about the type of unit of measure the concept in number theory Fundamental unit number theory A set of fundamental units is a set of Units of measurement units for physical quantity physical quantities from which every other unit can be generated. In the language of measurement , quantities are quantifiable aspects of the world, such as time , distance , velocity , mass , momentum , energy , and weight , and units are used to describe their measure. Many of these quantities are related to each other by various physical laws, and as a result the units of some of the quantities can be expressed as products ... that cannot be so expressed can be regarded as fundamental in this sense. There are other relationships between physical quantities which can be expressed by means of fundamental constants, and to some extent it is an arbitrary decision whether to retain the fundamental constant as a quantity with dimensions ... of fundamental constants by one. For instance, time and distance are related to each other by the speed of light , c, which is a fundamental constant. It is possible to use this relationship to eliminate either the fundamental unit of time or that of distance. Similar considerations apply to Planck ... but not in others. In the SI system, there are seven fundamental units kilogram , meter , candela , second , ampere , kelvin , and mole unit mole . In theory, a system of fundamental quantities or sometimes fundamental dimensions would be such that every other physical quantity or dimension of physical ... the electronic charge to such a number. One could similarly eliminate the mole as a fundamental ... in terms of other physical quantities. That just leaves one fundamental dimension and one fundamental unit, but we still have plenty of fundamental constants left to eliminate that too for instance ... physicists who have cast doubt on the very existence of incompatible fundamental quantities. ref M. J. Duff, L. B. Okun and G. Veneziano, Trialogue on the number of fundamental constants ... more details
point under the group action form an group action Orbits and stabilizers orbit of the action. A fundamental ... ways to choose a fundamental domain. Typically, a fundamental domain is required to be a connected .... The images of a chosen fundamental domain under the group action then tessellation tile the space. One general construction of fundamental domains uses Voronoi cell s. Hints at general definition ... s, a fundamental domain also called fundamental region for this action is a set D of representatives ... invariant measure mathematics measure on X . A fundamental domain always contains a free regular ..., but the repeated part has measure zero. This is a typical situation in ergodic theory . If a fundamental ... Z sup n sup acting on it by translations, the quotient X G is the n dimensional torus . A fundamental ... rotation an orbit is either a set of n points around the axis, or a single point on the axis the fundamental ... side of the plane, or a single point in the plane the fundamental domain is a half space bounded ..., except for one orbit, consisting of the center only the fundamental domain is a half space bounded ... opposite to each other with respect to the axis, or a single point on the axis the fundamental domain ... direction the orbits are translates of a 1D lattice in the direction of the translation vector the fundamental ... are translates of a 2D lattice in the plane through the translation vectors the fundamental domain ... directions the orbits are translates of the lattice the fundamental domain is a primitive cell ... diagram. In the case of translational symmetry combined with other symmetries, the fundamental domain is part of the primitive cell. For example, for wallpaper group s the fundamental domain is a factor 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, or 12 smaller than the primitive cell. Fundamental domain for the modular group ... of H &Gamma the grey one with the third point of the triangle at infinity is the canonical fundamental domain. The existence and description of a fundamental domain is in general something requiring ... more details
Image Schenkerian Ursatz 321IVI.png thumb audio Ursatz.mid Play . Image Schenkerian fundamental structure.png thumb Schenkerian fundamental structure. ref Oswald Jonas Jonas, Oswald 1982 . Introduction to the Theory of Heinrich Schenker , p.137. 