DISPLAYTITLE sup 18 sup O style float right Image Benthic foraminifera.jpg thumb right 200px Foraminifera samples. Image Specmap.GIF.gif thumb right 200px sup 18 sup O ppm in deep sea sediment foraminifera carbonates over time from 0 600,000 years. Averaged over a large number of cores in order to isolate a global signal. Image Five Myr Climate Change.png thumb right 200px Climate record of Lisiecki and Raymo 2005 constructed by combining measurements from 57 globally distributed deep sea sediment cores. The measured quantity is oxygen isotope fractionation sup 18 sup O in benthic foraminifera. ref Cite doi 10.1029.2F2004PA001071 ref In geochemistry , paleoclimatology and paleoceanography sup 18 sup O or delta O 18 is a measure of the ratio of stable isotope s sup 18 sup O sup 16 sup O . It is commonly used as a measure of the temperature of precipitation meteorology precipitation , as a measure of groundwater mineral interactions, as an indicator of processes that show isotopic fractionation , like methanogenesis . In paleoscience s, sup 18 sup O sup 16 sup O data from foraminifera and ice core are used as a proxy climate proxy for temperature. The definition is, in per mil , parts per thousand math delta 18 O Biggl frac bigl frac 18 O 16 O bigr sample bigl frac 18 O 16 O bigr standard 1 Biggr 1000 o oo math where the standard has a known isotopic composition, such as Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water VSMOW . ref name usgs isotope tracers cite web url http wwwrcamnl.wr.usgs.gov isoig res funda.html title USGS Isotope Tracers Resources Isotope Geochemistry accessdate 2009 01 18 ref The fractionation can arise from Kinetic fractionation kinetic , Equilibrium fractionation equilibrium , or Mass independent fractionation mass independent fractionation . Mechanism Foraminifera shells of calcium carbonate CaCO sub 3 sub , having oxygen in them, and being found in many common geological features, are most commonly tested. The ratio of sup 18 sup O to sup 16 sup O i ... more details
, the Cohn process incorporating cold ethanol fractionation has been used for albumin purification ... 1980s. Developments were ongoing in the time period between when Cohn fractionation started being ... fractionation for albumin is Recovery of Supernatant I Delipidation Anion exchange chromatography Cation ... Cohn fractionation with chromatography. Factors I, II, and III are removed via cold ethanol fractionation ... , Republic of Macedonia Macedonia is a plasma fractionation center in the Balkans. Their modernized ... not work as well for the recovery of other blood components. Membrane fractionation has the advantage ... albumin by plasma fractionation journal Anasthesiol Intensivmed Notfallmed Schmerzther volume 34 ... more details
orphan date September 2008 notability Biographies date September 2008 Paul Kolker is an United States American artist. He was born in Brooklyn , New York and he currently resides on Long Island while working from his Chelsea studio in New York City . Paul Kolker s work is oriented in substantive detail and successive procedural steps. Through a multi stepped technical process of fractionation, painting and silk screening, the artist brings to his studio and into his art experience in the disciplines of science, philosophy and fine arts. ref Lynn Love October 16, 2006 . http brooklynrail.org 2006 12 artseen paul kolker Paul Kolker , The Brooklyn Rail . ref He distinguishes his work through a process which he calls fracolor, the deconstruction by fractionation and painting with primary colors, including black and white. Kolker s recent work is rooted in the graphic and pixilated world of contemporary culture, media and information. ref http nymag.com daily entertainment 2008 03 artist paul kolker.html Painter Paul Kolker Makes High Art in Low Def , New York magazine March 5, 2008 . ref The artist is also Chief of Cardiothoracic Surgery at North Shore LIJ Glen Cove Hospital on Long Island. References references Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata . NAME Kolker, Paul ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION DATE OF BIRTH PLACE OF BIRTH Brooklyn , New York DATE OF DEATH PLACE OF DEATH DEFAULTSORT Kolker, Paul Category Year of birth missing living people Category Living people Category American painters Category American physicians Category Artists from New York City Category People from Brooklyn US painter stub ... more details
