Refimprove date April 2007 Image Stone Green Ginger Wine.jpg thumb 200px Stone s Green Ginger Wine Ginger Wine is a fortifiedwine made from a fermented blend of ground ginger and raisins which was first produced in England . History The first documented appearance of Ginger Wine occurred with the foundation of The Finsbury Distilling Company based in the City of London in 1740. The Finsbury Distilling Company, like other distillers, was required to build a retail network in compliance with the Gin Act 1751 . Joseph Stone, a grocer of High Holborn , was one of the most prominent and important customers of the Finsbury wines division, and as such, had his name given to their Ginger Wine. ref http www.stonesgingerwine.com heritage finsbury distillery.asp History , Stone s Original ref In 1832, sales were boosted by a cholera epidemic and a widely held belief that ginger offered protection against the disease it has also been hailed as an aid to digestion and as an effective aphrodisiac . Today it is still produced and is widely available through most licensed premises though its use as an aphrodisiac today is less well documented . Ginger Wine can be drunk on its own or over ice, but the best known means of consumption is as a Whisky Mac , a combination with whisky . Ginger Wine can also be drunk with lemonade or other mixers such as ginger ale or bitter lemon . See also Portal box Wine Food Canton liqueur Ginger beer References reflist External links Wiktionary http www.stonesgingerwine.com Stone s Ginger Wine http gingerwinecom.blogspot.com Ginger Wine memorabilia adverts, beermats, promotional items and other ephemera Category Fortifiedwine Category Ginger Wine zh yue ... more details
The Fortified Sector of Flanders Secteur Fortifi des Flandres was the French military organization that in 1940 controlled the section of the France French border with Belgium between Lille and the North Sea . The sector was part of a system of fortifications that, in other sectors, included the Maginot Line . In the case of the Flanders sector, no large fortifications of the kind typified by the Maginot Line were built in the area. Fortifications were confined to almost two hundred blockhouses built during the 1930s, and some defensive inundations in the vicinity of Dunkirk . The Fortified Sector of Flanders was bordered on the east by the Fortified Sector of Lille It was quickly overrun by German forces during the Battle of France . Concept and organization Unlike the Maginot fortifications, the Flanders sector fortifications were comparatively light structures built close to the frontier. Most were built in the 1930s. About 200 blockhouse were builtalong the Belgian border. Scattered among the smaller blockhouses were more elaborate blockhouses termed positions of resistance , designed either by local forces or by the Service Technique du G nie STG , the French Army engineering corps. Most of the larger positions were built in 1939 40, but none approached the scale of Maginot fortifications. ref name hetou3 1 cite book last Mary first Jean Yves coauthors Hohnadel, Alain Sicard, Jacques title Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 3 publisher Histoire & Collections year 2003 page 62 isbn 2 913903 88 6 language French ref A secondary line, running east west and perpendicular to the frontier in the area, was termed the Cassel Belt Bretelle de Cassel . It consisted of eight STG casemates, whose armament a GFM cloche , was never installed. ref name hetou3 1 Command In 1940 the Flanders sector was under the overall command of the Seventh Army France French 7th Army ... 1 84176 646 1 Fortifications of the French Frontier in 1940 DEFAULTSORT Flanders, Fortified Sector ... more details
The Fortified Sector of Lille Secteur Fortifi de Lille was the French military organization that in 1940 controlled the section of the France French border with Belgium opposite Lille . The sector was part of a system of fortifications that included the Maginot Line in other sectors. In the case of the Lille sector, no large fortifications of the kind typified by the Maginot Line were built in the area. Fortifications were confined to a total of 65 blockhouses and 23 infantry shelters within a few kilometers of the border, mainly between Roubaix and Tourcoing and the border. The Fortified Sector of Lille was bordered on the east by the Fortified Sector of the Escaut and on the west by the Fortified Sector of Flanders . The sector figured in the Pillbox affair of 1939 40. It was quickly overrun by German forces during the Battle of France . Command In 1940 the Lille sector was under the overall command of the British Expeditionary Force World War II British Expeditionary Force , under the command of John Vereker, 6th Viscount Gort General Gort , which was in turn part of Army Group 1 under General Gaston Billotte . The sector was commanded by French general Bertschi. Until 16 March 1940 the sector was known as the Defensive Sector of Lille Secteur D fensif de Lille . ref name hetou3 1 Concept and organization Unlike the Maginot fortifications, the Lille sector fortifications were comparatively light structures built close to the frontier. Most were built in the 1930s. A total of 65 blockhouses of eleven types were built, 23 infantry firing shelters abris de tir of four types, and nine turrets using small armored vehicle turrets and weapons. ref name hetou3 1 cite book last Mary first Jean Yves coauthors Hohnadel, Alain Sicard, Jacques title Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 3 publisher Histoire & Collections year 2003 page 63 isbn 2 913903 88 6 language French ... Fortifications of the French Frontier in 1940 DEFAULTSORT Lille, Fortified Sector Of Category French ... more details
