wiktionary fortification A fortification is a military construction or building designed for defense in warfare. Fortification may also refer to Food fortification , the public health policy of adding Micronutrients to foodstuffs Fortification, New Zealand Wine fortification , the addition of other forms of alcohol to wine Addition of vitamins to food, like Breakfast cereal s See also Fort disambiguation disambig ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 In fortification , the capital of a bastion is a line drawn either from the angle of the polygon to the point of the bastion, or from the point of the bastion to the middle of the gorge . The capitals are from 35 to 40 fathoms long, from the point of the bastion to the point where the two demigorge s meet. 1728 Category Fortification architectural elements ... more details
File Oldlubelskagate.jpg thumb A cavalier, bastion curtain wall fortification curtain wall and ditch fortification ditch of the Zamo Fortress The term Cavalier has been adopted from the French as a term in fortification for a work of great height constructed in the interior of a fort , bastion or other defence, so as to fire over the main parapet without interfering with the fire of the latter. A greater volume of fire can thus be obtained, but the great height of the cavalier makes it an easy target for a besieger s guns. ref 1911 Based on the article Cavalier ref References reflist Fortifications Category Fortification architectural elements fort stub de Kavalier Festungsbau it Cavaliere fortificazione lb Cavalier Milit rarchitektur pl Nadszaniec pt Cavaleiro arquitetura ru uk ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Image Breastwork trench at Armentieres 1916.jpg thumb Breastwork trench at Armentieres in 1916 A breastwork is a fortification . The term is usually applied to temporary fortifications, often an earthwork thrown up to breast height to provide protection to defenders firing over it from a standing position. A more permanent structure, normally in stone, would be described as a parapet or the battlement of a castle wall. In warships, a breastwork refers to the armored superstructure in the middle of the ship that did not extend all the way out to the sides of the ship. Generally only used in ironclad warship ironclad turret ship s designed between 1865 and 1880. See also List of established military terms List of established military terms Fortification Fortifications DEFAULTSORT Breastwork Fortification Category Fortification by type Fortifications Fort stub de Brustwehr kk lv Brustv rs lt Brustveras li Br swaering nl Borstwering verdedigingswerk ru sv Br stv rn uk ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 In fortification , coffer a hollow lodgment, against a dry moat , the upper part being made of pieces of timber raised about two feet above the level of the moat. This elevation has hurdles filled with earth which serves as a parapet with embrasure s. The coffer is similar to the caponier . The difference is that the former may be made beyond the counterscarp , and the latter is always in the moat. Another difference is that the coffer takes the whole breadth of the moat while the caponier does not. ref Encyclop dia Britannica 1823 vol. 6, http books.google.com books?id zMcnAAAAMAAJ&pg PA248&lpg PA248&dq coffer 22hollow lodgement 22 wikipedia&source web&ots 155SCoOxfe&sig wY2iHYvJWK0wI8CPs55JEiEHFdE p. 248 Note the article is absent in the 1911 edition ref See also Cofferdam References reflist Category Fortification architectural elements ... more details
File Rostock Warnem nde mit Schanze.jpg thumb 250px Sconce built at Warnem nde , Rostock in 1661. Detail from a map from 1670 1680. File Engelse Schans Lievelde.JPG thumb 250px The Engelse Schans English Sconce of 1627 in Lievelde , The Netherlands. photo 2008 A Sconce is a small protective fortification , such as an Earthworks engineering earthwork often placed on a mound as a defensive work for artillery. ref http www.imagesofengland.org.uk help help.asp?code BTThes s 68907.htm Images of England Sconce ref It was used primarily in Northern Europe from the late Middle Ages until the 19th century. This type of fortification was common during the English Civil War , and the remains of one such structure can be see on Fort Royal Hill in Worcester , England. ref http www.fortified places.com worcester.html Fort Royal, Worcester ref During the Eighty Years War , sconces were often used to defend strategic places, but were used