composition Distribution CCD in Polyolefins Crystallization Analysis Fractionation . ref ... the TREF technique Temperature Rising Elution Fractionation for the characterization of CCD in Polyolefins ... CEF High throughput Chemical composition Distribution analyzer by CEF Crystallization Elution Fractionation ... fractionation Chromatography CFC instrument to analyze the Polyolefin Bivariate distribution by TREF ... Article detail 697743 title Polyolefins Microstructure Characterization by Automated Cross Fractionation ... Preparative Fractionation PREP mc2 Preparative instrument to fractionate polymers by Molar Mass or Composition ... more details
Unreferenced auto yes date December 2009 A fraction in chemistry is a quantity collected from a sample or batch of a substance in a fractionation fractionating separation process . In such a process, a mixture is separated into fractions, which have compositions that vary according to a gradient. A fraction can be defined as a group of chemicals that have similar boiling point s. A common fractionating process is fractional distillation . It is used to produce liquor and various hydrocarbon fuels, such as gasoline , kerosene and Diesel fuel diesel . A fraction is the product of a fractionating column . A vast chamber designed to separate different substances based on their boiling point, e.g. crude oil . Fraction could also refer to a description of the composition of a mixture, e.g. mass fraction chemistry mass fraction or mole fraction . For a simpler definition a fraction is a part of the fractionating column where a compound with one boiling point can be separated from other compounds with different boiling points. DEFAULTSORT Fraction Chemistry Category Separation processes Chem stub ca Residu qu mica de Fraktion Chemie fr Fraction chimie nl Fractie bestanddeel pl Frakcja chemia uk ... more details
Infobox oils name Mango oil image imagesize caption composition fat water solids sterols fatcomposition sat interster trans unsat monoun polyun o3 o6 o9 properties y energy melt 23 C boil smoke roomtemp semi solid sfi20 sg20 visc20 refract iodine acid aciddeg ph sapon unsapon reichert polenske kirschner shortening peroxide Mango oil is an oil Fractionation fraction obtained during the processing of mango butter . Mango oil is a vegetable oil seed oil extracted from the stone of the fruit of the Mangifera indica . The oil is semi solid at room temperatures, but melts on contact with skin, making it appealing for baby creams, suncare balms, hair products, and other moisturizing products. ref cite web url http www.fromnaturewithlove.com soap product.asp?product id oilmango title Mango Mangifera Indica oil ref The oil is a soft yellow color with a melting point of 23 27° C. References references vegetable oil stub Category Vegetable oils ... more details
of fractionation i.e. change in isotope ratio occurring due to photosynthesis is not entirely dependent on the water drawn up by the plant, as fractionation can occur as a result of preferential evaporation ... more details
Melanoidins are brown, high molecular weight heterogeneous polymers that are formed when sugar s and amino acid s combine through the Maillard reaction at high temperatures and low water activity. Melanoidins are commonly present in foods that have undergone some form of non enzymatic browning, such as barley malts Mash ingredients Vienna malt Vienna and Mash ingredients Munich malt Munich , bread crust, bakery products and coffee. They are also present in the wastewater of sugar refineries, necessitating treatment in order to avoid contamination around the outflow of these refineries. External links http www.picobrewery.com askarchive melanoidin.htm website on Melanoidin http www.ide.titech.ac.jp regashir grp pdf thesis b sato.pdf Removal of Melanoidin from Wastewater of Sugar Factories by Continuous Foam Fractionation Column Category Food science ingredient stub organic compound stub de Melanoidine es Melanoidina pl Melanoidyna pt Melanoidina ... more details
Renew Energy is a privately owned, corn fed ethanol fuel plant located in Jefferson, Wisconsin . Renew Energy produces 130 million U.S. gallons 490,000,000 L of fuel grade ethanol yearly, making it the state s largest ethanol plant, ref cite web last first authorlink Dave Nilles coauthors title Construction moving ahead on Wisconsin s largest ethanol plant work Ethanol Producer Magazine publisher BBI International Media date November 2006 url http ethanolproducer.com article.jsp?article id 2468 format doi accessdate 2007 11 08 ref along with nearly a dozen high quality by products ranging from carbon dioxide to Distillers grains distillers dried grains . Renew Energy utilizes the world s largest dry corn fractionation system, capable of processing 1 million bushels 25,000 metric tons of corn weekly. The plant was designed by Delta T Corp and uses a high efficiency vacuum distillation and dryer system. References reflist business stub Category Jefferson County, Wisconsin Category Companies based in Wisconsin ... more details
