The Fundamental Epistle , or Epistle of Foundation , Latin Epistola Fundamenti , was one of the sacred writings of the Manichaean religion, written by the founder Mani prophet Mani c. 210 276 CE , originally in Syriac . Since none of the original Syriac writings of Manichaeism remain, we only have translations of small sections of this book, made by either Manichaeans or anti Manichaeans. One of the most well known references to this book is found in the writings of Saint Augustine 354 430 CE , who before converting to Christianity, was a Manichaean hearer for a number of years. In two of his anti Manichaean books, he quotes a few paragraphs of the Fundamental Epistle. Wikisourcelang la Epistola Fundamenti External links http www.sant agostino.it latino index.htm Augustine s writings in Latin http www.biblestudytools.com history early church fathers nicene vol 4 saint augustin anti manichaean writings Augustine s anti Manichaean writings in English E. Feldmann, Die Epistula Fundamenti der nordafrikanischen Manich er. Versuch einer Rekonstruktion, Altenberge, 1987. English The Fundamental Epistle of the North African Manichaeans an attempt at its reconstruction Category Manichaean texts no Brevet om det grunnleggende ... more details
Fundamental rights are a generally regarded set of entitlements in the context of a legal system , wherein such system is itself said to be based upon this same set of basic, fundamental, or inalienable entitlements or rights . Such rights thus belong without presumption or privilege cost of privilege to all human being s under such jurisdiction . The concept of human right s has been promoted as a legal concept in large part owing to the idea that human beings have such fundamental rights, such that transcend all jurisdiction, but are typically reinforced in different ways and with different emphasis within different legal systems. List of important rights Some universally recognized rights as fundamental, i.e., contained in the U.N. Covenant on Civil and Political Rights or the U.N. Covenant ... U.S. 1 1967 ref Right to property Legal meaning Although many fundamental rights are also more widely considered to be human rights, the classification of a right as fundamental invokes specific legal ... contexts, as generally determined whether rights are to be considered fundamental by examining the historical ... tradition. Other rights may be guaranteed as fundamental by individual states. Specific jurisdictions United States In American United States constitutional law Constitutional Law , fundamental ... process and equal protection clauses of that amendment, some rights are so fundamental that any ... enumerated in the Bill of Rights are currently recognized as fundamental, others were included to restrict ... right, the Supreme Court has legally recognized several fundamental rights not specifically ... protection . During the Lochner era , the right to freedom of contract was considered to be fundamental ... on it were evaluated under the rational basis standard. European Union Main Charter of Fundamental ... of the same human rights, and protects them through other means. See also Fundamental Rights Agency of the European Union Fundamental Rights in India Footnotes Reflist DEFAULTSORT Fundamental Right Category ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Unreferenced date December 2007 Fundamental patterns are one of the types of design pattern computer science design pattern s. They are termed fundamental as they form the basic building blocks of the other patterns. Most of the other patterns and most modern applications draw on these patterns in one way or another. Examples of this class of patterns include Delegation pattern an object outwardly expresses certain behaviour but in reality delegates responsibility Functional design strives for each modular part of a computer program has only one responsibility and performs that with minimum side effects Interface pattern method for structuring programs so that they re simpler to understand Proxy pattern an object functions as an interface to another, typically more complex, object Facade pattern provides a simplified interface to a larger body of code, such as a class library. Composite pattern defines Composite object e.g. a shape designed as a composition of one or more similar objects other kinds of shapes geometries , all exhibiting similar functionality. The Composite object then exposes properties and methods for child objects manipulation as if it were a simple object. See also Design pattern computer science Category Software design patterns comp sci stub bs Osnovna ema ... more details
