In social psychology , the fundamentalattributionerror also known as correspondence bias or attribution ... for those behaviors. The fundamentalattributionerror is most visible when people explain the behavior ... 1031 67 90034 0 ref Ross argued in a popular paper that the fundamentalattributionerror forms the conceptual ... Daniel Gilbert , have begun using the term correspondence bias for the fundamentalattributionerror ... explanation for the fundamentalattributionerror. Here are several hypotheses of the causes ... is constrained by situational factors, we still commit the fundamentalattributionerror. ref name JonesHarris67 ... the fundamentalattributionerror. It also explains that people commit to fundamentalattributionerror ... have been found effective in reducing the effect of the fundamentalattributionerror Taking heed of consensus ... prone to the fundamentalattributionerror. Cultural differences in the error Generally, the fundamentalattributionerror has been researched central to a social cognitive framework. Barring this however ... journal last Lagdridge first Darren coauthors Trevor Butt title The fundamentalattributionerror ... of making fundamentalattributionerror people from individualistic cultures are prone ... doi 10.1037 0033 295X.98.2.224 ref Fundamentalattributionerror vs. Correspondence bias The fundamentalattributionerror is commonly used interchangeably with correspondence bias sometimes called correspondence ... argue that the fundamentalattributionerror should be considered as the tendency to make dispositional ... Association. ref ref Krull, D.S. 2001 . On partitioning the fundamentalattributionerror Dispositionalism ... to those of fundamentalattributionerror. While the latter has been found to be more prevalent ..., Chen, S., & Zhao, X. 1999 . The fundamentalattributionerror Correspondence bias in individualist ... chance directed behaviors to situation. The hypothesis was confounded by the fundamentalattribution ... hypothesis False consensus effect Group attributionerror Just world phenomenon List of cognitive ... more details
The group attributionerror is a group serving bias group serving , attributional bias identical to the fundamentalattributionerror except that it occurs between different group sociology groups rather than different individuals. Group members are more likely to attribute the decisions of their own group to its decision rules, while they tend to attribute the decisions of another group to its members attitude. The group attributionerror was first reported by Scott Allison and David Messick. Compare to the outgroup homogeneity bias . See also Portal Psychology div style column count 2 moz column count 2 webkit column count 2 Fundamentalattributionerror Ingroup bias Attribution theory List of cognitive biases div References http dx.doi.org 10.1016 0022 1031 85 90025 3 Allison, S. T. & Messick, D. M. 1985 . The group attributionerror. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 21 , 563 579 Category Cognitive biases Category Attitude attribution Category Group processes cognitive psych stub social psych stub ... more details
cognitive error, the fundamentalattributionerror . Ultimate AttributionError is attributing behaviors of entire groups to their stereotypes. In psychology, the Ultimate AttributionError is considered one of the roots of prejudice . Ultimate AttributionError The ultimate attributionerror is a cognitive error committed by prejudiced people in which negative behaviors are attributed to the personality ... attributionerror is different from the fundamentalattributionerror in that it is used to describe entire groups of people, whereas the fundamentalattributionerror has to do with dispositional attribution s that apply only to an individual. Studies Demonstrating the Ultimate AttributionError The ultimate attributionerror was demonstrated in 1976 by Birt Duncan. ref name WhitleyKite2010 ...The ultimate attributionerror is the tendency to explain negative behaviours of an outgroup member as a flaw in their personality, and to justify positive behaviour performed by an outgroup member as a result of uncommon circumstances . It is also the belief that positive acts performed by ingroup members are a result of their personality, whereas if an ingroup member behaves negatively this is believed to be rare, and a result of situational factors Hewstone, 1989 . Specifically, they view negative acts committed by outgroup members as a stable trait of the outgroup, and view positive acts committed ... first T. F. year 1979 title The Ultimate AttributionError Extending Allport s Cognitive Analysis ... s study demonstrates that ultimate attributionerror is more likely to occur when there are negative ... experienced Whitley & Kite, 2010 . ref name WhitleyKite2010 See also Portal Psychology Fundamentalattributionerror Actor observer asymmetry Logical fallacy Hikikomori References Reflist Category ... people who are dealing with specific situations the best they can. Conversely, people who commit this error ... last Duncan first B. L. year 1976 title Differential social perception and attribution if intergroup ... more details
