Philosophy foundations of probability, mathematical logic Anthony Gillies belief revision, formal ... logic, formal learning theory, information processing and analysis of democracy http www.uni konstanz.de philosophie huber Franz Huber formal epistemology, philosophy of science, philosophical logic ... epistemology, belief revision, etc. http matthewkotzen.net Matthew Kotzen formal epistemology ... 2011 Notes reflist References Arlo Costa, H, van Benthem, J. and Hendricks, V. F. eds. 2012 . A Formal ... and Formal Epistemology. New York Cambridge University Press. Hendricks, V. F. ed. 2006 . Special issue on 8 Bridges Between Mainstream and Formal Epistemology , Philosophical Studies. Hendricks .... eds. 2005 . Formal Philosophy. New York Automatic Press VIP . http www.formalphilosophy.com Hendricks, V. F. and Symons, J. eds. 2006 . Masses of Formal Philosophy. New York Automatic Press VIP. http ... 1421 1426. External links http fitelson.org few Formal Epistemology Workshop http www.tilburguniversity.edu ... more details
A formal analysis is an established method for analysis analyzing works of art . First introduced by Roger de Piles 1635 1709 , in his book the Principles of Painting , the technique of formal analysis is more fully developed by Roger Fry in Vision and Design 1909 . For a particular work of art , a formal analysis consists of a purely visual description of the work irrespective of cultural context, history , or artistic motivation. As such, it is a basic tool for Art history art historians and artist s to understand the purely visual aspects of a work of art. This is not to say that such cultural or motivational interpretations can be separated from the artwork, but that the visual elements provide an essential starting point for understanding a work of art. Elements of a formal analysis include descriptions of color , space , line geometry line , volume , mass , and composition visual arts composition . See also Art history W lfflin and stylistic analysis W lfflin and stylistic analysis Category Visual arts theory ... more details
refimprove date July 2011 science The formal sciences are the branches of knowledge that are concerned with formal system s, such as logic , mathematics , theoretical computer science , information theory ... . Unlike other sciences, the formal sciences are not concerned with the validity of Scientific theory theories based on observation s in the Reality real world , but instead with the properties of formal system s based on definition s and Rule of inference rule s. Methods of the formal sciences are, however ... Formal sciences began before the formulation of scientific method , with the most ancient Mathematics ... in the field of the formal sciences. As an explicit analysis of the methods of reasoning, logic received ... logic was later adopted in Middle Ages medieval China. As a number of other disciplines of formal science ..., social , the formal sciences do not involve empirical procedures. They also do not presuppose knowledge of contingent fact, or describe the real world. In this sense, formal sciences are both logically ... of any empirical procedures. Although formal sciences are conceptual systems, lacking empirical content, this does not mean that they have no relation to the real world. But this relation is such that their formal .... That is why formal sciences are applicable in all domains and useful in all empirical sciences. Because of their non empirical nature, formal sciences are construed by outlining a set of axioms and definitions from which other statements theorems are deduced. In other words, theories in formal ... ref Citation first Thompson last Bill title The Nature of Statistical Evidence chapter 2.4 Formal Science ... 1st year 2007 page 15 ref See also Wikipedia books Formal science colbegin Rationalism Abstract ... in computer science Formal grammar Formal language Formal method Formal system Mathematical model ... Springer Verlag, 1967. C. West Churchman 1940 . Elements of Logic and Formal Science , J.B. Lippincott ... philosophersstone.pdf The formal sciences discover the philosophers stone . In Studies in History ... more details
Unreferenced date July 2009 A formal contract is a contract where the parties have signed under seal, while an informal contract is one not under seal. A seal can be any impression made upon the document by the parties to the contract. This was traditionally done in wax stating the intentions of the parties to be bound by the contract. Only parties to a sealed documents are the people who have rights under it, thus only people party to the contract can be found liable. According to Harvey Boller, J.D. Professor of Law at Loyola University, roughly 100 percent of contracts today are informal contracts. The legitimacy of a contract, however, does not rely upon whether a contract is formal or informal. Both are considered binding, given all other elements of a contract exist. In which both parties agree to each comply with each others wishes to a certain limit. Usually the contract is formed by a greater authority, such a government, or corporation. DEFAULTSORT Formal Contract Category Contract law law stub ... more details