Multiple issues primarysources July 2009 spam August 2010 refimprove November 2011 Reading Is Fundamental, Inc. is the oldest and largest nonprofit literacy organization in the United States . Founded in 1966, it is based in Washington, D. C. . RIF s community volunteers in every state and U.S. territory provide 4.5 million children with 16 million new, free books and literacy resources each year. RIF s priority is impoverished children from birth to age 8 years. All RIF programs combine three essential elements to foster children s literacy reading motivation, family and community involvement, and the excitement of choosing free books to keep. RIF s accomplishments are due in part to the generous financial assistance by the U.S. Department of Education, corporations, foundations, community organizations, and thousands of individuals. RIF s History In 1966, former teacher Margaret McNamara brought a bag of used books to four boys in Washington, D.C. , whom she tutored in reading. When she told the children they could each select a book to keep, their astonishment and delight led her to discover that these children, and many of their classmates, had never owned any books. By that summer, McNamara had gathered a group of school volunteers, and on November 3, 1966, they launched the book distribution and reading motivation program they called Reading Is Fundamental. From November 1966 through the early 1970s, RIF expanded from a pilot project at three elementary schools in Washington, D.C., to a program reaching children in 60 of the city s public schools. Its well known slogan during those times was Reading is FUNdamental . In 1975, the U.S. Congress created the Inexpensive Book Distribution Program IBDP which provides federal matching funds to sites that qualify for RIF s national ... of Reading Is Fundamental, Inc. Throughout her life, Rasco has been an advocate for children, youth ... is Fundamental website Category Educational organizations based in the United States Category Library ... more details
fundamental ontology of Heidegger. For a variety of reasons, recently, the majority of philosophers ... to understand Fundamental Ontology. See also Foundation ontology Meta ontology Being and Time ... more details
A fundamental ephemeris of the Solar system Solar System is a Computer simulation model of the objects of the system in space, with all of their positions and motions accurately represented. It is intended to be a high precision primary reference for prediction and observation of those positions and motions, and which provides a basis for further refinement of the model. It is generally not intended to cover the entire life of the Solar System usually a short duration time span, perhaps a few centuries, is represented to high accuracy. Some long ephemerides cover several millennia to medium accuracy. Description The set of physical laws and numerical constants used in the calculation of the ephemeris must be self consistent and precisely specified. The ephemeris must be calculated strictly in accordance with this set, which represents the most current knowledge of all relevant physical forces and effects. Current fundamental ephemerides are typically released with exact descriptions of all ... been the case in the past, as fundamental ephemerides were then computed from a collection of methods ... mathematical representations of the tabulated data. A fundamental ephemeris is the basis from ... of the IMCCE ref The early fundamental ephemerides of these publications came from many different ... , chap. 7 or Explanatory Supplement 1992 , chap. 13 for extensive lists of sources of the early fundamental ... American Ephem. VII at Google books ref formed the fundamental ephemerides of the Nautical Almanac ... ADS ref formed the fundamental ephemeris of the Connaissance des Temps . From the mid 20th century ... for purposes of producing fundamental ephemerides for the Astronomical Almanac . Jupiter, Saturn ... Ephem. volume XIII, part V ref through 1983. The fundamental ephemeris of the Moon, always a difficult ... in the methods of producing fundamental ephemerides began. ref See cite web author Newhall, Standish ... from their early days. ref From 1984 through 2002, the fundamental ephemeris of the Astronomical ... more details
