Infobox language name Fula altname Fulani nativename Fulfulde, Pulaar, Pular Fulaare states Mauritania ... Bagirmi Fulfulde small CAR small The Fula or Fulani language lang ff Fulfulde or Pulaar or Pular lang fr Peul is a language of West Africa . Like the neighbouring languages Serer and Wolof , it belongs to the Senegambian branch of the Niger Congo language family. It is spoken as a first language by the Fula people unicode Ful e Fula or Fulani people and related groups such as the Tukulor in the Senegal ... spoken as a second language by peoples in various areas of the region. Nomenclature infobox ethnonym Pullo Ful e Fulfulde There are several names applied to the language, just as there are to the Fula people . They call their language Pulaar or Pular in the western dialects and Fulfulde in the central and eastern dialects. Fula h and Fulani in English come originally from Manding languages Manding esp. Mandinka, but also Malinke and Bamana and Hausa language Hausa , respectively Peul in French, also occasionally found in literature in English, comes from Wolof language Wolof . Morphology Fula ... passive voice Consonant mutation Another feature of the language is initial Consonant mutation Fula ... j nj w g ng f p s c h k Pronouns Fula has Inclusive and exclusive we Fulalanguage inclusive and exclusive ... , a classic Pular poem http www.fsi language courses.org Content.php?page Fula USA Foreign Service Institute Fula basic course Languages of Guinea Bissau DEFAULTSORT FulaLanguage Category Fulalanguage ... , Gabon speakers 13 million date 1991 date1 2007 ethnicity Fula people Ful e familycolor Niger Congo fam2 Atlantic Congo languages Atlantic Congo fam3 Senegambian languages Senegambian fam4 Fula Serer nation iso1 ff iso2 ful iso3 ful lc1 fuc ld1 Pulaar language Pulaar small Senegambia, Mauritania small lc2 fuf ld2 Pular language Pular small Guinea, Sierra Leone small lc3 ffm ld3 Maasina Fulfulde ... to modify meaning. These infixes often serve the same purposes in Fula as Preposition and postposition ... more details
Fula may refer to Fula people or Fulani, Ful e Fulalanguage or Pulaar, Fulfulde, Fulani Fulani Empire, also known as the Sokoto Caliphate disambig Short pages monitor This long comment was added to the page to prevent it being listed on Special Shortpages. It and the accompanying monitoring template were generated via Template Longcomment. Please do not remove the monitor template without removing the comment as well. it Fula nl Fula pt Fula ... more details
the Almamate a term derived from the Fulalanguage Pulaar borrowing of the Arabic language Arabic ... in Fulalanguage , meaning ruler similar meaning to Emir Gombe Emirate Gombe , founded in 1804 ...noref date December 2008 File Fula jihad states map general c1830.png thumb 400px The Fulani Jihad States of West Africa, c. 1830 The Fula or Fulani jihads , were a series of independent but loosely connected events across West Africa between the late 17th century and European colonization, in which Muslim Fula people Fula s took control of various parts of the region. It is also sometimes referred to as Fulani revolution. The best known of these events is the Fulani War of 1804 10. A jihad state is a territory that was established by political and religious Muslim leaders who conquer a region by offensive war, invoking jihad struggle in Arabic . The rulers often assumed honorific titles such as in the Fulani Empire , Emir , an Arabic title which can mean general as well as prince or governor, or a derivate in a local language. Another title was Almamy from Imam used by rulers of Fuuta Jalon Kingdom of Fouta Djallon . These states are listed in rough chronological order below. Bondu main Bondu A small state in present day Senegal in which Muslim Fula people Fula s took control in the late 17th century. Fuuta Jalon main Kingdom of Fouta Djallon The Fouta Djallon located mainly in present day Guinea as well as parts of Guinea Bissau , Senegal , Sierra Leone was a major state with a written constitution and ruling alternance between the 2 main parties the Soriya and the Alphaya. The Fouta Djallon state was born in 1735 when Fulani Muslims decided to rise against the non Muslim Fulanis ... Kingdom of Fouta Tooro Under the unifying banner of Islam, the Muslim Fula people Fula s revolted ... Hausa people Hausaland , preacher and social reformer Seku Amadu led a Fula army in Amadu s Jihad ... Fula history Category Jihad de Dschihad der Fulbe ... more details
