Infobox Station name Freezing Works type New Zealand Railways Department New Zealand Government Railways NZGR br regional rail image image size image caption address Kotua Street & Elms Street, Stoke coordinates coord 41 19 43.26 S 173 12 26.42 E type railwaystation region NZ line Nelson Section other structure platform depth levels tracks parking bicycle baggage check passengers pass year pass percent pass system opened April 1909 closed 3 September 1955 rebuilt electrified ADA code owned Nelson Freezing Company zone former services mpassengers The Nelson Freezing Company s works between Stoke, New Zealand Stoke and Richmond, New Zealand Richmond in the Tasman District Tasman district of New Zealand s South Island were a major source of traffic for the Nelson Section from 1909 to 1955. This was a freight only station, with no passenger facilities ever being located at this site. Facilities at this station included a twenty three wagon loop, stockyards, an unloading ramp and a private siding that ended beside the freezer chamber. History The Nelson Freezing Company constructed its slaughterhouse freezing works beside the railway which was between the Waimea Inlet and the works and in April 1909 shipped its first load of frozen mutton carcases the convert 7 mi to the port in three trains of 6 insulated wagons to be loaded on the refrigerated ship SS Rakaia . This allowed for one train to be loading at the works, one to be unloading at the port, and the other to be in transit. Much of the livestock that supplied the works was transported in via the railway from farms to the south. For around three decades, an average of 30,000 head of livestock per annum were transported to the works, though this could fluctuate significantly from one year to the next. The livestock trade on the Nelson Section, however, paled in comparison to that on the neighbouring Picton Section now part ... on 3 September 1955. Today The freezing works have long since closed and been demolished. The site ... more details
Infobox UK SI title Landsbanki Freezing Order 2008 number 2008 2668 territorial extent United Kingdom made under Anti terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2001 2001 c. 24, ss. 4 and 14 and schedule 3 made 10.00 am, 8 October 2008 laid before Parliament 12 noon, 8 October 2008 entry into force 10.10 am, 8 October 2008 amended by S.I. 2008 2766 status Current The Landsbanki Freezing Order 2008 ref UK SI year 2008 number 2668 section title The Landsbanki Freezing Order 2008 isbn made 10.00am 8 October 2008 laid 12.00 noon 8 October 2008 force 10.10am 8 October 2008 ref later amended ref UK SI year 2008 number 2766 section url http www.opsi.gov.uk si si2008 uksi 20082766 en 1 title The Landsbanki Freezing Amendment Order 2008 isbn made 20 October 2008 laid 20 October 2008 force 21 October 2008 ref is an Order of HM Treasury to freeze the assets of Iceland ic bank Landsbanki in the United Kingdom made under the Anti terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2001 , by virtue of the fact that the Treasury reasonably believed that action to the detriment of the United Kingdom s economy or part of it has been or is likely to be taken by a person or persons. ref cite web title Anti terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2001 Section 4 Power to make an order url http www.opsi.gov.uk acts acts2001 ukpga 20010024 en 2 pt2 pb1 l1g4 publisher OPSI ref As required by the enabling Act, the Order was approved by both Houses of Parliament on 28 October 2008, which was 20 days after the Order had come into force. ref http www.publications.parliament.uk pa ld200708 ldselect ldmerit 178 17803.htm a2 House of Lords Select Committee on Merits of Statutory Instruments Twenty Ninth Report 14 October 2008 . http www.publications.parliament.uk pa cm200708 cmgeneral deleg2 081027 81027s01.htm House of Commons Second Delegated Legislation Committee Debate 27 October 2008 . http www.publications.parliament.uk pa ld200708 ldhansrd text 81028 0012.htm 08102877000003 House of Lords Debate 28 October 2008 . http ... more details