Wiktionary Attribution may refer to Something, such as a quality or characteristic, that is related to a particular possessor an attribute. Attribution copyright , concept in copyright law requiring an author to be credited Attribution psychology , concept in psychology whereby people attribute traits and causes to things they observe Performance attribution , technique in quantitative finance for explaining the active performance of a portfolio Journalism sourcing or attribution , journalistic practice of attributing information to its source disambig fr Attribution ru ... more details
title Not for Attribution episodelink Not for Attribution series The Wire serieslink The Wire ... http www.hbo.com thewire episode season5 episode53.shtml title The Wire episode guide episode 53 Not for Attribution ... 5 53 not for attribution index.html Not for Attribution at HBO.com imdb episode 0977180 tv.com episode ... more details
Wiktionary fundamentalFundamental may refer to Foundation of reality Fundamental frequency , as in music or phonetics, often referred to as simply a fundamental Fundamentalism , the belief in, and usually the strict adherence to, the simplistic or fundamental ideas based on faith of a system of thought The Fundamentals , a set of books important to Christian fundamentalism Any of a number of fundamental theorem s identified in mathematics, such as The fundamental theorem of algebra , a theorem regarding the factorization of polynomials The fundamental theorem of arithmetic , a theorem regarding prime factorization Fundamental analysis , a method that uses financial and economic analysis to predict the movement of security prices such as bond prices, but more commonly stock prices In music Fundamental Bonnie Raitt album Fundamental Bonnie Raitt album Fundamental Pet Shop Boys album Fundamental Pet Shop Boys album Fundamental Puya album Fundamental Puya album Fun Da Mental , a rap group See also Fundamentalism disambig cs Fundament ln es Fundamental gl Fundamental id Fundamental it Fundamental nl Fundamental ... more details
Publishing,1987 ref The following are examples of attributional biases. Fundamentalattributionerror The fundamentalattributionerror describes the tendency to over value dispositional or personality based explanations for behavior while under valuing situational explanations. The fundamentalattribution ... individualist cultures are more inclined to make fundamentalattributionerror than people from collectivist ... attributionerror. It also fails to address the social, cultural and historical factors that shape ...wikify date August 2010 Attribution is a concept in social psychology referring to how individuals explain causes of behavior and events. Attribution theory is an umbrella term for various theories that attempt ... Cengage Learning, 2008 ref Fritz Heider first proposed a theory of attribution The Psychology ... Weiner . Types Explanatory attribution People make explanatory attributions to understand the world and seek reasons for a particular event. Explanatory attribution plays an important role in understanding .... Interpersonal attribution Sometimes, when your action or motives for the action are questioned, you ... involve two or more individuals. ref name Attribution Theory and Research Hewstone, Fincham, Jaspars. Attribution Theory and Research Conceptual Developmental and Social Dimensions . Academic ... 11 pages 380 isbn 0 205 65408 1 ref When an internal attribution is made, the cause of the given ..., attitudes, or disposition. When an external attribution is made, the cause of the given behavior ... of attribution File Covariation.png thumb right 220px When there is low consensus and distinctiveness ... to the factor that co varies most closely with that action. ref Kelley, Attribution theory ... of Attribution looks to three main types of information from which to make an attribution decision ... these three sources of information observers make attribution decisions on the individual s behavior .... Three dimensional model of attribution Bernard Weiner ref Weiner, B. 1992 , Human Motivation ... more details
, Adam B., Williams, Melissa J., Knowles, Eric D., Chen, Zhansheng title Fundamental ist attributionerror Protestants are dispositionally focused. journal Journal of Personality and Social Psychology ...Religious Attribution in social psychology refers to how individuals attempt to explain understand causes of behavior and or events. Religious attribution is a theory derived from attribution theory of Social psychology social psychology . Types of religious attributions The two types of attributions when considering religion are naturalistic and religious attributions. Naturalistic attributions Evidence supports that most people under most circumstances initially employ naturalistic attributions and explanations such as references to people, natural events, accidents, or chance. ref name Lupfer cite journal last Lupfer coauthors Brock, & DePaola title The use of secular and religious attributions ... 