essay like date November 2011 Genomics is the study of the structure, content, and evolution of genomes , or the entire genetic information of organisms. ref name gibson cite book last Gibson first Greg ... selection of traits over time, which leads to genetic changes, the science of genomics can identify .... Understanding the genomics of domestication can also offer insight into the genetic effects of both ... . This makes the genomics of domestication a unique tool for examining the genetics of evolution ... due to their usefulness to humans. Genomics as a Tool Historically genomic studies have been focused ... drought tolerance, or select a variety of desirable traits. Genetics and Genomics of Domestication ... genetic techniques as well as genomics. However, traditional Mendelian genetics which examines inheritance ... into distinct classes. Genomics is able to overcome this limitation through the Comparative genomics ... www.plantsciences.ucdavis.edu gepts LTS.pdf accessdate 28 November 2011 ref Coding DNA Genomics offers ... is made possible by genomics, which provides the genetic sequence of the entire genome, not simply ... doi 2F10.1371 2Fjournal.pone.0021143 accessdate 28 November 2011 ref Advantages of Genomics over Traditional Genetics Genomics offers various benefits that the study of single genes, or genetics, does ... domestication of crop species that is facilitated by genomics and the identification of genes and extragenic ... . Comparative genomics also allows researchers to make inferences about the evolution of life through comparing genomic sequences and examining patterns of divergence and conservation. Genomics ... for examining the effects of evolution and artificial selection on genes. In particular, the genomics ... many crop species rely on humans for dispersal, and it is possible to use genomics to track the dispersal of domesticated species, the genomics of domesticated species can be used as a tool to track ... coco See also Genomics Domestication References Reflist Category Domesticated animals ... more details
Nutritional genomics is a science studying the relationship between human genome, nutrition and health. It can be divided into two disciplines Nutrigenomics studies the effect of nutrients on health through altering genome , proteome , metabolome and the resulting changes in physiology. Nutrigenetics studies the effect of genetic variations on the interaction between diet and health with implications to susceptible subgroups. ref name ReferenceA Public Health Nutrition , ISSN 1475 2727 electronic 1368 9800 paper ref More specifically, nutrigenomics studies how individual differences in genes influence the body s response to diet nutrition diet and nutrition . For example, people with an enzyme deficiency caused by mutations in the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase cannot metabolize foods containing the amino acid phenylalanine and must modify their diets to minimize Ingestion consumption . With modern genomic data, severe gene mutations with less severe effects are being explored to determine whether dietary practices can be more closely personalized to individual genetic profiles. However, there have been few validated studies for these kinds of classical gene mutation effects. ref name rawson citation last Rawson first N. title Nutrigenomics Boot Camp Improving Human Performance through Nutrigenomic Discovery location A Supply Side West VendorWorks Presentation, Las Vegas, Nevada date October 24, 2008 ref Gene Diet Disease interaction 97 of the genes known to be associated with human diseases result in monogenic diseases , i.e. a mutation in one gene is sufficient to cause ... Research. Ann Nutr Metab 2005 49 355 365. Brigelius Flohe R and Joost HG 2006 . Nutritional genomics ... 31294 3. Bijal Trivedi Hungry genes? New Scientist 20 01 2007 See also Genomics Orthomolecular medicine Public health genomics Roger J. Williams http nutritional genomics.com DEFAULTSORT Nutritional Genomics Category Nutrition Category Medical genetics Category Genomics ru ... more details
unreferenced date May 2010 Functional ecology is the branch of Ecology disciplines ecology that focuses on the roles, or functions, that species play in the community or ecosystem in which they occur. In this approach, physiological, anatomical, and life history characteristics of the species are emphasized. It represents the true crossroads between ecological patterns and the processes and mechanisms that underlie them. Functional ecology sits at the nexus of several disparate disciplines and serves as the unifying principle between evolutionary biology , genetics and genomics , and traditional ecological studies. Journals The scientific journal Functional Ecology journal Functional Ecology is published by the British Ecological Society since 1987. See also portalbox Ecology Biology Environment modelling ecosystems expanded other Category Ecology Category Article Feedback 5 ... more details