about the Japanese anime TV show the BBC comedy TV show Freezing TV series File Freezing Vol.1 DVD cover.jpg 210px thumb right Cover of the first DVD Blu ray volume of Freezing as released by Media Factory on March 30, 2011. Freezing manga Freezing is a 2011 science fiction sci fi action anime based ... partners, called Limiters, who use special freezing powers to limit their opponent s mobility ... staff index.html title Freezing Anime Staff language Japanese accessdate January 9, 2011 ref The anime ... It ll Explode Heart Pounding Trouble Freezing Hajikechau Dokidoki Toraburu ... freezing sci fi anime title News Funimation to Simulcast Freezing Science Fiction Anime publisher ... and her Limiters humiliate and sexually harass Satellizer, Kazuya activates his Freezing powers to stop ... to his powerful Freezing ability, Satellizer is able to knock down both Leo and Ingrid, but, hellbent ... Kazuya as her Limiter, as she does not feel uncomfortable when he touches her and he can do Freezing ... it out on Kazuya, and tortures Arthur and Kaho for interfering. In anger, Kazuya activates his Freezing ... for his Freezing powers, which Lana brings Satellizer to a training facility where they fight over who ... which becomes transparent under the spotlight, but Kazuya uses his Freezing ability to freeze the crowd ... ref ref http twitter.com freezing anime status 46902156573413376 Official Tweet from Freezing ... release of tentative airtime schedule from Freezing anime website ref ShortSummary As the Nova Forms ... of his Freezing abilities to stop Cassie and tells Satellizer how important she is to him which the latter realize how much Kazuya cares about being her partner. Cassie breaks free of Kazuya s Freezing ... Form and uses her to cast a powerful Freezing ability to stop the Pandoras as it goes after Maria s body. Hearing her cries for help, Kazuya activates his Freezing on Satellizer and thanks to Kazuha s spirit, she breaks free of the Nova s control and stops its Freezing which finally allows the Pandoras ... more details
primary sources date October 2011 File Freezing wraparound.jpg thumb right 360px Satellizer el Bridget left and Kazuya Aoi right , two of the three main characters of Freezing . The manga and anime series Freezing manga Freezing features a diverse cast of characters written by Dall Young Lim and illustrated ... girls with super fighting skills and their male partners who use special freezing powers to limit ... tissue bone tissue is composed of Stigmata tissue, ref Freezing manga Volume 3, Chapter 13 ref enabling him to use Freezing without unifying his senses with a Pandora. ref name v1c3 Freezing manga Volume 1, Chapter 3 ref Freezing normally can only be done after the pair has performed a ceremony called ... s Freezing is omnidirectional, ref Freezing manga Volume 2, Chapter 9 ref an ability that was thought to be limited to Novas, and can also break the Freezing of multiple Limiters. ref name v1c3 This makes .... ref name v3c14 Freezing manga Volume 3, Chapter 14 ref Her Genetics uniform is also unique ... had gone through and told her to never lose and to become stronger than anyone. ref Freezing manga ... an affinity for knitting. ref Freezing manga Volume 1, Chapter 5 ref After facing her past demons ... due to her family s influence. ref Freezing manga Volume 5, Chapter 26 ref She tends to remove ... . ref Freezing manga Volume 7, Chapter 39 ref She specializes in hand to hand combat with her Volt ... ep5 Freezing anime Episode 5 ref Her Volt Weapon, nihongo Bolt Axe Boruto Akkusu , is a poleaxe ... a special ability called nihongo Illusion Turn Iry jon T n . ref Freezing manga Volume 4 ... manga Freezing First Chronicle , which focuses on her first year at West Genetics. ref cite web url http www.animenewsnetwork.com news 2011 09 23 freezing manga gets first chronicle spinoff manga series title Freezing Manga Gets First Chronicle Spinoff Manga Series publisher Anime News Network ... released his Stigmata beyond his limits to strengthen his Freezing, as he would rather give his life ... more details