1934 Das Wesen des musikalischen Kunstwerks Eine Einf hrung in Die Lehre Heinrich Schenkers . Trans. John Rothgeb. ISBN 0582282276. ref audio Schenkerian fundamental structure.mid Play In Schenkerian analysis , the fundamental structure lang de Ursatz is a specific musical pattern that occurs at the most remote or Background Schenker background structural level level of structure . A basic elaboration of the tonic music tonic triad music triad , it consists of the Fundamental line fundamental line accompanied by the bass arpeggiation . Hence the fundamental structure, like the fundamental line itself, takes one of three forms, according to which tonic triad pitch is the primary tone . The following is an example in C major , with the fundamental line descending from degree music scale degree sub music scale 3 sub quote The fundamental line presents the unfolding music unfolding Auswicklung of a basic sonority, expressing tonality in the horizontal plane. The tonal system too, joins in expression of tonality. Its task is to bring a purposeful organization into the world of chord music chords by selecting the scale degrees from among them. The liaison between the horizontal version of tonality through the fundamental line and the vertical through the scale degrees is voice leading . Schenker. Der Tonwille II , p.4. ref Oswald Jonas Jonas, Oswald 1982 , p.136. ref Fundamental line Urlinie redirects directly here The fundamental line lang de Urlinie is the melody melodic aspect of the Fundamental structure de Ursatz Ursatz , a Steps and skips stepwise descent from one of the Triad music triad notes to the Tonic music tonic sub music ... Schenkerian analysis de Ursatz DEFAULTSORT Fundamental Structure ... more details
In mathematics , a fundamental discriminant D is an integer invariant mathematics invariant in the theory of integer integral binary function binary quadratic form s. If nowrap 1 Q x , y ax sup 2 sup bxy cy sup 2 sup is a quadratic form with integer coefficients, then nowrap 1 D b sup 2 sup &minus 4 ac is the discriminant of Q x , y . Conversely, every integer D with nowrap D 0, 1 mod 4 is the discriminant of some binary quadratic form with integer coefficients. Thus, all such integers are referred to as discriminants in this theory. Every discriminant may be written as D D sub 0 sub f sup 2 sup with D sub 0 sub a discriminant and f a positive integer. A discriminant D is called a fundamental discriminant if f 1 in every such decomposition. Conversely, every discriminant D 0 can be written uniquely as D sub 0 sub f sup 2 sup where D sub 0 sub is a fundamental discriminant. Thus, fundamental discriminants play a similar role for discriminants as prime number s do for all integers. There are explicit Modular arithmetic congruence conditions that give the set of fundamental discriminants. Specifically, D is a fundamental discriminant if, and only if, one ... m 2 or 3 mod 4 and m is square free. The first ten positive fundamental discriminants are 1 number ... 24 , 28 number 28 , 29 number 29 , 33 number 33 OEIS id A003658 . The first ten negative fundamental ... quadratic number fields . A basic property of this connection is that D sub 0 sub is a fundamental ... for every fundamental discriminant D sub 0 sub 1, up to isomorphism . Caution This is the reason why some authors consider 1 not to be a fundamental discriminant. One may interpret D sub 0 sub 1 as the degenerated quadratic field Q the rational number s . Factorization Fundamental discriminants may also be characterized by their fundamental theorem of arithmetic factorization ... D sub 0 sub 1 is a fundamental discriminant if, and only if, it is the product of Greatest ... more details
In mathematics , a fundamental solution for a linear partial differential operator L is a formulation in the language of Distribution mathematics distribution theory of the older idea of a Green s function . In terms of the Dirac delta function x , a fundamental solution F is the solution of the inhomogeneous equation LF &delta x . Here F is a priori only assumed to be a Schwartz distribution . This concept ... dimensions for the Laplacian by Marcel Riesz . The existence of a fundamental solution for any operator ... L frac partial 2 partial x 2 math . The fundamental solutions can be obtained by solving LF x ... constant as zero, we get math F x x H x frac 1 2 x frac 1 2 x math Motivation Once the fundamental ... is achieved by convolution. Fundamental solutions also play an important role in the numerical ... hand side math sin x math with the fundamental solution math F x frac 1 2 x math math f x int ... F g LF g , provided L has constant coefficients. If F is the fundamental solution, the right side ... g x math Therefore, if F is the fundamental solution, the convolution F g is one solution of Lf g x ... can be found. Fundamental solutions for some partial differential equations Laplace equation For the Laplace equation , math nabla 2 Phi mathbf x , mathbf x delta mathbf x mathbf x math the fundamental ... For the Screened Poisson equation , where the parameter k is real and the fundamental solution ... the two and three dimensional Helmholtz equations have the fundamental solutions math Phi 2D mathbf ... 4 Phi mathbf x , mathbf x delta mathbf x mathbf x math the biharmonic equation has the fundamental ... In signal processing , the analog of the fundamental solution of a differential equation is called ... Springer id f f042250 title Fundamental solution DEFAULTSORT Fundamental Solution Category Partial differential equations Category Generalized functions de Fundamentall sung es Soluci n fundamental fa pt Solu o fundamental sv Fundamentall sning ... more details