Functional divergence is the process by which genes, after gene duplication , shift in function from an ancestral function. Functional divergence can result in either subfunctionalization , where a paralog specializes one of several ancestral functions, or neofunctionalization , where a totally new functional capability evolves. It is thought that this process of gene duplication and functional divergence is a major originator of molecular novelty and has produced the many large protein families that exist today ref Gu X. Functional divergence in protein family sequence evolution. Genetica. 2003 Jul 118 2 3 133 41. ref ref Fay JC, Wu CI. Sequence divergence, functional constraint, and selection in protein evolution. Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet. 2003 4 213 35. ref . Functional divergence is just one possible outcome of gene duplication events. Other fates include nonfunctionalization where one of the paralogs acquires deleterious mutations and becomes a pseudogene and superfunctionalization reinforcement ref Dvornyk V, Vinogradova ON, and Nevo E. Long term microclimatic stress causes rapid adaptive radiation of kaiABC clock gene family in a cyanobacterium, Nostoc linckia, from Evolution ... the canonical sources of functional divergence of paralogs , orthologs genes descended from speciation events can also undergo functional divergence ref Studer RA, Robinson Rechavi M. 2009. How confident ... conjecture with comparative functional genomic data from mammals. PLoS computational biology ... in multiple copies of a gene in a genome, providing the opportunity for functional divergence. Many ... G. Hoffmann, Juan C. Opazo, and Hideaki Moriyama. Adaptive Functional Divergence Among Triplicated ... ref , or the expansion of G protein alpha subunits ref Zheng Y, Xu D, Gu X. Functional divergence ... Refbegin Gu X. A simple statistical method for estimating type II cluster specific functional divergence ... Functional Divergence Category Genetics Category Evolution Biology stub ... more details
Functional diversity is a politically and socially correct term for special needs , disability , impairment and handicap , which began to be used in Spain in scientific writing, at the initiative of those directly affected, in 2005. ref cite paper title Functional diversity, a new term in the struggle for dignity in the diversity of the human being author Javier Roma ach and Manuel Lobato work Independent Living Forum Spain &mdash May 2005 format PDF url http www.leeds.ac.uk disability studies archiveuk zavier Functional 20Diversity 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 fv 20Roma F1ach.pdf ref This term is intended to replace other ones with pejorative semantics. It proposes a shift towards non negative, non disparaging and non patronizing terms. The formal justification of the term can be found in the book El Modelo de la Diversidad by Agustina Palacios and Javier Roma ach, 2007, ISBN 978 84 964 7440. Examples of usage people with functional diversity instead of people with special needs physical functional diversity mobility functional diversity , person who uses a wheelchair , wheelchair user motor functional diversity dexterity functional diversity visual functional diversity , people who use screen readers as their primary means of accessing a computer people with a visual processing functional diversity auditory functional diversity mental functional diversity intellectual functional diversity cognitive functional diversity organic functional diversity circumstantial and or temporary functional diversity person with a functional diversity persons without functional diversity rather than normal or healthy people without functional diversity , typically developing children References reflist Further reading cite journal journal Disabil Rehabil. date 2007 Oct 30&ndash Nov 15 volume 29 issue 20&ndash 21 pages 1625&ndash 1633 title Constructive Functional Diversity a new paradigm beyond disability and impairment. author Patston P. pmid 17896220 doi 10.1080 09638280701618778 ... more details
A functional compiler is a compiler for a functional programming language . Functional compilers perform such transformation on source code which transform it to continuation passing style or administrative normal form and need to handle tail call s correctly. Further reading Simon Peyton Jones 1987 . http research.microsoft.com en us um people simonpj papers slpj book 1987 index.htm The Implementation of Functional Programming Languages R. Douence and P. Fradet. A systematic study of functional language implementations . ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems, 20 2 344 387, March 1998. Several proceedings on Implementation of functional languages in the Lecture Notes in Computer Science series. External links http scheme2006.cs.uchicago.edu 11 ghuloum.pdf An Incremental Approach to Compiler Construction compsci stub Category Implementation of functional programming languages ... more details
Functional grammar may refer to Functional theories of grammar , a range of functionally based approaches to linguistics Functional discourse grammar , grammar models developed by Simon C. Dik that explain how utterances are shaped based on the goals of language users Systemic functional grammar , a grammatical description developed by Michael Halliday Danish functional linguistics , a strand of functional linguistics associated with linguists at the University of Copenhagen Lexical functional grammar , a variety of generative grammar initiated by Joan Bresnan and Ronald Kaplan. Role and reference grammar , a model of grammar developed by William Foley and Robert Van Valin, Jr. disambig nl Functionele grammatica ... more details