No footnotes date April 2009 Campaignbox Polish September Campaign Sarny Fortified Area known in Polish in several names Sarne ski Rejon Umocniony , Sarne ski Odcinek Umocniony , Bastion Polesie was a line of bunkers and trenches along both sides of the Sluch river, in the area of the town of Sarny , northern Volhynia in Ukraine . In the interbellum period Sarny belonged to the Second Polish Republic , it was located close to the border with the Soviet Union . As Polish military authorities regarded the Soviets as the main threat see Plan Wschod , in 1936 construction of fortifications began. It was planned to be fully operational in the spring of 1940. Total length of the defence works was some 170 kilometers, number of objects 358. Structure Depth of defence works was up to 5 kilometers, they were connected by the radio, but walls of some bunkers were so thick that operators had to go outside. In every bunker there were up to 30 soldiers of the Border Defence Corps KOP , they were equipped with 75 mm cannons and machine guns. The Border Defence Corps Regiment Sarny , which operated the Area, was very well trained and its soldiers, including W adys aw Raginis , distinguished themselves during the Battle of Wizna see Polish September Campaign , and in other battlefields in the area of Osowiec and Upper Silesia , where up to 80 of KOP died or were wounded. Polish September Campaign Those soldiers who remained in the Sarny Fortified Area were ordered in mid September 1939 to abandon the bunkers and move with their equipment towards the Romanian Bridgehead . On September 16, 1939, the eve of Invasion of Poland 281939 29 Phase 2 Soviet aggression Soviet attack on Poland , there were ... to unload the stuff and take up defence positions. The Sarny Fortified Area was attacked by the Soviet ... 2011 See also Hel Fortified Area Fortified Area of Silesia External links http ukrfort.io.com.ua album38068 Ukrainian page with current photos of the Sarny Fortified Area coord missing Ukraine Category ... more details
The Fortified Sector of the Jura Secteur Fortifi e du Jura was the French military organization that in 1940 controlled the French frontier with Switzerland in the general area of Besan on . The area was lightly fortified, since the Swiss border was regarded as a low risk frontier, save for the possibility of an advance from Germany through Switzerland into France. The Jura Mountains and the Doubs river Doubs River presented natural barriers to invasion, allowing defenses to concentrate on a few points of potential access. The SF Jura was bordered on the east by the Fortified Sector of Montb liard . ref name hetou1 1 cite book last Mary first Jean Yves coauthors Hohnadel, Alain Sicard, Jacques title Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 1 publisher Histoire & Collections year 2001 page 15 isbn 2 908182 88 2 language French ref ref Mary, Tome 1, p. 15 ref Concept and organization The sector s chief fortifications were old S r de Rivi res system S r de Rivi res positions like the Fort de Joux , Fort de Larmont and the Fort Saint Antione . A late effort in 1939 1940 constructed the CEZF Line, consisting of two sections of casemates. The northern section around Morteau consisted of four casemates, of fourteen proposed. The southern section around Pontarlier consisted of three completed of six casemates proposed. Road barriers were built at Goumois , La Goule , Biaufond and La Rasse . Crossings of the Doubs were fortified at Villiers le Lac , Morteau , Pont de la Roche and La Cluse . ref name hetou3 1 cite book last Mary first Jean Yves coauthors Hohnadel, Alain Sicard, Jacques title Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 3 publisher Histoire & Collections year 2003 page 152 isbn 2 913903 88 6 language French ref Command The Jura sector was under the command General ... DEFAULTSORT Jura, Fortified Sector Of The Category French border defenses before World War II Category Fortified Sector of the Jura fr Secteur fortifi du Jura ... more details
Angelica wine is an historic sweet fortifiedwine usually from California made typically from the Mission grape Mission grape . It is often served as a dessert wine . Some varieties consist of the Fermentation wine unfermented grape juice fortified with brandy or clear spirit immediately after pressing. Others are made like port wine port , where the only partially fermented wine , still retaining a large amount of sugar, is infused with brandy. The relatively high alcohol of the brandy arrests the fermentation, leaving a fortifiedwine high in alcohol and high in residual sugar usually about 10 to 15 . It is typically made from 50 Mission wine and 50 Mission brandy. ref cite web url http www.ca missions.org iversen.html title Wine at the California Missions author Eve Iverson year 1998 publisher California Mission Studies Assn. accessdate 2007 03 30 archiveurl http web.archive.org web 20070211194610 http www.ca missions.org iversen.html Bot retrieved archive archivedate 2007 02 11 ref Angelica dates to the Spanish missions in California Mission period in California and its name is thought to be taken from the city of Los Angeles, California Los Angeles . ref cite web url http www.winespectator.com Wine Features 0,1197,3087,00.html title Lost Treasure Found in Santa Barbara author James Laube work Wine Spectator Online date 2006 01 13 accessdate 2007 03 30 ref It was produced by the Franciscan missionaries and is one of the first wines made in the state. Several California producers continue to produce Mission based Angelica. The wine is sometimes made in a simple style and is inexpensive. Some is made with great care from ancient vines and can be quite expensive. Gypsy Canyon Vineyards uses century old vines and winemaker notes from the 18th and 19th centuries to produce an Angelica which spends two years on oak and sells for 120 for a half bottle 375 ml . Bottles of Angelica ... wine Category Fortifiedwine Category Dessert wine ... more details
