Frequencydeviation f is used in Frequency modulation FM radio to describe the maximum instantaneous difference between an FM modulated frequency and the Center frequency nominal carrier frequency . The term is sometimes mistakenly used as synonymous with frequency drift , which is an unintended offset of an oscillator from its nominal frequency. The frequencydeviation of a radio is of particular importance in relation to Bandwidth signal processing bandwidth , because less deviation means that more channels can fit into the same amount of frequency spectrum . The FM broadcasting range 88 108 MHz uses a channel spacing of 200 kHz, with a maximum frequencydeviation of 75 kHz, leaving a 25 kHz buffer above the highest and below the lowest frequency to reduce interaction with other channels. ref http hyperphysics.phy astr.gsu.edu hbase audio radio.html ref AM broadcasting uses a channel spacing of 10 kHz, but with amplitude modulation frequencydeviation is irrelevant. FM applications use peak deviations of 75 kHz 200 kHz spacing , 5 kHz 25 kHz spacing , 2.25 kHz 12.5 kHz spacing , and 2 kHz 8.33 kHz spacing . ref http www.rsgb spectrumforum.org.uk Papers VHF Davos 20C5 20Papers DV05 C5 17 20SARL 20NBFM.pdf ref See also Frequency modulation References FS1037C MS188 reflist Category Telecommunications it Deviazione di frequenza pl Dewiacja cz stotliwo ci ru ... more details
wiktionary deviate deviated deviates deviationDeviation may refer to Deviation statistics , the difference between the value of an observation and the mean of the population in mathematics and statistics Standard deviation , which is based on the square of the difference Absolute deviation , where the absolute value of the difference is used Frequencydeviation , the maximum allowed distance in FM radio from the nominal frequency a station broadcasts at Magnetic deviation , the error induced in compasses by local magnetic fields Deviation law is a departure from a contract or a ship s course, thus breaching the contract Deviationism , an expressed belief which is not in accordance with official party doctrine Deviation Records , a record label Deviance sociology Deviant behavior , a behavior that is a recognized violation of social norms Deviation Jayne County album Deviation Jayne County album , 1995 Deviation B la Fleck album Deviation B la Fleck album , 1984 Deviate Kill II This album Deviate Kill II This album , 1998 Deviation film , a 2006 short film disambiguation de Deviation fr D viation mk no Deviasjon pl Dewiacja ru sk Devi cia sv Deviation uk ... more details
range FrequencydeviationFrequency spectrum Hearing range High frequency limit Hyperacusis Interaction ... frequency top to highest frequency bottom . f is the frequency in hertz Hz , meaning the number of cycles ... are reciprocal mathematics reciprocals . Frequency is the number of occurrences of a repeating event per unit time . It is also referred to as temporal frequency . The period is the duration of one turn geometry cycle in a repeating event, so the period is the reciprocal mathematics reciprocal of the frequency. For example, if a newborn baby s heart beats at a frequency of 120 times a minute, its ... processes, such as rotation , oscillation s, or wave s, frequency is defined as a number of cycles per unit time. In physics and engineering disciplines, such as optics , acoustics , and radio , frequency ... SI units, the unit of frequency is the hertz Hz , named after the German physicist Heinrich Hertz ... by one cycle, and is the reciprocal mathematics reciprocal of the frequency f math T frac 1 f math ... than those above. The horizontal axis represents time. By counting Calculating the frequency of a repeating ... within 15 seconds the frequency is math f frac 71 15 , mbox sec approx 4.7 , mbox hertz , math If the number ... an average error in the calculated frequency of f 1 2 T sub m sub , or a fractional ... interval and f is the measured frequency. This error decreases with frequency, so it is a problem ... the frequency of rotating or vibrating objects is to use a stroboscope . This is an intense repetitively flashing light strobe light whose frequency can be adjusted with a calibrated timing circuit. The strobe light is pointed at the rotating object and the frequency adjusted up and down. When the frequency of the strobe equals the frequency of the rotating or vibrating object, the object completes ... when illuminated by the strobe the object appears stationary. Then the frequency can be read from the calibrated ... multiple of the strobing frequency will also appear stationary. By frequency counter Higher ... more details