Financial markets Fundamental analysis of a business involves analyzing its financial statements and health ..., or currency using fundamental analysis there are two basic approaches one can use bottom up analysis and top down analysis. ref cite web title An Introduction to Fundamental Analysis and the US ... fundamental analysis us economy.html post13168 accessdate 2009 07 27 ref The term is used to distinguish ... quantitative analysis and technical analysis . Fundamental analysis is performed on historical and present ... what stock to buy and at what price, there are two basic methodologies Fundamental analysis maintains ... of these different but somewhat complementary methods for stock picking. For example many fundamental ... , Fed model Theory of Equity Valuation, Market based valuation , and Behavioral finance . Fundamental .... Use by different portfolio styles Investors may use fundamental analysis within different portfolio .... Fundamental analysis lets them find good companies, so they lower their risk and probability of wipe out. Managers may use fundamental analysis to correctly value good and bad companies. Eventually ... Analysis publisher McGraw Hill date December 10, 2004 isbn 978 0071448208 ref Fundamental analysis allows ... . The value comes from fundamental analysis. Managers may use fundamental analysis to determine future growth rates for buying high priced growth stock s. Managers may also include fundamental factors ... rate projections published widely by Thomson Reuters and others can be considered either fundamental ... much of the subjective interpretation of fundamental data along with technical data in the industry ... fundamental analysis nor technical analysis is useful in outperforming the markets ref cite ... 2003 MIT Financial Management course notes stock market DEFAULTSORT Fundamental Analysis Category Fundamental analysis Category Commodities market Category Derivatives finance Category Foreign exchange ... cs Fundament ln anal za da Fundamental analyse de Fundamentalanalyse es An lisis fundamental fa ... more details
Infobox Album See Wikipedia WikiProject Albums Name Fundamental Destiny Type Live album Artist Art Ensemble of Chicago & Don Pullen Cover Fundamental Destiny.jpg Released 2007 Recorded June 1, 1991 Genre Jazz Length Label AECO Records AECO Producer Chronology Art Ensemble of Chicago Last album Live at the 6th Tokyo Music Joy br 1991 This album Fundamental Destiny br 2007 Next album Salutes the Chicago Blues Tradition br 1993 Fundamental Destiny is a live album by the Art Ensemble of Chicago and Don Pullen recorded in June 1991 in Frankfurt , Germany and released in 2007 on the group s AECO Records AECO label. It features performances by Lester Bowie , Joseph Jarman , Roscoe Mitchell , Malachi Favors Maghostut , and Don Moye with Don Pullen joining on piano. Reception The Allmusic review by Scott Yanow states that This live recording, while not flawless, has enough bright moments to make it easily recommended to Art Ensemble collectors . ref name Allmusic Yanow, S. Allmusic class album id r1206360 pure url yes Allmusic review accessed 16 February 2009. ref Album ratings rev1 Allmusic rev1Score rating 4 5 ref name Allmusic Track listing People in Sorrow Bowie, Favors, Jarman, Mitchell 19 47 Song For Atala Mitchell 16 48 Fundamental Destiny Jarman 11 56 Odwalla The Theme Mitchell 3 35 Recorded live at Frankfurt Jazz Festival, Germany on June 1, 1991 Personnel Lester Bowie trumpet, percussion Malachi Favors Maghostut bass, percussion Roscoe Mitchell soprano saxophone, alto saxophone, tenor saxophone, baritone saxophone, clarinet, flute, percussion Joseph Jarman soprano saxophone, alto saxophone, tenor saxophone, synthesizer, clarinet, flute, percussion Famoudou Don Moye drums, percussion Don Pullen piano References Reflist Category Don Pullen albums Category Art Ensemble of Chicago live albums Category 2007 live albums Category AECO Records live albums pl Fundamental Destiny ... more details
equation math lambda frac v f 0 math The fundamental frequency of a sound wave in a tube ... equation math lambda frac v f 0 math Where f sub 0 sub fundamental frequency L length of the tube ... fundamental frequency. See also Missing fundamental Natural frequency Oscillation Hertz Electronic tuner Scale of harmonics Pitch detection algorithm Acoustics Timbre DEFAULTSORT Fundamental Frequency ... fonamental da Grundfrekvens de Grundfrequenz et P hiv nkesagedus es Frecuencia fundamental eo Fundamenta ... pt Frequ ncia fundamental sv Grundfrekvens zh ... more details