Unreferenced date October 2010 A Formal Sigh were a New wave music New Wave band from Liverpool , England , that formed in 1980 and broke up early in 1982. Biography A Formal Sigh formed around the kernel of Mark Peters bass guitar and Flo Sullivan vocals and keyboards . Robin Surtees guitar joined the pair within days. He was followed, after several auditions and temporary drummers, by Roger Sinek drums and Greg Milton guitar and bass . Mark Peters had previously played with The Names aka The Famous Names . The band recorded a session for John Peel on 5 September 1981, in the BBC Maida Vale 4 studio. Altered Images had been in the studio the day before. The Peel session was produced by Dale Griffin , ex drummer of Mott the Hoople , and engineered by Mike Robinson producer Mike Robinson . Peel was, in his own words, rather partial to the tape and played it several times, beginning on 10 September 1981. The session was also broadcast several times on Radio Merseyside . A Formal Sigh were for a while the darlings of Merseysound, a high quality Liverpool New Wave fanzine , and were featured twice on its cover. Apart from the Peel session, only two other sessions were recorded, 14 15 February 1981 and 6 7 March 1982, both engineered by Peter Coleman at Session One Studios in Liverpool. Merseysound released tracks from the first SOS session on its Tapezine. The track Looking At Walls appears to have been bootlegged a few times over the intervening years. More recently, the band has made all recordings available on CD A Far Cry by A Formal Sigh. A Formal Sigh gigged regularly in Merseyside ... a quotation of Ned Rorem An artist is like everyone else, only more so he speaks with a formal sigh. Musical style A Formal Sigh was always hard to categorise. The female vocal format led some to make ... and Launderette . Citation needed date October 2010 External links http www.amazon.com Far Cry Formal ... Several images of the band. Use dmy dates date September 2010 DEFAULTSORT Formal Sigh, A Category ... more details
In mathematics , the formal derivative is an operation on elements of a polynomial ring or a ring of formal power series that mimics the form of the derivative from derivative calculus . Though they appear similar, the algebraic advantage of a formal derivative is that it does not rely on the notion of a limit mathematics limit , which is in general impossible to define for a ring mathematics ring . Many of the properties of the derivative are true of the formal derivative, but some, especially those that make numerical statements, are not. The primary use of formal differentiation in algebra is to test for multiple roots of a polynomial . Definition The definition of a formal derivative is as follows fix a ring R not necessarily commutative and let A R x be the ring of polynomials over R . Then the formal derivative is an operation on elements of A , where if math f x , ,a n x n cdots a 1 x a 0 math then its formal derivative is math f x , ,Df x n a n x n 1 cdots 2 a 2 x a 1 math just as for polynomials over the real numbers real or complex numbers complex numbers. Properties It can be verified that Formal differentiation is linear for any two polynomials f x , g x and elements r , s of R , we have math r cdot f s cdot g x r cdot f x s cdot g x . math When R is not commutative there is another ... also be included as a linearity property. The formal derivative satisfies the Product rule Leibniz ... however, its formal derivative is zero since 3 0 in R and in any extension of R , so when we pass ... in R itself. Thus, formal differentiation allows an computability theory computer science effective ... and equivalent definition of the formal derivative, which resembles the one seen in differential calculus ... with the formal derivative of f as it was defined above. This formulation of the derivative works equally well for a formal power series, assuming only that the ring of scalars is commutative ... Euclidean domain Module of relative differential forms Galois theory Formal power series Pincherle ... more details
Winter formal , also called Winterfest or Queen of Hearts Dance , is a dance held by high school s in the United States . It takes place between homecoming and prom , usually between January and March. ref http www.irvinehigh.org feature.adm?id 263 ref At some schools this dance may supplement or replace a Sadie Hawkins dance . It has many of the same characteristics as a prom with a Musical ensemble band to play music and catering service. This dance is often provided to high school students as a school sponsored event for the long period between Homecoming in Autumn and prom in May. The influence of New Year s Eve formal events and St. Valentine s Day may pique students interest in holding their own dance during this time. It is thought in some cases as a pre prom ref http mathscience.edublogs.org 2008 12 10 winter formal ref dance, and is often not held at the school if the school can afford to hold it elsewhere. It might be held at a catering hall or ballroom facility. Students may use this event as a test case to see if their date has interest in continuing the relationship before committing to Prom. There are many ways of asking a date to a winter formal and several websites offer tips on doing it in a unique or unusual way. References reflist Category American culture Category School dances ... more details
