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Encyclopedia results for France in the nineteenth century

France in the nineteenth century





Encyclopedia results for France in the nineteenth century

  1. France in the long nineteenth century

    Third Republic 1871 1940 General aspects Geography Main Geography of France At the time of the French Revolution, France had expanded to nearly her modern territorial limits. The nineteenth century ...History of France The History of France from 1789 to 1914 the long 19th century extends from the French ... rate in the early 1900s . In the 19th century, France was a country of immigration for peoples and political ... 19th century and first half of the 20th century see Demographics of France . This would be compounded ... of France Louis XVIII and Charles X of France Charles X 1814 1830 July Monarchy under Louis Philippe of France Louis Philippe d Orl ans 1830 1848 French Second Republic Second Republic 1848 1852 French .... France s territorial limits were greatly extended during the Empire through Napol on Bonaparte ... . With the French defeat in the Franco Prussian War of 1870, France lost her provinces of Alsace ... only be regained at the end of World War I. In 1830, France invaded Algeria , and in 1848 this north African country was fully integrated into France as a d partement in France d partement . The late nineteenth century saw France embark on a massive program of overseas imperialism including French Indochina modern day Cambodia , Vietnam and Laos and Africa the Scramble for Africa brought France .... Demographics See Demographics of France Between 1795 and 1866, metropolitan France that is, without ..., metropolitan France was the third most populous country of Europe, behind Russia and Germany. Unlike other European countries, France did not experience a strong population growth from the middle of the 19th century to the first half of the 20th century. The French population in 1789 is estimated ... Empire. Unlike in England, industrialization was a late phenomenon in France. The Napoleonic wars had hindered early industrialization and France s economy in the 1830s limited iron industry ... an industrial expansion of any scope. History of rail transport in France French rail transport only ...   more details



  1. Nineteenth-Century Literature

    Infobox journal title Nineteenth Century Literature cover editor Jonathan H. Grossman, Saree Makdisi discipline Literature formernames The Trollopian, Nineteenth Century Fiction abbreviation Nineteen. Cent. Lit. publisher University of California Press country frequency Quarterly history 1945 present openaccess license impact impact year website http ucpressjournals.com journal.php?j ncl link1 link1 name link2 link2 name JSTOR 08919356 OCLC 13799808 LCCN 87643024 CODEN ISSN 0891 9356 eISSN 1067 8352 Nineteenth Century Literature is a literary journal published by University of California Press . It publishes articles dealing with British literature British and American literature of the 19th century. The journal was edstablished in 1945 as The Trollopian, changing its name to Nineteenth Century Fiction in 1949, before being renamed Nineteenth Century Literature in 1985. It features articles that span across disciplines and explore related themes in the fields of gender studies , history , military studies , psychology , cultural studies , and urbanism . The journal is available online through JSTOR. The editors in chief are Jonathan H. Grossman University of California, Los Angeles and Saree Makdisi. External links official 1 http www.ucpressjournals.com journal.asp?j ncl Category Literary magazines Category University of California Press academic journals Category Publications established in 1945 Category English language journals Category Quarterly journals ...   more details



  1. The Nineteenth Century (periodical)

    italic title Image TheNineteenthCenturyMagazineAugust1880.jpg thumb right 150px August 1880 issue The Nineteenth Century was a British monthly literary magazine founded in 1877 by Sir James Knowles architect James Knowles . Many of the early contributors to The Nineteenth Century were members of the Metaphysical Society . The journal was intended to publish debate by leading intellectuals. ref name zimmerman Virginia Zimmerman, The Weird Message from the Past Material Epistemologies of Past, Present, and Future in the Nineteenth Century . Victorian Periodicals Review , Volume 42, Number 2, Summer 2009. ref In 1900, the title was changed to The Nineteenth Century and After . The magazine was published until 1972. The magazine notably asserted, shortly before the outbreak of World War I in 1914, that the only court in which nations issues can and will be tried is the court of God, which is war . ref name townshend The Oxford History of Modern War By Charles Townshend historian Charles Townshend , 2nd Edition. 1985. p83 84 ref References references DEFAULTSORT Nineteenth Century Category British magazines Category Monthly magazines Category Defunct British literary magazines Category Publications established in 1877 Category Publications disestablished in 1972 UK lit mag stub ...   more details