The Fortified Sector of the Escaut Secteur Fortifi de l Escaut , also known as the Fortified Sector of the Schelde , was the French military organization that in 1940 controlled the section of the Maginot Line between the France French border with Belgium and Valenciennes , a distance of about convert 30 km mi . Named for the Escaut River more commonly known as the Schelde , the Maginot line in the Escaut sector consists of a single position, the petit ouvrage Ouvrage Eth Eth , together with its supporting casemate Jeanlain, as well as an upgraded fort of the S r de Rivi res system , the Fort de Maulde . The remainder of the sector s fortifications consist of blockhouses and casemates arranged along a line of principal resistance about convert 2 km mi behind the frontier, with a second line on the edge of the Raismes Forest. The Escaut sector and the Fortified Sector of Maubeuge were the final sections of the Maginot line to be authorized, and were termed the New Fronts. The Escaut sector was attacked during the Battle of France in late May 1940, resisting for a few days. Concept and organization Initial work in the sector established a series of casemates in the Raismes Forest, between ... of Valenciennes under the authority of the Study Commission for the Fortified Zones Commission ... 1 Description The sector included, in order from west to east, the following major fortified positions ... or evacuation of the Fortified Sector of Maubeuge to the east, the German 253rd Infantry Division began ... by the public since 2009. ref name kaufmann2011 Kaufmann 2011, p,210 ref See also Fortified Sector of Lille , a more lightly fortified border sector to the west Notes references group nb References reflist ... de l Escaut fr.html Fortified Sector of the Escaut at darkplaces.org fr http www.fortiff.be maginot index.php?page e0 Fortified Sector of the Escaut at fortiff.be fr http www.fortiff.be maginot index.php ... of the French Frontier in 1940 Maginot Line list DEFAULTSORT Escaut, Fortified Sector Of Category Fortified ... more details
such as red or white wine, sparkling, semi sparkling or still, fortified and dessert wines ... ref Dessert and fortifiedwine Dessert wines range from slightly sweet with less than 50 ... . Ice Wine is made from grapes that are harvested while they are frozen. Fortified wines are often sweeter ... not happen in fortified wines , as they are already fermented. The salt in cooking wine inhibits ...The classification of wine can be done according to various methods including, but not limited to, Protected designation of origin place of origin or appellation , ref name wine intro cite web url http www.wineintro.com regions classification.html title Wine Classification ref vinification methods and style, ref M. Ewing Mulligan & E. McCarthy Wine Style Using Your Senses To Explore And Enjoy Wine Introduction Wiley Publishing 2005 ISBN 0764544535 ref Sweetness of wine sweetness and vintage , ref name Oxford pg 752 & 753 J. Robinson ed The Oxford Companion to Wine Third Edition pg 752 & 753 Oxford University Press 2006 ISBN 0198609906 ref or varietal ref name wine intro used. Practices vary in different ... enjoy official protection by being part of the wine law in their country of origin, while other ... wine Bordeaux , Rioja wine Rioja , Mosel wine Mosel and Chianti are all legally defined names reflecting the traditional wines produced in the named region. These naming conventions or appellations wine appellations as they are known in France dictate not only where the grapes in a wine were grown but also which grapes went into the wine and how they were vinified. The appellation system is strongest ... of the world, wine labeled Champagne must be made from grapes grown in the Champagne region of France ... called semi generic has enabled U.S. winemakers to use certain generic terms Champagne, Hock wine ... recently, wine regions in countries with less stringent location protection laws such as the United States and Australia have joined with well known European wine producing regions to sign the Napa ... more details
Fortifiedwine fortification , or mutage . remove water to concentrate the sugar In warm climates, by air drying the grapes to make raisin wine In frosty climates, by freezing out some of the water to make ice wine In damp temperate climates, by using a fungal infection, Botrytis cinerea , to desiccate ... New Zealand . Fortification see also Fortifiedwine The main fortified wines drunk with dessert ... is unique because it is a raisin wine that is then fortified and aged in a solera system like other ... wine from Piedmont Dessert wines are sweet wine s typically served with dessert . There is no simple definition of a dessert wine. In the UK, a dessert wine is considered to be any sweet wine drunk with a meal, as opposed to the white fortified wines fino and amontillado sherry drunk before the meal, and the red fortified wines port wine port and Madeira wine madeira drunk after it. Thus, most fortified wines are regarded as distinct from dessert wines, but some of the less strong fortified ... de Venise , are regarded as honorary dessert wines. In the United States, by contrast, a dessert wine is legally defined as any wine over 14 alcohol by volume , which includes all fortified wines and is taxed more highly as a result. This dates back to a time when the US wine industry only made dessert ... of alcohol. Examples include Sauternes wine Sauternes and Tokaji Tokaji Asz . Methods of production Image Yquem99.jpg right 150px thumb Ch teau d Yquem 1999, a noble rot wine Makers of dessert wines want to produce a wine containing high levels of both Sugars in wine sugar and alcohol, yet the alcohol is made from sugar. There are many ways to increase Sweetness of wine sugar levels in the final wine grow grapes so that they naturally have sugar to spare for both sweetness and alcohol ... wine have to produce their sugar in the vineyard. Some grape varieties, such as Muscat grape and wine Muscat , Ortega and Huxelrebe , naturally produce a lot more sugar than others. Environmental ... more details