31 pages pages 486 503 ref This is the attribution type that is most common among most, in many ... to a more religious attribution type when naturalistic ones do not satisfy the needs for meaning, control ... alive. Why use religious attribution The question is why would people use religious attributions ... attribution. These situational influences fall into two broad categories contextual factors and event ... with religious attribution by saying it is God s will. Science can cover a lot of things but it cannot ... negative happens there is still attribution to God, but it is not negative. It is not God is punishing ... the event domains when explaining attribution. There are some domains that are ready made ... from something the question why me? comes into play, and attribution is the means to find the answer ... personal relevance elicits more religious attribution. ref name Lupfer Who uses attribution People ... highly are more likely to be the type of person to rely more heavily on religious attribution then would ... will turn to internal or religious attribution more often then will the more orthodox Catholics ... more details
at Gare Montparnasse Montparnasse , France , 1895 The word error entails different meanings and usages relative to how it is conceptually applied. The concrete meaning of the Latin word error is wandering or straying . Unlike an illusion , an error or a mistake can sometimes be dispelled through knowledge ... moscow.jpg right thumbnail One error and its catastrophic results Napoleon s invasion of Russia Retreat ... between error and wiktionary mistake mistake as follows quote An error is a deviation from accuracy or correctness. A mistake is an error caused by a fault the fault being misjudgment, carelessness ... meant, that would be an error. The first time it would be an error. The second time it would be a mistake ... of this kind of error. More serious departures from social norms carry labels such as misbehavior .... See also Error analysis . Image PrintingError.jpg thumb 400px Herzliya Airport Israel Runway location ... See medical error for a description of error in medicine. Science and engineering Image TrafficSignIsraelError.JPG ... on the lower right corner. File General relativity FACT .jpg thumb left 180px Indication of an error ... , an errors and residuals in statistics error or residual is not a mistake but rather a difference ... correct value. See also Observational error . In science and engineering in general an error ... error is defined as the difference between a set point and the process value. An example ... by the difference the error between the thermostat setting and the sensed air temperature ... avoid the effects of error, whether Hanlon s Razor unintentional or not . Such errors in a system ... error , which includes cognitive bias . Human factors engineering is often applied to designs in an attempt to minimize this type of error by making systems more forgiving or error tolerant . In computational mechanics , when solving a system such as Ax b there is a distinction between the error ... the approximation error . Cybernetics The word cybernetics stems from the Ancient Greek Greek ... more details
File Cc by new.svg thumb 120px Creative Commons license symbol for attribution. Attribution in copyright law, is acknowledgement as credit the author of a work which is used or appears in another work. Attribution is sometimes required by licenses that specific the usage rights, such as the GNU Free Documentation License and Creative Commons licenses. ref Creative Commons, http wiki.creativecommons.org FAQ FAQ ref Attribution is often considered the most basic of requirements made by a license, as it allows an author to accumulate a positive reputation that partially repays their work and prevents others from claiming fraudulently to have produced the work. It is widely regarded as a sign of decency and respect to acknowledge the creator by giving him her credit for the work. See also Acknowledgment creative arts Credit creative arts References Reflist law term stub DEFAULTSORT Attribution Copyright Category Copyright law ar fr Droit de paternit nl Naamsvermelding ja pl Atrybucja sztuka ru ... more details
Orphan date October 2010 See Attribution of recent climate change Climate attribution is a scientific process for establishing the principal causes or physical explanation for observed climate conditions and phenomena. This includes attribution of the causes for observed climate variations that may not be unusual in a statistical sense but for which great public interest exists because they produce profound societal impacts. Climate attribution is most frequently associated with the process of explaining a detected change. ref name noaa def cite web url http www.esrl.noaa.gov psd csi whatis title NOAA Climate Attribution What is Attribution? work U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Earth System Research Laboratory, Physical Sciences Division publisher NOAA accessdate 18 October 2010 ref Mechanisms There are numerous mechanisms that may produce climate variations or change including external forcing, anthropogenic forcing, and internal mechanisms. External forcing contains both natural and anthropogenic sources such as solar variability and volcanic eruptions. human impact on the environment Anthropogenic forcing stem are from changing concentrations of greenhouse gases and aerosol s, and land cover use produced by human activities. Internal ... mechanisms is often called internal variability. ref name noaa def Attribution According to the IPCC Third Assessment Report , the attribution requirements for a detected change are ref name noaa def ... important elements of the given combination of forcings. For attribution to be established, the relationship ... or internal variations alone. ref name noaa def References Reflist Source attribution cite web url http www.esrl.noaa.gov psd csi whatis title NOAA Climate Attribution What is Attribution? work U.S. ... climate attribution http www.esrl.noaa.gov psd outreach resources handouts attribution final.pdf Climate Attribution , Earth System Research Laboratory, NOAA Category Climate change science ... more details