About the dress code the term in the formal methods subfield of computer science Formal semantics disambiguation Formal semantics self published date January 2012 Dress code Western File Preprom.jpg thumb right Couples in semi formal dresses and suits In Western clothing semi formal is a grouping of dress code Western dress codes , indicating the sort of clothes worn to events with a level of Etiquette protocol between informal attire informal e.g. lounge suit and formal wear formal . ref http www.blacktieguide.com Basics 3A Dress Codes1.htm Black Tie Guide Dress Codes the site uses many more reliable primary sources. ref rs date January 2012 The term Semi formal denotes black tie for men, rather than white tie formalwear. ref name Flusser02 Background The origins of semi formal attire date back to the 1800s when Edward VII , the Prince of Wales , wanted a more comfortable dinner attire than the Dress coat swallowtail coat . ref name Flusser01 cite book last Flusser first Alan authorlink Alan Flusser title Dressing the Man Mastering the art of Permanent Fashion publisher HarperCollins HarperCollins Publishers, Inc. url http books.google.com books?id hBnCNOhoh1sC&lpg PP1&dq Dressing 20the 20Man 3A 20Mastering 20the 20art 20of 20Permanent 20Fashion&pg PP1 v onepage&q Dressing 20the 20Man 20Mastering 20the 20art 20of 20Permanent 20Fashion&f false date 2002 location New York isbn 0060191449 ... appearance. ref name Flusser01 Definition In the day time before six o clock , the semi formal code requires for men a black tail less coat with formal striped or checked trousers. This combination is a less formal version of morning dress which features a longer, cutaway morning coat . This semi formal ensemble is sometimes referred to as a stroller style stroller in America. For evening wear ...&f false date 2002 location New York isbn 0060191449 page 299 ref Women For semi formal occasions, women usually wear a cocktail dress , as a long evening gown is formal attire. ref http www.blacktieguide.com ... more details
In computing , bit specification may mean Computer hardware or software capabilities or design features expressed in terms of bit counts. Higher bit specification e.g. 16 bit vs. 8 bit usually indicates better performance. Examples Color depth Computer bus size Processor register size Sound quality Specification or datasheet where the meaning of individual bit s in a larger, for example byte length, message is described. Bit specifications are often required to document low level device control or data transmission protocol computing protocol s. See bit manipulation . See also Functional specification disambig ... more details
A specification tree shows all specifications of a technical system under development in a hierarchical order. For a spacecraft system it has the following levels System requirements specification generated by customer System design to specification generated by system responsible prime contractor Subsystem specifications generated by system responsible prime contractor Assembly specifications generated by subsystem responsible contractors Unit specifications generated by subsystem or assembly responsible contractors. An assembly level is defined as intermediate level when the subsystem contractor prefers to contract a group of units with complex interfaces to another contractor for instance the operating system and subsystem application software can be an assembly of the data management subsystem . See also Specification technical standard Category Product development ... more details
In mathematics , specifically in algebraic geometry , a formal scheme is a type of space which includes data about its surroundings. Unlike an ordinary scheme mathematics scheme , a formal scheme includes infinitesimal data that, in effect, points in a direction off of the scheme. For this reason, formal schemes frequently appear in topics such as deformation theory . Definition Formal schemes are usually defined only in the Noetherian ring Noetherian case. While there have been several definitions of non Noetherian formal schemes, these encounter technical problems. Consequently we will make the assumption that all rings are Noetherian. All rings will be assumed to be commutative ring commutative and with unital ring unit . Let A be a Noetherian topological ring , that is, a ring A which is a topological space such that the operations of addition and multiplication are continuous. A is linearly topologized if zero has a base topology base consisting of ideal ring theory ideal s. An ideal of definition math mathcal J math for a linearly topologized ring is an open ideal such that for every open neighborhood V of 0, there exists a positive integer n such that math mathcal J n subseteq V math . A linearly topologized ring is preadmissible if it admits an ideal of definition, and it is admissible if it is also completion ring theory complete . In the terminology of Bourbaki , this is complete and separated . Assume that A is admissible, and let math mathcal J math be an ideal of definition. A prime ideal is open if and only if it contains math mathcal J math . The set of open prime ideals of A , or equivalently the set of prime ideals of math A mathcal J math , is the underlying topological space of the formal spectrum of A , denoted Spf A . Spf A has a structure sheaf which ... formal scheme is a topologically ringed space math mathfrak X , mathcal O mathfrak X math that is, a ringed ... X math admits an open neighborhood isomorphic as topologically ringed spaces to the formal spectrum ... more details