TDEV time deviation is a metric often used to determine an aspect of the quality of timing signals in Synchronization in telecommunications Quality metrics telecommunication applications and is a statistical analysis of the phase stability of a signal over a given period. Measurements of a reference timing signal will refer to its TDEV and MTIE values, comparing them to specified masks or goals. Time deviation TDEV ref name NISTSP1065 NIST SP 1065 http tf.nist.gov timefreq general pdf 2220.pdf Handbook of Frequency Stability Analysis ref also known as math sigma x tau math is the time stability of phase x versus observation interval of the measured clock source. The time deviation thus forms a standard deviation type of measurement to indicate the time instability of the signal source. This is a scaled variant of frequency stability of Allan variance and Allan variance Allan deviation Allan deviation . It is commonly defined from the modified Allan deviation , but other estimators may be used. Time variance TVAR also known as math sigma x 2 tau math is the time stability of phase versus observation interval tau. It is a scaled variant of Modified Allan variance see below . Definition The most common estimator uses the modified Allan variance math sigma x 2 tau frac tau 2 3 operatorname mod sigma y 2 n tau 0 math where math tau n tau o math . The 3 in the denominator normalizes TVAR to be equal to the classical variance if the deviations in x are random and uncorrelated white noise . or TDEV, which is the square root of TVAR, may be derived from MDEV modified Allan deviation math sigma x tau frac tau sqrt 3 operatorname mod sigma y n tau 0 math References references Category Signal processing metrics Category Measurement statistics stub ... more details
Infobox musical artist name The Frequency image image size 220 caption From left to right Marc Cazorla, Alex Stiff background group or band origin Los Angeles , California , United States genre Indie rock , Electronica , Ambient music Ambient years active 2005 present label Ropeadope Records br Trussed website http www.thefrequencymusic.net Official Website current members Marc Cazorla br Alex Stiff br Mark Quinn The Frequency are an independent rock band from Los Angeles, CA. Marc Cazorla and Alex Stiff are the core songwriting and recording duo behind the music and use an array of analog and vintage instruments in creating sounds that have been described by NME as stripped back music strengthened by simplicity as much as beauty . Q Magazine has given the new release Morning to 3 A.M. 3 out of 4 stars and hails the band as able to form perfectly crafted Air like synth pop while also stretching their wings on the 17 minute ever shifting psych rock track Ego Is the Drug 3 A.M. The Frequency have recently signed a worldwide publishing deal with http www.chrysalismusic.co.uk Chrysalis Music in the UK and the song Jim Gordon Part II has been heard all over the globe due to being licensed for a yearlong BlackBerry television commercial campaign. Music from The Frequency can also be found ... Daily newspaper to declare The Frequency should be on every rock fan s radar. The Frequency s Jim Gordon ... Machine self release 2007 The Frequency EP Ropeadope Digital Compilations Explorations Classic Picante ... Free Download Oct 09 http www.nme.com reviews the frequency 10684 NME Review July 09 http www.dmcupdate.com ... External links http www.thefrequencymusic.net The Frequency s official website http www.myspace.com thefrequencymusic The Frequency s myspace http www.facebook.com pages The Frequency 5877798251?ref mf The Frequency on Facebook http www.twitter.com the frequency The Frequency on Twitter http absenceofgiants.com www.absenceofgiants.com DEFAULTSORT Frequency, The Category American indie rock groups ... more details
other uses Standard Deviation disambiguation Image standard deviation diagram.svg 325px thumb A plot of a normal distribution or bell curve . Each band has a width of 1 standard deviation. See also 68 ... value 0 and standard deviation 1 Image Standard deviation illustration.gif frame right A data set with a mean of 50 shown in blue and a standard deviation of 20. File Comparison standard .... In statistics and probability theory , standard deviation shows how much variation or statistical dispersion dispersion exists from the average mean , or expected value . A low standard deviation indicates that the data points tend to be very close to the mean , whereas high standard deviation indicates that the data points are spread out over a large range of values. The standard deviation of a random ... the average absolute deviation . ref cite journal last Gauss first Carl Friedrich authorlink Carl Friedrich ... A useful property of standard deviation is that, unlike variance, it is expressed in the same units as the data. In addition to expressing the variability of a population, standard deviation is commonly ... poll polling data is determined by calculating the expected standard deviation in the results if the same ... the standard deviation the radius of a 95 percent confidence interval . In science , researchers commonly report the standard deviation of experimental data, and only effects that fall far outside the range of standard deviation are considered statistically significant normal random error or variation in the measurements is in this way distinguished from causal variation. Standard deviation is also important in finance , where the standard deviation on the rate of return on an investment is a measure ... of data from a population is available, the population standard deviation can be estimated by a modified quantity called the sample standard deviation, Estimation explained below . Generalizing from ... . Their mean number &mu is the mid point and the standard deviation &sigma is the distance from each ... more details