The Fula languages lang ff Fulfulde or Pulaar or Pular are written primarily in a Latin alphabets Latin alphabet , but in some areas is still written in an older Arabic script Arabic alphabet called the Ajami alphabet . Latin alphabets Background The Latin script was introduced to Pular speaking regions of West and Central Africa by Europeans during, and in some cases immediately before, colonization. Various people missionaries, colonial administrators, and later during the colonial period, scholarly researchers, devised various ways of writing the Pular language they encountered. One issue similar to other efforts by Europeans to use their alphabet and home orthographic conventions to write African languages with unfamiliar sounds was how to represent the implosive b and d, the ejective y, the velar n the latter being present in European languages, but never in initial position , prenasalised consonants, and doubled vowels the latter being as significant in Pular for meaning as tone differences are in other languages . Major influences on the current forms used for writing Pular were decisions made by colonial administrators in Northern Nigeria need to ref. John Philips book here and the Africa Alphabet . A major conference on African language orthographies held in Bamako in 1966 confirmed this trend. Nevertheless, orthographies for the language and its variants are determined at the country level. So while Pular writing uses basically the same character sets and rules such as for doubling ... such as Hausa language Hausa , Muslim Fulas who went through Koranic education adapted the script to writing their language. This practice, while never formally standardized, followed some patterns ... certain consonants and vowels not present in the Arabic language . Other scripts There has been at least one effort to adapt the N Ko script to Pular language Pular of Guinea . Category Fulalanguage Category Latin alphabets Category Arabic alphabets Category Language orthographies Category Writing ... more details
Western Area langs Fulalanguage rels Islam 99.9 related Fula people of Sierra Leone is a major ethnic group in Sierra Leone and a branch of the Fula people of western Africa . The make up about 5 of Sierra Leone s population. The Sierra Leone Fula people settled in the Western Area region of Sierra ... magazines published in an African language Fulfulde Fula Momodu Allieu Pat Sowe , Minister of Aviation ...Unreferenced date August 2009 infobox ethnic group group The Sierra Leonean Fula people image . Notable Sierra Leonean Fula Alimamy Umar Jallo Jamboria Abdul Malik Jallo Jamboria Abass Ali Alim Jallo Jamboria Umu Hawa Tejan Jalloh Minkailu Bah Amadu Wurie Alhaji Alimamy Seray Wurie Sulaiman Tejan Jalloh Abass Bundu Mahmadu Alphajor Bah Alimamy Rassin Mohamed Bailor Barrie Amadu Jalloh Alhaji Amadu Jalloh Alimamy Jalloh Momodu Allieu Pat Sowe Sulaiman Baba Timbo Abu Bakarr Bah, professor, sociologist ... Leonean Fula are traditionally a nomadic , Pastoralism pastoralist , Trade trading people, herding ... and run by the Fula community. Today over 99 of Sierra Leonean Fula are Muslim who follow the teaching of the Islamic prophet Muhammad . A significant number of the Sierra Leonean Fula population are found in all regions of Sierra Leone as traders. Family The Sierra Leonean Fula villages are scattered ... Krio Fula are round with mud walls and thatched roofs that projects over encircling porches. However, nomadic Krio Fula live in simpler structures, since they are so often moving with the herds. These houses ... is presented, killed, and eaten. Farming The Sierra Leonean Fula are primarily skilled cattle ... Sierra leonean Fula people Alimamy Umar Jallo Jamboria Fulani chief during colonial rule whose .... Abass Ali son of the fula chieftain after Alimamy Jamboria who also was a prominent business man dealing ... Jalloh , former Sierra Leone Minister of Mineral Resources Alimamy Rassin , Sierra Leonean Fula ... Champion Newspaper Africa ethno group stub Category Fula Category Ethnic groups in Sierra Leone Category ... more details
distinguish Pular language Infobox Language name Pulaar states Senegal , Mauritania , Gambia , Guinea Bissau , Mali speakers 3.7 million date 2006 ethnicity Toucouleur people Toucouleur , Fula people Fula familycolor Niger Congo fam2 Atlantic Congo languages Atlantic Congo fam3 Senegambian languages Senegambian fam4 Fula Serer fam5 FulalanguageFula nation iso3 fuc Pulaar is a Fulalanguage spoken primarily as a first language by Fula people and Tukolor or Toorobe in the Senegal River valley area traditionally known as Futa Tooro , and further south and east. Pulaar speakers, known as wikt Haalpulaar en Haalpulaar en live in Senegal , Mauritania , Gambia , Guinea Bissau and western Mali . According to Ethnologue there are several dialect differences, but all are inherently intelligible. Pulaar is not to be confused with Pular language Pular , another variety of Fula spoken in Guinea Conakry including the Fouta Jallon region . The Pulaar and