abstract conceptual model of fundamental interactions, matter consists of fermion s, which carry ... . According to the present understanding, there are four fundamental interactions or forces gravitation ... natural phenomenon physical phenomenon by these fundamental interactions. Moreover, reducing the number ... quantum mechanics quantum mechanical view of the fundamental forces other than gravity is that particles ... and magnetism are two aspects of the same fundamental interaction. By 1864, Maxwell s equations ... offered deep insights, no approach led directly to a fundamental theory. Murray Gell Mann along with George ... authors considered theories similar to the modern fundamental theory of quantum chromodynamics quantum ... the existing four fundamental interactions on the model of electro weak unification. Grand Unified Theories GUTs are proposals to show that all of the fundamental interactions, other than gravity ... DEFAULTSORT Fundamental Interaction Category Interaction Category Force Category Particle physics ... nds Grundkr ft vun de Physik pl Oddzia ywania podstawowe pt For a fundamental ru sk Z kladn interakcia sl Osnovna sila sr fi Perusvuorovaikutus sv Fundamental ... more details
Use dmy dates date March 2011 Infobox concert tour concert tour name Fundamental Tour image image caption artist Pet Shop Boys number of legs 5 locations Europe , North America , South America , Oceania , Asia album Fundamental Pet Shop Boys album Fundamental start date 15 June 2006 end date 25 November 2007 number of legs 8 number of shows 109 5 cancelled number of songs last tour Release tour br 2002 this tour Fundamental tour br 2006 2007 next tour Pandemonium Tour Pandemonium tour br 2009 Fundamental Tour was a concert tour by the Pet Shop Boys in support of their ninth studio album Fundamental Pet Shop Boys album Fundamental . Set list God Willing Psychological Left to My Own Devices Suburbia I m with Stupid Can You Forgive Her? Rent Minimal Shopping Dreaming of the Queen Heart Opportunities Let s Make Lots of Money Always on My Mind Integral Numb Se a vida Domino Dancing Where the Streets Have No Name Can t Take My Eyes Off You Always on My Mind Flamboyant Home and Dry unplugged West End Girls The Sodom and Gomorrah Show So Hard It s a Sin Go West Paninaro Cast and crew Neil Tennant Chris Lowe Dancers Nathan Holiday Ivan Swan Blackstock Singers Nic Clow Andy Love Sylvia Mason James Additional musicians Pete Gledall musical director programming Crew Es Devlin stage design and direction Hakeem Onibudo choreographer Tour dates Leg 1 Europe class wikitable rowspan 1 Date rowspan 1 City rowspan 1 Country rowspan 1 Venue align center 15 June 2006 align center Skien align center Norway align center Sommerfestival align center 16 June 2006 align center Stockholm align center Sweden align center Cirkus align center 17 June 2006 align center Copenhagen align center Denmark align center Parken align center 24 June 2006 align center Santander, Cantabria Santander align center Spain align center Playa de Rostrio align center 28 June 2006 align center rowspan 2 London align ... Fundamental Tour Category 2006 concert tours Category 2007 concert tours Category Pet Shop Boys ... more details
Fundamental Statue of the Kingdom of Albania The Fundamental Statute of the Kingdom of Albania is the statute used in the Albanian Kingdom introduced by Zogu King Zog . ref name Fundamental Statue cite web url http albanianroyalcourt.al downloadFile.php?p wt7zjn03ztw9wp44uxhv title The Fundamental Statue publisher Albanian Royal House ref Parts Preamble to the Fundamental Statute of the Kingdom of Albania Preamble Part One of the Fundamental Statute of the Kingdom of Albania Part Two of the Fundamental Statute of the Kingdom of Albania Part Three of the Fundamental Statute of the Kingdom of Albania Part Four of the Fundamental Statute of the Kingdom of Albania Part Five of the Fundamental Statute of the Kingdom of Albania Part Six of the Fundamental Statute of the Kingdom of Albania Part Seven of the Fundamental Statute of the Kingdom of Albania Part Eight of the Fundamental Statute of the Kingdom of Albania Part Nine of the Fundamental Statute of the Kingdom of Albania Part Ten of the Fundamental Statute of the Kingdom of Albania See also Constitution of Albania Constitution of the People s Socialist Republic of Albania References references Category Defunct constitutions Category Constitution of Albania ... more details