Unreferenced date February 2007 In mathematics and statistics , deviation is a measure of difference for levels of measurement interval and ratio variables between the observed value and the mean . The sign of deviation positive or negative , reports the direction of that difference it is larger when the sign is positive, and smaller if it is negative . The magnitude of the value indicates the size of the difference. Deviations are known as Errors and residuals in statistics errors or residuals deviations from the population mean are errors, while deviations from the sample mean are residuals. The sum of the deviations across the entire set of all observations from the mean is always zero, and the average deviation is zero. Measures of deviation Dispersion Statistics of the distribution of deviations are used as measures of statistical dispersion . Standard deviation is the frequently used measure of dispersion it uses Square algebra squared deviations, and has desirable properties, but is not robust statistics robust . Absolute deviation Average absolute deviation , sometimes called the average deviation is calculated using the absolute value of deviation it is the sum of absolute values of the deviations divided by the number of observations. Median absolute deviation is a robust statistic which uses the median, not the mean, of absolute deviations. Maximum absolute deviation is a highly non robust measure, which uses the maximum absolute deviation. Standardizing and Studentizing For more on Studentizing, see Studentization , Studentized residual , and Studentized range . Deviations ... often either the population standard deviation, in standardizing , or the sample standard deviation, in studentizing . One can also scale by location, not dispersion the formula for a percent deviation ... also Errors and residuals in statistics Standard score Studentized residual Absolute deviation Standard deviation Squared deviations Variance DEFAULTSORT Deviation Statistics Category Statistical ... more details
For ulnar deviation as a type of hand movement, see anatomical terms of motion Ulnar deviation under Anatomical terms of location . Ulnar deviation , also known as ulnar drift , is a hand deformity in which the swelling of the metacarpus metacarpophalangeal joints the big knuckles at the base of the fingers causes the fingers to become displaced, tending towards the little finger. Its name comes from the displacement toward the ulna as opposed to radial deviation , in which fingers are displaced toward the radius bone radius . Ulnar deviation is likely to be a characteristic of rheumatoid arthritis , more than of osteoarthritis . Ulnar deviation is also a physiological movement of the wrist, where the hand including the fingers move towards the ulna. Ulnar deviation is a disorder in which flexion by ulnar nerve innervated muscles is intact while flexion on the median nerve side is not. Category Hand DEFAULTSORT Ulnar Deviation Medicine stub de Ulnardeviation ... more details
Image Minimum deviation.jpg thumb Angle of deviation. The blue square represents a transparent object. Red arrows at left and right represent incident and emerging light beams, respectively. File Minimum deviation of a prism.svg thumb In a prism, the deviation is minimal for the symmetric light path top trace . The minimum deviation is the angle between the incident and emerging light ray after transmission through an object such as a prism optics prism or a Drop liquid water drop . The angle is also referred to as the angle of minimum deviation . ref cite web author Mark A. Peterson url http www.mtholyoke.edu mpeterso classes phys103 geomopti MinDev.html title Minimum Deviation by a Prism publisher Mount Holyoke College ref The direction of the incident beam and the orientation of the object can be varied. The value of D can be larger than 90 degree angle degree s. One of the factors that rainbow can be observed is due to bunching of light rays at the minimum deviation that is close to the rainbow angle . The angle of minimum deviation depends upon Wavelength of the light ray The angle of minimum deviation is smaller for shorter wavelengths and larger for longer wavelengths, so the red end of the spectrum deviates less than the violet end. Material of the prism The larger the refractive index of the material, the larger the angle of minimum deviation. Angle of prism A The larger the angle of prism, the larger the angle of minimum deviation. Angle of incidence i The angle of deviation is dependant on the angle of incidence in the form of a U shaped curve If a line is drawn parallel to the angle of incidence axis X axis , it cuts the graph at two points, showing that there are two values of angle of incidence for an angle of deviation. However, at the point of angle of minimum deviation, the line will be tangent to the curve showing that for minimum angle of deviation there is only one angle of incidence. References references Category Optics optics stub ... more details