Infobox Album See Wikipedia WikiProject Albums Name The Fundamental Component Type studio Artist Byzantine band Byzantine Cover Byzantinetfcomponent.jpg Released February 10, 2004 Recorded 2003 Genre Thrash metal br Groove metal br Progressive metal Length 52 00 Label Prosthetic Records Producer Aaron Fisher and Byzantine band Byzantine Reviews Allmusic Rating 3.5 5 Allmusic class album id r678496 pure url yes link Last album Broadmoor album Broadmoor br 2003 This album The Fundamental Component br 2004 Next album And They Shall Take Up Serpents br 2005 The Fundamental Component is the first studio album from Byzantine band Byzantine . It was released on February 10, 2004. Track listing Hatfield 5 51 Stick Figure 4 49 Stoning Judas 4 38 My New Casket 6 16 Sin Remover 5 47 Slipping On Noise 4 54 Kill Chain 5 19 The Devil s Arithmetic 4 30 Brundlefly 4 38 The Filth of Our Underlings 5 43 Personnel Chris OJ Ojeda Vocals & Rhythm Guitar Tony Rohbrough Lead & Rhythm Guitar Chris Cid Adams Bass Guitar Matt Wolfe Drums Josh Galeos mixing Aaron Fisher Producer engineer Singles Hatfield DEFAULTSORT Fundamental Component Category Byzantine albums Category 2004 debut albums ... more details
no footnotes date May 2011 A fundamental point in German Fundamentalpunkt is the geometric origin of a geodetic network and defines the datum geodesy geodetic datum of a national survey . Some fundamental stations are an astronomical or satellite geodetic observatory . In any case, the geographic latitude and longitude of the station is precisely determined by methods of astrogeodesy and is chosen as ellipsoid al latitude and longitude at the Earth ellipsoid which is used to calculate the coordinates of the whole network. Also, precise azimuth s to one or two nework points are observed, and are taken over as orientated Direction geometry directions of these network lines. By these procedure, the polar axis of the reference ellipsoid becomes parallel to the Earth rotation axis, and therefore the vertical deflection of the fundamental point is zero . The term Fundamental station is used for special observatories which combine several space positioning techniques like VLBI , Satellite laser ranging Satellite Laser Ranging , GPS , Glonass etc. They are the basis of Plate tectonic analyses which allow the monitoring of continental drift rates with accuracies of mm year. Important fundamental stations in Europe are Grasse , central France Graz Lustb hel Austria Malvern, Worcestershire Malvern , England ? Onsala large Radio telescope , Sweden Wettzell 20m Radio telescope in the Bayerischer Wald, Germany Zimmerwald near Berne, Switzerland . Worldwide about 30 fundamental stations are existing about 5 in the USA and in Commonwealth of Independent States countries, 2 3 in South America, Africa, Eastern Asia, Australia and Antarctica. fact date May 2011 The basic coordinate system is the International ... is based on about 500 Quasar s in the far universe, and on some 3000 fundamental star s of our galaxy ... http www.wettzell.ifag.de publ FGS FGS wettzell.html Two Fundamental stations at the southern hemisphere ... Fundamental system FK6, Astronomisches Rechen Institut ARI , 1999 Category Geodesy Category Astrometry ... more details
For the fundamental group of a factor von Neumann algebra In mathematics , more specifically algebraic topology , the fundamental group defined by Henri Poincar in his article Analysis Situs , published ..., or holes , of the topological space. The fundamental group is the first and simplest of the homotopy group s. Fundamental groups can be studied using the theory of covering space s, since a fundamental ... space is homeomorphic to a simplicial complex , its fundamental group can be described explicitly in terms of finitely presented group generators and relations . Historically, the concept of fundamental ... them is the fundamental group. Definition Let X be a topological space, and let x sub 0 sub be a point ... 0 f 1 math Now the fundamental group of X with base point x is this set modulo homotopy math h math ... with base point x sub 0 sub forms the fundamental group of X at the point x sub 0 sub and is denoted ... t . That is, g follows f backwards. Although the fundamental group in general depends on the choice ... class only. Examples Trivial fundamental group. In Euclidean space R sup n sup , or any convex set convex subset of R sup n sup , there is only one homotopy class of loops, and the fundamental ... fundamental group is said to be Simply connected space simply connected . Infinite cyclic fundamental ... around m n times. So the fundamental group of the circle is isomorphic to math mathbb Z ... point theorem and the Borsuk Ulam theorem in dimension 2. Since the fundamental group is a homotopy ... associated to a topological space, the fundamental group need not be abelian group abelian . For example, the fundamental group of the Rose topology figure eight is the free group on two letters. More generally, the fundamental group of any graph mathematics graph is a free group . If the graph ... of G . Knot theory. A somewhat more sophisticated example of a space with a non abelian fundamental ... fundamental group induced homomorphism , is written as f or, more commonly, math f colon pi 1 X, x ... more details