The Catalogue of Fundamental Stars is a series of six astrometric catalogues of high precision positional data for a small selection of star s to define a celestial reference frame, which is a standard coordinate system for measuring positions of stars. Publication of FK4 through FK6 The Fourth Fundamental Catalogue FK4 was published in 1963, and contained 1,535 stars in various equinoxes from 1950.0 to 1975.0 . The Fourth Fundamental Catalogue s Supplement FK4S was an amendment to FK4 that contains a further 1,987 stars. The Fifth Fundamental Catalogue FK5 was a 1988 update of FK4 with new positions for the 1,535 stars. It was superseded by the quasar based International Celestial Reference Frame ICRF . The Fifth Fundamental Catalogue Extension FK5 , published in 1991, added 3,117 new stars. The Sixth Fundamental Catalogue FK6 is a 2000 update of FK5 correlated with the ICRF through the Hipparcos satellite. It comes in two parts FK6 I and FK6 III . FK6 I contains 878 stars, and FK6 III contains 3,272 stars. Both are updated and amended versions of FK5, using Hipparcos catalogue data ref http cdsarc.u strasbg.fr viz bin Cat?I 264 ReadMe for Sixth Catalogue of Fundamental Stars FK6 at VizieR Service at Centre de Donn es astronomiques de Strasbourg ref . Examples Iota Arietis is located in FK5 as item 2132 Alpha Arietis is FK5 item 74 Kappa Aurigae is FK5 item 1168 See also Astronomical Calculation Institute University of Heidelberg Astronomical ... calcolo fk5.pdf Fifth fundamental catalogue part I Basic FK5 1988 http www kpno.kpno.noao.edu Info Caches Catalogs FK5 fk5.html Fifth fundamental catalogue part II FK5 extension DEFAULTSORT Catalogues Of Fundamental Stars Category Astronomical catalogues of stars astronomical catalogue stub ca Cat legs d Estrelles Fonamentals de Fundamentalsystem Astronomie es Fundamental Katalog fr Fundamental Katalog it Fundamental Katalog ja ru ... more details
Unreferenced date November 2006 The fundamental plane in a spherical coordinate system is a plane geometry plane which divides the sphere into two Sphere hemispheres . The latitude of a Point geometry point is then the angle between the fundamental plane and the line joining the point to the centre of the sphere. For a geographic coordinate system of the Earth, the fundamental plane is the equator . Celestial coordinate system s have varying fundamental planes the equatorial coordinate system uses the celestial equator the ecliptic coordinate system uses the ecliptic the galactic coordinate system uses the Milky Way and the horizontal coordinate system uses the observer s horizon . See also Plane of reference DEFAULTSORT Fundamental Plane Spherical Coordinates Category Geography Category Spherical geometry Category Cartography ar id Bidang fundamental ru tl Pundamental na lapya timbulog na koordinato zh ... more details
refimprove date January 2011 The Institute of Fundamental Studies , also known as IFS, is the premier institute of basic and applied research in Sri Lanka . It was established in 1981 by an act of parliament ref cite web url http www.ifs.ac.lk pdf act.pdf title Institute of Fundamental Studies Sri Lanka, Act 55 of 1981 publisher Parliament of the Socialist Democratic Republic of Sri Lanka ref and initially located in Colombo and then in 1985 relocated to Kandy . The goal of establishing IFS was to stimulate the growth of knowledge by the enhancement of the countries national scientific research capability, in selected fields to eventually build a knowledge based Sri Lankan society. Objectives of the institute thus are to conduct basic research in the fields of mathematics, chemistry, life sciences and social sciences as well as dissemination of gained knowledge. IFS also trains around 32 graduate students at any given time. IFS is administered by a twelve member Board of Governors with his Excellency Mahinda Rajapakse, the President of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka as the Chairman. A Research council whose membership comprises university academics and researchers of the IFS .... Members of the research council Chairman Prof. C.B. Dissanayake, Director, Institute of Fundamental Studies Prof. J.M.S. Bandara, Institute of Fundamental Studies Prof. U.L.B. Jayasinghe, Institute of Fundamental Studies Prof. N.S. Kumar, Institute of Fundamental Studies Prof. A. Nanayakkara, Institute of Fundamental Studies Prof. G. Seneviratne, Institute of Fundamental Studies Dr. S.P. Benjamin, Institute of Fundamental Studies Dr. N.D. Subasinghe, Institute of Fundamental Studies Dr. M.C.M. Iqbal, Institute of Fundamental Studies Dr. D.N. Magana Arachchi, Institute of Fundamental Studies Dr. R. Rathnayake, Institute of Fundamental Studies Dr. M. Vithanage, Institute of Fundamental Studies ..., Faculty of Science, University of Peradeniya Mr. K. T. Waisundara, Secretary Institute of Fundamental ... more details
