Infobox Single Name Formal Invite Cover Ray J Formal Invite.jpg Artist Ray J featuring Pharrell from Album This Ain t a Game B side Released February 5, 2002 Format CD single , music download digital download Recorded Genre Hip hop Length 4 19 Label Atlantic Records Atlantic Writer LaShawn Daniels, Fred Jenkins III, Darkchild , Nora Payne, Robert Smith Producer The Neptunes Certification Chronology Ray J singles Last single Wait a Minute Ray J song Wait a Minute br 2001 This single Formal Invite br 2002 Next single One Wish br 2005 Misc Extra chronology Artist Pharrell singles Type singles Last single Diddy br 2001 This single Formal Invite br 2002 Next single Boys Britney Spears song Boys The Co Ed Remix br 2002 Formal Invite is the second and final single from Ray J s album This Ain t a Game . It peaked at 35 on Billboard magazine Billboard magazine s Hot R&B Hip Hop Singles Sales chart ref http www.billboard.com bbcom esearch chart display.jsp?cfi 368&cfgn Singles&cfn Hot R 26amp 3BB 2FHip Hop Singles Sales&ci 3043754&cdi 7794025&cid 12 2F08 2F2001 Billboard entry ref . Bobby Brown and Derek Fisher of the Los Angeles Lakers made cameo appearances in the video shot for the song. Track listing Formal Invite Knockout remix small feat. Shorty Mack & Brandy Norwood Brandy small Formal Invite The Blaze 1 remix explicit Formal Invite Explicit album version Formal Invite Kelly G s Late Night Spanish Harlem radio References reflist Category 2002 singles Category Ray J songs Category Pharrell Williams songs Ray J Pharrell Williams ... more details
Cleanup date August 2011 Formal epistemology uses formal methods from decision theory , logic , probability ... of formal epistemology has tended to differ somewhat from that of traditional epistemology, with topics ... have been laboring since the emergence of formal logic and probability theory if not earlier , only ... be attributed to the organization of yearly Formal Epistemology Workshops by http fitelson.org Branden ... in logic and formal epistemology . In 2010, the department founded the http www.formalepistemology.org Center for Formal Epistemology . Topics Some of the topics that come under the heading of formal ... Algorithmic learning theory computational epistemology Formal approaches to paradoxes of belief and or action Formal models of epistemic states, like belief and uncertainty Formal models of rationality constraints on belief and changes in belief Formal theories of coherentism and confirmation Foundations of probability and statistics. List of contemporary formal epistemologists http www.hss.cmu.edu ..., Philosophy foundations of probability, mathematical logic Anthony Gillies belief revision, formal ... logic, formal learning theory, information processing and analysis of democracy http www.uni konstanz.de philosophie huber Franz Huber formal epistemology, philosophy of science, philosophical logic ... epistemology, belief revision, etc. http matthewkotzen.net Matthew Kotzen formal epistemology ... 2011 Notes reflist References Arlo Costa, H, van Benthem, J. and Hendricks, V. F. eds. 2012 . A Formal ... and Formal Epistemology. New York Cambridge University Press. Hendricks, V. F. ed. 2006 . Special issue on 8 Bridges Between Mainstream and Formal Epistemology , Philosophical Studies. Hendricks .... eds. 2005 . Formal Philosophy. New York Automatic Press VIP . http www.formalphilosophy.com Hendricks, V. F. and Symons, J. eds. 2006 . Masses of Formal Philosophy. New York Automatic Press VIP. http ... 1421 1426. External links http fitelson.org few Formal Epistemology Workshop http www.tilburguniversity.edu ... more details
A formal analysis is an established method for analysis analyzing works of art . First introduced by Roger de Piles 1635 1709 , in his book the Principles of Painting , the technique of formal analysis is more fully developed by Roger Fry in Vision and Design 1909 . For a particular work of art , a formal analysis consists of a purely visual description of the work irrespective of cultural context, history , or artistic motivation. As such, it is a basic tool for Art history art historians and artist s to understand the purely visual aspects of a work of art. This is not to say that such cultural or motivational interpretations can be separated from the artwork, but that the visual elements provide an essential starting point for understanding a work of art. Elements of a formal analysis include descriptions of color , space , line geometry line , volume , mass , and composition visual arts composition . See also Art history W lfflin and stylistic analysis W lfflin and stylistic analysis Category Visual arts theory ... more details