In software engineering , a functional requirement defines a function of a software system or its component ... software . Functional requirements may be calculations, technical details, data manipulation and processing ... requirements describing all the cases where the system uses the functional requirements are captured in use cases . Functional requirements are supported by Non Functional Requirements non functional ... such as performance requirements, security, or reliability . Generally, functional requirements are expressed in the form system must do requirement , while non functional requirements are system shall be requirement . The plan for implementing functional requirements is detailed in the system design . The plan for implementing non functional requirements is detailed in the system architecture . As defined in requirements analysis requirements engineering , functional requirements specify particular results of a system. This should be contrasted with Non Functional Requirements non functional requirements which specify overall characteristics such as cost and Reliability engineering reliability . Functional requirements drive the application architecture of a system, while non functional requirements drive the technical architecture of a system. In some cases a requirements analyst generates use case s after gathering and validating a set of functional requirements. The hierarchy of functional requirements is user stakeholder request feature use case business rule. Each use case illustrates behavioral scenarios through one or more functional requirements. Often, though, an analyst will begin by eliciting a set of use case s, from which the analyst can derive the functional ... The concept of functional and non functional requirements was first presented in 1982 at the Computer Software and Application conference COMPSAC in 1982 by R.T. Yeh. Functional requirements are also ... issues in requirements engineering in which he addresses attributes of a functional requirement. Process ... more details
Wikify date April 2010 Orphan date February 2009 A functional manager is a person who has management authority over an organizational unit such as a department within a business, company, or other organization. Functional managers have ongoing responsibilities, and are not usually directly affiliated with project teams, other than ensuring that goals and objectives are aligned with the organization s overall strategy and vision. In both traditional and matrix organizations, the control of the resources is centered around the functional managers ref Seet, Daniel. http www.pmhut.com power the functional manager meat and project manager poison Power The Functional Manager s Meat and Project Manager s Poison? , PM Hut , February 6, 2009. Retrieved on March 2, 2010. ref , essentially putting project managers at a disadvantage when bargaining about staffing arrangements. Additionally, in such organizations, Project manager s usually report to functional managers, who report to senior management. References reflist Category Management occupations Business stub ... more details
Functional agonist may refer to functional selectivity Physiological agonism and antagonism Physiological agonism disambig Short pages monitor This long comment was added to the page to prevent it being listed on Special Shortpages. It and the accompanying monitoring template were generated via Template Longcomment. Please do not remove the monitor template without removing the comment as well. ... more details
refimprove date December 2008 Energy functional is total energy physics energy of a certain system, as a functional function of the system s Classical mechanics state . In the energy principles in structural mechanics energy methods of simulating the dynamics of complex structures, a state of the system is often described as an element of an appropriate function space . To be in this state, the system pays a certain cost in terms of energy required by the state. This energy is a scalar quantity, a function of the state, hence the term functional . The system tends to develop from the state with higher energy higher cost to the state with lower energy, thus local minima of this functional are usually related to the stable stationary states. Studying such states is part of the optimization mathematics optimization problems , where the terms energy functional or cost functional are often used to describe the objective function. Examples In Hamiltonian system s, the energy functional is given by the Hamiltonian mechanics hamiltonian . See also Action physics Density functional theory Hamilton s principle History of variational principles in physics Potential well External links http en.wikiversity.org wiki Energy methods in elasticity Energy methods in elasticity , Wikiversity . Category Energy in physics physics stub ... more details
In mathematics , and particularly in functional analysis , a functional is a map mathematics map from a vector space into its underlying scalar Field mathematics field . In other words, it is a function that takes a vector as its input argument, and returns a Scalar mathematics scalar . Commonly the vector space is a space of functions, thus the functional takes a function for its input argument, then it is sometimes considered a function of a function . Its use originates in the calculus of variations where one searches for a function that minimizes a certain functional. A particularly important application in physics is searching for a state of a system that minimizes the energy functional . Transformations of functions is a rather more general concept, see Operator mathematics . Examples Duality Observe that the mapping math x 0 mapsto f x 0 math is a function, here math x 0 math is an Argument ... to the value of the function at a point math f mapsto f x 0 math is a functional , here math x ... scalar field, the above linear maps