unreferenced date July 2009 Homogenization cell biology is a process that involves breaking apart cells releasing organelles and cytoplasm . When the purpose is to extract organelle s, it is frequently done in two steps first using a blender device blender to break the Biological tissue tissue up, and then with an ultrasound ultrasonic or mechanical tissue disruptor. The organelles are then generally separated using differential centrifugation . Depending upon the subcellular fractionation subcellular fraction wanted, different processes are used to separate them. When the aim is to extract nucleic acid s, the tissue is often ground in a mortar and pestle under liquid nitrogen . Sometimes, however, a much milder procedure is followed, where the aim is to collect whole, intact cells. Homogenized cells must be kept at low temperatures to prevent autolysis and kept in an isotonic solution to prevent osmosis osmotic damage. DEFAULTSORT Homogenization Biology Category Cell anatomy Category Cell biology Category Laboratory techniques ... more details
Benmoreite is a silica undersaturated volcanic rock of intermediate composition . It is a variant of trachyandesite and belongs to the alkalic suite of igneous rock s. An origin by Fractional crystallization geology fractionation from basanite through nepheline hawaiite to nepheline benmoreite has been demonstrated for a volcanic suite in the McMurdo Volcanic Group of late Cenozoic age in McMurdo Sound area. ref http gsabulletin.gsapubs.org content 90 7 676.abstract Kyle, Philip R., Geology and petrology of the McMurdo Volcanic Group at Rainbow Ridge, Brown Peninsula, Antarctica, Geological Society of America Bulletin, July 1979, v. 90 no. 7 p. 676 688 ref Nepheline benmoreite magmas derived from Mantle geology mantle sources containing lherzolite xenolith s display similarities to some plutonic nepheline syenite s. ref http www.springerlink.com content m455x70110065087 Green, D. H., et. al., Upper mantle source for some hawaiites, mugearites and benmoreites, Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, Volume 48, Number 1 March, 1974 ref References Reflist Category Petrology Category Intermediate rocks petrology stub pt Benmore to ... more details
Thermal ionization mass spectrometry TIMS is a highly sensitive isotope mass spectrometry characterization technique in which a chemically purified sample is heated to cause ionization of the atoms of the sample. The ions are focused into a beam by an electromagnet, then separated into individual beams based on the mass charge ratio of the ions. The technique is used extensively in isotope geochemistry, geochronology , and in cosmochemistry. TIMS is a Sector instrument magnetic sector mass spectrometry technique in which ions are separated as a function of their charge and velocity or mass in a magnetic field. The relative abundances of different isotopes are then used to describe the chemical fractionation of different isotopes, travel in different reservoirs of non radiogenic isotopes, and age or origins of solar system objects by the presence of radiogenic daughter isotopes. ref name LehtoHou Lehto, J., X. Hou, 2011. Chemistry and Analysis of Radionuclides. Wiley VCH. ref ref name Dickin Dickin, A.P., 2005. Radiogenic Isotope Geology 2nd ed. Cambridge Cambridge University Press. pp. 21 22 ref References Reflist mass spectrometry Category Mass spectrometry ... more details
wiktionary fraction In common usage a fraction is any part of a Units of measurement unit . Fraction may also mean Fraction mathematics , one of more equal parts of something, e.g. three out of four equal quarters, written as math sfrac 3 4 Algebraic fraction , an indicated division in which the divisor, or both dividend and divisor, are algebraic expressions Fraction chemistry , a quantity of a substance collected by the separation process known as fractionation Fraction religion , the ceremonial act of breaking the bread during Christian Communion Fraction politics , a parliamentary party Fraction comics Fraction comics , a short lived comic about the theft of a powersuit Timeshare Fractional ownership , a reference to property timeshare Matt Fraction , a comic book author Promazine , an antipsychotic medication known by the trade name Fraction Fraction Fever , a 1983 educational video game See also lookfrom intitle Fractional horsepower motor , an electric motor with a rated