Pular varieties of Fula are to some extent mutually intelligible, but require a separate literature. Pulaar is written in a Latin script Latin alphabet , but historically was written in an Arabic script Arabic alphabet known as Ajami alphabet ajami see Fula orthographies . Linguistic features main Fulalanguage The negative accomplished verb form ends in aani . This is slightly different from Maasina Fulfulde and Pular language Pular . any paticularities of this variety of Fula here References http www.ethnologue.com show language.asp?code fuc Ethnologue page on Pulaar Category Fulalanguage Category Languages of Senegal Fulalanguage Category Languages of Mauritania Fulalanguage Category Languages of the Gambia Fulalanguage Category Languages of Mali Fulalanguage Senegal stub Mauritania stub Gambia stub Mali stub nc lang stub de Pulaar id Bahasa Pulaar it Lingua pulaar pms Lenga Pulaar sv Pulaar ... more details
with Pulaar , another Fulalanguage spoken natively in Senegambia , Mauritania , and western Mali ... script Latin scripts. Linguistic features main Fulalanguage There are some particularities to this version of Fula, including Use of plural form for politeness such as in German or French, unlike other varieties of Fula A number of separate verbal roots for politeness these may exist only in Pular There is no initial Consonant mutation Fula consonant mutation from singular to plural verb forms as is the case in other varieties of Fula there is in nominal forms, however In addition to the more standard long form pronouns of Fula there are alternate forms in Pular hi l pronoun . The table ... Diallo Category Fulalanguage Category Languages of Guinea Fulalanguage Guinea stub nc lang stub ...distinguish Pulaar language Infobox Language name Pular nativename Pular states Guinea minor Guinea Bissau , Sierra Leone , Mali region Fouta Jalon in Guinea speakers 3 million ethnicity Fula people familycolor Niger Congo fam2 Atlantic Congo languages Atlantic Congo fam3 Senegambian languages Senegambian fam4 Fula Serer fam5 FulalanguageFula nation script Fula orthographies Guinea Fula alphabet iso3 fuf Pular is a Fulalanguage spoken primarily by Fula people in the Fouta Jalon area in Guinea . It is also spoken in parts of Guinea Bissau , Sierra Leone , and Senegal . There are a small number of speakers in Mali . Pular is spoken by 2.5 million Guineans, about 28 of the national population. ref cite web last ethnologue.org title Ethnologue report for Guinea url http www.ethnologue.com show ... Pular the most widely spoken indigenous language in the country. Substantial numbers of Pular ... 2nd pl o on hi on 3rd pl e e hi e Writing main Fula orthographies Like other varieties of the Fulalanguage , Pular was written before colonization in an Arabic based orthography called Ajami script ... the same as that used for Fula languages throughout West Africa. Up until the mid 1980s, Pular in Guinea ... more details
On Language was a regular column in the weekly New York Times Magazine on the English language discussing popular etymology , new or unusual usages, and other language related topics. The inaugural column was published on February 18, 1979 and it was a regular popular feature. Many of the columns were collected in books. Columnist and journalist William Safire was one of the most frequent contributors from the inception of the column until Safire s death in 2009. He wrote the inaugural On Language column in 1979. ref http www.nytimes.com 2009 10 11 magazine 11FOB onlanguage t.html New York Times On Language The Maven, Nevermore about Safire s legacy ref starting it with the greeting How do you do. This is a new column about language. In more than 30 years, he contributed more than 1300 installments to the column. Safire was succeeded by Ben Zimmer , who wrote the column until its final edition on February 25, 2011. ref http www.nytimes.com 2011 02 27 magazine 27fob onlanguage t.html New York Times On Language The Future Tense ref About the cancellation of the column, the incoming editor of New York Times Magazine Hugo Lindgren explained this and other changes to the magazine It is mine now. I m in charge. We re going to be doing some significant redesign work, and have a newish magazine by the end of January. The big thing is, I want to create a kind of new identity for the front of the book section. That doesn t mean that everything s being tossed out. We re looking at everything and evaluating what sort of fits. ref http nymag.com daily intel 2010 11 new times magazine editor hugo.html New York Magazine New Times Magazine Editor Hugo Lindgren on His Plans Big Subjects, More T, and the End of The Way We Live Now ref References Reflist External links http topics.nytimes.com topics features magazine columns on language index.html A collection of On Language columns published in The New York Times DEFAULTSORT On Language Category English language Category The New York ... more details