  1. Long nineteenth century

    The long nineteenth century , defined by Eric Hobsbawm after Fernand Braudel s long 16th century idea , a United Kingdom British Marxism Marxist historian and author , refers to the period between the years 1789 and 1914. Hobsbawm lays out its analysis in The Age of Revolution Europe 1789 1848 The Age of Revolution Europe, 1789 1848 The Age of Capital 1848 1875 and, The Age of Empire 1875 1914 . The period begins with the French Revolution that established a republic in Europe and ends with the start of World War I , upon the conclusion of which in 1918 the long enduring European power balance of the 19th century proper 1801 1900 was eliminated. A more generalized version of the long nineteenth century, lasting from 1750 to 1914, is often used notably by textbook author and Professor of History at George Mason University , Peter N. Stearns . A sequel to the above mentioned trilogy, The Age of Extremes The Age of Extremes The Short Twentieth Century, 1914 1991 , details the short twentieth century beginning with World War I and ending with the Dissolution of the Soviet Union fall of the Soviet Union . See also Long eighteenth century Short twentieth century Category 19th century Long 19th century Category Historical eras Category Historiography history stub da Det lange 19. rhundrede de Langes 19. Jahrhundert es El largo siglo XIX ko 19 it Lungo XIX secolo ja 19 ru XIX sv Det l nga 1800 talet ...   more details



  1. Nineteenth-century Dutch literature

    few readable nineteenth century poets is Piet Paaltjens pseudonym ps. of Fran ois Haverschmidt ... of colonial mismanagement and one of the few nineteenth century prose works still widely considered ... Francophone. The two leading Netherlands Dutch men of letters in the mid nineteenth century ... literature, nineteenth century Category Dutch literature Category History of literature Category 19th century books ...main Dutch literature This article deals with literature written in Dutch language Dutch during the nineteenth century in the Dutch speaking regions The Netherlands , Belgium , Dutch East Indies . The last years of the 18th century, which had seen decline in the Republic, including the art s and international politics , were marked by a general revival of intellectual force. The romanticism romantic movement in Germany made itself deeply felt in all branches of Dutch literature and German lyricism took the place hitherto held by French classicism , in spite of the country falling to French expansionalism see also History of the Netherlands Batavian revolution History of the Netherlands . The French era and the United Kingdom of the Netherlands 1795 1839 Image Bilderdijk.png thumb right Willem ... annexation annexed by France in 1794. The Republic, which had become a de facto monarchy in 1747 ... and backed by France that led to the Batavian Republic and Kingdom of Holland vassal state s before ... Matthias Siegenbeek s spelling . After Napoleon I of France Napoleon s Battle of Waterloo ... Browning , the Rosettis Dante Gabriel Rossetti Dante and Christina Rossetti Christina . The France French ... century After 1887 the condition of modern Dutch literature remained comparatively stationary, and within the last decade of the 19th century was definitely declining. In 1889 a new poet, Herman Gorter ... experiments. The leading drama tist at the close of the century was Herman Heijermans 1864 1924 , a writer ...   more details



  1. Nineteenth-century theatre

    s Bayreuth Festival Theatre. Campaignbox Modern drama Nineteenth century theatre describes a wide ... U of Chicago P. ISBN 978 0226309019. refend DEFAULTSORT Nineteenth Century Theatre Category 19th ... States in the 19th century. In the Western culture West , they include Romanticism , melodrama , the well ... Main Melodrama Beginning in France after the theatre monopolies were abolished in 1791 during ... dramatic form of the early 19th century. ref Brockett and Hildy 2003, 277 . ref David Grimsted ... 1968, 248 . ref blockquote In Paris, the 19th century saw a flourishing of melodrama in the many ... ref By the end of the 19th century, the term melodrama had nearly exclusively narrowed down to a specific ... remembered . Romanticism in Germany and France See also Romanticism In Germany , there was a trend ... by trends in 19th century philosophy and the visual arts , German writers were increasingly ... 2003, 278 280 . ref After a time, Romanticism was adopted in France with the plays of Victor Hugo , Alexandre ... drama had faded in France and a new Theatre of Common Sense replaced it. Meiningen Ensemble and Richard .... The most important theatrical force in later 19th century Germany was that of Georg II, Duke of Saxe ... are often considered the most historically accurate of the 19th century, although his primary ... until later in the century . In the minor theatres, burletta and melodrama were the most ... Victorian and Edwardian theatre building boom in the West End and on Broadway. At the end of the century ... center during the century, and the theatre district slowly moved north from lower Manhattan until it finally arrived in midtown at the end of the century. On the musical stage, Edward Harrigan Harrigan ... musical comedies at the end of the century. ref The first Edwardian musical comedy is usually considered ... ref Well made play Main Well made play In France , the well made play of Eugene Scribe became popular ... the late 19th century theatre had descended, a state that he labeled Sardoodledom . Rise of realism ...   more details