also during siege s and in circumvallation s. Several more or less intact sconces remain in the Netherlands. Etymology wiktionary sconce The etymology of sconce is from the Latin absconsus , via the French esconce , is a word of many meanings, mostly signifying a covering or protection, or, by extension, that which is covered or protected. ref 1911 ref The word is closely related to the medieval Dutch schans and the German word schanze . ref http www.alphadictionary.com goodword word ensconce ensconce http www.alphadictionary.com about aboutus.html The Lexiteria & alphaDictionary ref See also List of established military terms Redoubt Skansen References references commonscat Sconce fortification Category Military terminology Category Fortification architectural elements Category Fortification by type history stub be be x old de Schanze Festungsbau fy Sk ns nl Schans verdedigingswerk no Skanse pl Szaniec ru sv Skans uk ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Image Swedish protected compound sign.PNG thumb Swedish sign for an officially designated secure compound In military science , a compound is a type of fortification made up of walls or fences surrounding several buildings in the center of a large piece of land. The walls can either serve the purpose of being tall, thick, and impenetrable, in which case they would be made of wood, stone, or some other like substance or dangerous to attempt to scale, in which case they could be made of barbed wire or electrified. Compounds can be designed to double as living spaces and military structures in the middle of hostile territory or as a military area within a country s territory they are also used by the extremely wealthy, powerful, Paranoia paranoid or criminal to protect against threats to themselves or their property. A number of survivalist s own fortified compound like structures as a means of protection for when they perceive that civilization has broken down or that their government has become abusive. The term compound is also used to refer to an unfortified enclosure, especially in Africa and Asia . See compound enclosure . See also Stockade Boma enclosure Compound enclosure gated community DEFAULTSORT Compound Fortification Category Fortification by type it Compound nl Compound leefgemeenschap sv Skyddsobjekt ... more details
File Lunetten.png thumb 260 Two different kinds of lunettes In fortification a lunette was originally an outwork of half moon shape later it became a redan with short flanks, in trace somewhat resembling a bastion standing by itself without curtains on either side. The gorge fortification gorge was generally open. ref 1911 article LUNETTE ref ref PEMcDuffie, http civilwarfortifications.com dictionary xgl 003.html Dictionady of Fortifications Lunette http civilwarfortifications.com Civil War Field Fortifications Website 2003. ref One notable historical example of a lunette was the one used at the Battle of the Alamo in San Antonio, Texas, in 1835. ref cite web url http www.stoppingpoints.com texas sights.cgi?marker Alamo Low Barracks and Main Gateway&cnty bexar author Texas State Historical Commission title The Alamo Historical Marker ref Another were the Bagration fl ches , at the Battle of Borodino , in 1812. See also List of established military terms References reflist fortifications Category Fortification architectural elements be da Voldanl g de L nette Festungsbau et L nett kindlustis it Lunetta fortificazione kk lt Liunet fortifikacija nl Lunet pl Luneta fortyfikacja ru uk ... more details
File OLD SARUM ditch.jpg thumb right A ditch and earth bank at Old Sarum , near Salisbury in England , dating from the Iron Age . A ditch in military engineer ing is an obstacle, designed to slow down or break up an attacking force, while a trench is intended to provide cover military cover to the defenders. In military fortifications the side of a ditch or gorge farthest from the enemy and closest to the next line of defence is known as the scarp fortification scarp while the side of a ditch closest to the enemy is known as the counterscarp . Uses In medieval fortification , a ditch was often constructed in front of a defensive wall to hinder Mining military mining and escalade activities from an attacker. When filled with water, such a defensive ditch is called a moat . Later star fort s designed by military engineers like Vauban , comprised elaborate networks of ditches and parapet s, carefully calculated so that the soil for the raised earthworks engineering earthworks was provided, as nearly as possible, entirely by the excavations whilst also maximising defensive firepower . Today ditches are obsolescent as an anti personnel obstacle, but are still often used as anti vehicle obstacles see also berm . A fence concealed in a ditch is called a ha ha . Fortifications Category Fortification obstacles sv Fortgrav uk ... more details