expert subject Architecture date October 2011 A design specification provides explicit information about the requirements for a product and how the product is to be put together. It is the most traditional kind of specification, having been used historically in public contracting for buildings, highways, and other public works, and represents the kind of thinking in which architects and engineers have been trained. Its use is called for where a structure or product has to be specially made to meet a unique need. For example, a design specification must include all necessary drawings, dimensions, environmental factors, ergonomic factors, aesthetic factors, cost, maintenance that will be needed, quality, safety, documentation and disposal See also Software Design Description SDD Requirements specificationSpecification Data sheet Spec sheet Category Product development design stub nl Ontwerpspecificatie zh ... more details
Formal organization is a fixed set of rules of intra organization procedures and structures. As such, it is usually set out in writing, with a language of wiktionary rule rules that ostensibly leave little discretion for interpretation logic interpretation . In some societies and in some organization, such rules may be strictly followed in others, they may be little more than an empty formalism. To facilitate the accomplishment of the goals of the organization In a formal organization the work is delegated to each individual of the organization. He She works towards the attainment of definite goals, which are in compliance with the goals of the organization. To facilitate the co ordination of various activities The authority, responsibility and accountability of individuals in the organization is very well defined. Hence, facilitating the co ordination of various activities of the organisation ... due to a well defined hierarchical structure which is inherent in any formal organisation. Permit .... Create more group cohesiveness Characteristics of a formal organization Well defined rules and regulation ... through scalar chain Distinction from informal organization Formal rules are often adapted to subjective ... rule bound instead, all real organizations represent some mix of formal and informal. Consequently, when attempting to legislate for an organization and to create a formal structure, it is necessary ... can fail, or, if already set in order, can work against mismanagement. blockquote Formal organizations .... But in modern societies, formal organizational structures arise in highly institutional contexts. Organizations ... that reflect institutional rules tend to buffer their formal structures from the uncertainties of the technical activities by developing a loose coupling between their formal structures and actual ... helpful. In the opinion of systems theory and cybernetics , however, formal organization fades into the background ... Organizations Formal Structure as Myth and Ceremony Category Types of organization Category Human ... more details
refimprove date September 2010 Formal Hall or Formal Meal is the meal held at some of the oldest arguably with a strong academic tradition , university universities in the United Kingdom at which students dress in formal attire and often academic dress gown s to dine. These are held commonly in the college s of, for examples, University of Oxford Oxford , ref https home.jesus.ox.ac.uk offices bursary formalhalletiquette Formal Hall Etiquette , Jesus College, Oxford , UK. ref University of Cambridge Cambridge , ref http www.trin.cam.ac.uk index.php?pageid 113 Meals & Formal Hall , Trinity Hall, Cambridge , UK. ref University of Dublin Dublin , Durham University Durham and University of St Andrews St Andrews , as well as the The University of London for example, Royal Holloway . In a number of Red brick university , some Halls of residence halls such as those in the University of Manchester Manchester a merge between Victoria University of Manchester and UMIST , Bristol University Bristol and University of Exeter Exeter also practice such a tradition aimed to strengthen the academic and students interactions and enrich the students overall learning experience. The nature of Formals varies widely between the colleges and halls that hold them. In some colleges, Formals may be held every ... the formals differ. Generally, though, they are known as Formal Hall common at Oxford, Cambridge, Royal Holloway and Durham Formal Meal or Formal Dinner are also sometimes used Common Meals subsidized ... Formal or, at St John s College, Cambridge , Hall . There are other circumstances in which different ... are taken in the Buttery and formal meals in the hall, and the term Hall is used uniquely to refer ... the only dress code in other cases formal wear for example a Suit clothes lounge suit for men or equivalent ... . Almost all Durham, St Andrews, Royal Holloway, Oxford and Cambridge college formal halls ... Informal hall Gaudy References reflist DEFAULTSORT Formal University Category Academic meals Category ... more details