The Saskatoon freezing deaths were a series of deaths amongst Aboriginal peoples in Canada Canadian Aboriginal people in Saskatoon . There have been accusations these deaths may have been caused by members of the Saskatoon Police Service . The accusation is that officers would arrest aboriginal men and drive them out of the city in the dead of winter to abandon them. The practice is known as starlight tours . ref name dispatch cite news url http www.uregina.ca alumni news aen nfrcdaafdis.htm title New film renews community discussion about Aboriginal freezing deaths in Saskatoon work Dispatch publisher University of Regina accessdate 15 February 2010 ref Some of the Aboriginal men that have died of hypothermia are Rodney Naistus, Lawrence Wegner and Neil Stonechild . Rodney Naistus and Lawrence Wegner died in 2000 and their bodies were discovered on the outskirts of Saskatoon. However, inquests in 2001 and 2002 into their deaths were unable to determine the circumstances. The inquest jury s recommendations all related to police policies and police Aboriginal relations. ref http www.pch.gc.ca ddp hrd docs cat 2002 sk eng.cfm Excerpts from Third Report of Canada on the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment ref Neil Stonechild s body was found in 1990 in a field outside Saskatoon. A 2003 inquest was not able to determine the circumstances that lead to his death. ref name CBC indepth cite news url http www.cbc.ca news background stonechild index.html title Who was Neil Stonechild? date November 3, 2005 work CBC News publisher Canadian Broadcasting Corporation CBC accessdate 15 February 2010 ref ref name Vue In January 2000, Darrel Night was dropped off on the outskirts of Saskatoon but was able to survive. The two officers involved were convicted of unlawful confinement in September 2001 and sentenced to eight months in prison ... for Education, Law, & Society at SFU DEFAULTSORT Saskatoon Freezing Deaths Category Police brutality ... more details
class wikitable Solvent Boiling Point C Ebullioscopic constant K sub b sub C mol kg sup 1 sup Freezing Point C Cryoscopic constant K sub f sub C mol kg sup 1 sup Data source Aniline 184.3 3.69 5.96 5.87 K sub b sub & K sub f sub ref name e and r Eastman. E.D. and Rollefson, G.K. Physical Chemistry 1947 ed. McGraw Hill p307 ref Lauric Acid 298.9 44 3.9 Acetic acid 118.1 3.07 16.6 3.90 K sub b sub ref name e and r K sub f sub ref name pauling Pauling, Linus General Chemistry 1970 ed. Dover Publications pp459 460 ref Acetone 56.2 1.67 94.8 K sub b sub ref name moore Moore, Walter J. Physical Chemistry 1962 ed. Prentice Hall p132 ref Benzene 80.1 2.65 5.5 5.12 was 5.2 K sub b sub & K sub f sub ref name pauling Bromobenzene 156.0 6.26 Camphor 204.0 5.95 179 40 was 39.7 K sub f sub ref name pauling Carbon disulfide 46.2 2.34 111.5 3.83 Carbon tetrachloride 76.8 4.88 was 5.02 22.8 29.8 K sub b sub & K sub f sub ref name e and r Chloroform 61.2 3.88 was 3.63 63.5 4.90 was 4.68 K sub b sub & K sub f sub ref name e and r Cyclohexane 80.74 2.79 6.55 20.2 Diethyl ether 34.5 2.16 was 2.02 116.2 1.79 K sub b sub & K sub f sub ref name e and r Ethanol 78.4 1.19 was 1.22 114.6 1.99 K sub b sub ref name pauling 1,2 Dibromoethane Ethylene bromide 130.0 6.43 9.974 12.5 K sub b sub & K sub f sub ref name e and r Formic acid 101.0 2.4 8.0 2.77 K sub b sub & K sub f sub ref name e and r Naphthalene 217.9 80.2 6.80 Nitrobenzene 210.8 5.24 5.7 7.00 Phenol 181.75 3.60 was 3.56 43.0 7.27 was 7.40 K sub f sub ref name pauling K sub b sub ref name e and r Water 100.00 0.512 0.0 1.86 K sub b sub & K sub f sub ref name pauling Solvent Freezing Point C Kb C m Acetic Acid 16.6 3.90 Benzene 5.5 4.90 Camphor 179.8 37.7 Carbon Disulfide 111.5 3.83 Carbon tetrachloride 23 30. Chloroform 63.5 4.70 Cyclohexane 6.55 20.0 Diethyl Ether 116.2 1.79 Ethanol 117.3 1.99 Nitrobenzene 5.7 7.00 Phenol 43.0 7.40 Water 0.00 1.86 References references See also Freezing point depression Boiling point elevation Chemical ... more details