are Duality mathematics dual to each other, and in functional analysis both are called linear functional s. Definite integral Integral s such as math f mapsto ... math , called the null space or kernel of math X math . Functional equation Main Functional equation The traditional usage also applies when one talks about a functional equation, meaning an equation ... unknowns, like when it is said that an additive function math f math is one satisfying the functional equation math f left x y right f left x right f left y right math . Functional derivative and functional integration Functional derivative s are used in Lagrangian mechanics . They are derivatives of functionals i.e. they carry information on how a functional changes, when the function changes by a small amount. See also calculus of variations . Richard Feynman used Functional integration functional ... Linear functional Optimization mathematics Tensor References MathWorld title Functional urlname Functional ... more details
cleanup date May 2012 No footnotes date May 2012 Functional Skills are qualifications that have been developed by the UK Government as part of an initiative to improve the country s literacy , numeracy and Information and communication technologies ICT skills. They are replacing Key Skills Level 1 and 2 qualifications from September 2012 in the short term Entry Level Key Skills will remain as there is no current replacement this is still in review. Functional skills qualifications are now integral in GCSEs in English, mathematics and ICT and are included in key stage 3 and key stage 4 programmes of study. Diplomas A component in all apprenticeship frameworks Key Skills will be still be available for registration until 31st August 2012. Functional Skills are also available as stand alone qualifications. A three year Functional Skills pilot ended on August 31, 2010. All pilot qualifications have been withdrawn and the new accredited functional skills qualifications are now available for all ... conditions at the centre. Functional Skills English Speaking and Listening components will be internally assessed but externally moderated. In Functional Skills Mathematics assessments, candidates at all levels are allowed the use of a calculator. Functional Skills ICT assessments will require use of a computer with internet access. Although the delivery of Functional Skills should be embedded into all ... unless the qualification has been achieved previously, there is no direct replacement. Functional .... Functional Skills English assessments will consist of speaking and listening, reading and writing ... of spelling and grammar and presentation skills. Functional Skills ICT assessments will consist of tasks demanding independent use of all forms of ICT problem solving, research and interpretation. Functional ... 02 24 promoting the positive in functional skills http www.teachingtimes.com articles functional skills.htm http www.usethekey.org.uk curriculum and learning secondary and further 14 19 information on functional ... more details
unreferenced date January 2012 For other uses of analog, see Analog disambiguation . Functional analogs functional analogues , are chemical compound compounds that have similar physics physical , chemistry chemical , biochemistry biochemical , or pharmacology pharmacological properties. An example of a functional analog and structural analog is morphine and heroin . Functional analogs are not necessarily also structural analog s with a similar chemical structure . Examples are classes of drug s that have a similar mechanism of action. See also Structural analog , compounds with similar chemical structure Category Chemical nomenclature de Analogon Chemie sr Funkcijski analog ... more details
Conceptdab A functional constituency is an electoral device used within the political systems of two Special Administrative Region of the People s Republic of China Special Administrative Region s of the People s Republic of China Functional constituency Hong Kong a group of professional within the Legislative Council of Hong Kong. Functional constituency Macau a political group in Macau. Taiwan Functional or professional constituencies were also used in elections in Taiwan before the democratic reforms of the 1990s. See for example zh 1 3 , an election in Taiwan for members of the Legislative Yuan of the Republic of China . PRC stub ... more details
Infobox Journal discipline Materials Science abbreviation Funct. Mater. website http www.isc.kharkov.com journal index.html publisher Institute for Single Crystals of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine country Ukraine history 1994 present ISSN 1027 5495 Functional Materials ISSN 1027 5495, title abbreviation Funct. Mater. is a peer reviewed scientific journal published by the Institute for Single Crystals of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine ref official web site of the journal Functional Materials http www.isc.kharkov.com journal index.html ref ref official web site of the Institute for Single Crystals Kharkov, Ukraine http www.isc.kharkov.com english ref . The journal was founded in 1994 and highlights the fundamental and applied research of organic and non organic functional materials. It is issued in English 4 times a year. Functional Materials has been included in the list of scientific journals recognized by the Higher Attestation Commission of Ukraine Ukrainian BAK ref official web site of the Higher Attestation Commission of Ukraine http www.vak.org.ua ref . The official web site of the journal Functional Materials can be accessed through the following link http www.isc.kharkov.com journal index.html br The journal topics include structure, phase transformations and properties of single crystals, ceramics, composites, nanocrystals, amorphous solids, liquid crystals, polymers, thin films, and low dimensional systems ways of creating new functional materials with preset properties modern methods of material research application of functional materials in modern technologies. References reflist Category Materials science journals ... more details