sided oriented polygon , called a fundamental polygon , by pairwise identification of its edges. Image Fundamental parallelogram.png thumb right Fundamental parallelogram defined by a pair of vectors ... edge has the orientation opposing the one of the fundamental polygon. Examples class ..., the two generators math A,B math can be taken to generate a parallelogram tiling, of fundamental ... math acting on the upper half plane . Such lattices are known as Fuchsian group s. Standard fundamental polygons An orientable closed surface of genus mathematics genus n has the following standard fundamental polygon math A 1 B 1 A 1 1 B 1 1 A 2 B 2 A 2 1 B 2 1 cdots A n B n A n 1 B n 1 1 math This fundamental ... genus n has the following standard fundamental polygon math A 1 A 1 A 2 A 2 cdots A n A n math ... by Henri Poincar . Fundamental polygon of a compact Riemann surface The fundamental polygon of a hyperbolic ... space have the standard fundamental polygon as a representative element. In the following, note that all Riemann surfaces are orientable. Metric fundamental polygon Given a point math z 0 ... discontinuously on the upper half plane, then one can define the metric fundamental polygon as the set ... metric space metric on the upper half plane. The metric fundamental polygon is more usually called the Dirichlet region or the Voronoi polygon . This fundamental polygon is a fundamental domain . This fundamental ... , g overline F math where math overline F math is the closure of F . Standard fundamental polygon Given any metric fundamental polygon F , one can construct, with a finite number of steps, another fundamental polygon, the standard fundamental polygon , which has an additional set of noteworthy properties ... H . As such, each side can thus an element of the fundamental group math pi 1 mathbb H Gamma math . In particular, the fundamental group math pi 1 mathbb H Gamma math has 2 n generators ... H is n . Example The metric fundamental polygon and the standard fundamental polygon will usually ... more details
A fundamental breach of a contract , sometimes known as a repudiatory breach , is a Breach of contract breach so fundamental that it permits the distressed party to terminate performance of the contract, in addition to entitling that party to sue for damages. History Contract law The law of fundamental breach was historically treated as an extension of the doctrine of Deviation law deviation . The development of this doctrine can be traced down to the first half of the 19th century, when Tindal C.J. stated in Davis v. Garrett that deviation made by the carrier from the agreed voyage route brings the latter outside of contract and therefore outside of exceptions or limitation clauses provided by such a contract. This harsh attitude to deviation cases originated from the earlier marine insurance practice when cargo insurance policy was lost in case of deviation. Thereby strict obligations imposed ... contract law The doctrine of fundamental breach further developed in numerous cases and by the second ..., 189 at p. 193 ref labelled the fundamental term as the hard core of the contract . Lord Reid in Suisse ... s Rep. 529 ref defined fundamental breach as a blockquote well known type of breach which entitles ... of law, under the doctrine of fundamental breach of contract, exclusion clauses were deemed not to be available to a party in fundamental breach of the contract. In particular, the common law approach ... of fundamental breach was doubted in favour of such cases as falling within authority of the ordinary ... of fundamental breach and liability limitations. Former by giving the force of law to the Hague ..., fundamental breach was first examined by the House of Lords in the Suisse Atlantique case ref 1966 2 All E.R. 61 ref , wherein they decided that a contract can be voided if a breach of a fundamental ... maintained a strict Rule of Construction approach whereby a fundamental breach is found only through ... of fundamental breach has been laid to rest ref 2010 SCC 4, para. 81 ref by the Supreme Court of Canada ... more details
Fundamental justice is a legal term that signifies a dynamic concept of Equity law fairness underlying the administration of justice and its operation, whereas principles of fundamental justice are specific legal principles that command significant societal consensus as fundamental to the way in which ... process or procedure that affects fundamental rights and freedoms, and certain substantive ... of fundamental justice. ref Charkaoui v. Canada Citizenship and Immigration , 2007 SCC 9 at para. 25. ref A legislative or administrative framework that respects the principles of fundamental ... in the Canadian Bill of Rights and the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms . Fundamental ... fundamental justice can be traced back at least to 1960, when the Canadian Bill of Rights was brought ... of fundamental justice for the determination of his rights and obligations. According to the legal ... the Bill. Some wanted the words natural justice in the place of fundamental justice, as natural justice was indeed a more common phrase with judges and authors. Fundamental justice was a more obscure alternative with these figures other such alternatives include universal justice . Still, fundamental justice was chosen, and in the case Duke v. The Queen 1972 , it was ruled that fundamental ... through fundamental justice is not precisely duplicated in the Charter. While the term fundamental ... s had been denied hearings, and thus their section 2 e and fundamental justice rights were infringed ... 