Unreferenced date July 2009 A formal contract is a contract where the parties have signed under seal, while an informal contract is one not under seal. A seal can be any impression made upon the document by the parties to the contract. This was traditionally done in wax stating the intentions of the parties to be bound by the contract. Only parties to a sealed documents are the people who have rights under it, thus only people party to the contract can be found liable. According to Harvey Boller, J.D. Professor of Law at Loyola University, roughly 100 percent of contracts today are informal contracts. The legitimacy of a contract, however, does not rely upon whether a contract is formal or informal. Both are considered binding, given all other elements of a contract exist. In which both parties agree to each comply with each others wishes to a certain limit. Usually the contract is formed by a greater authority, such a government, or corporation. DEFAULTSORT Formal Contract Category Contract law law stub ... more details
Unreferenced date October 2010 A Formal Sigh were a New wave music New Wave band from Liverpool , England , that formed in 1980 and broke up early in 1982. Biography A Formal Sigh formed around the kernel of Mark Peters bass guitar and Flo Sullivan vocals and keyboards . Robin Surtees guitar joined the pair within days. He was followed, after several auditions and temporary drummers, by Roger Sinek drums and Greg Milton guitar and bass . Mark Peters had previously played with The Names aka The Famous Names . The band recorded a session for John Peel on 5 September 1981, in the BBC Maida Vale 4 studio. Altered Images had been in the studio the day before. The Peel session was produced by Dale Griffin , ex drummer of Mott the Hoople , and engineered by Mike Robinson producer Mike Robinson . Peel was, in his own words, rather partial to the tape and played it several times, beginning on 10 September 1981. The session was also broadcast several times on Radio Merseyside . A Formal Sigh were for a while the darlings of Merseysound, a high quality Liverpool New Wave fanzine , and were featured twice on its cover. Apart from the Peel session, only two other sessions were recorded, 14 15 February 1981 and 6 7 March 1982, both engineered by Peter Coleman at Session One Studios in Liverpool. Merseysound released tracks from the first SOS session on its Tapezine. The track Looking At Walls appears to have been bootlegged a few times over the intervening years. More recently, the band has made all recordings available on CD A Far Cry by A Formal Sigh. A Formal Sigh gigged regularly in Merseyside ... a quotation of Ned Rorem An artist is like everyone else, only more so he speaks with a formal sigh. Musical style A Formal Sigh was always hard to categorise. The female vocal format led some to make ... and Launderette . Citation needed date October 2010 External links http www.amazon.com Far Cry Formal ... Several images of the band. Use dmy dates date September 2010 DEFAULTSORT Formal Sigh, A Category ... more details
In mathematics , the formal derivative is an operation on elements of a polynomial ring or a ring of formal power series that mimics the form of the derivative from derivative calculus . Though they appear similar, the algebraic advantage of a formal derivative is that it does not rely on the notion of a limit mathematics limit , which is in general impossible to define for a ring mathematics ring . Many of the properties of the derivative are true of the formal derivative, but some, especially those that make numerical statements, are not. The primary use of formal differentiation in algebra is to test for multiple roots of a polynomial . Definition The definition of a formal derivative is as follows fix a ring R not necessarily commutative and let A R x be the ring of polynomials over R . Then the formal derivative is an operation on elements of A , where if math f x , ,a n x n cdots a 1 x a 0 math then its formal derivative is math f x , ,Df x n a n x n 1 cdots 2 a 2 x a 1 math just as for polynomials over the real numbers real or complex numbers complex numbers. Properties It can be verified that Formal differentiation is linear for any two polynomials f x , g x and elements r , s of R , we have math r cdot f s cdot g x r cdot f x s cdot g x . math When R is not commutative there is another ... also be included as a linearity property. The formal derivative satisfies the Product rule Leibniz ... however, its formal derivative is zero since 3 0 in R and in any extension of R , so when we pass ... in R itself. Thus, formal differentiation allows an computability theory computer science effective ... and equivalent definition of the formal derivative, which resembles the one seen in differential calculus ... with the formal derivative of f as it was defined above. This formulation of the derivative works equally well for a formal power series, assuming only that the ring of scalars is commutative ... Euclidean domain Module of relative differential forms Galois theory Formal power series Pincherle ... more details