Geobox Range Heading name Fortification Range native name other name category Mountain Range Names etymology Image image image caption Country country United States state Nevada region district Lincoln County, Nevada Lincoln County municipality topo map The Gouge Eye topo maker USGS Family range border part city landmark river Locations lat d 38 lat m 33 lat s 21.830 lat NS N long d 114 long m 26 long s 34.982 long EW W highest highest location highest region highest country highest elevation 2343 highest lat d highest lat m highest lat s highest lat NS highest long d highest long m highest long s highest long EW lowest lowest location lowest region lowest country lowest elevation imperial lowest lat d lowest lat m lowest lat s lowest lat NS lowest long d lowest long m lowest long s lowest long EW Dimensions length imperial length orientation width imperial width orientation height imperial area imperial Features timezone Pacific Standard Time Pacific utc offset 8 timezone DST Pacific Daylight Time PDT utc offset DST 7 geology orogeny period biome plant animal Free fields free free type Maps map Nevada Locator Map.PNG map caption location of Fortification Range in Nevada ref name gnis cite gnis id 845171 name Fortification Range accessdate 2009 05 04 ref map background map locator Nevada Website website Footnotes footnotes The Fortification Range is a mountain range in Lincoln County, Nevada Lincoln County , Nevada . ref name gnis References reflist Category Mountain ranges of Nevada Category Landforms of Lincoln County, Nevada Nevada geo stub ... more details
Food fortification or enrichment is the process of adding micronutrient s essential trace elements and vitamins ... scale deficiency disease s in these cases. ref http encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com food fortification ref While it is true that both fortification and enrichment refer to the addition of nutrients ... and the Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations FAO , fortification refers to the practice ... with fortification and refers to the addition of micronutrients to a food which are lost during processing. ref name WHO FAO Guidelines http www.who.int nutrition publications guide food fortification ... Nations Guidelines on food fortification with micronutrients. 2006 cited on 2011 Oct 30 . ref Food fortification was identified as the second strategy of four by the WHO and FAO to begin decreasing ... docrep W2840E w2840e0b.htm Micronutrient Fortification of Food Technology and Quality Control ref Types of Food Fortification The 4 main methods of food fortification named as to indicate the procedure ... bacteria to foods Commercial and industrial fortification i.e. flour, rice, oils common cooking foods Home fortification i.e. vitamin D drops ref name CMJ Cite journal first1 C. last1 Liyanage first2 M. last2 Hettiarachchi title Food fortification journal Ceylon Medical Journal year 2011 volume ... deficiency. Although it is recognized that food fortification alone will not combat this deficiency ... ref Darnton Hill, E. 1998 . Overview Rationale and elements of a successful food fortification ... have outlined specific criterion which justifies food fortification To replace nutrients which were ... sc.gc.ca fn an alt formats hpfb dgpsa pdf nutrition fortification factsheet1 eng.pdf ref There are also several advantages to approaching nutrient deficiencies among populations via food fortification ... to food fortification. Within the discussion of nutrient deficiencies the topic of nutrient toxicities can also be immediately questioned. Fortification of nutrients in foods may deliver toxic ... more details