The Fortified Sector of the Lower Rhine Secteur Fortifi du Bas Rhin was the French military organization that in 1940 controlled the section of the French frontier with Germany in the vicinity of Strasbourg . The sector s principal defence was the Rhine itself, which could be crossed only by boat or by seizing a bridge crossing. While it was constructed by CORF, the organization responsible for the construction of the Maginot Line , the SF Lower Rhine was not a part of the core Line fortifications. The sector s fortifications chiefly took the form of individual casemates and blockhouses. Additional support was provided by the fortress ring around Strasbourg, whose fortifications were still active in 1940. The SF Lower Rhine was flanked to the north by the Fortified Sector of Haguenau and to the south by the Fortified Sector of Colmar . The Rhinau section of the SF Lower Rhine was attacked by German forces in June 1940 as a diversion from the main German invasion operation in the SF Colmar. Follow up incursions from the north and at Strasbourg left much of the SF Lower Rhine in German hands by the armistice of 25 June. Concept and organization The defense of the area surrounding Strasbourg benefited from the width of the Rhine and its numerous oxbow s and dead arms that complicate ... battalions of the 237th Infantry Regiment of the Fortified Sector under Lieutenant Colonel Vigneron. The Strasbourg Place de Strasbourg area was garrisoned by the 226th Infantry Regiment of the Fortified ... to the control of the neighboring Fortified Sector of Haguenau. ref name hetou3 1 At the mid point ... includes the following major fortified positions. The casemates were generally about convert ... Sub sector of Herrlisheim Positions listed in the Fortified Sector of Haguenau . Sub sector of Strasbourg ... of the French Frontier in 1940 DEFAULTSORT Lower Rhine, Fortified Sector Of Category French border defenses before World War II Category Fortified Sector of the Lower Rhine fr Secteur fortifi ... more details
The Fortified Sector of Mulhouse Secteur Fortifi de Mulhouse was the French military organization that in 1940 controlled the section of the French frontier with Germany in the vicinity of Mulhouse . The sector s principal defense was the Rhine itself, which could be crossed only by boat or by seizing a bridge crossing. The sector s fortifications chiefly took the form of casemates and blockhouses. The sector did not see significant action during the Battle of France , since the German crossings of the Rhine took place father north, near Colmar . The fortifications in the sector were built as part of the overall plan for the Maginot Line , but did not include the major fortified positions that characterized the Maginot Line of northeastern France. The sector did not see major fighting in World War II. It was bordered to the north by the Fortified Sector of Colmar and on the south by the Fortified Sector of Altkirch . Concept and organization The fortifications of the Mulhouse sector were laid out in two major lines, one right on the Rhine, and another to the rear on the eastern edge of the Hardt forest. No fortifications were established south of Hombourg , owing to the provisions of the 1815 Congress of Vienna treaty, which forbade permanent fortifications within convert 12 km mi of Basel . Two positions were placed between the front and rear lines, and were considered a second line. The fortifications cosisted entirely of casemates and blockhouses, constructed by the Commission d Organisation des R gions Fortifi es CORF , CORF was responsible for the major fortifications of the Maginot Line, but in this area no major positions or ouvrages were built. The Hardt forest was regarded as a significant obstacle between the third line and Mulhouse. ref name hetou3 1 Mary, Tome ... fr Fortifications of the French Frontier in 1940 DEFAULTSORT Mulhouse, Fortified Sector Of Category French border defenses before World War II Category Fortified Sector of Mulhouse fr Secteur ... more details
File Laferte bloc2.JPG thumb right 300px Block 2, La Fert The Fortified Sector of Montm dy Secteur Fortifi de Montm dy was the French military organization that in 1940 controlled the section of the Maginot Line between Sedan, Ardennes Sedan and Longuyon , a distance of about convert 60 km mi . The sector sector was not as strongly defended as other sections of the Maginot Line, facing the southern Ardennes region of Belgium . Large portions of the Montm dy sector were defended by fortified houses, blockhouses, or casemates. The sector includes only four ouvrages of the type found in stronger sections of the Line. The weakly defended area in front of Sedan was the scene of a Battle of Sedan 1940 major breakthrough by German forces in the opening of the Battle of France . This was followed ... Pont de Montm dy and the Defensive Sector of Marville, itself separated from the Fortified Sector of the Crusnes ... of fortification. The Sedan sub sector comprises two distinct lines, with fortified houses ... pp. 