Winter formal , also called Winterfest or Queen of Hearts Dance , is a dance held by high school s in the United States . It takes place between homecoming and prom , usually between January and March. ref http www.irvinehigh.org feature.adm?id 263 ref At some schools this dance may supplement or replace a Sadie Hawkins dance . It has many of the same characteristics as a prom with a Musical ensemble band to play music and catering service. This dance is often provided to high school students as a school sponsored event for the long period between Homecoming in Autumn and prom in May. The influence of New Year s Eve formal events and St. Valentine s Day may pique students interest in holding their own dance during this time. It is thought in some cases as a pre prom ref http mathscience.edublogs.org 2008 12 10 winter formal ref dance, and is often not held at the school if the school can afford to hold it elsewhere. It might be held at a catering hall or ballroom facility. Students may use this event as a test case to see if their date has interest in continuing the relationship before committing to Prom. There are many ways of asking a date to a winter formal and several websites offer tips on doing it in a unique or unusual way. References reflist Category American culture Category School dances ... more details
About the dress code the term in the formal methods subfield of computer science Formal semantics disambiguation Formal semantics self published date January 2012 Dress code Western File Preprom.jpg thumb right Couples in semi formal dresses and suits In Western clothing semi formal is a grouping of dress code Western dress codes , indicating the sort of clothes worn to events with a level of Etiquette protocol between informal attire informal e.g. lounge suit and formal wear formal . ref http www.blacktieguide.com Basics 3A Dress Codes1.htm Black Tie Guide Dress Codes the site uses many more reliable primary sources. ref rs date January 2012 The term Semi formal denotes black tie for men, rather than white tie formalwear. ref name Flusser02 Background The origins of semi formal attire date back to the 1800s when Edward VII , the Prince of Wales , wanted a more comfortable dinner attire than the Dress coat swallowtail coat . ref name Flusser01 cite book last Flusser first Alan authorlink Alan Flusser title Dressing the Man Mastering the art of Permanent Fashion publisher HarperCollins HarperCollins Publishers, Inc. url http books.google.com books?id hBnCNOhoh1sC&lpg PP1&dq Dressing 20the 20Man 3A 20Mastering 20the 20art 20of 20Permanent 20Fashion&pg PP1 v onepage&q Dressing 20the 20Man 20Mastering 20the 20art 20of 20Permanent 20Fashion&f false date 2002 location New York isbn 0060191449 ... appearance. ref name Flusser01 Definition In the day time before six o clock , the semi formal code requires for men a black tail less coat with formal striped or checked trousers. This combination is a less formal version of morning dress which features a longer, cutaway morning coat . This semi formal ensemble is sometimes referred to as a stroller style stroller in America. For evening wear ...&f false date 2002 location New York isbn 0060191449 page 299 ref Women For semi formal occasions, women usually wear a cocktail dress , as a long evening gown is formal attire. ref http www.blacktieguide.com ... more details
In mathematics , specifically in algebraic geometry , a formal scheme is a type of space which includes data about its surroundings. Unlike an ordinary scheme mathematics scheme , a formal scheme includes infinitesimal data that, in effect, points in a direction off of the scheme. For this reason, formal schemes frequently appear in topics such as deformation theory . Definition Formal schemes are usually defined only in the Noetherian ring Noetherian case. While there have been several definitions of non Noetherian formal schemes, these encounter technical problems. Consequently we will make the assumption that all rings are Noetherian. All rings will be assumed to be commutative ring commutative and with unital ring unit . Let A be a Noetherian topological ring , that is, a ring A which is a topological space such that the operations of addition and multiplication are continuous. A is linearly topologized if zero has a base topology base consisting of ideal ring theory ideal s. An ideal of definition math mathcal J math for a linearly topologized ring is an open ideal such that for every open neighborhood V of 0, there exists a positive integer n such that math mathcal J n subseteq V math . A linearly topologized ring is preadmissible if it admits an ideal of definition, and it is admissible if it is also completion ring theory complete . In the terminology of Bourbaki , this is complete and separated . Assume that A is admissible, and let math mathcal J math be an ideal of definition. A prime ideal is open if and only if it contains math mathcal J math . The set of open prime ideals of A , or equivalently the set of prime ideals of math A mathcal J math , is the underlying topological space of the formal spectrum of A , denoted Spf A . Spf A has a structure sheaf which ... formal scheme is a topologically ringed space math mathfrak X , mathcal O mathfrak X math that is, a ringed ... X math admits an open neighborhood isomorphic as topologically ringed spaces to the formal spectrum ... more details