  1. Woman in the Nineteenth Century

    File WomanInTheNineteenthCentury1845.jpg thumb Woman in the Nineteenth Century , 1845 Woman in the Nineteenth Century is a book by American journalist, editor, and women s rights advocate Margaret Fuller . Originally published in July 1843 in The Dial magazine as The Great Lawsuit. Man versus Men. Woman versus Women , it was later expanded and republished in book form in 1845. Summary The basis for Fuller s essay is the idea that man will rightfully inherit the earth when he becomes an elevated being, understanding of divine love. There have been periods in time when the world was more awake to this love, but people are sleeping now however, everyone has the power to become enlightened. Man cannot now find perfection because he is still burdened with selfish desires, but Fuller is optimistic ... version, re named Woman in the Nineteenth Century , she wrote to a friend I had put a good deal ... to an 1855 edition of Woman in the Nineteenth Century An 1860 essay collection, Historical Pictures Retouched , by Caroline Healey Dall , called Fuller s Woman in the Nineteenth Century ... to Woman in the Nineteenth Century as an eloquent expression of her discontent at having been created ..., was critical of her after Woman of the Nineteenth Century was published. The same was true of his wife, Sophia Hawthorne , who had attended some of her Conversations in Boston. Of Woman in the Nineteenth Century , she wrote bquote The impression it left was disagreeable. I did not like the tone of it & did ... ref Woman in the Nineteenth Century , which has become one of the major documents in American feminism ... States. ref name Slater89 Scholars have suggested Woman in the Nineteenth Century was the first major ... Woman in the Nineteenth Century 1845.djvu Woman in the Nineteenth Century cite book author Baym ... of Sentiment , that Fuller s greatest achievement with The Great Lawsuit and Woman in the Nineteenth Century is the assertion of the feminine through a female form, sentimentalism, rather than through ...   more details



  1. The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century

    Italic title The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century Die Grundlagen des neunzehnten Jahrhunderts, 1899 was the best selling work by Houston Stewart Chamberlain . In it he advances various racist and especially V lkisch movement v lkisch antisemitic theories on how he saw the Aryan race as superior to others, and the Teutons Teutonic peoples as a positive force in European civilization and the Jews as a negative one. Chamberlain was a germanophile who adopted German citizenship and wrote most of his works in German on numerous subjects, from biographies to biology . Synopsis Published in German, the book focuses on the controversial notion that Western culture Western civilization is deeply marked by the influence of the Teutons Teutonic peoples. Chamberlain grouped all European peoples&mdash not just Germans, but Celts, Slavs, Greeks, and Latins&mdash into the Aryan race , a race built on the ancient Proto Indo Europeans Proto Indo European culture. At the helm of the Aryan race, and, indeed, all races, were the Nordic or Teutonic peoples. cquote Certain anthropologists would fain teach us that all races are equally gifted we point to history and answer that is a lie The races of mankind are markedly different in the nature and also in the extent of their gifts, and the Germanic races belong to the most highly gifted group, the group usually termed Aryan... Physically and mentally the Aryans are pre eminent among all peoples for that reason they are by right ... the lords of the world. Do we not see the homo syriacus develop just as well and as happily in the position of slave as of master? Do the Chinese not show us another example of the same nature? ref cite book title ... Title The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century , by Houston Stewart Chamberlain a translation from ... Nineteenth century History Philosophy Civilization History LC Classification CB83 .C45 1911 Dewey ... of The Foundation of the 19th Century DEFAULTSORT Foundations Of The Nineteenth Century, The Category ...   more details



  1. Birmingham Journal (nineteenth century)

    About the nineteenth century newspaper the eighteenth century newspaper of the same name Birmingham Journal eighteenth century The Birmingham Journal was a weekly newspaper published in Birmingham , England between 1825 and 1869. A nationally influential voice in the Chartism Chartist movement in the 1830s, it was sold to John Frederick Feeney in 1844 and was a direct ancestor of today s Birmingham Post . History The newspaper was founded as a Tory newspaper by a printer called William Hodgetts in 1825 to provide an alternative to The Times , whose editorial line was controversial locally. ref name whates cite book last Whates first Harold title The Birmingham Post, 1857 1957 a centenary retrospect year 1957 publisher Birmingham Post & Mail location Birmingham oclc 2671825 ref Chartist heyday The newspaper s political tone changed dramatically in 1832, however, when it was sold to prominent Unitarianism unitarian and Radicalism historical Radical Joseph Parkes , who appointed R. K. Douglas as editor. Douglas was a national figure of the reform movement the secretary of Thomas Attwood s reformed Birmingham Political Union and the author of the Chartism Chartist National Petition of 1838 . With its close connections to the leaders of Birmingham s reform movement which itself was at the forefront of national political life the Journal gained a high profile and wide circulation. Its sales peaked at 2,500 per issue and with the majority of newspaper readers during the era reading or listening to newspapers in communal reading rooms rather than buying their own copies, it was probably reaching about half of the population of Birmingham. ref name upton cite news first Chris last Upton title Taxing times for city s pioneer newspaper man url http www.tmcnet.com usubmit 2007 12 01 3134201.htm work Birmingham Post publisher Birmingham Post & Mail Ltd date 2007 12 01 accessdate 2008 01 05 quote archiveurl archivedate ref The appeal of Chartism meant that its influence also stretched ...   more details