Infobox UK legislation short title Terrorist Asset Freezing Temporary Provisions Act 2010 parliament Parliament of the United Kingdom long title An Act to make provision for the temporary validity of certain Orders in Council imposing financial restrictions on, and in relation to, persons suspected of involvement in terrorist activity and for connected purposes. statute book chapter 2010 c.2 introduced by Alistair Darling ref cite hansard url http www.publications.parliament.uk pa cm200910 cmhansrd cm100205 debtext 100205 0001.htm 10020534000010 house House of Commons date 5 February 2010 column 517 ref territorial extent England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland royal assent 10 February 2010 commencement 10 February 2010 repeal date 17 December 2010 amendments related legislation repealing legislation Terrorist Asset Freezing etc. Act 2010 status Repealed original text http www.legislation.gov.uk ukpga 2010 2 contents enacted use new UK LEG yes legislation history The Terrorist Asset Freezing Temporary Provisions Act 2010 is an Acts of Parliament in the United Kingdom Act of the United Kingdom Parliament to make provision for the temporary validity of certain Order in Council Orders in Council imposing financial restrictions on, and in relation to, persons suspected of involvement in terrorism terrorist activity and for connected purposes. It was introduced in the House of Commons on 5 February 2010 and received royal assent on 10 February. The Act was passed following a ruling by the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom on 27 January 2010 that asset freezing orders made under the United Nations Act 1946 were unlawful, because the 1946 Act was not intended to authorise ... the orders until Parliament could pass new asset freezing legislation which complied with the Court ... House of Commons date 8 February 2010 column 648 ref The Act was repealed by the Terrorist Asset Freezing ... Live discussion on the Terrorist Asset Freezing Temporary Provisions Act 2010 UK legislation Category ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Cold hardening is the physiological and biochemical process by which an organism prepares for cold weather . Plants Image Plant cell structure svg.svg thumb 200px Schematic of typical plant cell During the winter months, as the leaves fall off deciduous species and the temperature drops, the cold forces a stop to water movement in plant s. Freezing water can also cause irreversible damage to Cell biology cell s in plants as water solidifies. To guard against this, plants prepare for winter with a process called cold hardening. The process begins as the cell membrane permeability undergoes a change that permits water to seep into the intracellular voids. In addition, the cells store large amounts of sugars in the protoplasm , decreasing its freezing point. Cold hardening protects plants from both chilling injury and freezing injury. Chilling injury occurs at 0 10 degrees Celsius, as a result of membrane damage, metabolic changes, and toxic buildup. Symptoms include wilting, water soaking, necrosis , chlorosis , ion leakage, and decreased growth. Freezing injury occurs at temperatures below 0 degrees Celsius. Symptoms of extracellular freezing include structural damage, dehydration, and necrosis. If intracellular freezing occurs, it will lead to death. Freezing injury is a result of lost permeability, plasmolysis, and post thaw cell bursting. See Also Hardening botany Cryobiology DEFAULTSORT Cold Hardening Category Physiology Ecology stub fr Ao tement ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Image Ice accretion indicator.JPG thumb Standard Ice Accretion Indicator upside down The ice accretion indicator is an L shaped piece of aluminium 38 cm 15.0 in long by 5 cm 2.0 in wide. It is used to indicate the formation of ice , frost or the presence of freezing rain or freezing drizzle . It is normally attached to a Stevenson screen but may be mounted in other areas away from any artificial heat sources. The weather station would have two on site and they would be exchanged after every weather observation. The spare indicator should always be at the outside air temperature to ensure that it is ready for use. If the observer notes the presence of ice or frost on the indicator then a remark to that effect should be sent in the next weather observation. Examples of these are Hard rime rime icing on indicator and FROIN frost on indicator . As the indicator is at air temperature and is kept horizontal it provides an excellent surface on which to observe freezing precipitation. See also Automated airport weather station Meteorological equipment Category Meteorological instrumentation and equipment ... more details