output power of less than 1HP 746 watts Faction disambiguation Part disambiguation disambiguation Other languages de Fraktion es Fracci n desambiguaci n fr Fraction io Fraciono it Frazione pl Frakcja ru sk Frakcia sl Frakcija sv Fraktion ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Microanalysis is the chemistry chemical identification and Quantitative analysis chemistry quantitative analysis of very small amounts of chemical substance s generally less than 10 mg or 1 ml or very small surfaces of material generally less than 1 cm sup 2 sup . One of the pioneers in the microanalysis of chemical element s was the Austrian Nobel Prize winner Fritz Pregl . Methods The most known methods used in microanalysis are Most of the spectroscopy methods ultraviolet visible spectroscopy , infrared spectroscopy , nuclear magnetic resonance , X ray fluorescence also mass spectrometry Most of the chromatography methods high performance liquid chromatography , Gel permeation chromatography Some thermal analysis methods differential scanning calorimetry , Thermogravimetric analysis Electrophoresis Field flow fractionation X ray diffraction . Advantages Compared to normal analyses methods, microanalysis Requires less time for preparation Requires less sample and solvent and thus produces less waste and is more cost effective. Disadvantages Handling of small quantities is not always simple. Higher accuracy of weighing is necessary e.g. use of accurate Weighing scale Analytical balance balance . Category Analytical chemistry Analytical chemistry stub fr Microanalyse ru uk ... more details
Orphan date December 2010 Isoscapes are spatially explicit predictions of elemental isotope ratios that are produced by executing process level Model abstract models of elemental isotope fractionation or distribution in a Geographic Information System GIS . The word isoscape is derived from iso tope land scape and was first coined by http sites.google.com site westlabgroup Home Dr. Jason B. West . ref cite web title First appearance of isoscapes at a scientific meeting url http abstracts.co.allenpress.com pweb esa2005 document 50507 ref ref cite web title Peer reviewed article that discusses isoscapes url http www.sciencedirect.com science journal 01695347 ref ref cite web title Article on advances in isoscapes in Eos American Geophysical Union url http www.agu.org pubs crossref 2009 2009EO130001.shtml ref Isoscapes of hydrogen , carbon , oxygen , nitrogen , and strontium have been used to answer scientific or forensic questions regarding the sources, partitioning, or provenance of natural and synthetic materials or organisms via their isotopic signature s. These include questions about human migration migration , Earth s Biogeochemical cycle element cycles , Water resources human water use , climate , Archaeology archaeological reconstructions , forensics , and pollution . Notes reflist Category Isotopes Isotopes Category Geographic information systems Category Forensic terminology isotope stub ... more details
The CHondritic Unfractionated Reservoir or CHUR is a scientific model in astrophysics and geochemistry for the mean chemical composition of the part of the Solar Nebula from which, during the formation of the Solar System, chondrite s formed. This hypothetic chemical reservoir is thought to have been similar in composition to the current photosphere of the Sun . When the Sun formed from its protostar , around 4.56 billion years ago, the solar wind blew all gas wiktionary Particle particle s from the central part of the Solar Nebula. In this way most lighter volatiles volatile elements e.g. hydrogen , helium , oxygen , carbon , that had not yet condensed in the inner, warmer regions of the nebula, were lost. This fractionation process is the reason why the terrestrial planet s and asteroid belt are relatively enriched in heavy elements in respect to the Sun or the gas planet s. A certain type of meteorites, carbonaceous chondrite C1 chondrites , have a chemical composition that is almost identical to the solar atmosphere the photosphere , except for the abundances of light volatile elements. They are considered to have the same composition as the solar nebula after the solar wind fractionated the lighter elements and therefore are representative for the material from which the terrestrial planets, including the Earth, were formed. See also chondrite nebular hypothesis Category Astrophysics Category Geochemistry nl Chondritic unfractionated reservoir ... more details