refimprove date September 2010 Formal Hall or Formal Meal is the meal held at some of the oldest arguably with a strong academic tradition , university universities in the United Kingdom at which students dress in formal attire and often academic dress gown s to dine. These are held commonly in the college s of, for examples, University of Oxford Oxford , ref https home.jesus.ox.ac.uk offices bursary formalhalletiquette Formal Hall Etiquette , Jesus College, Oxford , UK. ref University of Cambridge Cambridge , ref http www.trin.cam.ac.uk index.php?pageid 113 Meals & Formal Hall , Trinity Hall, Cambridge , UK. ref University of Dublin Dublin , Durham University Durham and University of St Andrews St Andrews , as well as the The University of London for example, Royal Holloway . In a number of Red brick university , some Halls of residence halls such as those in the University of Manchester Manchester a merge between Victoria University of Manchester and UMIST , Bristol University Bristol and University of Exeter Exeter also practice such a tradition aimed to strengthen the academic and students interactions and enrich the students overall learning experience. The nature of Formals varies widely between the colleges and halls that hold them. In some colleges, Formals may be held every ... the formals differ. Generally, though, they are known as Formal Hall common at Oxford, Cambridge, Royal Holloway and Durham Formal Meal or Formal Dinner are also sometimes used Common Meals subsidized ... Formal or, at St John s College, Cambridge , Hall . There are other circumstances in which different ... are taken in the Buttery and formal meals in the hall, and the term Hall is used uniquely to refer ... the only dress code in other cases formal wear for example a Suit clothes lounge suit for men or equivalent ... . Almost all Durham, St Andrews, Royal Holloway, Oxford and Cambridge college formal halls ... Informal hall Gaudy References reflist DEFAULTSORT Formal University Category Academic meals Category ... more details
In mathematical logic , a formal calculation is sometimes defined as a calculation which is systematic, but without a rigorous justification . This means that we are manipulating the symbols in an expression using a generic substitution, without proving that the necessary conditions hold. Essentially, we are interested in the form of an expression, and not necessarily its underlying meaning. This reasoning can either serve as positive evidence that some statement is true, when it is difficult or unnecessary to provide a proof, or as an inspiration for the creation of new completely rigorous definitions. However, this interpretation of the term formal is not universally accepted, and some consider it to mean quite the opposite A completely rigorous argument, as in mathematical logic formal mathematical logic . Examples A simple example A somewhat exaggerated example would be to use the equation math sum n 0 infty q n frac 1 1 q math which holds under certain conditions to conclude that math sum n 0 infty 2 n 1. math This is incorrect according to the usual definition of infinite sums of real numbers, since the related sequence does not converge. However, this result can inspire extending the definition of infinite sums, and the creation of new fields, such as the p adic number 2 adic numbers , where the series in question converges and this statement is perfectly valid. Formal power series Formal power series is a concept that adopts some properties of convergent power series used in real analysis , and applies them to objects that are similar to power series in form, but have nothing to do with the notion of convergence. Symbol manipulation Suppose we want to solve the differential equation math frac dy dx y 2 math Treating these symbols as ordinary algebraic ones, and without ... frac 1 C x math Because this is a formal calculation, we can also allow ourselves to let math C infty .... See also Formal power series Mathematical logic References cite book author Stuart S. Antman title ... more details
Formal Consensus refers to a specific organizational structure which formalizes both the relationships between members of an organization and the processes through which they interact to create an environment in which Consensus decision making can occur in a specific, consistent, and efficient manner. While many diverse consensus decision making techniques exist, Formal Consensus emphasizes the concept that the particular process by which a decision is made is equally significant to gaining consensus as the content of any proposal or discussion. Main Principles Formal Consensus is designed to structurally identify and isolate issues regarding the process by which interactions occur, to prevent ... at the very foundation of an organization, if Formal Consensus is to be successfully implemented. Organizations intending to use Formal Consensus must establish the fundamental principles, values ... of Formal Consensus will vary from one organization to the next, based on the needs, goals, values ... that Formal Consensus aims to apply this process content distinction to all types of organizational ... and Disadvantages The main advantage of Formal Consensus over more traditional decision making .... Formal Consensus emphasizes universal participation through inclusive, open, and transparent ... the highest number of votes. The predictable and consistent structure which Formal Consensus ... implementation of any given proposal. A disadvantage to the Formal Consensus model is that participation ... people to enter an existing organization and participate to their full capacity. Structure of Formal Consensus The general structure of a decision reached by Formal Consensus should resemble the following ... are central to the Formal Consensus model, but it is important to understand that each role is a function ... to ensure that equal opportunity is given for everyone to voice their opinion. It is possible for a Formal ... the Formal Consensus model Alaska Native Health Board Alecander Technique International Food Not Bombs ... more details