About the properties of language in general other uses Language disambiguation File Lakhovsky Conversation.jpg ... Cuneiform is one of the first known forms of written language , but spoken language is believed to predate writing by tens of thousands of years at least. Language may refer either to the specifically ... of such a system of complex communication. The scientific study of language in any of its senses ... salient examples, but natural language s can also be based on visual rather than auditory stimulus physiology stimuli , for example in sign language s and written language . Code s and other kinds of constructed language artificially constructed communication systems such as those used for programming language computer programming can also be called languages. A language in this sense is a system ... ultimately from Latin lingua , language, tongue , via Old French . ref name AHD cite encyclopedia title language encyclopedia The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language edition 3rd year 1992 location Boston publisher Houghton Mifflin Company ref When used as a general concept, language .... Language as a communication system is thought to be fundamentally different from and of much ... a finite number of elements. Language is thought to have originated when early hominids first started ... with an increase in brain volume, and many linguists see the structures of language as having evolved to serve specific communicative functions. Language is neurolinguistics processed in many ... Wernicke s area s. Humans language acquisition acquire language through social interaction in early childhood, and children generally speak fluently when they are around three years old. The use of language ... identity , social stratification and for social grooming and entertainment . The word language ... from sequences of words. Languages language change evolve and diversify over time, and the history ... of languages that descend from a common ancestor is known as a language family . The languages ... more details
Infobox language name To nativename states Cameroon , Central African Republic ethnicity speakers none date NA ref e16 familycolor Niger Congo fam2 Atlantic Congo languages Atlantic Congo fam3 Mbum Day languages Mbum Day fam4 Mbum languages Mbum fam5 unclassified iso3 toz To is an unclassified Mbum languages Mbum language of northern Cameroon and the Central African Republic . It is only used as a second language , as the secret male initiation language of the Gbaya people Gbaya . References reflist Category Languages of Cameroon Category Adamawa languages Category Initiation languages Cameroon stub ... more details
Infobox Language name Are states Papua New Guinea region Milne Bay Province , tip of Cape Vogel speakers 1,230 familycolor Austronesian fam2 Malayo Polynesian languages Malayo Polynesian fam3 Oceanic languages Oceanic fam4 Western Oceanic languages Western fam5 Papuan Tip languages Papuan Tip fam6 Kilivila nowrap Nuclear Papuan Tip fam7 Are Taupota languages Are Taupota fam8 Are languages Are iso3 mwc The Are language is an Austronesian language of the eastern Papua New Guinea n mainland, It s spoken by about 1,230 people. External links ethnologue mwc Category Nuclear Papuan Tip languages Category Languages of Papua New Guinea PapuaNewGuinea stub au lang stub fr Are langue hr Are jezik is Are ... more details
Infobox language name Then states CHN region Pingtang County , southern Guizhou speakers 15,000 date 1999 ethnicity familycolor Tai Kadai fam2 Kam Sui languages Kam Sui iso3 tct The Then language also known as Y nghu ng in Chinese alternate spellings T en and Ten is a Kam Sui language spoken in Pingtang County , southern Guizhou . Phonology Yanghuang has 71 consonants total, including those with secondary articulation s. There are a total of 71 rhymes, 9 vowels, and 8 codas Bo 1997 . References Reflist Bo, Wenze. 1997. Yanghuang yu yan jiu A Study of Yanghuang Then . Beijing Zhong yang min zu da xue chu ban she. External links http language.psy.auckland.ac.nz austronesian language.php?id 719 Then word list from the Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database Tai Kadai languages Category Languages of China Category Kam Sui languages tk lang stub fr T en ... more details