Fortification Upgrades 1673 to 1675 was an re organization of military forces and strengthening of the defenses of Norway. Ulrik Frederik Gyldenl ve, Count of Laurvig was statholder of Norway from 1664 to 1699. In 1673 Ulrik Fredrik Gyldenl ve conducted a tour of facilities, after which he recommended upgrades to both the fortresses and the military forces. During the summer of 1675, 1800 men were kept at work on the fortresses at Akershus , Fredrikstad , and Fredrikshald . The Norwegian army in this period was much better prepared for conflict than in any of the previous Swedish wars. It numbered 12,000 men in five regiments of infantry, 6 companies of cavalry, and an artillery division with 76 field pieces. An additional Norwegian regiment was serving in Denmark. References Gjerset, Knut History of the Norwegian People New York The Macmillan company, 1915 coord missing Norway Category Forts in Norway Fort stub ... more details
wall fortification curtain wall to facilitate movement of the garrison to a point of need. By the end ... essential to the construction of medieval fortification. It was a direct route for trading and fortification ... d castle or fortification. The concept of rivers or harbours coming directly up to the walls of fortifications ... included within the walls of any fortification, be it temporary or permanent. A place to conduct religious ... walls acted as a fall back fortification should the attackers breach the outer walls. Gates See also ... wooden doors most associated with medieval citadels. Another type of gateway fortification was a barbican ... to surround as much of the fortification as possible. Provided this was not so unnaturally contrived ... fortifications Encastellation Fortifications DEFAULTSORT Medieval Fortification Category Fortification by Era Category Medieval architecture Fortification, Medieval Category Medieval defences Fortification ... more details
In fortification s, a bailey or ward refers to a courtyard enclosed by a Curtain wall fortification curtain wall . In particular, an early type of European castle was known as a Motte and bailey . Castle s can have more than one ward. Their layout depends both on the local topography and the level of fortification technology employed, ranging from simple enclosures to elaborate concentric defences. In addition to the gradual evolution of more complex castle plans, there are also significant differences in regional traditions of military architecture regarding the subdivision into wards. Upper, lower, inner and outer wards or baileys Wards can be arranged in sequence along a hill as in a spur castle , giving an upper ward and lower ward . They can also be nested one inside the other, as in a concentric castle , giving an outer ward and inner ward . ref Hull 2008 , p 37. ref On the other hand, Tower house s lack an enclosed ward. The most important and prestigious buildings, such as the great hall and the keep or bergfried , were usually located in the inner ward of the castle. Nonetheless, there are a few castles where the keep is outside the inner ward, such as Ch teau de Dourdan and Flint Castle . Lower or outer wards often held less important structures, such as stable s, if there was not enough space in the inner ward. Outer wards could also be largely defensive in function, without significant buildings. In the concentric castles of the military orders, such as Krak des Chevaliers or Belvoir , the inner ward resembled a cloister ed monastery , while the outer ward was little more than a narrow passage between the concentric enceinte s. In general, wards could have any shape, including irregular or elongated ones, when the walls followed the contour line s of the terrain where the castle was sited. Rectangular shapes are very common as in castra and quadrangular castle ... , Dover Publications. ISBN 978 0486248981 Fortifications DEFAULTSORT Ward Category Fortification architectural ... more details
Infobox image Image Krak des chevaliers04 js .jpg 300px caption The Krak des chevaliers Krak des Chevaliers , with a tall and clearly defined talus The talus is an architectural feature of some late medieval castles , especially prevalent in Crusades crusader constructions. It consists of a sloping face at the base of a Fortification fortified wall . The slope acts as an effective defensive measure in two ways. First, conventional siege equipment is less effective against a wall with a talus. Escalade Scaling ladders may be unable to reach the top of the walls and are also more easily broken due to the bending stresses caused by the angle they are forced to adopt. Siege towers cannot approach closer than the base of the talus, and their Corvus weapon gangplank may be unable to cover the horizontal span of the talus, rendering them useless. Furthermore, defenders are able to drop rocks over the walls, which will shatter on the talus, spraying a hail of Fragmentation weaponry shrapnel into any attackers