  1. The General Idea of the Revolution in the Nineteenth Century

    The General Idea of the Revolution in the Nineteenth Century lang fr Id e G n rale De La Revolution Au XIXe Siecle was an influential manifesto written in 1851 by the anarchist philosopher Pierre Joseph Proudhon . The book portrays a vision of an ideal society where frontiers are taken down, nation state s abolished, and where there is no Centralized government central authority or law of government, except for power residing in commune s, and local associations, governed by contractual law. The ideas of the book later became the basis of Libertarianism libertarian and anarchist theory, and the work is now considered a classic of anarchist philosophy. It was published in July 1851, its first edition of 3,000 copies soon selling out, with a second edition following in August. At the time, Proudhon was still serving the last year of a prison sentence begun in 1851, for attacking Louis Napoleon Bonaparte as a reactionary. The central theme of the book is the historical necessity of revolution, and the impossibility of preventing it. Even the forces of reaction produce revolution by making the revolution more conscious of itself, as the reactionaries resort to ever more brutal methods to suppress the inevitable. Proudhon stresses that that it is the exploitative nature of capitalism that creates the need for government, and that revolutionaries must change society by changing its economic basis. Then the authoritarian form of government will become superfluous. He proposes that the Bank of France be turned into a Bank of Exchange , an autonomous democratic institution rather than a state controlled monopoly . Railways and large industry should be given to the workers themselves. His vision of a future is a society made up of self governing, democratic organizations, with no central ... idea of the revolution General Idea of the Revolution in the Nineteenth Century 1923 English translation ... DEFAULTSORT General Idea of the Revolution in the Nineteenth Century Category 1851 books Category ...   more details



  1. Association of Historians of Nineteenth-Century Art

    The Association of Historians of Nineteenth Century Art was formed in 1993. International in its scope, the organization provides a means for scholars of nineteenth century art from around the world to share ideas and resources through a variety of venues including conferences sessions, a newsletter and a Academic journal scholarly journal , Nineteenth Century Art Worldwide. Nineteenth Century Art Worldwide was the first online, Peer review peer reviewed journal devoted to the study of nineteenth century art. This journal has been cited by organizations like the Carnegie Corporation as a model for the electronic dissemination of scholarly method scholarship . ref name Notable Transforming Disciplines Websites http www.carnegie.rice.edu sites.cfm Notable Transforming Disciplines Websites, from the conference on Transforming Disciplines Computer Science and the Humanities, New York, 17 18 January 2003. Bot generated title ref Officers President Elizabeth Mansfield br Secretary Ting Chang br Treasurer Yvonne Weisberg br Membership Coordinator Karen Pope br Program Chair Patricia Mainardi br Newsletter Editor Caterina Pierre br Webmaster Amelia Kahl Avdic At Large Board Members Greg Thomas br Pamela Warner br Peter Trippi br Nina Kallmyer br Elisabeth Fraser br Micheline Nilsen br Miranda Mason br Alison McQueen br Petra ten Doesschate Chu Executive Editor of NCAW References references External links http www.ahnca.org Association of Historians of Nineteenth Century Art http www.19thc artworldwide.org Nineteenth Century Art Worldwide online journal Category 19th century in art org stub ...   more details