Deviation analysis may mean in statistics measurement of the absolute difference between any one number in a set and the mean of the set. in social psychology monitoring of the behavior of people or objects within systems to measure compliance with expected or desired Norm sociology norms in order to trigger alerts, identity users or spot anomalies. Disambiguation DEFAULTSORT Deviation Analysis ... more details
Contract law The doctrine of deviation , as it pertains to legal contract s, is a departure from a planned contractual course or design. When a plan has been adopted for a building, and in the progress of the work a change is made from the original plan, the change is called a deviation. When a ship alters her course or remains in port without just cause, the ship s new course or delay is called a deviation. Unless the contract permitted otherwise, in either case there is a breach of contract by the party responsible for the deviation. Insurance regarding voyages and shipment In the case of an insured voyage or shipment , deviation is a voluntary departure, without necessity, or any reasonable cause, from the regular and usual course of the voyage insured. From the moment this happens, the voyage is changed, the contract determined, and the insurer discharged from all subsequent responsibility. By the contract the insurer only runs the risk of the contract agreed upon, and no other and it is, therefore ..., but in cases of necessity. The effect of a deviation is not to vitiate or avoid the policy, but only to determine the liability of the underwriter s from the time of the deviation. If, therefore ... a loss happen, there, though the insurer is discharged from the time of the deviation, and is not answerable ... to the deviation. But though he is thus discharged from subsequent responsibility, he is entitled to retain the whole premium. What amounts to a deviation is not easily defined, but a departure from ... liberty to touch at a point, and the insured stay there to trade, or break bulk, it is a deviation ... long usage has proved to be the safest and most convenient. A deviation that will discharge the insurer ... necessity. If a deviation can be justified by necessity, it will not affect the contract and necessity will justify a deviation, though it proceed from a cause not insured against. The cases of necessity .... In construction When the contract is to build a house according to the original plan, and a deviation ... more details
More footnotes article date August 2011 Skew deviation is an unusual ocular deviation strabismus , wherein the eyes move upward hypertropia , but in opposite directions. Skew deviation is caused by abnormal prenuclear vestibular input to the ocular motor nuclei , most commonly due to brainstem or cerebellar stroke . Other causes include multiple sclerosis and head trauma . Skew deviation is usually characterized by torticollis head tilting and binocular vision binocular Wiktionary torsion . The exact pathophysiology of skew deviation remains incompletely understood. Skew deviation appears to be a perturbation of the ocular tilt reaction , which is itself probably a vestigial righting response used to keep fish and other lateral eyed animals properly oriented. ref cite journal pages 105 28 doi 10.1016 j.survophthal.2005.12.008 title Skew Deviation Revisited year 2006 last1 Brodsky first1 M last2 Donahue first2 S last3 Vaphiades first3 M last4 Brandt first4 T journal Survey of Ophthalmology volume 51 issue 2 pmid 16500212 ref Is poorly understood disorder of gaze in which is maintain vertical deviation of one eye above the other. The patient complains of vertical diplopia. Occurs with lesion of brain stem and cerebellum References reflist Further reading ISBN date August 2011 cite book last1 Adams last2 Victor title Principles of Neurology edition 6 year 1997 Page needed date August 2011 Category Diseases of the eye and adnexa eye stub de Hertwig Magendie Syndrom ... more details