Scotism In scholastic metaphysics , a formal distinction is a distinction intermediate between what is merely conceptual, and what is fully real or mind independent. It was made by some realist philosophers of the Scholasticism Scholastic period in the thirteenth century, and particularly by Duns Scotus . Background Many realist philosophers of the period such as Aquinas and Henry of Ghent , recognised the need for an intermediate distinction that was not merely conceptual, but not fully real or mind dependent either. Aquinas held that the difference between our concepts arise not just in the mind, but have a foundation in the thing fundamentum in re . Henry held that there was an intentional distinction distinctio intentionalis such that intentions i.e. concepts that are distinct in the mind, correspond to things which are potentially distinct in reality. Scotus argued for a formal distinction distinctio formalis a parte rei , which holds between entities which are inseparable and indistinct in reality, but whose definitions are not identical. For example, the personal properties of the Trinity are formally distinct from the Divine essence. Similarly, the distinction between the thisness or haecceity of a thing is intermediate between a real and a conceptual distinction ref Honderich p. 209 ref . There is also a formal distinction between the divine attributes and the powers of the soul. William of Ockham Ockham was opposed to the idea, arguing that whenever there is any distinction or non identity in reality, then two contradictory statements can be made. But contradictory statements cannot be truly asserted unless the realities they stand for are either 1 distinct real things 2 distinct concepts or 3 a thing and a concept. But if they all exist in reality, they are not distinct concepts, nor are they a real thing and a concept. Therefore they are distinct in reality ... 2003. Category Metaphysics Category Scotism Category Conceptual distinctions DEFAULTSORT Formal Distinction ... more details
Formal balance , also called symmetrical balance, is a concept of Composition visual arts aesthetic composition involving equal weight and importance on both sides of a composition. ref cite book title Art and Creative Development for Young Children author J. Englebright Fox, Robert Schirrmacher edition 7 publisher Cengage Learning, 2011 isbn 978 0 495 91312 2 pages 368 ref ref cite web url http www.usask.ca education coursework skaalid theory cgdt balance.htm title Classic Graphic Design Theory Principles of Design Balance ref ref cite web url http char.txa.cornell.edu language principl principl.htm title Art, Design, and Visual Thinking Principles of Design ref ref cite web url http goshen.edu art ed Compose.htm title Some Ideas About Composition and Design Elements, Principles, and Visual Effects author Marvin Bartel publisher Goshen College accessdate 15 November 2011 ref References reflist Art stub Category Aesthetics ... more details
Infobox musical artist See Wikipedia WikiProject Musicians name The Stiletto Formal image caption image size background group or band alias origin Phoenix, Arizona Phoenix , Arizona , USA genre Post hardcore br Progressive Rock br Experimental Rock years active 2004 2009 label Eyeball Records associated acts website http www.myspace.com thestilettoformal current members Kyle Howard br Paul Neely br Sunny Davis br Jimi Lamp br Pat McCarthy past members notable instruments Cello The Stiletto Formal was a self proclaimed eccentric rock and roll band from Phoenix, Arizona , and were one of the few rock bands featuring a cello and other exotic instruments and effects as an integral part of their sound. In addition to these qualities and unusual time signatures, Kyle Howard s falsetto provided distinction in their music. Their lyrics are often constructed into a short story format. They had gained a local fanbase in Arizona and were attracting national attention after playing nationwide tours and appearing on the Vans Warped Tour however, band frontman Kyle Howard relocated to Los Angeles in 2009, and the group s Facebook and Myspace profiles have since been devoid of group activity. In addition to their two released EP s, Masochism In The Place Of Romance and This Is My Boomstick , the band has two unreleased songs, The Everlasting Gaze originally performed by Smashing Pumpkins and a demo called This Song Can t Be About Blowing Things Up Because Of