73 78 ref ref name kaufmann1 Kaufmann 2006, p. 81 ref The fortified houses took the form of a blockhouse ... of firing ports and embrasures, augmented by light anti tank weapons. Fortified houses were sited ... was the Commission of Study for Fortified Zones Commission d tudes des Zones Fortifi es CEZF ... west to east, the following major fortified positions, together with the most significant casemates ... name hetou3 1 Line of fortified houses MOM , 1938 Maison Forte K la Gr ve , MF8 Maison Forte de Montimont ... of fortified houses MOM , 1938 Maison Forte de Beau Terma or Termes , MF16 Maison Forte du Bouchon des ... Villy village was occupied by the Germans, despite determined French resistance from a series of fortified ... fr.html Fortified Sector of Montm dy at darkplaces.org fr http www.fortiff.be maginot index.php?page m2 Fortified Sector of Montm dy at fortiff.be fr http www.ouvragelaferte.fr La Fert , official ... 2010 DEFAULTSORT Montmedy, Fortified Sector Of Category Fortified Sector of Montm dy Category Maginot ... more details
Image Stanowisko kierowania ogniem na Helu.JPG 250px thumb right Observation tower at Hel The Hel Fortified Area lang pl Rejon Umocniony Hel was a set of Second Polish Republic Polish fortification s, constructed on the Hel Peninsula in northern Poland, in close proximity to the interwar border of Poland and the Third Reich . It was created in 1936, upon a decree of President of the Republic of Poland President Ignacy Moscicki . ref http www.polityka.pl cel hel Lead30,1091,212997,18 Polityka weekly, Cel Hel, article by Ryszarda Socha, published March 15, 2007 ref It covered most part of the peninsula, and during Polish September Campaign , it was the last place of Poland to surrender to the invading Wehrmacht ref http books.google.com books?id Qe3UzP5I2vsC&pg PA433&lpg PA433&dq Hel Peninsula defended&source bl&ots A7JmjGF9It&sig gsoYKaMFMvTd1Pg H41p6mw6Io&hl en&ei X3rvSbz0Ioy M6jAgAU&sa X&oi book result&ct result&resnum 4 Poland By Neal Bedford, Steve Fallon, Neil Wilson, page 433 Hel was the last place of Poland to surrender ref for more information, see Battle of Hel . During World War II, the naval base in Hel was used as a major training facility for U boat crews. ref http books.google.com books?id MkcOAAAAQAAJ&pg PA62&lpg PA62&dq Hel Peninsula U boat base&source bl&ots naA5tHrzgB&sig OvBUqlQpFoSO9UX 4H OIdnSdqQ&hl en&ei 8YHvSaCxHJHGM9X5xLcD&sa X&oi book result&ct result&resnum ... authorities began preparations of a fortified army garrison along the coast. As early as July 22 ... officially created the Hel Fortified Area. Soon afterwards, large scale works began. A network of rail ..., with a pipeline to the port. It must be noted that even though the Hel Fortified Area was not officially ... designated as military monuments. Currently Till this day the entry to some areas of the Hel Fortified ... 39.internetdsl.pl wrzesien zdjecia bateriehelskie.html Polish Army 1918 1939, Hel Fortified Area ... Sarny Fortified Area Fortified Area of Silesia References Reflist External links http www.battlefieldsww2.com ... more details
File Casemate des Verne.jpg thumb right 300px Casemate des Vernes The Fortified Sector of Altkirch Secteur Fortifi e d Altkirch was the French military organization that in 1940 controlled the section of the French frontier with Germany and Switzerland in the vicinity of Basel . The sector s principal defense against an advance from Germany was the Rhine itself, which could be crossed only by boat or by seizing a bridge crossing. The frontier with Switzerland was not regarded as a high risk location, save for a possible advance by German forces through Switzerland. Originally planned as a full extension of the Maginot Line with artillery ouvrages , the sector s fortifications were scaled back and chiefly took the form of casemates and blockhouses. The SF Altkirch adjoined the Fortified Sector of Mulhouse to the north and the Fortified Sector of Montb liard to the west. Concept and organization The region bordering Switzerland was treated as a low priority area, but received a substantial number of casemates and blockhouses nonetheless. Initial plans floated in 1934 proposed four artillery ouvrages tag ref English language sources use the French term ouvrage as the preferred term for the Maginot positions, in preference to fort , a term usually reserved for older fortifications with passive defenses in the form of walls and ditches. ref name kauffmann1 cite book last Kauffmann first J.E. coauthors Kauffmann, H.W. title Fortress France The Maginot Line and French Defenses in World ... at the Casemate des Vernes Until 16 March 1940, the Altkirch sector was part of the Fortified region of Belfort Fortified Region of Belfort . Afterwards, the Altkirch sector was under the command of the 44th ... fortifi d Altkirch at darkplaces.org fr commons category Secteur fortifi d Altkirch Fortified Sector of Altkirch Fortifications of the French Frontier in 1940 DEFAULTSORT Altkirch, Fortified Sector Of Category French border defenses before World War II Category Fortified Sector of Altkirch fr Secteur ... more details