magnetization on the compass. Magnetic deviation is the error induced in a compass by local magnetic ... North. The second is magnetic deviation , the angular difference between magnetic North and the compass ... , particularly during geomagnetic storms . Internal sources In navigation manuals, magnetic deviation ... relative to the Earth s field, it can be difficult to analyze and correct for it. The deviation ..., periodically, to keep the deviation errors to a practical minimum. ref harvnb NGIA ref Magnetic ... s certificate of competency. The sources of magnetic deviation vary from compass to compass or vehicle ... to magnetic deviation. Thus, a comparison of bearings taken with such methods with the bearing given by a compass can be used to compute local magnetic deviation. History Image PSM V34 D323 .... Many other objects were found to be sources of deviation in ships, including iron particles in brass .... ref name Jonkers168 harvnb Jonkers 2003 pp 168&ndash 169 ref The source of deviation could not always ... measuring the magnetic deviation as the ship was oriented in several compass directions. These measurements ... cite web url http myreckonings.com wordpress 2009 04 18 magnetic deviation comprehension compensation and computation part i title Magnetic Deviation Comprehension, Compensation and Computation ... deviation comprehension compensation and computation part ii title Magnetic Deviation Comprehension ... links http sites.google.com site navigationalalgorithms Deviation curve of magnetic compass Method explained and free software DEFAULTSORT Magnetic Deviation Category Navigation Category Geomagnetism Category Angle ar cs Magnetick anom lie da Deviation de Deviation Navigation es Desv o ... pl Dewiacja kompasu ru sk Devi cia kompasu fi Eksym sv Magnetisk deviation tr ... more details
Urinary deviation may refer to Urinary tract malformation Surgically created urinary diversion dab Short pages monitor This long comment was added to the page to prevent it from being listed on Special Shortpages. It and the accompanying monitoring template were generated via Template Long comment. Please do not remove the monitor template without removing the comment as well. ... more details
Infobox film name Deviation image image size alt caption director Jon Griggs producer Jon Griggs writer ... Films released start date 2006 04 28 runtime 6 minutes 12 seconds country USA language English Deviation ... doi abs 10.1525 fq.2007.60.4.24?journalCode fq Chien, I 2007 Deviation Red vs. Blue The Blood ... deviation 173887.php Deviation, Screenhead , May 15, 2006 ref ref name 3dfilmmaker http 3dfilmmaker.com ... minute 12 second long short machinima film Deviation , was written and directed by Jon Griggs of Hard ... actors and recorded the footage using a DVX100. Deviation was entered as a candidate for shortlist ... line up announced for Tribeca, FilmThreat.com. April 21, 2006 ref Deviation almost didn t make it to the Tribeca ... a protest video version of Deviation in which all of Valve s intellectual property was removed, leaving ... 12735102.html Film Vault Deviation, TribecaFilm.com, 2006 ref ref name imdb http www.imdb.com title tt0800007 comment Deviation, IMDB.com, June 13, 2006, ref in front of a live audience of over 4,000 ... funny videos deviationDeviation, Atom.com, 2006 ref Plot synopsis MacIntyre is a videogame character ... real life scenarios, Deviation turns this idea on its head and instead uses ideas of human introspection ... 2006 06 deviation the best machinima y.html Deviation, the best machinima yet, Filmstalker.co.uk, JUne ... part of gamer culture, in Deviation , Jon Griggs attempted to separate the genre from the video game world and establish it as a film in its own right. To this end, Deviation was only released ... after its premier, though made freely available, Deviation earns royalties and is subject to a licensing ... that in the script of Deviation , Griggs is asking a politically loaded question Who is leading ... Jonah Colbert Server provided by David M. Baumler ref name atom ref name audience Process Deviation ... that being the Tribeca Film Festival in New York in 2006 , Deviation is credited with being the first ... notes Deviation as the first machinima film to premiere at a major festival, Deviation s theatrical ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Refimprove date October 2010 The Grassroot Deviation is an Edmonton based four piece musical group that plays a mixture of Roots revival roots , Rock music rock and Funk music funk . The band formed in 2002 and consists of Guitarist guitarists Vocalist vocalists Brian Parker and Dan Smith, Electric bass bassist fiddler Mike Barer and drummer Vinay Jhass. The band has played more than 100 shows across Canada and released two studio albums, The Grassroot Deviation and The Circuit . All the band members have either graduated or currently attend the University of Alberta . Citation needed date October 2010 History The Grassroot Deviation are influenced by Emmylou Harris , Bruce Cockburn and Neil Young . Citation needed date October 2010 Their work includes instrumental jam sessions, such as the Celtic infused Mr. Somebody , mid tempo folk ballads like Steady Ground and the funk infused Regular People , which features 12 bar blues, call and response and funky bass and drums. Front man Brian Parker states, I think when you combine the writing of folk songs with that dancey, groove inspired kinda thing, you end up with what we do. The band