Unreferenced date November 2009 In differential geometry , the fundamental theorem of curve s states that any regular curve with non zero curvature has its shape and size completely determined by its curvature and Torsion of curves torsion . A curve can be described, and thereby defined, by a pair of scalar field s curvature math kappa math and torsion math tau math , both of which depend on some parameter which parametric equation parametrizes the curve but which can ideally be the arc length of the curve. From just the curvature and torsion, the vector field s for the tangent, normal, and binormal vectors can be derived using the Frenet Serret formulas . Then, Integral integration of the tangent field done numerically, if not analytically yields the curve. If a pair of curves are in different positions but have the same curvature and torsion, then they are congruence geometry congruent to each other. Fundamental theorems DEFAULTSORT Fundamental Theorem Of Curves Category Differential geometry Category Curves Category Theorems in differential geometry Category Fundamental theorems Curves ko ... more details
Infobox album See Wikipedia WikiProject Albums Name The Fundamental Elements of Southtown Type Album Artist P.O.D. Cover POD FEOT.gif Released August 24, 1999 Recorded small February April 1999 at The Gallery, Sherman Oaks, California Sparky Dark, Calabasas, California Mates, North Hollywood, California small Genre Nu metal , rap metal Length 57 43 Label Atlantic Records Atlantic Producer Howard Benson Last album The Warriors EP br 1999 This album The Fundamental Elements of Southtown br 1999 Next ... Type studio Cover P.O.D. The Fundamental Elements of Southtown.jpg Lower caption Censored cover. Singles Name The Fundamental Elements of Southtown Type studio single 1 Southtown P.O.D. song Southtown ... pure url yes title The Fundamental Elements of Southtown P.O.D. publisher Allmusic ref rev2 Cross Rhythms rev2score rating 10 10 ref cite web url http www.crossrhythms.co.uk products POD The Fundamental Elements Of Southtown 1678 title P.O.D. The Fundamental Elements of Southtown publisher Cross ... September October title Album Reviews P.O.D. the fundamental elements of southtown journal HM magazine ... 4 5 ref cite web url http www.jesusfreakhideout.com cdreviews Southtown.asp title P.O.D., The Fundamental Elements of Southtown Review publisher Jesus Freak Hideout ref The Fundamental Elements ... of their first mainstream album, The Fundamental Elements of Southtown , in 1999. It contained ... of Lie Down on The Fundamental Elements of Southtown . It also has the new track It s About Time , the instrumental .... Track listing Warriors Come Out to Play... 0 40 Draw the Line Fundamental Version 3 16 It s About Time ... reflist P.O.D. DEFAULTSORT Fundamental Elements Of Southtown Category P.O.D. albums Category 1999 ... Category Atlantic Records EPs es The Fundamental Elements of Southtown fr The Fundamental Elements of Southtown it The Fundamental Elements of Southtown pl The Fundamental Elements of Southtown pt The Fundamental Elements of Southtown ru The Fundamental Elements of Southtown fi The Fundamental Elements ... more details
In abstract algebra , the fundamental theorem on homomorphisms , also known as the fundamental homomorphism theorem , relates the structure of two objects between which a homomorphism is given, and of the Kernel algebra kernel and image of the homomorphism. The homomorphism theorem is used to prove the isomorphism theorem s. Group theoretic version Given two group mathematics group s G and H and a group homomorphism f G H , let K be a normal subgroup in G and the natural surjective homomorphism G G K . If K kernel algebra ker f then there exists a unique homomorphism h G K H where G K is a quotient group such that f h . The situation is described by the following commutative diagram image FundHomDiag.png By setting K ker f we immediately get the first isomorphism theorem . Other versions Similar theorems are valid for monoid s, vector space s, module mathematics modules , and ring mathematics rings . See also Quotient category External links http planetmath.org encyclopedia FundamentalHomomorphismTheorem.html A proof at planetmath Fundamental theorems Category Theorems in abstract algebra Category Fundamental theorems Homomorphisms de Homomorphiesatz es Teorema fundamental de homomorfismos eo Fundamenta teoremo pri homomorfioj ko nl Hoofdstelling over homomorfismen uk ... more details