1982 when the term fundamental justice was first constitutionalized. The phrase was included ... in accordance with the principles of fundamental justice. To limit the rights to life, liberty and security of the person, the authors of the Charter specifically chose the term fundamental justice over due process because they believed the term fundamental justice would still be interpreted to mean ... found in the Canadian Bill of Rights, which meant the definition of fundamental justice was now ... more details
A sound is said to have a missing fundamental , suppressed fundamental , or phantom fundamental when its overtone s suggest a fundamental frequency but the sound lacks a component at the fundamental frequency itself. The brain perceives the pitch music pitch of a tone not only by its fundamental frequency ... may perceive the same pitch perhaps with a different timbre even if the fundamental frequency is missing ... in our example, the 100 Hz component may be missing. Nevertheless, a pitch corresponding to the fundamental ... of the missing fundamental or virtual pitch can sometimes be heard when there is no apparent source ...&dq phantom fundamental pitch perception ref ref cite book title Pitch Neural Coding and Perception author ... was because the missing fundamental was replaced by distortions introduced by the physics of the ear ... had they been present, listeners still heard a pitch corresponding to the missing fundamental ... books?id NxycaQH6PeoC&pg PA86&dq missing fundamental pitch perception distortion noise ... to calculate the fundamental frequency. The precise way in which it does so is still a matter of debate ... in the auditory nerve. This very concept of missing fundamental being reproduced based on the overtones ... to create the sense of the missing fundamental by synthesizing higher harmonics. ref US patent ... s that relied on the missing fundamental concept to give the illusion of low bass. ref name Maximum ... PA78&lpg PA78&dq 22missing fundamental 22 v onepage&q 22missing 20fundamental 22&f false ... have developed their own versions of missing fundamental based bass augmentation products. The poor ... fundamentals https mustelid.physiol.ox.ac.uk drupal ?q topics missing fundamental can be found here. Timpani kettle drums are tuned by listening for the missing fundamental. Hit in the usual way half to three quarters the distance from the center to the rim , the fundamental note of a timpano is very ... air and body resonances generally fall between 250 Hz and 300 Hz. The fundamental frequency ... more details
The Fundamental Epistle , or Epistle of Foundation , Latin Epistola Fundamenti , was one of the sacred writings of the Manichaean religion, written by the founder Mani prophet Mani c. 210 276 CE , originally in Syriac . Since none of the original Syriac writings of Manichaeism remain, we only have translations of small sections of this book, made by either Manichaeans or anti Manichaeans. One of the most well known references to this book is found in the writings of Saint Augustine 354 430 CE , who before converting to Christianity, was a Manichaean hearer for a number of years. In two of his anti Manichaean books, he quotes a few paragraphs of the Fundamental Epistle. Wikisourcelang la Epistola Fundamenti External links http www.sant agostino.it latino index.htm Augustine s writings in Latin http www.biblestudytools.com history early church fathers nicene vol 4 saint augustin anti manichaean writings Augustine s anti Manichaean writings in English E. Feldmann, Die Epistula Fundamenti der nordafrikanischen Manich er. Versuch einer Rekonstruktion, Altenberge, 1987. English The Fundamental Epistle of the North African Manichaeans an attempt at its reconstruction Category Manichaean texts no Brevet om det grunnleggende ... more details