for functional testing in manufacturing Functional Testing Manufacturing Wikify date December 2010 Refimprove date December 2010 Functional testing is a type of black box testing that bases its test cases on the specifications of the software component under test. Functions are tested by feeding them input and examining the output, and internal program structure is rarely considered not like in white box testing . ref name KanerFalkNguyen1999 Kaner, Falk, Nguyen. Testing Computer Software . Wiley Computer Publishing, 1999, p. 42. ISBN 0 471 35846 0. ref Functional testing differs from system testing in that functional testing verif ies a program by checking it against ... design document s or specification s , while system testing validate s a program by checking it against the published user or system requirements Kaner, Falk, Nguyen 1999, p. 52 . Functional testing typically involves five steps Citation needed date December 2010 The identification of functions that the software is expected to perform The creation of input data based on the function s specifications The determination of output based on the function s specifications The execution of the test case The comparison of actual and expected outputs See also Non functional testing Acceptance testing Regression testing System testing Software testing Integration testing Unit testing References reflist External links http www.corelis.com blog index.php blog 2011 01 10 jtag for functional test without boundary scan JTAG for Functional Test without Boundary scan DEFAULTSORT Functional Testing Category Software testing Compu stub ru ... more details
Functional movements are movements based on real world situational biomechanics . They usually involve multi Anatomical terms of location Planes planar , multi joint movements which place demand on the body s Core anatomy core musculature and innervation . Functional vs other movements Sports specific Sports specific movements, such as a tennis swing or bowling cricket bowling a cricket ball , are based on sports specific situations. While there is some cross over application from sports specific movements such as running , they are usually so specific that they supersede functional movements in complexity. Yet both sports and functional movements are dependent on the body s core. Muscle specific Traditional weight lifting depends on muscle specific program design with the goal of muscle specific hypertrophy . For example, a concentration biceps curl attempts to isolate the biceps brachii , although by gripping the weight one also engages the Flexor carpi radialis muscle wrist flexors . These exercise s tend to be the most far removed from functional movement, due to their attempt to micromanage the variables acting on the individual muscles. Functional exercises, on the other hand, attempt to incorporate as many variables as possible balance, multiple joints, multiple planes of movement , thus decreasing the load on the muscle but increasing the complexity of motor coordination and flexibility anatomy flexibility . Biomechanics Functional movement usually involves gross motor movement involving the core anatomy core , which refers to the muscles of the Core anatomy Anatomy abdomen and spine , such as segmental stabilizers . See also Biomechanics Core anatomy Functional training Functional Movement in Dance Dance Alive External links http www.lisafitness.com articles func sports cond.html Lisa Mercer Fitness , Functional Sports Conditioning Bridging the Gap Between Fitness and Athleticism. Category Biomechanics http www.crossfit.com , CrossFit, forging elite fitness ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2006 Functional polymers are polymers with advanced optic and or electronic properties. Advantages of functional polymers are low cost, ease of processing and a range of attractive mechanical characteristics for functional organic molecules. One can adjust properties while keeping material usage low. This opens interesting environmental perspectives. Polymer bound substances can spread their activity without endangering people or the environment. The new Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals REACH Registration, Evaluation and Authorisation of Chemicals legislation will require chemical industry to come up with safe chemicals. Functional polymers can help achieve this goal. Examples of functional polymers are Semiconducting Conjugated Polymers Stimuli Responsive Polymers these allow for responsive drug delivery systems and smart surfaces for cell culture and regenerative medicine. Biomimetic Materials Supramolecular Metallopolymers Category Polymers de Funktionspolymere ko ... more details