refimprove date December 2009 wikify date December 2009 expert subject Chemistry date December 2009 File tubeice.jpg thumb right alt tubeice alt text tubeice Tube ice is a type of solid ice and water mixture in tube shape. It is made by a tube ice generator . It can be used in the cooling process, such as temperature controlling, fish fresh freezing, beverage bottle freezing, etc. It can be consumed alone and with food or beverages. The tube ice generator ice generator The tube ice generator in which the water is frozen in tubes extended vertically within a surrounding casing defining a freezing chamber spaced above the bottom of which is a distributor plate having apertures surrounding the tubes and defining the separate chamber into a warm gas is passed to heat the tubes to cause the ice rods to slide therefrom. ref http www.freepatentsonline.com 3759061.html Explanation of tube ice machine from freepatentsonline ref References reflist Category Water ice ... more details
Multiple issues refimprove June 2010 orphan August 2010 notability June 2010 Freeze Lounge is an Indian Chain of Ice Bar Designed by Ice Box, UK from sculpted blocks of ice, based in New Delhi , India. Freeze Lounge is reconstructed every six month, and durability of ice is dependent upon constant sub freezing temperatures during construction and operation. The walls, fixtures, and fittings are made entirely of ice, and are held together using a substance known as snice . References http www.londonlaunch.com newsArticle.asp?newsID 4219 http www.dnaindia.com lifestyle report theme based lounge bar business picking up in metropolitan cities 1385364 http wikimapia.org 15884952 Freeze Lounge http www.hindustantimes.com Freezing in Delhi Article1 522377.aspx http in.news.yahoo.com 139 20100520 832 tbs theme based lounge bar business pick 1.html http www.commodityonline.com news Food Beverage Trends Delhis North Pole feel 26683 3 1.html http in.news.yahoo.com 32 20100324 1072 ten freezing in delhi.html http photogallery.navbharattimes.indiatimes.com articleshow 5852844.cms coord missing Delhi Category Buildings and structures in Delhi ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 In Norse mythology , Slidr is a river in Hel realm Hel , the land of the dead. Glaciers pour into it from the freezing well of Hvergelmir , and swords turn beneath its waters. Norse mythology Category Rivers in Norse mythology Norse myth stub da Slid nordisk mytologi fr Slidr pl Slid sv Slid ... more details
In thermodynamics, the cryoscopic constant , K sub f sub , allows one to relate molality to freezing point depression . It is the ratio of the latter to the former math triangle T f K f cdot m cdot i math where i is the van t Hoff factor , the number of particles the solute splits into or forms when dissolved. Through the procedure called cryoscopy , a known constant can be used to calculate an unknown molar mass . The term cryoscopy comes from the Greek language and means freezing measurement. This is related to ebullioscopy , which determines the same value from the ebullioscopic constant of boiling point elevation . The K sub f sub for water is 1.853 kelvin K kg mol. ref Citation last Aylward first Gordon author link Gordon Aylward last2 Findlay first2 Tristan author2 link Tristan Findlay title SI Chemical Data 5th ed. place Sweden publisher John Wiley & Sons year 2002 edition 5 pages 202 isbn 0470800445 ref See also Freezing point depression List of boiling and freezing information of solvents References references Category Thermodynamics Category Phase transitions thermodynamics stub chemistry stub de Kryoskopische Konstante nl Cryoscopische constante pl Sta a krioskopowa pt Constante criosc pica vi H ng s nghi m l nh ... more details