The fortified position of Namur position fortifi e de Namur PFN was established by Belgium following World War I to fortify the traditional invasion corridor between Germany and France through Belgium. The position incorporated the fortress ring of Namur city Namur , originally designed by Belgian General Henri Alexis Brialmont to deter an invasion of Belgium by France. The old fortifications consisted of nine forts built between 1881 and 1884 on either side of the Meuse river Meuse , surrounding Namur. In the years immediately prior to World War II the forts were modernized to address shortcomings exposed during the 1914 Battle of Li ge and the short siege of Namur. While the Namur defenses continued to nominally deter France from violating Belgium s neutrality, the upgraded forts were intended as a backstop to the Fortified Position of Li ge fortified position of Li ge , which was designed to prevent a second German incursion into Belgium on the way to France. The neutrality policy and fortification programs failed, and the Namur forts saw brief combat during the Battle of Belgium in 1940. The Namur fortress ring The first modern forts at Namur were built between 1888 and 1891 at the initiative of Belgian General Henri Alexis Brialmont . The forts made a belt around Namur at a distance of about convert 7 km mi from the city center. Following the Franco Prussian War , both Germany and France had extensively fortified their new frontiers in Alsace and Lorraine region Lorraine . Belgium s comparatively undefended Meuse valley provided an attractive alternative route for forces ... in design to the forts of the Fortified Position of Li ge fortified position of Li ge , with a central ... de Namur The Fortified Position of Namur was conceived by a commission charged with recommending ... Forts fr Fortified Position of Namur DEFAULTSORT Namur, Fortified Position of Category Fortified Position of Namur Category Brialmont forts fr Position fortifi e de Namur ... more details
The Fortified Sector of the Vosges Secteur Fortifi e des Vosges was the French military organization that in 1940 controlled the section of the Maginot Line at the northern end of the Vosges Mountains in northeastern France. The sector was bordered to the west by the Fortified Sector of Rohrbach and to the east by the Fortified Sector of Haguenau . The sector featured two gros ouvrages mounting heavy artillery at either end of the sector and one petit ouvrage mounting infantry weapons, linked by a line of casemate s. The sector was attacked in 1940 by German forces in the Battle of France . German forces penetrated the casemate line and moved behind French lines. Despite the withdrawal of the mobile forces that supported the fixed fortifications, the three ouvrages successfully fended off German assaults before the Second Armistice at Compi gne , but were unable to hinder German activities to their south. The positions and their garrisons finally surrendered on 1 July 1940. Following the war several positions were reactivated for use during the Cold War . One position, Ouvrage Four Chaux , is open to the public and may be visited. File FAC1.jpg thumb right 280px Block 6, Four Chaux Concept and organization The Vosges sector was part of the larger Fortified Region of the Lauter , a strongly defended area between the Saar river Sarre to the west and the Rhine valley to the east. The Lauter region was more important during the planning and construction phase of the Maginot Line than it was in the operational phase of the Line, when the sectors assumed prominence. The Fortified ... major fortified positions, together with the most significant casemates and infantry shelters in each ... WW2 Ligne Maginot SF des Vosges SF des Vosges.html Fortified Sector of the Vosges at darkplaces.org ... Dambach Neuhoffen casemates DEFAULTSORT Vosges, Fortified Sector Of Fortifications of the French Frontier in 1940 Maginot Line list Category Fortified sector of the Vosges Category Maginot Line Category ... more details
bordered on Germany. To the south the sector borders the Fortified Sector of the Lower Rhine , from ... and organization The Haguenau sector was part of the larger Fortified Region of the Lauter , a strongly ... it was in the operational phase of the Line, when the sectors assumed prominence. The Fortified Region ... forms a transition from the heavily fortified section of the central Line to the lighter positions ... Fortified Sector of the Lower Rhine was transferred to the SF Haguenau on 5 March 1940 when the SF ... from west to east, the following major fortified positions, together with the most significant ... In addition to the casemate lines, a line of fifteen fortified frontier posts avant postes and a line of approximately seventeen fortified houses completed the sector. div Peacetime barracks and support ... a weakly fortified section of the Line west of Lembach in the SF Vosges. On 21 June a German 420mm ... area. The unit s first battalion was ordered to withdraw from the fortified line on 14 June as part ... Fortified Sector of Haguenau at darkplaces.org fr http www.fortiff.be maginot index.php?page h0 Fortified sector of Haguenau at fortiff.be fr http www.lignemaginot.com Fortress Schoenenbourg and Casemate ... de Kilstett DEFAULTSORT Haguenau, Fortified Sector Of commonscat Secteur fortifi de Haguenau Fortified Sector of Haguenau Fortifications of the French Frontier in 1940 Maginot Line list Category Fortified sector of Haguenau Category Maginot Line Category French border defenses before World War ... more details