Infobox person name J. Calvin Giddings birth date birth date 1930 9 26 death date death date 1996 10 24 J. Calvin Giddings was a professor of chemistry a the University of Utah . ref name urlSpringerLink Journal Article cite web url http www.springerlink.com content 2034345244535143 title J. Calvin Giddings 1930 1996 format work accessdate 2011 02 09 Obituary by Marcus Myers, Chromatographia 43 , 11 12 , 583, 1996 ref He is credited with the invention of field flow fractionation . Selected Works J. Calvin Giddings Dynamics of Chromatography Marcel Decker, NY, 1965 J. Calvin Giddings Unified Separation Science John Wiley & Sons, NY, 1991 References reflist Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata . NAME Giddings, J. Calvin ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION DATE OF BIRTH 1930 09 26 PLACE OF BIRTH DATE OF DEATH 1996 10 24 PLACE OF DEATH DEFAULTSORT Giddings, J. Calvin Category University of Utah faculty Category 1996 deaths Category 1930 births US chemist stub US academic scientist stub ... more details
Orphan date February 2012 Refimprove date February 2012 International Therapeutic Proteins ref Corporate website itproteins.com International Therapeutic Proteins Ltd 2010 ref known as ITP supplies antitoxins , antidotes to snake venoms and other biologic medical product biologics biological therapeutics to corporate and government clients. Company Info The company s manufacturing base is located in the remote but temperate island of Tasmania . This safeguards end products from contamination with Bovine spongiform encephalopathy BSE bovine spongiform encephalopathy . International Therapeutic Proteins is headquartered in the UK. The UK office functions are primarily administration, distribution and regulatory affairs. The company s Australian subsidiary owns two farms in Tasmania totalling 500 hectares 1,235 acres . The farms are located in Longford , where Selborne Biological Services is also operating. ref name SBS cite web url http www.selbornebiological.com about about.htm title About Selborne Biological Services year 2006 work Selborne Biological Services accessdate 2009 12 27 ref A dedicated protein separation facility is used for all antitoxin products. This consists of an upstream pre viral inactivation suite for the fractionation of IgG from whole Serum blood serum or plasma and a downstream post viral inactivation suite to conduct further processing and formulation of the Fab fragment . References references Category Pharmaceutical companies of the United Kingdom ... more details
Multiple issues orphan April 2012 cleanup April 2012 unreferenced April 2012 Quoats is a LINK research project funded by government, levy boards and industry groups that aims to develop and apply state of the art genomic and metabolomic tools for the genetic improvement of oats . Its name is a portmanteau of the words quality and oats . Its focus is on the understanding and gene manipulation manipulation of key Phenotypic trait traits that will enhance the value of oats in human health improvement, to capitalise on the value of oats as a low input cereal crop , increase the environmental sustainability environmental and Sustainable business economic sustainability of cereal based crop rotation rotations , realise the potential of oats as a high value fodder animal feed and develop new opportunities for using oats for industrial use through advanced fractionation . The project objective is to deliver powerful enabling genetic technologies for the identification of specific genes and markers that will drive the development of breeder friendly tools accelerating the production of improved oat varieties that will be evaluated and marketed by industrial partners. Quoats is a multi disciplinary research programme which combines modern phenotyping methodologies with the expertise of genomics researchers, oat breeders and end users. It also addresses long term breeding goals by developing experimental oat populations which are Polymorphism biology polymorphic for agronomically important traits but more amenable to Gene mapping mapping and forward genetic approaches than conventional agronomic lines. References reflist Category Research projects Category Agriculture Agri stub ... more details