massed at the base of the wall. ref cite web url http www.angelfire.com wy svenskildbiter madict.html Talus title Talus accessdate 2011 06 28 work A Dictionary of Military Architecture publisher date ref Infobox image Image Tughlaqabad fort wall.jpg 300px caption The walls of the citadel of Tughlaqabad .The walls and towers are reinforced with a solid talus. Infobox image File Derbent summer.jpg 300px caption The walls of the Sassanian fortress at Derbent featuring tall taluses. See also Glacis Counterscarp Siege References reflist cite book url http books.google.com books?id tOypDj9DoZMC&pg PT279&lpg PT279&dq talus fortification&source web&ots zP0WdbLPw&sig nzLDbz ZuevhTIQMiJYEP9p3jrI&hl en&sa X&oi book result&resnum 2&ct result title A New and Enlarged Military Dictionary author Charles James accessdate 2008 07 31 work publisher date Cite EB1911 W1EC 1 wstitle Talus Category Medieval architecture ... more details
Infobox Protected area name Fortification Range Wilderness iucn category Ib photo Fortification Range Wilderness.jpg photo caption map USA relief map caption Map of the United States map width location Lincoln County, Nevada , United States USA nearest city Lund, Nevada lat d 38.56 long d 114.456 coords ref ref Cite web url http www.protectedplanet.net sites Fortification Range Wilderness Area Blm title Fortification Range Wilderness Area Blm work protectedplanet.net ref region US NV area convert 30656 acre km2 1 established 2004 governing body U.S. Bureau of Land Management Fortification Range Wilderness is a convert 30656 acre km2 1 sing on wilderness area in Lincoln County, Nevada Lincoln County , in the United States U.S. state of Nevada . The Wilderness lies approximately convert 50 mi km 0 southeast of the town of Ely, Nevada Ely and is administered by the U.S. Bureau of Land Management . ref name blm http www.nv.blm.gov ely wilderness fact sheet fortification range.htm Fortification Range Wilderness Nevada BLM ref The Fortification Range Wilderness protects the convert 13.5 mi km 1 sing on long Fortification Range , a low mountain range composed almost entirely of volcanic materials. Most of the range is gentle ridges, though the north end is very rugged and precipitous and contains sheer cliffs and massive outcrops. ref name blm Flora and fauna A variety of vegetation grows in the Fortification Range Wilderness, including ponderosa pine , pinyon pine , juniper , aspen ... recreational activities in the Fortification Range Wilderness include hiking, camping, backpacking ... links http www.nv.blm.gov ely wilderness fact sheet fortification range.htm Fortification Range Wilderness Nevada BLM http www.nv.blm.gov ely wilderness map fortification range.pdf Fortification Range Wilderness map Nevada BLM http www.nevadawilderness.org library area.asp?nMode 1&nLibraryID 66 Fortification ... wildView&wname Fortification 20Range Fortification Range Wilderness Wilderness.net Protected Areas ... more details
Location map New Zealand label Fortification lat dir S lat deg 46 lat min 30 lon dir E lon deg 168 lon min 60 position right width 150 float right caption Fortification is a locality in the western part of the Catlins region of Southland, New Zealand Southland in New Zealand s South Island . ref LINZ 6660 Fortification 16 November 2007 ref Nearby settlements include Quarry Hills and Waikawa, Southland Waikawa to the southeast, Tokanui to the southwest, and Waimahaka to the west. It is over 50 km east of Southland s main centre, Invercargill . Tramway To serve forestry interests in the Fortification area, a tramway industrial bush tramway was built in the mid 1920s. It ran from Te Peka railway station on the Tokanui Branch eastwards to a sawmill in Fortification, and then divided into a number of branches to logging sites. The tramway s date of closure is unknown, but it occurred prior to the closure of the Tokanui Branch on 31 March 1966. ref New Zealand Railway and Tramway Atlas , fourth edition, edited by John Yonge Essex Quail Map Company, 1993 , 30. ref References reflist coord 46.30 S 168.60 E region NZ type city display title Southland District, New Zealand Category Populated places in New Zealand Category Geography of the Southland Region Southland geo stub mi Fortification ... more details