Terrorism . Their debut album is entitled Fiesta Fiesta Fiesta Fiesta , which is self described as being dark but still upbeat . It was released on October 21, 2008. ref Allmusic class album id r1426442 label Fiesta Fiesta Fiesta Fiesta ref They worked with producers Cory Spotts Job For A Cowboy , Greeley Estates and Darrell Thorp Radiohead , Outkast , Beck for the album, which was released on Eyeball Records . Final Lineup Kyle ... DEFAULTSORT Stiletto Formal, The Category American post hardcore musical groups Category Musical ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 In the Hungarian language this case combines the Essive case and the Formal case , and it can express the position, task, state e.g. as a tourist , or the manner e.g. like a hunted animal . The status of the suffix k nt in the declension system is disputed for several reasons. First, in general, Hungarian case suffixes are absolute word final, while k nt permits further suffixation by the locative suffix i . Second, most Hungarian case endings participate in vowel harmony , while k nt does not. For these reasons, many modern analyses of the Hungarian case system, starting with L szl Antal s A magyar esetrendszer 1961 do not consider the essive formal to be a case. Grammatical cases DEFAULTSORT Essive Formal Case Category Grammatical cases Ling morph stub br Troad esivel formel ca Cas essiu formal ... more details
This is a list of formalsystem s, also known as logical calculuses. Mathematical Domain relational calculus , a calculus for the relational data model Functional calculus , a way to apply various types of functions to operators Join calculus , a theoretical model for distributed programming Lambda calculus , a formulation of the theory of reflexive functions that has deep connections to computational theory Matrix calculus , a specialized notation for multivariable calculus over spaces of matrices Modal calculus , a common temporal logic used by formal verification methods such as model checking Pi calculus , a formulation of the theory of concurrent, communicating processes that was invented by Robin Milner Predicate calculus , specifies the rules of inference governing the logic of predicates Propositional calculus , specifies the rules of inference governing the logic of propositions Refinement calculus , a way of refining models of programs into efficient programs Rho calculus , introduced as a general means to uniformly integrate rewriting and lambda calculus Tuple calculus , a calculus for the relational data model, inspired the SQL language Umbral calculus , the combinatorics of certain operations on polynomials Vector calculus also called vector analysis , comprising specialized notations for multivariable analysis of vectors in an inner product space Other formal systems Formal ethics See also Formalsystem Category Formal systems Category Mathematics related lists Formal systems ... more details
Other uses Formal semantics disambiguation Formal semantics Refimprove date April 2011 In logic , formal semantics is the study of the semantics , or interpretation logic interpretation s, of formal language formal and idealizations of natural language s usually trying to capture the pre theoretic notion of entailment . Although both linguistics and logic lay claim to providing theories of natural language, according to Geach , logic generally ignores the idiotism of idiom , and sees natural languages as cluttered with idiom s of no logical interest. ref cite book author Mieszko Talasiewicz title Philosophy of Syntax Foundational Topics year 2009 publisher Springer isbn 9789048132874 page 12 ref A formal language can be defined apart from any interpretation of it. This is done by designating a set mathematics set of symbol s also called an alphabet and a set of formation rules also called a formal grammar which determine which String computer science string s of symbols are well formed formula s. When transformation rules also called rules of inference are added, and certain sentences are accepted as axiom s together called a deductive system or a deductive apparatus a logical system is formed. An interpretation of a formal language is roughly an assignment of Meaning non linguistic meaning s to its symbols and truth conditions to its sentences. ref The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy, Formal semantics ref The truth conditions of various sentences we may encounter in argument s will depend upon their meaning, and so conscientious logicians cannot completely avoid the need to provide some treatment of the meaning of these sentences. The semantics of logic refers to the approaches that logicians have introduced to understand and determine that part of meaning in which they are interested ... based on the quantifier. The main modern approaches to semantics for formal languages are the following ... of language ca Sem ntica formal el es Sem ntica formal hu Logikai szemantika ... more details