In mathematical logic , a formal calculation is sometimes defined as a calculation which is systematic, but without a rigorous justification . This means that we are manipulating the symbols in an expression using a generic substitution, without proving that the necessary conditions hold. Essentially, we are interested in the form of an expression, and not necessarily its underlying meaning. This reasoning can either serve as positive evidence that some statement is true, when it is difficult or unnecessary to provide a proof, or as an inspiration for the creation of new completely rigorous definitions. However, this interpretation of the term formal is not universally accepted, and some consider it to mean quite the opposite A completely rigorous argument, as in mathematical logic formal mathematical logic . Examples A simple example A somewhat exaggerated example would be to use the equation math sum n 0 infty q n frac 1 1 q math which holds under certain conditions to conclude that math sum n 0 infty 2 n 1. math This is incorrect according to the usual definition of infinite sums of real numbers, since the related sequence does not converge. However, this result can inspire extending the definition of infinite sums, and the creation of new fields, such as the p adic number 2 adic numbers , where the series in question converges and this statement is perfectly valid. Formal power series Formal power series is a concept that adopts some properties of convergent power series used in real analysis , and applies them to objects that are similar to power series in form, but have nothing to do with the notion of convergence. Symbol manipulation Suppose we want to solve the differential equation math frac dy dx y 2 math Treating these symbols as ordinary algebraic ones, and without ... frac 1 C x math Because this is a formal calculation, we can also allow ourselves to let math C infty .... See also Formal power series Mathematical logic References cite book author Stuart S. Antman title ... more details
Formal Consensus refers to a specific organizational structure which formalizes both the relationships between members of an organization and the processes through which they interact to create an environment in which Consensus decision making can occur in a specific, consistent, and efficient manner. While many diverse consensus decision making techniques exist, Formal Consensus emphasizes the concept that the particular process by which a decision is made is equally significant to gaining consensus as the content of any proposal or discussion. Main Principles Formal Consensus is designed to structurally identify and isolate issues regarding the process by which interactions occur, to prevent ... at the very foundation of an organization, if Formal Consensus is to be successfully implemented. Organizations intending to use Formal Consensus must establish the fundamental principles, values ... of Formal Consensus will vary from one organization to the next, based on the needs, goals, values ... that Formal Consensus aims to apply this process content distinction to all types of organizational ... and Disadvantages The main advantage of Formal Consensus over more traditional decision making .... Formal Consensus emphasizes universal participation through inclusive, open, and transparent ... the highest number of votes. The predictable and consistent structure which Formal Consensus ... implementation of any given proposal. A disadvantage to the Formal Consensus model is that participation ... people to enter an existing organization and participate to their full capacity. Structure of Formal Consensus The general structure of a decision reached by Formal Consensus should resemble the following ... are central to the Formal Consensus model, but it is important to understand that each role is a function ... to ensure that equal opportunity is given for everyone to voice their opinion. It is possible for a Formal ... the Formal Consensus model Alaska Native Health Board Alecander Technique International Food Not Bombs ... more details
The Multiboot Specification is an open standard originally created in 1995 and developed by the Free Software Foundation . The specification describes a method of loading various multiboot Kernel computer science kernels using a single compliant boot loader . GNU Hurd , VMware ESXi, Xen , and L4 microkernel family L4 microkernels all need to be Booting booted using this method. GNU GRUB is the reference implementation used in the GNU operating system . The latest version is 0.7. See also Multi boot Functional specification External links http www.gnu.org software grub manual multiboot multiboot.html Multiboot specification http www.osdcom.info content view 33 39 Writing a Multiboot compliant kernel http www.gnu.org software grub GRUB Home page http www.onlamp.com pub a bsd 2007 03 01 inside multiboot.html Article Making NetBSD Multiboot compatible http mail index.netbsd.org source changes 2006 10 25 0015.html A post committing implementation of Multiboot in NetBSD i386 4.x 10 2006 http julipedia.blogspot.com 2006 10 improved multiboot support in.html More information about Multiboot in NetBSD http grub.enbug.org MultibootSystems GrubWiki list of operating systems known to support Multiboot http kb.vmware.com selfservice microsites search.do?language en US&cmd displayKC&externalId 1008971 Booting VMware via PXELINUX with Multiboot standard stub Category Booting Category Computer standards ru Multiboot Specification pt Multiboot Specification ... more details