have played on the same bill as acts such as Keller Williams , That One Guy, Wide Mouth Mason , Wasabi Collective, Slowcoaster , Captain Tractor , Hey Ocean, and Five Alarm Funk. Defending their liking for instrumentals, Brian Parker said Lyrics are definitely important...Sometimes lyrics are necessary, sometimes they re not...If you re writing a song and you want to convey a certain emotion or idea...lyrics are one route ..., British Columbia and ending in Antigonish, Nova Scotia . In November 2008, The Grassroot Deviation .... Citation needed date October 2010 Discography Albums The Grassroot Deviation 2006 The Circuit 2007 References Reflist External links http www.archive.org details GrassrootDeviation The Grassroot Deviation at The Internet Archive http www.myspace.com thegrd Official MySpace DEFAULTSORT Grassroot Deviation ... more details
infobox film name Fatal Deviation image Fatal deviation.jpg image size alt caption VHS cover director Shay Casserley producer James Bennett br Justin Harmon writer James Bennett br Simon Linscheid narrator starring James Bennett br Mikey Graham br Colin Hamilton br Justin Harmon br Michael Regan music Donal Norton cinematography James Bennett br Shay Casserley editing John Cook studio distributor Rising Sun Productions released Start date 1998 runtime 90 minutes country Film Ireland language English language English budget Irish pound IR 8,900 gross preceded by followed by Fatal Deviation is a low budget cult film produced and set in Trim, County Meath , Ireland. Produced in 1998, it enjoys the distinction of being Ireland s first full length martial arts film. The film stars real life martial arts enthusiast James Bennett. The movie went straight to video without a theatrical release. In 2010, Cracked.com labeled the film the worst film ever made. ref http www.cracked.com article 18632 irelands only kung fu movie is worst film ever made.html?wa user1 3&wa user2 Movies 26 TV&wa user3 article&wa user4 recommended ref Plot Fatal Deviation tells the story of Jimmy Bennett, a disenfranchised young man trying to rebuild his life on returning home after a period in reformatory school. He aims to discover who killed his father while he was away and also to win the upcoming Bealtaine Fighting Festival. However, the local drugs gang see Jimmy and the festival as ideal vehicles for strengthening ... with a well timed use of the mysterious Fatal Deviation move as taught to him by the head monk ... effect. The crash is shown in a post credits sequence. ref Fatal Deviation http www.amazon.ca Fatal Deviation dp B00009ZK5T Quote One of the great things about the film is that one of the car ... 2007 05 12 publisher Mongrel accessdate 2009 10 06 External links imdb title 0488046 Fatal Deviation http www.risingsunproductions.net Rising Sun Productions youtube RgmUqSLC9rk Fatal Deviation Jimmy ... more details
Notability Companies date January 2011 Unreferenced date January 2010 Deviation Records was a download based record label which had featured releases from artists such as United Kingdom UK folk music folk band Legacy band Legacy , Songwriter Jimmy Dunning and alternative music alternative UK band The Earthlings . The label ceased trading at the end of 2007. See also List of record labels External links UK record label stub Category British record labels Category Alternative rock record labels Category Netlabels ... more details
Deviation conjug e or ipsilesional gaze shift is a medical sign indicating brain damage e.g. a stroke in the middle cerebral artery ref cite journal author Hildebrandt H, Sch tze C, Ebke M, Brunner Beeg F, Eling P title Visual search for item and array centered locations in patients with left middle cerebral artery stroke journal Neurocase volume 11 issue 6 pages 416 26 year 2005 month December pmid 16393755 doi 10.1080 13554790500263511 url ref , wherein the pupils of the eye tend to move toward the side of the body where the lesion is located. References reflist medicine stub Category Medical signs de D viation conjugu e ... more details
unreferenced date November 2010 The Mangaweka Deviation is a 7 km single track deviation of the North Island Main Trunk Railway North Island Main Trunk NIMT railway line in the central North Island of New Zealand , between the settlements of Mangaweka and Utiku, south of Taihape . It was constructed between 1973 and 1981 primarily to move the line away from geologically unstable land and is the most recent of the significant deviations of the NIMT since it was opened in 1909. History The original section of the line was constructed as part of the NIMT in 1904. The entirety of the route from Marton, New Zealand Marton north to Taihape was built to the west of the Rangitikei River and lies predominantly on the terraces within the river valley. Only south of Marton does the NIMT cross the Rangitikei en route to Palmerston North and Wellington . Between the settlements of Mangaweka and Utiku the western river terrace is largely non existent with