Multiple issues howto April 2011 unreferenced April 2011 File Trauerfliege.JPG thumb winged fungus gnat Fungus gnats are small, dark, short lived fly flies , of the families Sciaridae , Diadocidiidae , Ditomyiidae , Keroplatidae , Bolitophilidae and Mycetophilidae order Diptera , sometimes placed in the Family biology superfamily Mycetophiloidea, whose larva e feed on plant roots or fungi and aid in the decomposition of organic matter . The adults are 2 5 mm long and are important pollinator s that can help spread mushroom spore s as well as plant pollen. Typically overwintering organisms elect either to avoid freezing or tolerate freezing, but Excechia nugatoria does both. To protect its head and thorax, E. nugatoria produces noncolligative antifreeze proteins NAP , but allows its abdomen to freeze. Although how this complicated mechanism evolved is unclear, Sformo et al. poses that each trait is advantageous. By allowing the abdomen to freeze, overall evaporative water loss is reduced over the course of the winter. Meanwhile, freezing the head and thorax in other insects tends to have adverse effects on neural tissue, indicating it is best to avoid freezing the head if possible. These mechanisms have been observed in certain plant species, but E. nugatoria is the only insect known to semi freeze through the winter. ref http www2.gi.alaska.edu ScienceForum ASF19 1960.html ref ref http www.springerlink.com content t1608ql22m525001 ref References reflist Category Nematocera fly stub de Trauerm cken it Moscerini dei funghi pl Ziemi rkowate fi Harsos sket ... more details
Ice Castles may refer to Ice Castles , a 1978 American romantic drama, starring Lynn Holly Johnson and Robby Benson Ice Castles, a song by Ween from their 2000 album White Pepper A name given to the Frost flower , these are ice structures formed on plants during freezing weather See also Ice castle disambiguation Ice palace disambig ... more details
Unreferenced date March 2007 The Milkweed EP is the debut release by Canada Canadian singer songwriter Royal Wood , released in 2002. Track listing Of Milkweed Chamomile Freezing in Fire Dog Eared Day Off My Sleeve DEFAULTSORT Milkweed Category 2002 EPs Category Royal Wood albums 2000s pop album stub ... more details
cycles of freezing and thawing can be performed without causing a level of risk significantly higher than following a single cycle of freezing and thawing. This is provided that samples are refrozen ..., Zieschang JA, Clark AM title The effect of repeated freezing and thawing on human sperm DNA fragmentation ... more details
A C G T is a Japan ese anime animation production company, founded in 2001. It has been involved in the development of many series, predominantly contributing to other studios and adapting works based on light novels and manga . It is a subsidiary of OB Planning , who handles executive production on many of its series. A.C.G.T also works regularly with Genco , who at times provides executive production while A.C.G.T completes animation production. The name A.C.G.T may be a reference to ACGT the four nucleic acids in DNA . Reference necessary date April 2011 Their latest show animated and released is the 2011 animated adaption of Freezing manga Freezing . Works Seven of Seven 2002 Human Crossing 2003 Kino s Journey 2003 Initial D Initial D Fourth Stage 2004 Koi Kaze 2004 Project Blue Earth SOS 2006 GR Giant Robo 2007 Wangan Midnight 2007 Kimi ga Aruji de Shitsuji ga Ore de 2008 Monochrome Factor 2008 Freezing manga Freezing 2011 External links Official website http www.obkikaku.com work acgt ann company 749 Category Japanese animation studios Category Companies established in 2001 Category 2001 establishments in Japan Japan company stub Anime stub fr A.C.G.T ko ja uk A.C.G.T ... more details
Wiktionary sleet Wikisource1911Enc Sleet refers to two distinct forms of Precipitation meteorology precipitation Rain and snow mixed , snow that partially melts as it falls UK, Ireland, Australia and Canada . Ice pellets , one of three forms of precipitation in a US style wintry mix , the other two being snow and freezing rain US . The latter is referred to as sleet mainly by the United States National Weather Service . In some countries, such as Canada and the UK, sleet is not a recognized meteorological term. Environment Canada will call it a mix of snow and rain or a wintery mix and will use the term ice pellets to describe frozen, granular precipitation. See also Freezing rain Graupel Ice storm snow hail disambig Category Snow de Eisregen ... more details