Expand German Formale Begriffsanalyse date February 2012 In information science , formal concept analysis is a Principle principled way of deriving a concept hierarchy or formal Ontology computer science ... lattice and order theory that was developed by George Birkhoff Birkhoff and others in the 1930s. Formal ... and history The original motivation of formal concept analysis was the concrete representation of complete Lattice order lattices and their properties by means of formal contexts , data tables that represent binary Relation mathematics relations between objects and attributes. In this theory, a formal ... consists of all attributes shared by the given objects. In this way, formal concept analysis formalizes the notions of Extension semantics extension and intension . Pairs of formal concepts may be partially ... system of sub and superconcepts, a concept hierarchy , which can be displayed as a Hasse diagram ... Burmeister, where formal concept analysis originated in the early 1980s. The mathematical basis ... foundations of formal concept analysis refer in particular to Charles S. Peirce and the educationalist ... have that set of attributes. It can readily be seen that both of these example concepts satisfy the formal ... A formal context consists of a set of objects O , a set of unary Attribute computing attribute s A , and an indication ... CCFFFF 6 7 style background CCFFFF style background CCFFFF 8 9 10 A formal concept for a context is defined ... lattice. Concept algebra of a context Modelling negation in a formal context is somewhat problematic ..., in formal concept analysis, a line diagram , encodes enough information to recover the original context ... from formal context creation to formal concept mining and generating the concepts lattice of a given formal context and the corresponding association rules. Most of these tools are academic and still ... of International Conference on Formal concept analysis ICFCA 10 , 2010 ref http coron.loria.fr ... title Formal Concept Analysis Foundations and Applications publisher Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence ... more details
The general formal ontology GFO is an upper ontology computer science upper ontology integrating processes and objects. ref Herre, H. Heller, B. Burek, P. Hoehndorf, R. Loebe, F. & Michalek, H.. General Formal Ontology GFO A Foundational Ontology Integrating Objects and Processes. Part I Basic Principles. Research Group Ontologies in Medicine Onto Med , University of Leipzig. ref GFO has been developed by Heinrich Herre, Barbara Heller and collaborators research group http www.onto med.de Onto Med in Leipzig . Although GFO provides one taxonomic tree, different axiom systems may be chosen for its modules. In this sense, GFO provides a framework for building custom, domain specific ontologies. GFO exhibits a three layered meta ontological architecture consisting of an abstract top level, an abstract core level, and a basic level. Primarily, the ontology GFO includes objects as well as processes and both are integrated into one coherent system, includes levels of reality, ref R. Poli. The Basic Problem of the Theory of Levels of Reality. Axiomathes, 2001. Springer. ref is designed to support interoperability by principles of ontological mapping and reduction, contains several novel ontological modules, in particular, a module for functions and a module for roles, and is designed for applications, firstly in medical, biological, and biomedical areas, but also in the fields of economics and sociology. Taxonomic tree of GFO Image GFO taxonomy tree.png right 170px thumb Basic taxonomic tree of the General Formal Ontology GFO General Formal ontology draws a fundamental distinction between concrete entity concrete entities , Category philosophy categories and set mathematics set s. Sets .... References references See also Formal Ontology Upper ontology External links http www.onto med.de ontologies gfo General Formal Ontology Main Website http www.onto med.de Research Group Ontologies in Medicine https savannah.nongnu.org projects gfo General Formal Ontology OWL Version Category ... more details
Formal Methods Europe FME is an organization whose aim is to encourage the research and application of formal methods for the improvement of software and computer hardware hardware in computer based systems. ref http formalmethods.wikia.com wiki FME FME , http formalmethods.wikia.com Formal Methods Wiki . ref The association s members are drawn from academia and industry . It is based in Europe , but is international in scope. FME operates under Netherlands Dutch law. Activities include Dissemination of research findings and industrial experience through conferences every 18 months and sponsored events ref http fm2011.lero.ie FM 2011 17th International Symposium on Formal Methods , http www.lero.ie Lero , Limerick , Republic of Ireland , 20 24 June 2011. ref Development of information resources for educators Networking for commercial practitioners through ForTIA Formal Techniques Industry Association . The Chair of FME is John Fitzgerald computer scientist John Fitzgerald of the University of Newcastle upon Tyne , UK . See also BCS FACS Formal Aspects of Computing Science Specialist Group Formal methods References reflist External links http www.fmeurope.org FME website http www.linkedin.com groups?gid 3202098 Formal Method Europe group on LinkedIn formalmethods stub sci org stub Category Formal methods organizations Category International nongovernmental organizations Category Science and technology in Europe ... more details