the city s natives sometimes drink vintage Marsala, the wine produced for export is universally a fortifiedwine similar to Port wine Port and Sherry . Originally, Marsala wine was fortified with alcohol ... that fortified Marsala wine would be popular in England. Marsala wine indeed proved so successful ... fortifiedwine production marsala accessdate 2007 12 24 ref Marsala contains about 15 20 alcohol by volume ...Image Marsala Wine.jpg 180px thumb right A sample of Marsala wine. Marsala is a wine produced in the region surrounding the Italy Italian city of Marsala in Sicily . Marsala wine first received Denominazione ... coauthors title Marsala Wine Characteristics work pages language publisher WineCountry.IT date url ... in foreign markets. History The most creditable version of the introduction of Marsala fortifiedwine to a wider range of consumers is attributed to the English trader John Woodhouse. In 1773, Woodhouse landed at the port of Marsala and discovered the local wine produced in the region, which was aged in wooden casks and tasted similar to Spanish wine Spanish and Wines of Portugal Portuguese fortified wines then popular in England. ref name ocw m winepros.com.au, The Oxford Companion to Wine , http www.winepros.com.au jsp cda reference oxford entry.jsp?entry id 1923 Marsala ref Fortified Marsala wine was, and is, made using a process called in perpetuum , which is similar to the solera ... Biancalana first Antonello coauthors title Wine Producers Florio work pages language publisher DiWineTaste ... recognized that the in perpetuum process raised the alcohol level and alcoholic taste of this wine ... of Marsala wine. ref name ice cream cite web last Bridle first James coauthors title Marsala Ice Cream work pages language publisher Cooking With Booze website date url http cookingwithbooze.org fortifiedwine marsala ice cream accessdate 2007 12 04 ref In 1833, the entrepreneur Vincenzo Florio , a Calabrese ... purchased Woodhouse s firm, among others, in the late 19th century and consolidated the Marsala wine ... more details
File Billig B5 75.jpg thumb right 200px Ouvrage Billig, Block 5 casemates The Fortified Sector of Thionville Secteur fortifi de Thionville was the French military organization that in 1940 controlled the section of the Maginot Line immediately to the north of Thionville . The sector describes an arc of about convert 25 km mi , about halfway between the France French border with Luxembourg and Thionville. The Thionville sector was the strongest of the Maginot Line sectors. It was surrounded but not seriously attacked in 1940 by German forces in the Battle of France , whose main objective was the city of Metz . Despite the withdrawal of the mobile forces that supported the fixed fortifications, the sector successfully fended off German assaults before the Second Armistice at Compi gne . The majority of the positions and their garrisons finally surrendered on 27 June 1940, the remainder on 2 July. Following the war many positions were reactivated for use during the Cold War . Four locations are now preserved and open to the public. The Thionville sector was part of the larger Fortified Region of Metz , a strongly defended area between the Ardennes to the west and the Saar river Sarre .... ref name hetou1 1 Mary, Tome 1, p. 15 ref The Fortified Region of Metz was dissolved as a military ... major fortified positions, together with the most significant casemates and infantry shelters ..., Rochonvillers, Molvange, and Ouvrage Br hain Br hain of the neighboring former Fortified Sector ... Maginot SF de Thionville SF de Thionville fr.html Fortified Sector of Thionville at darkplaces.org ... Abri du Zeiterholz fr http www.fortificat.com Fortified Sector of the Bois de Cattenom , maintaining ... trails among them fr http www.fortiff.be maginot index.php?page t0 Fortified Sector of Thionville ... Frontier in 1940 Maginot Line list DEFAULTSORT Thionville, Fortified Sector Of Category Fortified Sector ... Fortified Region of Metz fr Secteur fortifi de Thionville ... more details
File Marckolsheim Casemate 35 3.JPG thumb right 300px Marckolsheim casemate The Fortified Sector of Colmar Secteur Fortifi de Colmar was the French military organization that in 1940 controlled the section of the French frontier with Germany in the vicinity of Colmar . The fortifications were built as part of France s Maginot Line defensive strategy, but the sector lacks the large interconnected fortifications found along France s land border with Germany. The sector s principal defense was the Rhine itself, which could be crossed only by boat or by seizing a bridge crossing. The sector s fortifications chiefly took the form of casemates and blockhouses. The SF Colmar was flanked to the north by the Fortified Sector of the Lower Rhine to the north and the Fortified Sector of Mulhouse to the south. The Colmar sector was directly attacked by German forces on 15 June 1940, capturing or destroying most of the fortifications in the sector in three days. Concept and organization The Maginot Rhine defenses employed three lines of defense, with blockhouses or casemates close to the Rhine the first line , backed by infantry shelters the second line . The third line was a strong series of casemates, built on the model of interval casemates in the northeastern sections of the Line, but without lower levels. All of the Colmar fortifications were built in the mid 1930s by the Commission d Organisation des R gions Fortifi es CORF . CORF was responsible for the major fortifications of the Maginot ... ref Description The sector includes, in order from west to east, the following major fortified positions ... de Colmar at darkplaces.org fr http www.fortiff.be maginot index.php?page c57 Fortified Sector of Colmar ... Secteur fortifi de Colmar Fortified Sector of Colmar Fortifications of the French Frontier in 1940 DEFAULTSORT Colmar, Fortified Sector Of Category French border defenses before World War II Category Fortified Sector of Colmar fr Secteur fortifi de Colmar ... more details