Distinguish2 Gen language Mina or Gen language of Togo and Benin Distinguish Mina language India Infobox language name Mina altname Hina nativename Besleri states Cameroon region Far North Province speakers 10,987 date 2000 ethnicity familycolor Afro Asiatic fam2 Chadic languages Chadic fam3 Biu Mandara languages Biu Mandara fam4 Daba languages Daba A.7 fam5 South iso3 hna dia1 Besleri dia2 J j dia3 Gamdugun The Mina language , also known by the names Hina and Besleri , is a Chadic languages Chadic language spoken in Northern Cameroon by 10,000 people. Frajzyngier & Johnston 2005 define three Mina dialects Marbak, Kefedjevreng and Dzundzun, whereas Ethnologue defines the following three dialects Besleri, Jingjing Dzumdzum , Gamdugun. While the relationship between the names Jingjing and Dzundzun is clear, the relationships between the four others is unclear. Mutual intelligibility between dialects is difficult to ascertain, but Frajzyngier & Johnston 2005 3 demonstrate one way intelligibility between Dzundzun and Mina presumably the Marbak dialect . The speakers of Mina are generally bilingual, with Fulalanguage Fulfulde Fula being the second language. Fulfulde is often joined by French language French as a third language in educated speakers. ref Ethnologue 2005. ref Notes Reflist References http www.ethnologue.com show language.asp?code hna Ethnologue entry for Mina Frajzyngier, Zygmunt & Johnston, Eric. 2005 . A Grammar of Mina. Berlin Mouton de Gruyter. Newman, Paul. 1992 . Chadic Languages. In Bright, William. International Encyclopedia of Linguistics. Oxford Oxford University Press. External links http llmap.org languages hna.html Map of Mina language from the LL Map project http multitree.org codes hna Information on Mina language from the MultiTree project Languages of Cameroon Category Biu Mandara languages Category Languages of Cameroon Cameroon stub BiuMandara lang stub br Minaeg ca Mina llengua sw Kimina ... more details
Infobox language name Baldemu nativename Mbazlam states Cameroon region Far North Province speakers 4 date 2003 ethnicity familycolor Afro Asiatic fam2 Chadic languages Chadic fam3 Biu Mandara languages Biu Mandara fam4 Wandala Mafa fam5 Mafa languages Mafa A.5 fam6 South c iso3 bdn Baldemu , or Mbazlam , is a nearly extinct Afro Asiatic languages Afro Asiatic language spoken in northern Cameroon . Speakers have been shifting to Fulalanguage Fulfulde . ref Raymond G. Gordon, Jr, ed. 2005. Ethnologue Languages of the World . 15th edition. Dallas Summer Institute of Linguistics. ref Notes Reflist References http www.ethnologue.com show language.asp?code bdn Ethnologue entry for Baldemu External links http llmap.org languages bdn.html Map of Baldemu Balda language from the LL Map Project http multitree.org codes bdn Information on Balemo language from the MultiTree Project Category Biu Mandara languages Category Languages of Cameroon Category Endangered Afro Asiatic languages Category Endangered languages of Africa Cameroon stub BiuMandara lang stub hr Baldemu jezik sw Kibaldemu ... more details
Infobox language name Mandinka altname Mandingo nativename states flag Mali br flag Senegal br flag The Gambia br flag Guinea br flag C te d Ivoire br flag Burkina Faso br flag Sierra Leone br flag Liberia br flag Guinea Bissau br flag Chad speakers 1.35 million date 2006 ref ref ethnologue mnk ref ethnicity Mandinka people familycolor Niger Congo fam1 Niger Congo languages Niger Congo ? fam2 Mande languages Mande fam3 Western Mande fam4 ... fam5 Manding languages Manding fam6 West Manding minority Senegal iso3 mnk notice IPA The Mandinka language Mandi nka kango is a Mand language spoken by millions of Mandinka people in Mali , Senegal , The Gambia , Guinea , C te d Ivoire , Burkina Faso , Sierra Leone , Liberia , and Guinea Bissau and Chad it is the main language of The Gambia. It belongs to the Manding languages Manding branch of Mand , and is thus fairly similar to Bambara language Bambara and Maninka language Maninka or Malink . In a majority of areas, it is tonal language with two tones low and high, although the particular variety spoken in The Gambia and Senegal is non tonal and uses a pitch accent . Orthography Latin script Latin and Arabic script based alphabets are widely used for Mandinka the former is official, but the latter is more widely used and older. In addition, the pan Mand writing system, the N Ko alphabet, invented in 1949, is often used in north east Guinea, and bordering communities in C te d Ivoire and Mali. In the Latin script, c represents IPA t , IPA , and IPA the letters v, x, z, and q are not used. Vowels are as in Spanish or Italian, and are doubled to indicate length or distinguish words that are otherwise homophones ... sira tilidi o sira tilidi o duuma oo biri o sira murumuruli o tambi baa duuma sira tilindi o fula sira tilindi o duuma fula oo biri o fula. In addition, a small Arabic 2 may be used to indicate ... Bissau DEFAULTSORT Mandinka Language Category Mandinka Category Manding languages Category Languages ... more details