Formal ethics is a formal logical system for describing and evaluating the form as opposed to the content of ethical principles. Formal ethics was introduced by Harry J. Gensler , in part in his 1990 logic textbook Symbolic Logic Classical and Advanced Systems , but was more fully developed and justified in his 1996 book Formal Ethics book Formal Ethics . Formal ethics is related to ethical formalism in that its focus is the forms of moral judgments, but the exposition in Formal Ethics makes it clear that Gensler, unlike previous ethical formalists, does not consider formal ethics to be a complete ethical theory such that the correct form would be necessary and sufficient for an ethical principle to be correct . In fact, the theorems of formal ethics could be seen as a largest common subset of most widely recognized ethical theories, in that none of its axioms with the possible exception of rationality is controversial among philosophers of ethics. Symbolic representation The axioms and theorems of formal ethics can be represented with the standard notation of First order logic predicate logic but with a Formal grammar grammar closer to higher order logic s , augmented with Imperative logic imperative , Deontic logic deontic , Belief logic belief , and modal logic symbols. Formal ... a dollar to x . Within the system of formal ethics, an imperative is taken to represent a preference ... A math for desires You desire A . In formal ethics, desire is taken in a strong sense when the agent ... means You ought to do A logically entails do A Finally, formal ethics is a higher order logic ... F . The only types of property that formal ethics admits are universal properties , properties are not evaluative ... acts in most ethical theories. Formal ethics has a definition of relevantly similar actions that imposes ... of exactly similar actions and is used in the definition of relevantly similar actions. Axioms Formal ... Gensler, Harry J. Formal Ethics . ISBN 0415130662 Category Ethics Category Modal logic Category Formal ... more details
to informal fallacy As modus ponens , the following argument contains no formal fallacies. If P ... is argument from authority . By contrast, an argument with a formal fallacy could still contain ... commits the formal fallacy of affirming the consequent . An argument could contain both an informal fallacy and a formal fallacy yet have a correct conclusion, for example, again affirming the consequent ... articles logic.html Marilyn vos Savant explains Logical Fallacies formal fallacy Category Philosophical logic Category Formal fallacies pl B dy logiczno j zykowe ... more details
primarysources date May 2010 Formal democracy is a State polity state system that has in place superficial forms of democracy but is not actually managed democratically. The former Soviet Union has been retroactively characterized in this fashion since its constitution was essentially democratic, while the state was managed by the bureaucracy bureaucratic lite known as the Politburo . But the concept was originally introduced in the 1988 book Manufacturing Consent by Edward S. Herman and Noam Chomsky to describe one effect of USA Foreign policy of the United States foreign policy and Nation building techniques which created market client states for neo liberalism neo liberal capitalism . States identified by Herman & Chomsky as formal democracies include pre revolutionary Iran , Nicaragua under Anastasio Somoza Garc a Somoza and the Philippines under Ferdinand Marcos Marcos . The United States, especially from 1980 on under Ronald W. Reagan, is also said to fit the description, as all levers of government were effectively controlled and often directly staffed by members of the plutocracy. The visible manifestations of this mode of government seemed to have peaked during the administration of George W. Bush, who went so far as to seek to undermine the US Constitution itself, but government by manipulated consent is a problem afflicting the entire US political system, regardless of party affiliation, and is likely to continue until extensive radical reforms are implemented to overhaul or bypass the business controlled mass communications system, inaugurate proportional representation, root out corporate lobbying and overwhelming corporate influence on all sectors of national policy, and embrace other measures designed to make the satisfaction of the well informed ordinary citizen s interest the chief object of political activity. In the acquisition of this ambitious goal ... DEFAULTSORT Formal Democracy ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Orphan date August 2009 A field specification or fspec defines a portion of a Word data type word in some programming language . It has the form L R where L is the leftmost byte and R is the rightmost byte, and counting begins at zero. For example, the first three bytes of a word would have the fspec 0 2 for bytes numbered 0, 1, and 2. DEFAULTSORT Field Specification Category Units of information ... more details