The fallacy of a false attribution occurs when an advocate appeals to an irrelevant, unqualified, unidentified, biased or fabricated source in support of an argument. A contextomy is a type of false attribution. A more deceptive and difficult to detect version of a false attribution is where a fraudulent advocate goes so far as to fabricate a source, such as creating a fake website, in order to support a claim. For example, the Levitt Institute was a fake organisation created in 2009 solely for the purposes of successfully fooling the Australia n media into reporting that Sydney was Australia s most naive city. ref name Deception Detection Deficiency http www.abc.net.au mediawatch transcripts s2698835.htm Deception Detection Deficiency , Media Watch. ref A particular case of misattribution is the Matthew effect sociology Matthew effect a quotation is often attributed to someone more famous than the real author. This leads the quotation to be more famous, but the real author to be forgotten see also obliteration by incorporation . ref cite journal doi 10.1063 1.1768652 title Could Feynman Have Said This? year 2004 author Mermin, N. David journal Physics Today volume 57 pages 10 ref References Reflist External links http www.fallacyfiles.org quotcont.html Quoting Out of Context Fallacy Files. http www.scribd.com doc 8009498 HUMBUG eBook by Jef Clark and Theo Clark Humbug The skeptic s field guide to spotting fallacies in thinking textbook on fallacies. False Attribution p56 . Informal Fallacy Category Logical fallacies ... more details
Performance Attribution or Investment Performance Attribution is a set of techniques that performance ... is actively managed. Different kinds of performance attribution provide different ways of explaining the active return. Attribution analysis attempts to distinguish which of the two factors ... . This leaves an active return of 2.20 . The task of performance attribution is to explain the decisions ... paradigm for performance attribution, there are two different kinds of decision that the portfolio ... return for equities was only 3 . The attribution analysis dissects the value added into three ..., and the equities sector also outperformed its benchmark. The three attribution terms asset allocation ... factors . More modern and enhanced versions of decision attribution analysis omit the economically ... decision. Decision attribution also needs to address the combined effect of multiple periods ... but duration decisions are only made for the fixed income assets. The most robust attribution models precisely address all of these aspects of decision attribution without residuals. Furthermore ... attribution system must always be interpreted in parallel to a precisely commensurate risk attribution ... verified claims to have introduced the key concept in performance attribution, that active performance ... performance attribution notional portfolios, asset allocation, and stock selection. The perhaps fictional ... and may be a fictional creation, by many of the standard texts on performance attribution for example ... their work and devote copious numbers of pages to Brinson Fachler attribution pp. 177 180. and Brinson Hood Beebower attribution pp. 29 51 . Geometric attribution The most common approach to performance attribution found in sources such as Brinson1985 Brinson et al. 1985 and Carino Carino 1999 can be described as arithmetic attribution . It is arithmetic in the sense that it describes the difference ... was 21 , and the benchmark return was 10 , arithmetic attribution would explain 11 of value added ... more details
Nuclear attribution is the process of tracing the origin of nuclear material that has been used in a nuclear explosion . ref cite news author David Sanger and Thom Shanker title U.S. Debates Deterrence for Nuclear Terrorism publisher New York Times date 7 May 2007 url http www.nytimes.com 2007 05 08 washington 08nuke.html accessdate 2008 04 29 ref The problem is not necessarily a straightforward one, for it may be possible to obtain Precursor chemistry nuclear precursors through the Underground economy black market , and therefore relatively anonymously. Attribution to the source is desirable due to the trend of nuclear proliferation . List of states with nuclear weapons Nuclear capability has expanded from only a couple of states, to where a terrorist group could make a bomb with only partial state backing. The United States has demonstrated its interest in nuclear attribution by passing the Nuclear Forensics and Attribution Act, which calls for the development of attribution