. 2000 ref Furthermore, not only is Serer language Serer and FulalanguageFula just like Wolof etc ... de la soci t des Africanistes. ref Few words are definitely borrowed and corrupted from the Fulalanguage ...Infobox language name Wolof nativename states Senegal, Gambia, Mauritania speakers 4.2 million date 2006 speakers2 Second language L2 speakers ? ethnicity Wolof people Wolof , Lebou people Lebou familycolor ... Wolof lc2 wof ld2 Gambian Wolof Wolof is a language of Senegal , The Gambia , and Mauritania , and the native language of the Wolof people . Like the neighbouring languages Serer language Serer and FulalanguageFula , it belongs to the Senegambian languages Senegambian branch of the Niger Congo languages Niger Congo language family . Unlike most other languages of Sub Saharan Africa , Wolof is not a tonal language . Wolof originated as the language of the Lebou people . ref name FalolaSalm 280 ... It is the most widely spoken language in Senegal, spoken natively by the Wolof people 40 of the population but also by most other Senegalese as a second language. Wolof dialect s vary geographically and between rural and urban areas. Dakar Wolof , for instance, is an urban mixture of Wolof, French language French , and Arabic language Arabic . Wolof is the standard spelling, and may refer to the Wolof ... 40 percent approximately 5 million people of Senegal s population speak Wolof as their native language ... language today, an additional 40 percent of the population speak Wolof as a second or acquired language . In the whole region from Dakar to Saint Louis, Senegal Saint Louis , and also west and southwest ... every regional and departmental capital in Senegal. Nevertheless, the official language of Senegal is French language French . As stated above, great care should be taken when forming an opinion ... been Wolofized and speak the Wolof language are added to this figure when in fact they are not Wolofs ... Serers , Fula people Fulas , Mandinka people Mandinkas , Jola people Jolas etc. who cannot speak or understand ... more details
No footnotes date July 2010 Infobox language name Macanese nativename Patu states Macau , Hong Kong ... language derived mainly from Malay language Malay , Sinhalese language Sinhalese , Cantonese language Cantonese , and Portuguese language Portuguese , which was originally spoken by the Macanese people ... s Languages in Danger classified Patua as a critically endangered language. The Atlas puts the number of Patua speakers at 50 as of the year 2000. The language is also called by its speakers ... Language of Macau and Doci Papia am sweet speech by poets. In Portuguese language Portuguese it is called Macaense , Macaista Chapado pure Macanese , or Patu from French language French patois . History ... naval, commercial, and religious activities in East Asia. The language developed first mainly among ... than from neighboring China , so the language had strong Malay language Malay and Sinhalese language ... ese Christian refugees. Evolution Like any other language, Macanese underwent extensive changes in usage ... until the early 19th century, and the modern form that was strongly influenced by Cantonese language ... its history the language also acquired elements from several other Indian tongues, Spanish language ... of Macau s sweet language that, after all, is part of its unique history. Cultural importance The language ... centuries, when it was the main language of communication among Macau s Eurasian residents. However ... 20th century. At that time, Macanese speakers were consciously using the language in opposition to the standard ... poet Jos dos Santos Ferreira Ad , chose the sweet language as their creative medium. On the other ... or third language, are required to learn standard European Portuguese dialect. Present status .... Still, its speakers take great pride in the fact that Macau has its own local language, something ... Orient and the Occident justifies deliberate efforts to preserve the Macanese language, and its inclusion ... 1925 1992 published a number of papers on the language. A Macanese Portuguese glossary was published ... more details