  1. France in the twentieth century

    History of Nineteenth Century France 1987 403pp. 403 pgs. http www.questia.com library book a social history of nineteenth century france by roger price.jsp complete text online at Questia Robb ... from the former colony back to France. Demographics Unlike other European countries, France did not experience a strong population growth in the mid and late 19th century and first half of the 20th century see Demographics of France . This would be compounded by the massive French losses of World ... immigration to France largely began in the mid to late 19th century. In 1872, there was an estimated ..., and the Jewish population in France is estimated at around 600,000 today. At the turn of the century ... in the 20th century that the people of France went to the polls to elect a president by direct ballot ... Community Economy main Economic history of France Economy of France By the end of the 19th century, France ... worker security and privileges established and protected. By the end of the 20th century, France ... of the century, France gained the reputation as being the necessary destination for writers and artists ... Americans in the twentieth century such as James Baldwin writer James Baldwin , France was also ... of Impressionism and Post Impressionism at the end of the nineteenth century, the first half of the twentieth century in France saw the even more revolutionary experiments of cubism , dada and surrealism ... online edition France topics DEFAULTSORT France In The Twentieth Century Category 20th century in France ...dablink For specific information on today s France, see France and Portal France . The History of France ... the French Fifth Republic Fifth Republic since 1958 History of France Governments of France Geography In 1914, the territory of France was different from today s France in two important ways most of Alsace ... as an integral part of France a d partement in France d partement in 1848. Alsace Lorraine would ... colony. With over a million European residents in Algeria, France refused to grant independence ...   more details



  1. Herculine Barbin: Being the Recently Discovered Memoirs of a Nineteenth-century French Hermaphrodite

    Infobox book name Herculine Barbin Being the Recently Discovered Memoirs of a Nineteenth century French Hermaphrodite title orig translator Richard McDougall image File Herculine Barbin book cover.png 250px image caption Cover of Herculine Barbin Being the Recently Discovered Memoirs of a Nineteenth century French Hermaphrodite author Herculine Barbin and Michel Foucault illustrator cover artist country France language English language English , French language French series subject genre publisher Pantheon Books pub date June 12, 1980 english pub date media type pages 199 Pantheon Books paperback isbn ISBN 0394738624 br ISBN 978 0394738628 oclc 5800446 dewey 616.69400924 congress preceded by followed by Herculine Barbin Being the Recently Discovered Memoirs of a Nineteenth century French Hermaphrodite is a 1980 English language translation of Herculine Barbin s nineteenth century memoirs, which were originally written in French. The book contains an introduction by Michel Foucault , which only appears in the English language translation of the memoirs. ref name Wilson52 Harvnb Wilson 1996 p 52 ref Foucault discovered Barbin s memoirs during his research about hermaphroditism for The History of Sexuality . ref name Brown cite news title The Heroic Hermaphrodite author Brown, Frederick newspaper The New York Review of Books date 1980 10 09 url http www.nybooks.com articles archives 1980 oct 09 the heroic hermaphrodite accessdate 2010 05 07 archiveurl http www.webcitation.org 5pYmKE38v archivedate 2010 05 07 ref Herculine Barbin was born in 1838 as a female. Unlawfully in love with another woman, ref name Meese5 Harvnb Meese Parker 1989 p 5 ref she was forced to transform into a male ... Memoirs of a Nineteenth century French Hermaphrodite last Barbin first Herculine authorlink Herculine ... cite book title French Historians 1900 2000 New Historical Writing in Twentieth Century France editor1 ... in France Category Memoirs Category Michel Foucault ...   more details



  1. Anti-Semitism in 21st century France

    Anti Semitism in 21st century France refers to the rise of anti Semitism in contemporary France. Analysis In 2004, the Minister of the Interior France Minister of the Interior , then Dominique de Villepin , commissioned Jean Christophe Rufin to prepare a report on racism and antisemitism. This report challenged the common perception that antisemitism comes only from muslim immigrants and from the far right. ref cite web last Rufin first Jean Christophe title Chantier sur la lutte contre le racisme et l antis mitisme url http www.ladocumentationfrancaise.fr var storage rapports publics 044000500 0000.pdf work Government report publisher Interior ministry language French date 19 October 2004 accessdate 28 March 2012 ref ref cite news last Bryant first Elizabeth title France stung by new report on anti Semitism url http www.upi.com Business News Security Industry 2004 10 20 France stung by new report on anti Semtism UPI 98501098301971 accessdate 28 March 2012 newspaper United Press International date 20 October 2004 ref Earlier in the same year, by using the same data, a study showed that levels of antisemitism were rising in several European countries, including France. It blamed white ... of antisemitism in 21st century France has been challenged by sociologists like Laurent Mucchielli ...?pagewanted 1& r 1 title Jews in France Feel Sting as Anti Semitism Surges Among Children of Immigrants ... indicated that antisemitic opinions were in continuous decline in France since the end of the second .... ref name CFCA11 cite web title The 2011 annual report on antisemitism in France url http antisemitism.org.il article 69952 2011 annual report antisemitism france publisher The Coordination Forum for Countering ... of the Jewish community, how close we feel to them. All of France is by their side. The Israeli ... www.telegraph.co.uk news worldnews europe france 9152469 France school shooting Four dead at Ozar ... in France da Anti semitisme i det 21. rhundredes Frankrig ...   more details