In statistical graphics , the functional boxplot is an informative exploratory tool that has been proposed for visualizing functional data. ref cite journal first1 Rob J. last1 Hyndman first2 Han Lin last2 Shang title Rainbow Plots, Bagplots, and Boxplots for Functional Data journal Journal of Computational ... ref ref cite journal last Sun first Y. last2 Genton first2 M. G. year 2011 title Functional boxplots ... Analogous to the classical Box plot boxplot , the descriptive statistics of a functional boxplot ... a functional boxplot, data ordering is the first step. In functional data analysis , each ... ordered from the smallest sample value to the largest, in a functional boxplot, functional data ... last L pez Pintado first S. last2 Romo first2 J. year 2009 title On the Concept of Depth for Functional ... 734 doi 10.1198 jasa.2009.0108 ref It allows for ordering functional data from the center outwards and, thus, introduces a measure to define functional quantiles and the centrality or outlyingness of an observation. Having the ranks of functional data, the functional boxplot is a natural extension ... 50 of the data. Since the data ordering in the functional boxplot is from the center outwards, the 50 ... of the dataset except the outliers. Outlier detection Outliers can be detected in a functional ... as potential outliers. When each observation is simply a point, the functional boxplot degenerates to a classical boxplot, and it is different from the pointwise boxplots. Enhanced functional boxplot By introducing the concept of central regions, the functional boxplot can be generalized to an enhanced functional boxplot where the 25 and 75 central regions are provided as well. Surface boxplot Spatiotemporal ... as the functional boxplots. Similarly, the fences are obtained by the 1.5 times the 50 central ... is a natural extension of the functional boxplot to R sup 3 sup . Examples gallery File sstcurve.jpg ... Pacific Ocean from 1951 to 2007. File sstfbplot.jpg The functional boxplot of SST with blue curves ... more details
Functional food is a food where a new ingredient s or more of an existing ingredient has been added to a food ... What are Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals? Agriculture and Agri Food Canada ref The general category of functional foods includes processed food or foods fortified with health promoting additives, like vitamin enriched products. Products considered functional generally do not include products where ... functional foods with probiotic benefits. Functional foods are part of the continuum of products ... burden. br Functional Food is a Natural or processed food that contains known biologically active ... of chronic diseases of the modern age . It was debated at the 9th International Conference on Functional ... 15 17, 2011.Functional Food Center has adopted a new definition of functional food ref Danik M. Martirosyan Ed Functional Foods and Chronic Diseases Science and Practice. Food Science Publisher 2011 ref Functional foods are an emerging field in food science due to their increasing popularity .... The term was first used in Japan in the 1980s where there is a government approval process for functional ... foodsafety fhc 02.html ref Industry The functional food industry, consisting of food, beverage and supplement ... It is estimated by BCC Research that the global market of functional food industry will reach 176.7 billion in 2013 with a compound annual growth rate CAGR of 7.4 . Specifically, the functional food sector will experience 6.9 CAGR, the supplement sector will rise by 3.8 and the functional beverage ... scholan Scholan, I. Functional Beverages where next? Innovation in functional beverages market is set ..., which may increase consumer confidence. Strict examination of some of the functional food claims may discourage some companies from launching their products. ref name scholan Health claims Functional ... dietary supplement supplements rather than foods, but since the definition of functional food is still evolving and somewhat amorphous, a functional food may find itself bearing the warning. Current ... more details
Refimprove date December 2007 Functional Design is a paradigm used to simplify the design of hardware and software devices such as computer software and increasingly, 3D model s. A function engineering functional design assures that each modular part of a device has only one responsibility and performs that responsibility with the minimum of side effects on other parts. Functionally designed modules tend to have low coupling computer science coupling . Advantages The advantage for implementation is that if a software module has a single purpose, it will be simpler, and therefore easier and less expensive, to design and implement. Systems with functionally designed parts are easier to modify because each part does only what it claims to do. Since maintenance is more than 3 4 of a successful system s life, ref http users.jyu.fi koskinen smcosts.htm Software Maintenance Costs by Jussi Koskinen ref this feature is a crucial advantage. It also makes the system easier to understand and document, which simplifies training. The result is that the practical lifetime of a functional system is longer. In a system of programs, a functional module will be easier to reuse because it is less likely ... functional design is to review the description of a module. If the description includes conjunctions ... a functional design. Critiques and limits Every computer system has parts that cannot be functionally ... topological tree or graph of related concepts. In these unusual cases, functional design is not recommended ... Recently several software companies have introduced functional design as a concept to describe a Parametric ... of functional models. references External links http www.scottmanning.com content functional design specification Functional Design Specification http www.smashingmagazine.com 2008 08 05 7 essential guidelines for functional design 7 Essential Guidelines For Functional Design http caps.space.swri.edu caps documentation FSFD1 5a.pdf Exemplar CPU 1 FLIGHT SOFTWARE FUNCTIONAL DESIGN DOCUMENT Design Category ... more details