In regression analysis and related fields such as econometrics , specification is the process of converting a theory into a regression model. This process consists of selecting an appropriate function mathematics functional form for the model and choosing which variables to include. Model specification is one of the first steps in regression analysis. If an estimated model is misspecified, it will be biased and inconsistent. ref Lee, Cheng Few Lee, John C. Lee, Alice C. Statistics for Business and Financial Economics. World Scientific Publishing Company. 2nd edition. December 1999 . p 718. ref Specification error and bias Specification error occurs when an independent variable is correlated with the error term. There are several different causes of specification error incorrect functional form a variable omitted from the model may have a relationship with both the dependent variable and one or more of the independent variables omitted variable bias ref http cemood.people.wm.edu 603.html Untitled Bot generated title ref an irrelevant variable may be included in the model the dependent variable may be part of a simultaneous equation simultaneity bias measurement errors may affect the independent variables. Detection The Ramsey RESET test can help test for specification error. See also Model risk References references cite journal last Thursby first Jerry G. coauthors Schmidt, Peter title Some Properties of Tests for Specification Error in a Linear Regression Model journal Journal of the American Statistical Association volume 72 issue 359 pages 635 641 month September year 1977 doi 10.2307 2286231 publisher Journal of the American Statistical Association, Vol. 72, No. 359 jstor 2286231 cite journal last Sapra first Sunil title A regression error specification test RESET for generalized linear models journal Economics Bulletin volume 3 issue 1 year 2005 pages 1 6 url http economicsbulletin.vanderbilt.edu 2005 volume3 EB 04C50033A.pdf format PDF Category Regression analysis ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Unreferenced date March 2007 The person specification is an extension of the job description . It is a profile of the type of person needed to do a job and is produced along with a job description following a job analysis . Elements of a person specification include Attainments experience and qualifications Specialized skill s Interests Disability Personality See also business human resource management personnel recruitment process job analysis job description employment contract A person specification is written by the firm and outlines the type of person the firm wants. It might contain the educational qualifications, previous experience, general intelligence, specialised skills, interests, personality and physical requirements and how you look A person specification is used to match the right person to the job. It describes the desirable personal attributes of the job holder. References http www.acas.gov.uk acas.gov.uk http www.businesslink.gov.uk bdotg action detail?type RESOURCES&itemId 1073793806 businesslink.gov.uk Category Human resource management Category Recruitment business stub ... more details
Scotism In scholastic metaphysics , a formal distinction is a distinction intermediate between what is merely conceptual, and what is fully real or mind independent. It was made by some realist philosophers of the Scholasticism Scholastic period in the thirteenth century, and particularly by Duns Scotus . Background Many realist philosophers of the period such as Aquinas and Henry of Ghent , recognised the need for an intermediate distinction that was not merely conceptual, but not fully real or mind dependent either. Aquinas held that the difference between our concepts arise not just in the mind, but have a foundation in the thing fundamentum in re . Henry held that there was an intentional distinction distinctio intentionalis such that intentions i.e. concepts that are distinct in the mind, correspond to things which are potentially distinct in reality. Scotus argued for a formal distinction distinctio formalis a parte rei , which holds between entities which are inseparable and indistinct in reality, but whose definitions are not identical. For example, the personal properties of the Trinity are formally distinct from the Divine essence. Similarly, the distinction between the thisness or haecceity of a thing is intermediate between a real and a conceptual distinction ref Honderich p. 209 ref . There is also a formal distinction between the divine attributes and the powers of the soul. William of Ockham Ockham was opposed to the idea, arguing that whenever there is any distinction or non identity in reality, then two contradictory statements can be made. But contradictory statements cannot be truly asserted unless the realities they stand for are either 1 distinct real things 2 distinct concepts or 3 a thing and a concept. But if they all exist in reality, they are not distinct concepts, nor are they a real thing and a concept. Therefore they are distinct in reality ... 2003. Category Metaphysics Category Scotism Category Conceptual distinctions DEFAULTSORT Formal Distinction ... more details
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