  1. France?Japan relations (19th century)

    Use mdy dates date April 2012 Infobox Bilateral relations 19th century br Franco Japanese France Japan The development of France Japan relations in the 19th century coincided with Japan s opening to the Western world, following two centuries of seclusion under the Sakoku system and France s expansionist ... read news.php?newsid NjI4MjUzNjM5 19th century France, Japan share glances at Tokyo exhibit ... the art of France, and the art of the West in general during the 19th century. From the 1860s, ukiyo ... relations of Japan DEFAULTSORT France Japan Relations 19th century Category France Japan relations ... relations of the Empire of Japan Category 19th century in France Category 19th century in Japan ... century in the military, economic, legal and artistic fields. The Bakufu modernized its army through the assistance of French military missions Jules Brunet , and Japan later relied on France for several ... years of the Imperial Japanese Navy Emile Bertin , and the development of a Legal code. France ... silk industry. Context main France Japan relations File Hasekura in Rome.JPG thumb left upright Hasekura Tsunenaga initiated France Japan relations in 1615. Image MartyrdomOfGuillaumeCourtet.JPG thumb ... and the early 17th century. During that period, the first contacts between the French and the Japanese ... of Rangaku , in the 18th and especially the 19th century. Typically, Dutch traders in the Dejima ... Montgolfier in France in 1783, was reported less than four years later by the Dutch in Dejima, and published ... depiction of the British guards wearing 16th century cuirasses and weapons. ref Perrin, p.88 ... Society 22&dq 22Paris Foreign Missions Society 22&lr &pgis 1 ref first 19th century Christian missionary ... two century of strictly enforced seclusion, various contacts occurred from the middle of the 19th century as France was trying to expand its influence in Asia. After the signature of the Treaty of Nanking by Great Britain in 1842, both France and the United States tried to increase their efforts in the Orient ...   more details



  1. Deism in England and France in the 18th century

    Category 18th century in France Category 18th century in religion id Deisme Inggris ...Deism , the religious attitude typical of the Age of Enlightenment Enlightenment , especially in France ... Betts first C. J title Early deism in France from the so called d stes of Lyon 1564 to Voltaire s Lettres ... issue but it goes back to the seventeenth century as J.M. Robertson explains Before deism came ... half of the 18th century, when English deism had explicitly become an intellectual movement ... was atheism in actuality. ref name Corfe At the beginning of the eighteenth century large ... of the words deism and deist goes back to sixteenth century. The first known use of the term .... ref name Corfe The emergence of the word in the mid sixteenth century was mostly associated ... much more than physical change and movement. ref name Israel The philosophes of mid eighteenth century France developed this mechanistic view of the universe into a radically revised version of Christianity ... of the eighteenth century. John Locke provided a new epistemology for deism based on empirical ... 1648 Deleted image removed Image Lord Herbert.jpg thumb Lord Herbert In the seventeenth century an alternative ... science who invariably brought their influence to bear against them. Eighteenth century materialism ... as deism in the sixteenth century by Pierre Viret and culminated as atheism in the eighteenth century by Voltaire and Rousseau. French Deism was anti religious and shaded into atheism, pantheism , and skepticism . France had its own tradition of religious skepticism and natural theology . The first ... of the early eighteenth century Diffcult s sur la religion propos es au p re Malebranche written ... abyss. C. J. Betts C. J. Betts s study of early deism in France is an intelligent study. Betts examines the prehistory of deism, from 1564 to1670. He looks at the later seventeenth century ... in the seventeenth century. In terms of discussion about deism he indicates some radical fringe elements ...   more details



  1. Fashion in the nineteenth century

    Unreferenced date March 2007 Orphan date February 2009 See 1795 1820 in fashion 1820s in fashion 1830s in fashion 1840s in fashion 1850s in fashion 1860s in fashion 1870s in fashion 1880s in fashion 1890s in fashion Category History of fashion fashion stub ...   more details



  1. Nineteenth Amendment

    The Nineteenth Amendment may refer to the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution guaranteed women the right to vote. Nineteenth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland , which introduced changes to Articles 2 and 3 of the constitution required by the Good Friday Agreement. disambig ...   more details