Formal Semantics in Moscow FSiM is an annual academic conference devoted to the Formal semantics linguistics formal semantics and pragmatics of natural language . ref Igor Yanovich, email to LINGUIST List , calling for papers, 20 January 2008. ref See also Lomonosov Moscow State University Notes and references Reflist Bibliography Barbara Partee Partee, Barbara H. 2005 . http people.umass.edu partee docs Report 20from 20the 20First 20FSIM 20Workshop.pdf Report from the First FSIM Workshop Formal Semantics in Moscow, April 2005 . External links http linguistlist.org issues 19 19 259.html Message 2 Formal Semantics in Moscow 4 Igor Yanovich s 2008 call for papers for FSiM 4, as published by LINGUIST List Category Pragmatics Category Semantics offset br ling stub ... more details
ISP In situ Partial Order is a tool for the formal verification of Message Passing Interface MPI programs developed within the http www.cs.utah.edu School of Computing at the http www.utah.edu University of Utah . Like model checkers , such as SPIN model checker SPIN , ISP verifies the complete state space of a system for a set of model checking safety properties . However, unlike model checkers, ISP performs code level verification . This means that the tool verifies all relevant interleavings of a concurrent program by replaying the actual program code without building verification models. This idea was pioneered in a number of tools, notably by Godefroid, in his VeriSoft tool. ref Patrice Godefroid, Model Checking for Programming Languages using VeriSoft http research.microsoft.com en us um people pg public psfiles popl97.ps POPL 1997 ref Other recent tools of this genre include the http javapathfinder.sourceforge.net Java Pathfinder , http research.microsoft.com en us downloads b23f8dc3 bb73 498f bd85 1de121672e69 default.aspx Microsoft s CHESS tool , and http www.usenix.org events nsdi09 tech MODIST . Relevant interleavings are computed using a customized dynamic partial order reduction ref Cormac Flanagan and Patrice Godefroid, Dynamic partial order reduction for model checking software, , http www.cs.princeton.edu dpw popl 05 POPL 2005 , pp. 110 121, ACM, ISBN 1 58113 830 X ref algorithm called POE . ref Sarvani Vakkalanka, Ganesh Gopalakrishnan, and Robert M. Kirby, Dynamic Verification of MPI Programs with Reductions in Presence of Split Operations and Relaxed Orderings ..., Michael DeLisi, Ganesh Gopalakrishnan, Robert M. Kirby, and Rajeev Thakur, Formal Verification ... Gopalakrishnan, Robert M. Kirby, Rajeev Thakur, and William Gropp, Implementing Efficient Dynamic Formal ... Passing Interface http www.cs.utah.edu formal verification publications conferences pdf europvm mpi ... External links http www.cs.utah.edu formal verification ISP release ISP Release DEFAULTSORT Isp Formal ... more details
Formal equivalence checking process is a part of electronic design automation EDA , commonly used during the development of digital circuit digital integrated circuit s, to formally prove that two representations of a circuit design exhibit exactly the same behavior. Equivalence checking and levels of abstraction In general, there is a wide range of possible definitions of functional equivalence covering comparisons between different level of abstraction levels of abstraction and varying granularity of timing details. The most common approach is to consider the problem of machine equivalence which defines two Synchronous circuit synchronous design specifications functionally equivalent if, clock by clock, they produce exactly the same sequence of output signals for any valid sequence of input signals. Microprocessor designers use equivalence checking to compare the functions specified for the instruction set architecture ISA with a register transfer level RTL implementation, ensuring that any program executed on both models will cause an identical update of the main memory content. This is a more general problem. A system design flow requires comparison between a transaction level model TLM , e.g., written in SystemC and its corresponding RTL specification. Such a check is becoming of increasing interest in a system on a chip SoC design environment. Synchronous machine equivalence .... This process is called formal equivalence checking and is a problem that is studied under the broader area of formal verification . A formal equivalence check can be performed between any two representations ... to the first two. Typically, a formal equivalence checking tool will also indicate with great precision ... Design Systems Cadence Formality by Synopsys SLEC by Calypto Quartz Formal by Magma Design Automation ... are working on it. See also Formal methods http www.inrialpes.fr vasy cadp CADP provides equivalence ... Electronic circuit verification Category Formal methods ja ... more details
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