From MoS DAB use ONE LINK per entry, SHORT descriptions. AVOID piping, external links, redlinks with little potential FFF may refer to Fiction Fast, Furious and Fun , motto of the Savage Worlds role playing game rule system Fight For Five , a Kim Possible movement. Final Fantasy Five , in the Final Fantasy role playing video game series Fine Feathered Friend a Tom and Jerry short. Football Fox Football Fone in , a television program on the Fox Soccer Channel French Football Federation F d ration Fran aise de Football Freedom FFF gang Fight For Freedom , or FFF, a gang active in the San Fernando Valley during the 1980s. Future of Freedom Foundation , a libertarian educational foundation in Fairfax, Virginia, United States Industry Form follows function Form ever follows function is a principle articulated by Louis Sullivan and associated with 20th century architecture and industrial design. FFF, an abbreviation used to describe first round financing sources for new businesses, being friends, family and fools . See Angel investor s Music fff, in music, Dynamics music forte fortissimo or Dynamics music fortississimo as loud as can be played FFF , fr F d ration fran aise de funk F d ration fran aise de funk fr.wikipedia.org , a French band. FFF , a song by heavy metal group Megadeth on the album Cryptic Writings FFF , a song by Public Image Ltd. on the album Album Public Image Limited album Album Five for Fighting , stage name of American singer songwriter John Ondrasik Fun Fun Fun Fest , an annual music festival held in Austin, Texas Science and technology Field flow fractionation Field Flow Fractionation , a chemical separation method Free Form Fabrication , also known as solid freeform fabrication, equivalent to rapid prototyping FFF system , a humorous system of measurement, using the furlong, firkin, and fortnight as the base units of distance, mass, and time, respectively FFF, a hexadecimal number with the value 4095 Fission Fusion Fission, referring to the compon ... more details
Unreferenced date May 2009 In classical cryptography , the bifid cipher is a cipher which combines the Polybius square with transposition cipher transposition , and uses transposition cipher Fractionation fractionation to achieve confusion and diffusion diffusion . It was invented around 1901 by Felix Delastelle . Operation First, a substitution cipher mixed alphabet Polybius square is drawn up 1 2 3 4 5 1 B G W K Z 2 Q P N D S 3 I O A X E 4 F C L U M 5 T H Y V R The message is converted to its Cartesian coordinate system coordinate s in the usual manner, but they are written vertically beneath F L E E A T O N C E 4 4 3 3 3 5 3 2 4 3 1 3 5 5 3 1 2 3 2 5 They are then read out in rows 4 4 3 3 3 5 3 2 4 3 1 3 5 5 3 1 2 3 2 5 Then divided up into pairs again, and the pairs turned back into letters using the square 44 33 35 32 43 13 55 31 23 25 U A E O L W R I N S In this way, each ciphertext character depends on two plaintext characters, so the bifid is a substitution cipher Polygraphic substitution digraphic cipher , like the Playfair cipher . To decrypt, the procedure is simply reversed. Longer messages are first broken up into blocks of fixed length, called the period. Each block is then encrypted separately. Odd periods are slightly more secure than even periods. clarify date January 2012 See also Other ciphers by Delastelle four square cipher related to Playfair trifid cipher similar to bifid External links http rumkin.com tools cipher bifid.php Online Bifid Encipherer Decipherer with polybius square generator Cryptography navbox classical Category Classical ciphers hr Bifidska ifra hu Bifid rejtjel nl Bifidcijfer ro Cifrul bifid ... more details
refimprove date April 2010 The Mossmorran NGL natural gas liquids fractionation plant is part of the North Sea Brent oilfield Brent oil and gas field system located on the outskirts of Cowdenbeath , Fife. After the gas is separated from oil on the platforms offshore, the gas is then pumped ashore in the FLAGS and Fulmar Gas Line Fulmar pipelines to a terminal at St Fergus operated by Royal Dutch Shell Shell . At the St Fergus Gas Plant the methane is separated from the rest of the gas product. The methane is then sent to a neighbouring national grid plant, leaving the remaining NGL to be piped south via a convert 223 km mi 0 pipeline to the Mossmorran site in Fife . ref name shell expro cite news author Ron Gilmour, Jonathan Theakston url http www.energy solutions.cn articles shell expro.pdf title Shell Expro s St Fergus to Mossmorran NGL Pipeline publisher Energy Solutions date 2002 07 22 accessdate 2008 03 11 ref At the Mossmorran NGL fractional plant natural gas fluid is separated by distillation in a number of fractionation columns into ethane C2H6 , propane C3H8 , butane C4H10 and natural gasoline C5H12 . The ethane is then piped to an adjacent ethylene cracker plant operated by ExxonMobil for further processing and cracking. The propane and butane is chilled, liquefied and stored on site within double integrity tanks, the gasoline is also stored on site within floating roof tanks. These liquids are then transported via pipeline to the marine terminal at Braefoot Bay on the Firth of Forth for loading onto ships for export. Mossmorran also has an adjacent road tanker terminal for road transportation of Propane and Butane. The plant originally operated using two identical process modules each with three columns with a capacity of approximately 10,000 tonnes per day. This was later increased to 15,000 tonnes per day by the addition of a third process module and a few other up grades in 1992 at a cost of roughly 100 million. As well as the Brent fields the plants at St ... more details