  1. Nineteenth hole

    The Nineteenth hole is a slang term used in golf , generally referring to a pub , bar establishment bar , or restaurant on or near the golf course , very often the clubhouse itself. ref name Definition http www.golf dictionary.com golf terms n.php Golf Dictionary.com ref A standard round of golf has only eighteen holes ref name golf basics http golf.about.com cs historyofgolf a hist 18holes.htm Kelly, Brent. Golf History FAQ 18 Holes . About.com ref , so golfers will say they are at the nineteenth hole , meaning they are enjoying a drink after the game. The concept is similar to Apr s ski in skiing . ref name Apres Ski http www.merriam webster.com dictionary apres ski Apres Ski . Merriam Webster Dictionary ref In miniature golf , the 19th hole on most courses is usually the hole that one can putt to win a free game. ref name mini golf http www.miniaturegolfer.com miniature golf terminology.html Miniature Golf and putting terminology . MiniatureGolfer.com ref The nineteenth hole is also a slang term meaning the place where they bury people who get in the way. ref http knightrideronline.com knight rider season three the nineteenth hole ref The golf stories of author P. G. Wodehouse , which are narrated by his character, the Oldest Member , discuss the nineteenth hole. ref name Wodehouse http www.classicreader.com author.php aut.75 P.G. Wodehouse . Classicreader.com ref At the beginning and towards the end of the Lars von Trier movie Melancholia 2011 film Melancholia ref name melancholia http www.melancholiathemovie.com ref , the main character Claire is shown as she passes the nineteenth hole on the golf course belonging to the mansion where the movie takes place. References reflist DEFAULTSORT Nineteenth Hole Category Drinking culture Category Golf terminology golf stub restaurant stub ...   more details



  1. This century

    Centurybox ifexpr CURRENTYEAR 2100 21 22 This century is the ifexpr CURRENTYEAR 2100 21st century 22nd century in the Gregorian calendar . Year in other calendars year CURRENTYEAR See also This year This decade Category Time Short pages monitor This long comment was added to the page to prevent it from being listed on Special Shortpages. It and the accompanying monitoring template were generated via Template Long comment. Please do not remove the monitor template without removing the comment as well. ...   more details



  1. Priest?penitent privilege in England from the Reformation to the nineteenth century

    The doctrine of priest penitent privilege priest penitent privilege in the UK does not apply in the UK . Before the English Reformation Reformation , England was a Roman Catholic country and the Seal of the Confessional had great authority in the English courts. However, the Reformation was followed by a period of, often fierce, Anti Catholicism England and Protestantism persecution of Catholics . Reach of canon law In the Codex Juris Ecclesiastici Anglicani London, 1761 by Edmund Gibson , chaplain to the Archbishop of Canterbury and afterwards Bishop of London , is found a compilation of the various canons and constitutions which had been made for the Church in England at different times. In his introduction to that work, in which he cites the Act Concerning Peter s Pence and Dispensations which also deals with the exercise of pope papal jurisdiction in England, the author, in touching upon canon law , says as follows quotation This is another branch of the Laws of the Church of England and is partly Foreign and partly Domestick. The Foreign is what we commonly call the Body of Canon Law consisting of the Councils, Decrees of Popes and the like which obtained in England by virtue of their own Authority in like manner as they did in other parts of the Western Church till the time of the Reformation and from that time have continued upon the foot of Consent, Usage, and Custom. He goes on to say that before the Reformation, their not being repugnant to the laws of the land was the condition of these laws being received here. But he also cites commentaries of John de Athon on certain constitutions of Otho and Othobon , which the commentator says were not received here. Gibson cites a constitution of Simon Sudbury , Archbishop of Canterbury 1378 , ordering confessions to be heard three times a year, and that whoever would not confess at least once a year should be prevented from entering a church while living and should not receive Christian burial when dead. This order ...   more details



  1. Century

    BC to 1 AD. The first century BC includes the years 100 BC to 1 BC . Other centuries BC follow the same ... numbering , used by astronomers , includes a year zero 0 . Consequently, the 1st century in these calendars may designate the years 0 to 99 as the 1st century, years 100 to 199 as the second etc. However, in order to regard 2000 as the first year of the 21st century according to the astronomical year ... century Time measurement and standards Category Centuries Category Units of time af Eeue als ... scn S culu simple Century sk Storo ie sl Stoletje ckb sr sh Vijek su Abad fi Vuosisata sv Sekel ...   more details