Infobox language name Serer nativename Seereer states Senegal, Gambia, Mauritania region speakers 1.16 million date no date familycolor Niger Congo fam2 Atlantic Congo languages Atlantic Congo fam3 Senegambian languages Senegambian fam4 Fula Serer This is a branch of N.Atlantic Senegambian agency CLAD Centre de linguistique appliqu e de Dakar stand1 Seereer Siin iso3 srr notice IPA Serer , sometimes called Serer Sine Serer proper Seereer Siin , etc. after its prestige dialect , is a language of the Senegambian languages Senegambian branch of Niger Congo languages Niger Congo spoken by 1.2 million people in Senegal and 30,000 in The Gambia . ref http www.ethnologue.com show country.asp?name GM Lewis, M. Paul ed. , 2009. Ethnologue Languages of the World, Sixteenth edition. Dallas, Tex. SIL International, Ethnologue.com. Figures for 2006 The Gambia only. ref It is the principal language of the Serer people . Classification Serer is one of the Senegambian languages , which are characterized by consonant mutation . The traditional classification of Atlantic is that of Sapir 1971 , which found that Serer was closest to Fula languages Fulani . ref Sapir, David, 1971. West Atlantic an inventory of the languages, their noun class systems and consonant alternation . In Sebeok, ed, Current trends in linguistics, 7 linguistics in sub Saharan Africa . Mouton, 45 112 ref However, a widely cited misreading of the data by Wilson 1989 inadvertently exchanged Serer for Wolof language Wolof . Segerer 2009, 2010 confirms Sapir s findings on this point Serer and Fulani are closely related they share noun class suffixes not found elsewhere in Atlantic , while Wolof is relatively distant from either. ref name segerer Guillaume Segerer & Florian Lionnet 2010. http 25images.ish lyon.cnrs.fr player player.php?id 72&id sequence 431 Isolates in Atlantic . Language Isolates in Africa workshop, Lyon ... Mauritania articles Category Serer language br Serereg ca Serer de Serer Sprache eo Serera lingvo ... more details
Infobox language name Kita Maninkakan nativename Central Malinke states Mali speakers 600,000 date 1991 ethnicity Mandinka people Mandinka familycolor Niger Congo fam1 Niger Congo languages Niger Congo ? fam2 Mande languages Mande fam3 Western Mande fam4 ... fam5 Manding languages Manding fam6 West Manding minority Mali lc1 mwk ld1 Kita Maninka lc2 xkg ld2 Kagoro Kita Maninkakan , or Central Malinke , is a Manding languages Manding language spoken by close to a million people in Mali , where it is a national language.. About 10 are ethnically Fula people Fula . The Kagoro variety is 86 lexically similar according to Ethnologue , and is being replaced by Bambara language Bambara . Category Manding languages Category Languages of Mali nc lang stub ... more details
No footnotes date October 2011 Infobox language name Gullah states USA region Coastal low country region ... is a creole language spoken by the Gullah people also called Geechees within the community , an African ... Florida . The Gullah language is based on English language English , with strong influences from West Africa West and Central Africa n languages such as Mandinka language Mandinka , Wolof language Wolof , Bambara language Bambara , FulalanguageFula , Mende language Mende , Vai language Vai , Akan language Akan , Ewe language Ewe , Yoruba language Yoruba , Igbo language Igbo , Hausa language Hausa , Kongo language Kongo , Umbundu and Kimbundu language Kimbundu . Origins Scholars have proposed ... creole language combining features of the English they encountered in America with the West and Central ... during the 18th century as a language of trade between Europeans and Africans and among Africans of different ... came from Africa with a working knowledge of Guinea Coast Creole English, and this language ... did not have prior knowledge of a creole language in Africa. It is also clear that the Gullah language evolved in unique circumstances in coastal South Carolina and Georgia, thus developing its ... Basin. These include the Krio language of Sierra Leone , Bahamian Dialect , Jamaican Creole , Bajan Creole and Belizean Kriol language Belizean Kriol . It is speculated fact date October ... form of Gullah resembling the language of 19th century plantation slaves. Lorenzo Turner s research ... language based on field research in rural communities in coastal South Carolina and Georgia ... and story fragments and do simple counting in the Mende language Mende , Vai language Vai and Fulani ... language and culture. Grammar Morphology The following sentences illustrate the basic verb tense ... information on the Gullah language as it was spoken in its more conservative form during the 19th century. Gullah language today The Gullah language is spoken today by about 250,000 people in South ... more details
So language may refer to So language Democratic Republic of Congo , a Bantu language S language , a Katuic language Mon Khmer of Laos and Thailand Swo language , a Bantu language of Cameroon disambiguation ... more details
Boro language may refer to Bodo language , a Tibeto Burman language spoken in India, official language of Assam state Boro language Ghana , an extinct and unclassified language of Ghana Boro language Ethiopia , an Omotic language of Ethiopia disambig ko ... more details
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