Cell Synchronization is a process by which cells at different stages of the cell cycle in a culture are brought to the same phase. ref cite journal title Cell synchronization journal Methods in Cell Biology year 1998 volume 57 issue pages 229 249 pmid 9648108 author Merrill GF doi 10.1016 S0091 679X 08 61582 4 series Methods in Cell Biology isbn 9780125441599 ref Cell synchrony is required to study the progression of cells through the cell cycle. The types of synchronizations are broadly categorized into two groups Physical Fractionation and Chemical Blockade. Cell separation by physical means Physical fractionation or cell separation techniques, based on the following characteristics are in use. Cell density Cell size Affinity of antibodies on cell surface epitope s. Light scatter or fluorescent emission by labeled cells. The two commonly used techniques are Centrifugal separation The physical characteristics cell size and sedimentation velocity are operative in the technique of centrifugal elutriation . Centrifugal elutriator from Beckman is an advanced device for increasing the sedimentation rate so that the yield and resolution of cells is better. The cell separation is carried out in a specially designed centrifuge and rotor. Fluorescence activated cell sorting Fluorescence activated cell sorting FACS is a technique for sorting out the cells based on the differences that can be detected by light scatter e.g. cell size or fluorescence emission by penetrated DNA, RNA, proteins, antigens . The procedure involves passing of a single stream of cells through a laser beam so that the scattered light from the cells can be detected and recorded. There are two instruments in use based on its principle a Flow cytometer b Fluorescence activated cell sorter Cell separation by chemical blockade The cells can be separated by blocking metabolic reactions. ref cite journal journal BioTechniques title Biological methods for cell cycle synchronization of mammalian cells year 2001 ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Jim Otvos ref name North Carolina State Research http www.ncsu.edu research results vol6 6.html LipoScience Bot generated title ref is an academician researcher entrepreneur in NMR spectroscopy nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy . From the late 1960s to early 1970s, the basic science work which led to sub fractionation of lipoprotein particles chylomicrons , very low density lipoprotein VLDL , intermediate density lipoprotein IDL , low density lipoprotein LDL & high density lipoprotein HDL , plus multiple sub distinctions within these groupings had been a breakthrough into how fats needed and manipulated by all cells in the body are carried by the water based blood transport system work which led to a Nobel prize in Medicine in 1988. In the early 1990s, given increasing evidence and understanding of the role the many different lipoproteins not cholesterol per se played in the usual progression of atherosclerotic disease, Otvos began novel research work in using NMR spectroscopy to quantify the lipoproteins in first primate and then human plasma. This in turn led to giant decreases in cost while improving accuracy. His work has led to several rewards ref name North Carolina State Research http www.ncsu.edu research results vol6 6.html LipoScience Bot generated title ref for both accuracy and, even more importantly, for great reductions in the cost to patients of having quantitative lipoprotein fractionation it is no longer just an expensive research tool but has become low enough in cost for most physicians and patients to use the methodology to greatly improve treatment strategies and greatly reducing cardiovascular event rates without resorting to only arterial bypass surgery or angioplasty stents to treat the symptoms of advanced disease, often after the individual has become permanently disabled. References reflist See also Artery Atheroma Atherosclerosis Coronary circulation Cerebral circulation Peripheral circulation vein graft di ... more details
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