Fundamental rights are a generally regarded set of entitlements in the context of a legal system , wherein such system is itself said to be based upon this same set of basic, fundamental, or inalienable entitlements or rights . Such rights thus belong without presumption or privilege cost of privilege to all human being s under such jurisdiction . The concept of human right s has been promoted as a legal concept in large part owing to the idea that human beings have such fundamental rights, such that transcend all jurisdiction, but are typically reinforced in different ways and with different emphasis within different legal systems. List of important rights Some universally recognized rights as fundamental, i.e., contained in the U.N. Covenant on Civil and Political Rights or the U.N. Covenant ... U.S. 1 1967 ref Right to property Legal meaning Although many fundamental rights are also more widely considered to be human rights, the classification of a right as fundamental invokes specific legal ... contexts, as generally determined whether rights are to be considered fundamental by examining the historical ... tradition. Other rights may be guaranteed as fundamental by individual states. Specific jurisdictions United States In American United States constitutional law Constitutional Law , fundamental ... process and equal protection clauses of that amendment, some rights are so fundamental that any ... enumerated in the Bill of Rights are currently recognized as fundamental, others were included to restrict ... right, the Supreme Court has legally recognized several fundamental rights not specifically ... protection . During the Lochner era , the right to freedom of contract was considered to be fundamental ... on it were evaluated under the rational basis standard. European Union Main Charter of Fundamental ... of the same human rights, and protects them through other means. See also Fundamental Rights Agency of the European Union Fundamental Rights in India Footnotes Reflist DEFAULTSORT Fundamental Right Category ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Unreferenced date December 2007 Fundamental patterns are one of the types of design pattern computer science design pattern s. They are termed fundamental as they form the basic building blocks of the other patterns. Most of the other patterns and most modern applications draw on these patterns in one way or another. Examples of this class of patterns include Delegation pattern an object outwardly expresses certain behaviour but in reality delegates responsibility Functional design strives for each modular part of a computer program has only one responsibility and performs that with minimum side effects Interface pattern method for structuring programs so that they re simpler to understand Proxy pattern an object functions as an interface to another, typically more complex, object Facade pattern provides a simplified interface to a larger body of code, such as a class library. Composite pattern defines Composite object e.g. a shape designed as a composition of one or more similar objects other kinds of shapes geometries , all exhibiting similar functionality. The Composite object then exposes properties and methods for child objects manipulation as if it were a simple object. See also Design pattern computer science Category Software design patterns comp sci stub bs Osnovna ema ... more details
Human Error may refer to Human Error artist born 1982 , Polish electronic musician Human Error album Human Error album , a 1987 album by Unseen Terror Human Error Star Trek Voyager Human Error Star Trek Voyager , an episode of Star Trek Voyager Human Error House Human Error House , a 2007 episode of the TV series House Human Error , a 2008 single by New Zealand band The Datsuns Human Error , a song by Combichrist from album The Joy of Gunz Human error Human error assessment and reduction technique HEART , a technique used in the field of human reliability Human Error punk rock band , a Swedish punk rock band disambiguation ... more details
Multiple issues primarysources July 2009 spam August 2010 refimprove November 2011 Reading Is Fundamental, Inc. is the oldest and largest nonprofit literacy organization in the United States . Founded in 1966, it is based in Washington, D. C. . RIF s community volunteers in every state and U.S. territory provide 4.5 million children with 16 million new, free books and literacy resources each year. RIF s priority is impoverished children from birth to age 8 years. All RIF programs combine three essential elements to foster children s literacy reading motivation, family and community involvement, and the excitement of choosing free books to keep. RIF s accomplishments are due in part to the generous financial assistance by the U.S. Department of Education, corporations, foundations, community organizations, and thousands of individuals. RIF s History In 1966, former teacher Margaret McNamara brought a bag of used books to four boys in Washington, D.C. , whom she tutored in reading. When she told the children they could each select a book to keep, their astonishment and delight led her to discover that these children, and many of their classmates, had never owned any books. By that summer, McNamara had gathered a group of school volunteers, and on November 3, 1966, they launched the book distribution and reading motivation program they called Reading Is Fundamental. From November 1966 through the early 1970s, RIF expanded from a pilot project at three elementary schools in Washington, D.C., to a program reaching children in 60 of the city s public schools. Its well known slogan during those times was Reading is FUNdamental . In 1975, the U.S. Congress created the Inexpensive Book Distribution Program IBDP which provides federal matching funds to sites that qualify for RIF s national ... of Reading Is Fundamental, Inc. Throughout her life, Rasco has been an advocate for children, youth ... is Fundamental website Category Educational organizations based in the United States Category Library ... more details