capabilities. ref cite web title H.R.730 url http thomas.loc.gov cgi bin query D?c111 6 . temp c111bwAFiW publisher The Library of Congress accessdate 21 August 2011 ref Nuclear Forensics A primary method used in nuclear attribution is nuclear forensics . The first step in this process is field work . Radiation levels can be quickly determined in the field using dosimetry . Reports from local survivors help provide visual evidence. The early data from the field, in addition to seismic data, can be used to establish that the bomb was actually nuclear and estimate its yield . The gathered samples will be shipped to laboratories and analyzed using isotope analysis and other methods. The isotopic signature ... be pieced together. Intelligence Another aspect of nuclear attribution is the use of law enforcement .... Problems The goal of nuclear attribution is to pinpoint the source of nuclear material with a credible ... difficult. Another problem is that the process of nuclear attribution takes time. Political ... more details
A Question of Attribution is a 1988 one act stage play, written by Alan Bennett . It was premi red at the National Theatre, London in December 1988, along with the stage version of An Englishman Abroad . The two plays are collectively called Single Spies . ref cite web url http www.stageonetheatre.com spotlight SpotlightMay2011.pdf title Spotlight first last work stageonetheatre.com year 2011 last update accessdate 10 July 2011 ref The one act play formed the basis of a 1992 television film of the same name broadcast as part of the BBC s Screen One series. The film was directed by John Schlesinger and stars James Fox as Anthony Blunt , David Calder actor David Calder as Chubb, an MI5 officer, and Prunella Scales as H.M.Q. Elizabeth II . ref name screenonline http www.screenonline.org.uk tv id 986784 A Question of Attribution , BFI Screenonline, retrieved 17 January 2006 ref The film was produced by long time Bennett collaborator Innes Lloyd , and is dedicated to his memnory. The New York Times called the film a razor sharp psychological melodrama and it won the 1992 BAFTA TV award for Best Single Drama. ref http movies2.nytimes.com gst movies movie.html?v id 132221 New York Times review , retrieved 17 January 2006 ref Prunella Scales was nominated for Best Actress. Plot The play and subsequent film is based on Anthony Blunt s role in the Cambridge Spy Ring and, as Surveyor of the Queen s Pictures , personal art advisor to Queen Elizabeth II. It portrays his interrogation by MI5 officers, his work researching and conserving art works, his work at the Courtauld Institute of Art Courtauld Institute , and his acquaintance with the Queen. Bennett described the piece as an inquiry in which the circumstances are imaginary but the pictures are real. ref name screenonline While supervising the restoration of a dual portrait in which only partial attribution to Titian is thought ... DEFAULTSORT Question of Attribution,A Category BBC television dramas Category Cold War spy ... more details
The fundamental theorem of a field of mathematics is the theorem considered central to that field. The naming of such a theorem is not necessarily based on how often it is used or the difficulty of its ... ref For example, the fundamental theorem of calculus gives the relationship between differential .... The names are mostly traditional, so that for example the fundamental theorem of arithmetic is basic to what would now be called number theory . The mathematical literature sometimes refers to the fundamental ... in and of itself. The fundamental lemma of a field is often, but not always, the same as the fundamental theorem of that field. Fundamental lemmata Fundamental lemma of calculus of variations Fundamental lemma of Langlands and Shelstad Fundamental lemma of sieve theory Feinstein s fundamental lemma information theory Fundamental lemma of interpolation theory numerical analysis Fundamental theorems of mathematical topics Fundamental theorem of algebra Fundamental theorem of arithmetic Fundamental theorem of calculus Fundamental theorem of curves Fundamental theorem of cyclic groups Fundamental theorem of surfaces Fundamental theorem of finitely generated abelian groups Fundamental theorem of Galois theory Fundamental theorem on homomorphisms Fundamental theorem of linear algebra Fundamental theorem of projective geometry Fundamental theorem of Riemannian geometry Fundamental theorem of vector analysis Fundamental theorem of linear programming Non mathematical fundamental theorems There are also a number of fundamental theorems not directly related to mathematics Fundamental theorem of arbitrage free pricing Fisher s fundamental theorem of natural selection Fundamental theorems of welfare economics Thermodynamic potentials The fundamental equations Fundamental equations of thermodynamics Fundamental theorem of poker See also List of theorems Notes reflist Fundamental theorems Category Fundamental theorems es Teorema fundamental fr Th or me fondamental hi ka ... more details
The fundamental plane may refer to Fundamental plane spherical coordinates , which divides a spherical coordinate system Fundamental plane elliptical galaxies , which shows an empirical relationship among mean surface brightness, velocity dispersion and effective radius of an elliptical galaxy disambig ... more details