steep hill country running into tall river cliffs. The topography is also compounded by the confluence of the Kawhatau River with the Rangitikei. However despite these obstacles surveyors were able to identify a route that kept the line to the west of the river along the cliff tops albeit one that included a climb at each end of the section, a viaduct, and several tunnels. By the 1960s concerns existed about the long term stability of the land the section ran through. While the general Mangaweka area was susceptible to slips due to its steep hilly nature, rainfall and underlying geology the railway, by virtue of its cliff top nature and several tunnels, was thought to be under particular threat from erosion and collapse. At the same ... at each end of the section. From the south, the deviation leaves the old alignment at the base of the Mangaweka ... out between 1984 and 1988. Following the deviation s opening in 1981 work commenced on the removal ... remain largely intact. DEFAULTSORT Mangaweka Deviation Category Railway lines in New Zealand ... more details
A Deviation survey http www.glossary.oilfield.slb.com Display.cfm?Term survey 2 , more generally known in the oil industry as simply a survey , is the measurement of a borehole s departure from the Vertical direction vertical , measured in Degree angle degree s . When a well plan dictates the drilling of a straight borehole , surveys are periodically taken to ensure that it will hit its target and also to ensure that it does not trespass underneath different property lines. These surveys can be taken fairly simply with a mechanical drift recorder more commonly known as a Totco or Totco barrel named after the company that perfected the device . This device is run inside the drill string attached to a wire on a wireline unit, down to the bottom of the drill pipe where the device which is simply an inverted pendulum with a timer that punches a pin hole onto a round paper tab delineated with concentric circles indicating increments of degrees measures the angle of the hole and then is pulled back out to visually inspect to determine the angle. There are versions of this device that actually take a picture on film and are often used in situations where the azimuth direction needs to be determined also. When a well plan dictates a directional or horizontal borehole, more sophisticated tools are normally used. One such tool is the MWD measurement while drilling tool that uses electronic accelerometers and gyroscopes, to continually take surveys while drilling as the name suggests and also measures the azimuth direction . This tool is attached to the drill string itself and requires extra support personnel to use and interpret the data, and its costs are much more substantial. well logging See well logging See also Directional drilling Geosteering DEFAULTSORT Deviation Survey Category Petroleum engineering Category Oilfield terminology Category Drilling technology Petroleum stub ... more details
Wikify date October 2011 Orphan date October 2011 Image Funtley Deviation.jpg thumb right 100px As seen from Highlands Road The Funtley Deviation ref http www.eastleigh.gov.uk pdf Eastleigh 20Supp 20Rail 20Study 20Oct08.pdf Transport in the Eastleigh area ref was a 2 mile 3.2 kilometres long ref The Fareham to Eastleigh Line Keat, P.J Gosport, Gosport Railway Society, 1990 ref stretch of additional track ref http homepage.ntlworld.com paul.hawkins.tyd Tyd whatnaturegave.htm Travel in the Meon Valley ref built in 1906 ref Lost Railways of Hampshire Oppitz, L Newbury, Countryside Books, 2001 ISBN 1853066893 ref to supplement a precarious tunnel north of Fareham . It was closed in 1974 and is now a nature walk ref http www.geograph.org.uk photo 733409 Geograph ref with a small car park ref http en.parkopedia.co.uk parking funtley road wickham Parkopedia ref at the Highland Road end. ref http local.upmystreet.com pictures of po15 6ha.html Up my street ref Notes Reflist coord 50 51 35.62 N 1 11 45.55 W region GB display title Category Rail transport in Hampshire Category Closed railway lines in South East England Category Railway lines opened in 1906 Category Railway lines closed in 1974 Hampshire geo stub England rail transport stub ... more details
shift , which is a perceived difference in frequency due to motion of the source or receiver, even though the source is still producing the same wavelength . It also differs from frequencydeviation , which ...Refimprove date December 2011 Frequency drift is Quote text An undesired progressive change in frequency with time. Frequency drift can be caused by component aging and environmental changes. Frequency drift may be in either direction higher or lower frequency and is not necessarily linear. ref name NIST cite web url http tf.nist.gov general enc f.htm frequencydrift title Frequency Drift work Time and Frequency from A to Z publisher National Institute of Standards and Technology location Boulder, CO, USA accessdate December 8, 2011 PD USGov ref In