Image Lavra fortification walls ddima .JPG thumb 250px Lavra fortification walls seen from above. The Lavra fortification lang uk , Lavrs ki fortyfikatsiini sporudy lang ru , Lavrskie fortifikatsionnye ukrepleniya is a system of walls, towers and other constructions built for the protection of the Kiev Pechersk Lavra Cave Monastery in Kiev , the capital of Ukraine . History The fortification around the monastery first arouse at the end of the 12th century, when a 2 metre wide leave, 5 metre high stone wall was erected. This wall was destroyed during the Mongol invasion of Rus and was finally excavated by archeologists in 1951. After the Mongol invasion, the monastery was defended by wooden walls. In 1679, Hetmans of Ukrainian Cossacks Hetman Ivan Samoylovych had a moat and new ramparts added to the fortification around the upper monastery. Hetman Ivan Mazepa financed the fortification s construction at the height of the Great Northern War , and had a thick stone wall with four towers added for protection of the monastery in case of Sweden Swedish or Russian attack. In 1706, Tsar Russia Tsar Peter I of Russia Peter I ordered the construction of the so called Old Cave Fortress. The earliest plans for the fortress were done by engineer named Gellert. It was completed in 1723, and consisted of a semicircular citadel with a 6 metre high earthen rampart, eight bulwark s, and other fortifications. During the 18th and 19th centuries, the fortress was rebuilt again. During that time, the Old Cave Fortress constructed in the 18th century was the base for the administrative and military institutions of the Russian Empire ... fortification wall. The fortification consisted of a total of four towers the Southwest Tower, also ... , which is not part of the Lavra fortification system. It was designed by the architect V. Sychugov ... Lavra coord missing Ukraine DEFAULTSORT Pechersk Lavra Fortification Category Kiev Pechersk Lavra ... more details
Image Bradleysheadsfortifi0034.JPG thumb right 221px The main firing wall of the Bradleys Head Fortification Complex Image Bradleysheadsfortifi0059.JPG thumb 221px right Gun emplacement overlooking Port Jackson The Bradleys Head Fortification Complex is a small fort located on the northern side of Sydney Harbor, just south of Taronga Park Zoo, that formed part of a total Sydney Harbour defences defence system for Sydney Harbour and recalls a period when the colony of New South Wales became increasingly aware of its isolation and wealth. The fortification is located on Bradleys Head Road, Mosman , Australia. ref http www.aussieheritage.com.au listings nsw Mosman BradleysHeadFortificationComplex 3069 Bradleys Head Fortification Complex, Mosman, NSW Profile Bot generated title ref History Construction of the fort began in 1840 42 and consisted of a gun pit and firing wall that was built out of large blocks of sandstone and carved partly from the original rock that was located on site. The earlier stages of construction during this period were done with the supervision of George Barney Major George Barney , a Commanding Royal Engineer who used hired labour that was supplied by George Gipps Governor Gipps . In 1871 the fortification received an additional barracks. The barracks were constructed from large sandstone blocks and carved out of the existing rock on the headland. The 1871 barracks were designed and constructed under the direction of James Barnet , a colonial architect. This most recent addition consisted of three gun pits and had connecting galleries for the riflemen. The upgrade of 1871 was complementary to some of the larger fortifications being constructed during the same period on Middle Head Fortifications Middle Head , Steel Point Battery South Head , Lower Georges Heights Commanding Position Georges Heights and Georges Head Battery Georges Head . The site ... id Bradleys Head Fortification Complex simple Bradleys Head Fortification Complex ... more details
Infobox NRHP name Ilik River Fortification I nrhp type image caption nearest city Yona, Guam locmapin Guam architecture added March 4, 1991 area less than one acre governing body Private mpsub http pdfhost.focus.nps.gov docs NRHP Text 64000141.pdf Japanese Coastal Defense Fortifications on Guam TR refnum 88001869 ref name nris NRISref version 2010a ref The Ilik River Fortification I near Yona, Guam was built by Japanese forces during World War II . It was listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places in 1991. ref name nris ref name nrhpnom cite web url http pdfhost.focus.nps.gov docs NRHP Text 88001869.pdf title National Register of Historic Places Ilik River Fortification II not available 12 2011 and http pdfhost.focus.nps.gov docs NRHP Photos 88001869.pdf Accompanying photo from 1986 ref References reflist National Register of Historic Places Category National Register of Historic Places in Guam Category World War II sites in Guam Category Buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Guam guam stub fort stub ... more details