wiktionary error An error is a mistake. Error may also refer to Error coin Error coram nobis , another type of writ to correct factual mistakes Error, a character from Zelda II The Adventure of Link Postage stamp error Appeal Writ of error , a writ historically issued for an appeal in common law cases Science Approximation error , error in scientific measurements Bias statistics Bias Error , in computer science, that part of the system state that is liable to lead to failure. Error message , a computer error message Errors and residuals in statistics Refractive error Standard error statistics Music Error band , an electro punk hardcore band from Los Angeles, California, US Errors band , a four piece post electro band from Glasgow, Scotland Sport Error baseball , a baseball concept See also Err disambiguation disambig ar ca Error cs Chyba de Error es Error fr Erreur gl Erro it Errore nl Error no Feil pl B d pt Erro desambigua o sl Napaka razlo itev fi Virhe sv Fel olika betydelser ... more details
fundamental ontology of Heidegger. For a variety of reasons, recently, the majority of philosophers ... to understand Fundamental Ontology. See also Foundation ontology Meta ontology Being and Time ... more details
A fundamental ephemeris of the Solar system Solar System is a Computer simulation model of the objects of the system in space, with all of their positions and motions accurately represented. It is intended to be a high precision primary reference for prediction and observation of those positions and motions, and which provides a basis for further refinement of the model. It is generally not intended to cover the entire life of the Solar System usually a short duration time span, perhaps a few centuries, is represented to high accuracy. Some long ephemerides cover several millennia to medium accuracy. Description The set of physical laws and numerical constants used in the calculation of the ephemeris must be self consistent and precisely specified. The ephemeris must be calculated strictly in accordance with this set, which represents the most current knowledge of all relevant physical forces and effects. Current fundamental ephemerides are typically released with exact descriptions of all ... been the case in the past, as fundamental ephemerides were then computed from a collection of methods ... mathematical representations of the tabulated data. A fundamental ephemeris is the basis from ... of the IMCCE ref The early fundamental ephemerides of these publications came from many different ... , chap. 7 or Explanatory Supplement 1992 , chap. 13 for extensive lists of sources of the early fundamental ... American Ephem. VII at Google books ref formed the fundamental ephemerides of the Nautical Almanac ... ADS ref formed the fundamental ephemeris of the Connaissance des Temps . From the mid 20th century ... for purposes of producing fundamental ephemerides for the Astronomical Almanac . Jupiter, Saturn ... Ephem. volume XIII, part V ref through 1983. The fundamental ephemeris of the Moon, always a difficult ... in the methods of producing fundamental ephemerides began. ref See cite web author Newhall, Standish ... from their early days. ref From 1984 through 2002, the fundamental ephemeris of the Astronomical ... more details
abstract conceptual model of fundamental interactions, matter consists of fermion s, which carry ... . According to the present understanding, there are four fundamental interactions or forces gravitation ... natural phenomenon physical phenomenon by these fundamental interactions. Moreover, reducing the number ... quantum mechanics quantum mechanical view of the fundamental forces other than gravity is that particles ... and magnetism are two aspects of the same fundamental interaction. By 1864, Maxwell s equations ... offered deep insights, no approach led directly to a fundamental theory. Murray Gell Mann along with George ... authors considered theories similar to the modern fundamental theory of quantum chromodynamics quantum ... the existing four fundamental interactions on the model of electro weak unification. Grand Unified Theories GUTs are proposals to show that all of the fundamental interactions, other than gravity ... DEFAULTSORT Fundamental Interaction Category Interaction Category Force Category Particle physics ... nds Grundkr ft vun de Physik pl Oddzia ywania podstawowe pt For a fundamental ru sk Z kladn interakcia sl Osnovna sila sr fi Perusvuorovaikutus sv Fundamental ... more details
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