KF or Kf may stand for Kooperativa F rbundet , a cooperative Swedish retail chain a member of the Mazda K engine family the IATA code for Blue1 , an airline based in Finland the metal halide salt chemistry salt Potassium fluoride the Kalman Filter Kettle Foods Katamari Forever a game on the PlayStation 3 Killing Floor 2009 video game A cooperative horror survival game for the PC. Klein Flange, a Vacuum flange KF.2FQF quick release vacuum flange The symbol for freezing point depression constant , K sub f sub see freezing point depression disambiguation Category Initialisms cs KF da KF de KF fa KF fr KF ko KF it KF sw KF ja KF pl KF sl KF fi Kf sv KF ... more details
chilled bottles ice inside ref Temperature. Chipped ice in water is the standard for the freezing ... of the machines is partially to keep the water from freezing solid. Some of the drinks have additives to make the freezing temperature of the mix lower, so that the drink can be much colder than ... the mixture from freezing solid there must be between 12 22 of Sugar present in the solution. The sugar ... more details
Freeze thaw resistance , or freezeing and thawing resistance , is the property of solid s to resist cyclic freezing and melting . Further reading cite book title Polymers in Concrete author Satish Chandra, Yoshihiko Ohama chapter Freeze Thaw resistance pages 40&ndash 42 publisher CRC Press date 1994 isbn 0849348153 isbn13 9780849348150 cite conference title Freeze&ndash thaw Durability of Concrete author J. Marchand, Michel Pigeon, and M. Setzer conference Proceedings of the International Workshop in the Resistance of Concrete to Scaling Due to Freezing in the Presence of De icing Salts, Sainte Foy, Qué bec, Canada publisher Taylor & Francis date 1997 id ISBN 0419200002 ISBN 9780419200000 Category Cold ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Image Cryophorus.svg thumb 300px right A diagram of a cryophorus showing water evaporating from the left bulb and condensing and freezing in the right bulb. A cryophorus is a glass container containing liquid water and water vapor . It is used in physics courses to demonstrate rapid freezing by evaporation . A typical cryophorus has a bulb at one end connected to a tube of the same material. When the liquid water is manipulated into the bulbed end and the other end is submerged into liquid Nitrogen the gas pressure drops as it is cooled. The liquid water begins to evaporate, producing more water vapor. Evaporation causes the water to cool rapidly to its freezing point and it solidifies suddenly. History The cryophorus was first described by William Hyde Wollaston in an 1811 paper titled, On a method of freezing at a distance. ref Cite journal title On a Method of Freezing at a Distance last Wollaston first William Hyde date 1813 journal Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London volume 103 pages 71 74 doi 10.1098 rstl.1813.0010 jstor 107389 ref ref http www.1911encyclopedia.org William Hyde Wollaston William Hyde Wollaston , Encyclopaedia Britannica , 11th Edition, 1911 ref Further reading Cite journal title Wollaston s cryophosphorus precursor of the heat pipe last Smith first B.A. date September 1980 journal Physics Education volume 15 issue 5 pages 310 314 url http www.iop.org EJ abstract 0031 9120 15 5 006 doi 10.1088 0031 9120 15 5 006 bibcode 1980PhyEd..15..310S References Reflist Category Laboratory glassware Category Phase transitions Category Physics education Category Thermodynamics io Krioforo pl Kriofor physics stub ... more details
for ionized solutes can lead to an estimation of the percentage of ionization taking place. Freezing point depression cryoscopy Freezing Point sub solution sub Freezing Point sub solvent sub T sub ... for the freezing point of water b molality i Van t Hoff factor Freezing point, or the equilibrium between ... establishment of equilibrium is achieved at a lower temperature at which the rate of freezing becomes equal to the rate of liquefying. The freezing point of a substance is defined as the temperature ... between the freezing points of the pure solvent and the solution is called depression in freezing ... more details
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