The mathematical term fundamental sequence can refer to In analysis, Cauchy sequence . In discrete mathematics and computer science, Unary coding . In set theory, a fundamental sequence ordinals fundamental sequence for an ordinal is a sequence of ordinals approaching the limit ordinal from below. disambig ... more details
A fundamental matrix may refer to fundamental matrix computer vision fundamental matrix linear differential equation disambig Short pages monitor This long comment was added to the page to prevent it being listed on Special Shortpages. It and the accompanying monitoring template were generated via Template Longcomment. Please do not remove the monitor template without removing the comment as well. ... more details
Fundamental law s may refer to Organic law , in particular, Constitution , in particular, The Russian Constitution of 1906 . The German Grundgesetz more commonly translated as Basic Law . The four individual laws that together make up the Constitution of Sweden . The Fundamental Laws of England . The Fundamental Law of Vatican City State The Basic Law s of a country which does not use the term constitution , or has an uncodified constitution. The fundamental physical law s of the universe Religion The Ten Commandments disambig es Leyes fundamentales fr Loi fondamentale ... more details
, will therefore produce a different set of fundamental modes and hence different attribution decompositions ...refimprove date September 2011 Fixed income attribution refers to the process of measuring returns generated .... Attribution is therefore an extremely useful tool in verifying a fund manager s claims to possessing ... consistent returns from superior credit research, then an attribution report will confirm this claim. Conversely, if the attribution report shows that this same manager is making non zero returns from ... process clearly differs from his stated position. Fixed income attribution therefore provides ... the investor s true skills lie. For these reasons, fixed income attribution is rapidly growing in importance in the investment industry. Sector based attribution Among the simplest fixed income attribution techniques is sector based attribution. This is based on the standard Brinson Fachler attribution ... attribution, with worked examples, is provided in Dynkin et al. 1998 . Yield curve attribution A more widely used approach to fixed income attribution is to decompose the returns of individual securities ... versus perturbational attribution To calculate the return arising from each effect, we can ... performance measurement systems and the attribution system For these reasons, a pricing model based approach to attribution may not be the right one where data sourcing or reconciliation is an issue ... to attribution are less onerous than for the first principle approach. The perturbation ..., there will be presumably be an error in the calculated return or the risk numbers, or some ... are expressed in terms of changes in the curve. Any discussion of fixed income attribution therefore ... virtually any yield curve see Nelson and Siegel 1987 . Factor based attribution A factor based model ... corresponds to a fundamental model of the yield curve, and each eigenvector is orthogonal , so that the curve ... of term structure changes is mathematically elegant, it does have some significant drawbacks for attribution ... more details
Fundamental science pure science is science that describes the most basic Object philosophy objects , force s, relations between them and laws governing them, such that all other phenomena may be in principle derived from them following the logic of scientific reductionism . Biology , chemistry and physics are fundamental sciences engineering is not. There is a difference between fundamental science and applied science or practical science . ref American Association for the Advancement of Science, Science. 1917. Page 645 ref Fundamental science, in contrast to applied science, is defined as a fundamental knowledge it develops. The progress of fundamental science is based on well controlled experiments and careful observation. Fundamental science is dependent upon deductions from demonstrated truths, or is studied without regard to practical applications. Fundamental science has traditionally been associated with the natural sciences , however, research in the social science social and behavioral sciences can be deemed fundamental e.g., cognitive neuroscience, personality . See also Fundamental research Philosophy of science Scientific method Hard and soft science Hard science vs. Soft science References Reflist Further reading Henry James Clarke, http books.google.com books?id YBUHAAAAQAAJ The fundamental science . 