A functional symptom is a medicine medical symptom in an individual which is very broadly conceived as arising from a problem in nervous system functioning and not due to a structural or pathologically defined disease cause. Functional symptoms are increasingly viewed within a framework in which psychological, physiological and biological factors should be considered to be relevant. ref name pmid12153926 cite journal author Mayou R, Farmer A title ABC of psychological medicine Functional somatic symptoms and syndromes journal BMJ volume 325 issue 7358 pages 265 8 year 2002 pmid 12153926 doi 10.1136 bmj.325.7358.265 url http bmj.com cgi pmidlookup?view long&pmid 12153926 pmc 1123778 ref Historically, there has often been fierce debate about whether certain problems are predominantly related to an abnormality of structure disease or function abnormal nervous system functioning , and what are at one stage posited to be functional symptoms are sometimes later reclassified as organic, as investigative techniques improve. Thus, on finding itself unable to discover effective treatments or physiological .... Another specific example is functional constipation , which may have psychological or psychiatric causes. However, one type of apparently functional constipation, anismus , may have a neurological physical basis. Whilst misdiagnosis of functional symptoms does occur, in neurology, for example ... in such a challenging field as medicine. A common trend is to see functional symptoms and syndromes such as fibromyalgia , irritable bowel syndrome and functional neurological symptoms such as functional ... articlerender.fcgi?artid 1123778 Functional somatic symptoms and syndromes http content.apa.org journals pst 44 3 354 Engagement in psychological treatment for functional neurological symptoms Barriers and solutions http www.bmj.com cgi content full 325 7359 323 Chronic multiple functional somatic symptoms http www.blackwell synergy.com doi pdf 10.1111 j.1365 2036.2005.02314.x?cookieSet 1 Functional ... more details
Unreferenced date June 2009 In telephony , a functional protocol is a type of Protocol computing protocol that is used to carry signaling messages between end points. Such a protocol is used to control the operation of devices at each end of the link. The adjective functional is used to describe protocols that are aware of the system state of the endpoints. Session Initiation Protocol SIP is a currently popular protocol for Voice over IP VoIP and other applications. Functional protocols, with their awareness of system state, are becoming more popular since they fit the current technology ethos by taking the intelligence of the network to the periphery. They rely on the capability of intelligent end points. This expectation is compatible with the current technological and economic reality of silicon integration. Functional protocols are the hallmark of the dumb network architecture that marks the Internet. Functional protocols allow the customization of applications to end user preferences. This should be contrasted with stimulus protocol such as MiNET which carry only event data and are not aware of system state. As a result, stimulus protocols were commonly used in traditional telephony architectures that relied on centralized call control . With centralization, stimulus protocols allow for more complex and reliable operation than functional because they offer standardized feature sets whose development costs can be amortized over a large number of users. Category Telephony ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Orphan date December 2009 Some approaches to quantum field theory are more popular than others. For historical reasons the Schr dinger representation is less favoured than Fock space methods. In the early days of quantum field theory maintaining symmetries such as Lorentz invariance and proving renormalisation were of paramount importance. The Schr dinger representation is not manifestly Lorentz invariant and its renormalisability was only shown as recently as the 1980s by Kurt Symanzik . Within the Schr dinger representation the Schr dinger functional stands out as perhaps the most useful and versatile functional tool, though interest in it is shown only by a few researchers. The Schr dinger functional is not itself nature physical . It is, in its most basic form, the time translation generator of state wavefunctionals. In layman s terms, it defines how a system of quantum particles evolves through time and what the later systems may look like. The basic mathematical definition is as follows. In the quantum field theory of as example a scalar field math phi math with a time independent Hamiltonian math H math the Schr dinger functional is defined as math mathcal S phi 2,t 2 phi 1,t 1 langle , phi 2 , e iH t 2 t 1 hbar , phi 1 , rangle. math In the Schr dinger representation this functional generates time translations of state wave functionals, via math Psi phi 2,t 2 int mathcal D phi 1 , , mathcal S phi 2,t 2 phi 1,t 1 Psi phi 1,t 1 math . DEFAULTSORT Schrodinger Functional Category Quantum field theory ... more details
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