electrical engineering , and particularly in telecommunications , frequency drift is an unintended and generally arbitrary offset of an oscillator from its Real versus nominal value nominal frequency . Causes may include changes in temperature , which can alter the piezoelectric effect in a quartz crystal , or problems with a voltage regulator which controls the bias voltage to the oscillator. It is traditionally measured in Hz s. On a radio transmitter , frequency drift can cause a radio station to drift into an adjacent channel , causing illegal Adjacent channel interference interference . Because of this, Frequency allocation regulations specify the allowed tolerance engineering tolerance for such oscillators in a type acceptance type accepted device. A temperature compensation engineering compensate d, voltage controlled crystal oscillator TCVCXO is normally used for frequency modulation . On the receiver radio receiver side, frequency drift was mainly a problem in early Tuner electronics tuner s, particularly for analog signal analog dial radio tuning tuning , and especially on FM, which exhibits a capture effect . However, the use ... DEFAULTSORT Frequency Drift Category Communication circuits Category Broadcast engineering Electronics ... more details
of variability or statistical dispersion , such as the standard deviation or variance . A frequency ...Refimprove date August 2008 In statistics , a frequency distribution is an arrangement of the values that one or more variables take in a Sampling statistics sample . Each entry in the table contains the frequency statistics frequency or count of the occurrences of values within a particular group or interval ... in the sample. Univariate frequency tables Univariate frequency distributions are often presented as lists ... strong agreement and 5 strong disagreement, the frequency distribution of their responses might ... of the students in a class could be organized into the following frequency table. class wikitable ... 35 60 5.5 6 feet 20 80 6.0 6.5 feet 20 100 A frequency distribution shows us a summarized grouping of data ... that can be used with frequency distributions are histograms, line graphs, bar charts and pie charts. Frequency distributions are used for both qualitative and quantitative data. Joint frequency distributions Bivariate joint frequency distributions are often presented as two way contingency ... Joint frequency Joint frequency ref Applications Managing and operating on frequency tabulated ..., standard deviation etc. from these tables. Statistical hypothesis testing is founded on the assessment of differences and similarities between frequency distributions. This assessment involves measures ... of a frequency distribution is the concentration of scores at the mean, or how peaked the distribution .... Letter frequency distributions are also used in frequency analysis cryptanalysis frequency analysis to crack codes and are referred to the relative frequency of letters in different languages. Notes references See also Portal Statistics Cross tabulation Cumulative frequency Statistics DEFAULTSORT Frequency Distribution Category Summary statistics ca Taula de freq ncies da Frekvensfordeling ... fa ja pt Distribui o de frequ ncias simple Frequency distribution tr S kl k ... more details
Optical discs with the exception of the DVD RAM have their data encoded on a single spiral, or a groove , which covers the surface of the disc. In the case of recordable media, this spiral contains a slight sine wave sinusoidal deviation from a perfect spiral . The period of this sine curve corresponds to the wobble frequency . First of all, it is used as synchronization source to achieve constant linear velocity while writing a disc. CD R and CD RW discs, use a frequency modulation frequency modulated wobble of 140.6 kHz to encode some information, such as Absolute Time in Pregroove ATIP into the groove ref http www.powerdatarecovery.com cd dvd resources recordable cd.html ref . DVD R and DVD RW have a constant wobble frequency of 140.6 kHz relying on data pits beside the groove to convey information Land pre pit . ref http www.myce.com article Why DVDRW is superior to DVD RW 203 ref DVD R and DVD RW have a constant wobble frequency of 817.4 kHz, but encodes its addressing information by periodically inverting the phase of the wobble signal to encode an exact address of the location on the spiral track Address in Pregroove . ref http www.myce.com article Why DVDRW is superior to DVD RW 203 ref The practical upshot of this arrangement is that recording drive can navigate to an exact location on the DVD R W disc whereas it cannot do so with the DVD R W . BD R and BD RE Don t link goes to same article discs utilise Address in Pregrove. HD DVD R and HD DVD RW uses the land pre pit system of the common or garden DVD R W . References reflist DEFAULTSORT Wobble Frequency Category Compact Disc Category DVD Category Blu ray Disc Compu hardware stub ... more details
Encyclopedia
top