  1. This Century

    Infobox musical artist See Wikipedia WikiProject Musicians name This Century image caption This Century Band background group or band birth name alias origin Pheonix, Arizona , United States instrument genre Alternative Rock , Pop punk Please do not remove cited genres or add genres without discussion years active 2005 present label Sire Records Sire , Warner Bros. Records Warner Bros. , Action Theory Records Action Theory associated acts The Maine band The Maine , Hey Monday , The Summer Set , Good Charlotte . website URL www.thiscenturyband.com current members Joel Kanitz Vocals br Sean Silverman Guitar br Ryan Gose Drums br Alex Silverman Bass br This Century is an American band from Pheonix, Arizona . It consists of members Joel Kanitz, Ryan Gose, Sean Silverman, and Alex Silverman. They are currently signed to Action Theory records, under Warner Bros. ref name preachelectric http www.preachelectric.net 2010 08 24 this century interview Preach Electric Media This Century Interview Bot ... This Century also has a YouTube channel thiscenturyband which their tour studio updates can be found ... decided on This Century after guitarist Silverman jokingly said they re lucky if we come up with a band name some time this century .. ref name themassmedia http www.umassmedia.com the interview of this century 1.1692506 Mass Media The Interview of This Century Bot generated title ref 2007 2009 Early EP s In 2007 This Century released their first ever EP titled 2007 . They continued ..., Vocal Issues, Sound of Fire In 2010 This Century was signed to The Maine s Action Theory Records ... announce North American tour with Forever The Sickest Kids, This Century Bot generated title ref ... ref In the summer of 2011, This Century held their first headlining tour, the Young and Useless ... through the tour and singer songwriter Sweet Talker replaced Gibbs on select dates. In June 2012, This Century ... artists fr This Century pt This Century ...   more details



  1. Nineteenth Air Force

    Use dmy dates date October 2011 Refimprove date October 2009 Infobox military unit unit name Nineteenth Air Force image Image 19th Air Force.png 250px caption Nineteenth Air Force emblem br br File Air Education and Training Command.png 250px br Part of Air Education and Training Command dates 8 July 1955 country United States allegiance branch United States Air Force type role size command structure Air Education and Training Command current commander Major General United States Major General Mark S. Solo http www.af.mil information bios bio.asp?bioID 7907 garrison Randolph Air Force Base ceremonial chief nickname patron motto colors march mascot battles anniversaries The Nineteenth Air Force is a Numbered Air Force of the United States Air Force headquartered at Randolph Air Force Base and belonging to the Air Education and Training Command . It is responsible for managing all flying training in AETC. History Formed after World War II, Nineteenth Air Force had no units or aircraft permanently assigned. Its mission was planning and carrying out force protection and rapid response. Made up of temporarily assigned fighter, reconnaissance and airlift assets, Nineteenth Air Force responded to the 1958 Lebanon crisis , when the United States sent in forces to sustain a pro Western government after a conflict in Iraq threatened to spill across the border. The next time the Nineteenth girded its forces was during the Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962, when the United States blockaded Cuba to prevent ships from the Soviet Union from docking and forced the removal of Soviet missiles from the island. Portal United States Air Force In 1968, the Nineteenth responded to North Korea s seizure ... Asia in 1973, Nineteenth Air Force was inactivated 2 July 1973 as part of an Air Force effort to streamline ... Education and Training Command . Nineteenth Air Force conducts flying training and follow on training ... as the 325th Fighter Wing . Lineage Established as Nineteenth Air Force on 1 July 1955 Activated ...   more details



  1. Nineteenth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland

    The Nineteenth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland introduced changes to Articles 2 and 3 of the Constitution of Ireland Articles 2 and 3 of the constitution required by the 1998 Belfast Agreement also known as the Good Friday Agreement . Prior to 1999, Articles 2 and 3 made the controversial claim that the whole island of Ireland formed one single national territory . By means of the Nineteenth Amendment, Articles 2 and 3 were changed to an aspiration towards creating a united Ireland by peaceful means. The Nineteenth Amendment was approved by referendum in 1998, at the same time as the Eighteenth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland Eighteenth Amendment . However the Government of Ireland did not want the changes to Articles 2 and 3 to be made until it could confirm that other aspects of the Belfast Agreement had been complied with. For this reason the Nineteenth Amendment did not itself alter Articles 2 and 3. Rather it introduced a special mechanism whereby changes to Articles 2 and 3 could be brought about at a future date by a formal declaration made by the Government. That declaration was made in December 1999, whereupon the change in articles 2 and 3 of the Constitution took effect. The Nineteenth Amendment of the Constitution Act, 1998 was approved by referendum on 22 May 1998 and signed into law on 3 June of the same year. The Government declaration was made on 2 December 1999, bringing the changes to Articles 2 and 3 and certain other parts of the constitution into effect. Initial changes to the text made by the Nineteenth Amendment 1998 The Nineteenth Amendment introduced Article 29, Section 7 to the constitution. Subsections 1 and 2 are here reproduced ... would continue to be valid. The Nineteenth Amendment was introduced by the Fianna F il Progressive Democrats ... Referendum title Nineteenth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland referendum ref cite web url ... en act cam 0019 index.html Nineteenth Amendment of the Constitution Act, 1998 Full text at http www.irishstatutebook.ie ...   more details




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