1885. DEFAULTSORT Fundamental Science Category Philosophy of science science stub philosophy stub ca Ci ncia b sica cy Gwyddoniaeth bur de Grundlagenwissenschaft et Alusteadused fa fr Science fondamentale it Scienza fondamentale nl Fundamentele wetenschap ja pl Nauki podstawowe ru uk ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Dablink For the fundamental class in class field theory see class formation . In mathematics , the fundamental class is a homology mathematics homology class M associated to an oriented manifold M , which corresponds to the whole manifold , and pairing with which corresponds to integrating over the manifold . Intuitively, the fundamental class can be thought of as the sum of the top dimensional simplices of a suitable triangulation of the manifold. Definition Closed, orientable When M is a connected space connected orientable closed manifold of dimension n , the top homology group is infinite cyclic math H n M, mathbf Z cong mathbf Z math , and an orientation is a choice of generator, a choice of isomorphism math mathbf Z to H n M, mathbf Z math . The generator is called the fundamental class . If M is disconnected but still orientable , a fundamental class is a fundamental class for each connected component corresponding to an orientation for each component . It represents, in a sense, integration over M , and in relation with de Rham cohomology it is exactly that namely for M a smooth manifold, an differential form n form can be paired with the fundamental ..., one cannot define a fundamental class, or more precisely, one cannot define a fundamental class ... there is no ambiguity in choice of orientation , and has a math mathbf Z 2 math fundamental class. This math mathbf Z 2 math fundamental class is used in defining Stiefel Whitney numbers . With boundary ... of isomorphism is a fundamental class. Poincar duality Main Poincar duality Expand section date December 2008 Under Poincar duality , the fundamental class is dual to the bottom class of a connected ... product with the fundamental class yields an isomorphism math H M, R to H n M, R math . See also ... of the flag variety of a Lie group , the fundamental class corresponds to the top dimension Schubert ... group Poincar duality DEFAULTSORT Fundamental Class Category Algebraic topology ru ... more details
In representation theory of Lie group s and Lie algebra s, a fundamental representation is an irreducible finite dimensional representation of a semisimple Lie algebra semisimple Lie group or Lie algebra whose highest weight is a fundamental weight . For example, the defining module of a classical Lie group is a fundamental representation. Any finite dimensional irreducible representation of a semisimple Lie group or Lie algebra can be constructed from the fundamental representations by a procedure due to lie Cartan . Thus in a certain sense, the fundamental representations are the elementary building blocks for arbitrary finite dimensional representations. Examples In the case of the general linear group , all fundamental representations are exterior power s of the defining module. In the case of the special unitary group SU n SU n , the n &minus 1 fundamental representations are the wedge products math operatorname Alt k mathbb C n math consisting of the alternating tensor s, for k 1, 2, ..., n &minus 1. The spin representation of the twofold cover of an odd orthogonal group , the odd spin group , and the two half spin representations of the twofold cover of an even orthogonal group, the even spinor group, are fundamental representations that cannot be realized in the space of tensors. The adjoint representation of the simple Lie group of type E8 mathematics E sub 8 sub is a fundamental representation. Explanation The Representation ... integral weights. It can be proved that there exists a set of fundamental weights , indexed by the vertices ... combinations of the fundamental weights. The corresponding irreducible representations are the fundamental representations of the Lie group. From the expansion of a dominant weight in terms of the fundamental weights one can take a corresponding tensor product of the fundamental representations ... uses Outside of Lie theory, the term fundamental representation is sometimes loosely used to refer ... more details
Infobox Single Name Fundamental Love Cover ELT FundamentalLove.jpg Artist Every Little Thing band Every Little Thing from Album commonplace album commonplace Released July 30, 2003 Format CD single Recorded Genre J pop Length 10 16 Fundamental Love and nostalgia only Label AVEX Records avex trax Writer Kaori Mochida Producer Last single Grip br 2003 This single Fundamental Love br 2003 Next single Mata Ashita br 2003 nihongo Fundamental Love was the th single by the Japan ese j pop group Every Little Thing band Every Little Thing , released on July 30, 2003. Track listing nihongo Fundamental Love nostalgia 2003614 version nihongo Fundamental Love Instrumental Chart positions class wikitable align left Chart 2003 align center Peak br position align center Time in br chart align left Japan Oricon align center 9 align 7 weeks External links http avexnet.jp item every disc product AVCD 30501.html nihongo Fundamental Love information at AVEX Records Avex Network . http www.oricon.co.jp music release d 514178 1 nihongo Fundamental Love information at Oricon . Category 2003 singles Category Every Little Thing songs Category Songs written by Kaori Mochida Category Singles certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of Japan 2000s Japan single stub gl Fundamental Love ja ... more details
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