File Ferme chappy bloc 2.jpg thumb right 300px Block 2, Ferme Chappy The Fortified Sector of the Crusnes Secteur Fortifi e de la Crusnes was the French military organization that in 1940 controlled the section of the Maginot Line extending eastwards approximately convert 28 km mi from Longuyon . The sector roughly follows the valley of the Crusnes river. Crucially, the trace of the Maginot Line in the Crusnes sector is about convert 7 km mi behind the industrial city of Longwy which sits directly against the France French borders with Belgium and Luxembourg . The Crusnes sector was one of the strongest Maginot Line sectors. It was attacked in 1940 by German forces in the Battle of France . Despite the withdrawal of the mobile forces that supported the fixed fortifications, the sector successfully fended off German assaults before the Second Armistice at Compi gne . The positions and their garrisons finally surrendered on 27 June 1940. Following the war many positions were reactivated for use during the Cold War . Three locations are now preserved and open to the public, with a fourth .... ref name hetou1 2 The Crusnes sector was part of the larger Fortified Region of Metz , a strongly ..., Tome 1, p. 15 ref The Fortified Region of Metz was dissolved as a military organization on 18 March ..., in order from west to east, the following major fortified positions, together with the most ... off the operation. At the same time, the garrisons of the Fortified Sector of Montm dy evacuated ... Fortified Sector of the Crusnes at darkplaces.org fr http www.fortiff.be maginot index.php?page c56 Fortified Sector of the Crusnes at fortiff.be fr http www.ligne maginot fort de fermont.asso.fr ... du Four fr Fortifications of the French Frontier in 1940 Maginot Line list DEFAULTSORT Crusnes, Fortified Sector Of Category Fortified sector of the Crusnes Category Maginot Line Category French border defenses before World War II Category Fortified Region of Metz fr Secteur fortifi de la Crusnes ... more details
Infobox military structure name Fortified Sector of Rohrbach native name Secteur Fortifi de Rohrbach partof Maginot Line location Near Bitche , France image File Cloche am.jpg 280px caption Mixed arms cloche at Simserhof with artillery damage. map type latitude longitude map size map alt map caption type coordinates code built Late 1930s builder materials height used demolished condition Preserved Rohrbach and Simserhof ownership French Ministry of Defense, except Rohrbach, or Fort Casso, Association Fort Casso since 1989. Simserhof, while remaining the property of the Ministry of Defense, is managed by the Moselle d partement and the city of Bitche. open to public Rohrbach and Simserhof controlledby flag France and br flag Nazi Germany in World War II. garrison current commander commanders occupants battles World War II br Cold War events image2 caption2 The Fortified Sector of Rohrbach ... of the Maginot Line in the vicinity of Bitche . The sector was bordered to the west by the Fortified Sector of the Sarre and to the east by the Fortified Sector of the Vosges . With lower priority ... The Rohrbach sector was part of the larger Fortified Region of the Lauter , a strongly defended ... 1, p. 15 ref ref name hetou1 1 The Fortified Region of the Lauter was dissolved as a military organization ... de la Sarre Fortified Region of the Sarre was briefly created, encompassing the SF Rohrbach and the neighboring ... major fortified positions, together with the most significant casemates and infantry shelters ..., when a 75mm gun turret supported troops convert 12 km mi in front of the fortified line. On 10 May ... de Bitche , a fortified strongpoint. ref Mary, Tome 5, p. 171. ref Schiesseck, Otterbiel and Grand ... Frankreich WW2 Ligne Maginot SF de Rohrbach SF de Rohrbach.html Fortified Sector of Rohrbach ... commons category Secteur fortifi de Rohrbach Fortified Sector of Rohrbach Fortifications of the French Frontier in 1940 Maginot Line list DEFAULTSORT Rohrbach, Fortified Sector Of Category Fortified ... more details
File FeigniesFortleveau 270607 8 .JPG thumb right 300px Blockhouse at the Fort de Leveau The Fortified Sector of Maubeuge Secteur Fortifi de Maubeuge was the French military organization that in 1940 controlled the section of the Maginot Line between the France French border with Belgium and Maubeuge , a distance of about convert 70 km mi . The sector was not as strongly defended as other sections of the Maginot Line Large portions of the Maubeuge sector were defended by blockhouses or casemates. The sector includes only four ouvrages of the type found in stronger sections of the Line, arranged in an arc to the north and east of the fortified city of Maubeuge, incorporating defenses from the First World War . The Maubeuge sector and the Fortified Sector of the Escaut were the final sections of the Maginot line to be authorized, and were termed the New Fronts. In the Battle of France the large fortifications of Maubeuge successfully resisted determined German bombardments and infantry attacks, despite their failure to protect Maubeuge against the Germans, who had outflanke the defensive line and who assaulted the fortification lines from the rear. Surrender or evacuation came only after the positions were surrounded and cut off from any hope of reinforcement. One ouvrage and one pre Maginot fortification have been preserved. Concept and organization Initial work in the sector established a series of casemates in the Mormal Forest, well to the rear of Maubeuge. The casemates were ..., in order from west to east, the following major fortified positions, together with the most significant ... 17 May, the regiment began to fall back to Erguennes on 20 May, while the fortified positions held ... fr.html Fortified Sector of Montm dy at darkplaces.org fr http www.fortiff.be maginot index.php?page m1 Fortified Sector of Maubeuge at fortiff.be fr http amifort.maubeuge.free.fr Association ... Maubeuge, Fortified Sector Of Category Fortified sector of Maubeuge Category Maginot Line Category French ... more details
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