Infobox NRHP name Ilik River Fortification II nrhp type image caption location Shore of Ylig Point, Yona, Guam lat degrees 13 lat minutes 23 lat seconds 14 lat direction N long degrees 144 long minutes 46 long seconds 23 long direction W coord display inline,title locmapin Guam builder 10th Independent Mixed Regiment added March 4, 1991 area less than one acre governing body Private mpsub http pdfhost.focus.nps.gov docs NRHP Text 64000141.pdf Japanese Coastal Defense Fortifications on Guam TR refnum 88001871 ref name nris NRISref version 2010a ref The Ilik River Fortification II near Yona, Guam was built by Japanese forces during World War II . It was listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places in 1991. ref name nris It is a pillbox located about 100 meters from an entrance to Ylig Bay, 30 meters inland from the high tide line, and about 50 meters above sea level. The fortification is made of coral pieces cemented together. ref name nrhpnom cite web url http pdfhost.focus.nps.gov docs NRHP Text 88001871.pdf title National Register of Historic Places Ilik River Fortification II author Antonio E. Martinez, Jr. date November 2, 1990 and http pdfhost.focus.nps.gov docs NRHP Photos 88001871.pdf Accompanying photo from 1986 ref References reflist National Register of Historic Places Category National Register of Historic Places in Guam Category Buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Guam Category World War II sites in Guam guam stub fort stub ... more details
for the 2011 song by T.I. featuring Christina Aguilera Castle Walls Image Krak des chavaliers plaine.jpg thumb 240px The curtain wall at Krak des Chevaliers , Syria A curtain wall is the defensive wall surrounding the Bailey fortification bailey of a medieval castle. ref Friar 2003 , p. 86. ref It can also be a defensive wall between two bastion s of a castle or fortress ref harvnb Whitelaw 1846 loc http books.google.com books?id zxZuB0wrer8C&dq bulwark 20bastion&pg PA444 v onepage&q bulwark 20bastion&f false p. 444 ref in post medieval fortifications. In earlier designs of castles the curtain walls were often built to a considerable height and were fronted by a ditch fortification ditch or moat to make assault difficult. Later with the introduction of trace italienne fortifications the height of the curtain walls was reduced and beyond the ditch additional outwork s such as ravelin s and tenaille s were added to protect the curtain walls from direct cannonading. See also Enceinte Notes reflist References citation editor first A. editor last Whitelaw year 1846 title The Popular Encyclopedia or, Conversations Lexicon volume I location Glasgow, Edinburgh, and London publisher Blackie & Son Friar, Stephen 2003 . The Sutton Companion to Castles , Sutton Publishing, Stroud, 2003. ISBN 978 0 7509 3994 2 Fortifications Category Fortification architectural elements Category Walls fort stub architecture stub ca Cortina arquitectura cs Kurtina de Kurtine et Ringm r es Cortina arquitectura eo Kurtino fr Courtine hy it Muro di cortina ka lv Kurt ne lb Courtine lt Kurtina nl Courtine pl Mur obronny pt Cortina arquitetura militar ro Curtin ru sr fi Kurtiini sv Kurtin ... more details
The 2002 farm bill P.L. 107 171, Sec. 3013 requires the Administrator of USAID , in consultation with the Secretary of Agriculture , to establish micronutrient fortification programs under P.L. 480 food aid. Section 3013 replaces a pilot program similarly named and authorized in the 1996 farm bill P.L. 104 127, Sec. 415 . Under the programs, grains and other commodities made available to countries selected for participation will be fortified with micronutrients e.g., iron, vitamin A, iodine, and folic acid . References CRS article Report for Congress Agriculture A Glossary of Terms, Programs, and Laws, 2005 Edition url http ncseonline.org nle crsreports 05jun 97 905.pdf author Jasper Womach Category United States Department of Agriculture ... more details
in 1616. The Fortification Ring today Parks & greenspaces Parks and other open or semi open spaces located in the fortification ring, starting at Kastellet and proceeding anti clockwise, include Kastellet ... more details
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