In mathematics , a fundamental pair of periods is an ordered pair of complex number s that define a lattice ... as to present some theorems that are specific to the two dimensional case. Image Fundamental parallelogram.png thumb right Fundamental parallelogram defined by a pair of vectors in the complex plane. Definition The fundamental pair of periods is a pair of complex numbers math omega 1, omega 2 ... . The parallelogram defined by the vertices 0, math omega 1 math and math omega 2 math is called the fundamental parallelogram . It is important to note that, while a fundamental pair generates a lattice, a lattice does not have any unique fundamental pair, that is, many in fact, an infinite number fundamental pairs correspond to the same lattice. Algebraic properties A number of properties, listed ... 1 sub ,&alpha sub 2 sub & 10217 . No interior points The fundamental parallelogram contains no further ... constitute a fundamental pair, and furthermore, they generate the same lattice. Modular symmetry ... The abelian group math mathbb Z 2 math maps the complex plane into the fundamental parallelogram ... for integers m , n , with a point p in the fundamental parallelogram. Since this mapping identifies opposite sides of the parallelogram as being the same, the fundamental parallelogram has the topology .... Fundamental region Image ModularGroup FundamentalDomain 01.png thumb 400px The grey depicts the canonical fundamental domain. Define sub 2 sub sub 1 sub to be the half period ratio . Then the lattice basis can always be chosen so that lies in a special region, called the fundamental domain ... so that lies in the fundamental domain. The fundamental domain is given by the set D , which ... Re z , right tfrac 1 2 right . math where H is the upper half plane . The fundamental domain D ... in the fundamental region namely, math omega 1, omega 2 math and math omega 1, omega .... Note that math tau i math and t exp 1 3 pi i in the closure of the fundamental domain. See ... more details
Infobox Education in Canada name Langley Fundamental Secondary School city Langley, British Columbia district municipality Langley province British Columbia schoolboard School District 35 Langley schooltype High school Canada Secondary School grades 9 12 mascot Titans language Canadian English English area Langley, British Columbia city Langley, British Columbia Langley Fundamental Secondary is a public secondary school in Langley, British Columbia district municipality Langley, British Columbia part of School District 35 Langley . It shares the same campus as the Langley Fundamental Middle School . LFMSS was established in 1998 with 223 students in grades 7 9. The program has expanded every year to its current as of September 2011 grade 6 12 configuration with 712 students. SD35BCSchools coord missing British Columbia Category High schools in British Columbia BritishColumbia school stub ... more details
Unreferenced date April 2010 Baptist The Fundamental Baptist Fellowship Association FBFA is an association of independent fundamentalism fundamentalist African American Baptist churches. In 1962 Reverend Richard C. Mattox, of Cleveland, Ohio , led conservative fundamentalist black ministers and congregations to form the Fundamental Baptist Fellowship Association . The association provides fundamentalist black Baptist churches a means of fellowship in the areas of evangelism and foreign missions. Each congregation is independent and autonomous. The FBFA meets on an annual basis. A number of churches in the Fundamental Baptist Fellowship Association hold dual affiliation with the General Association of Regular Baptist Churches . Headquarters are in Fort Wayne, Indiana . In the area of Christian education , the FBFA partners with Cedarville University in Cedarville, Ohio . Though largely ignored by books and the Internet, and sometimes confused with the predominantly white Fundamental Baptist Fellowship of America , this association of churches does exist, with churches mostly in the midwestern United States . References Encyclopedia of American Religions , J. Gordon Melton, editor Profiles in Belief the Religious Bodies of the United States and Canada Vol. II , by Arthur Carl Piepkorn External links http www.atlantabiblebaptist.org index.html Atlanta Bible Baptist Church a member of the FBFA http www.cedarville.edu home Cedarville University US baptist denominations Category Religious organizations established in 1962 Category Cedarville University Category Fundamentalist denominations Category Predominantly African American Christian denominations Category Baptist denominations in North America Category Baptist denominations and unions established in the 20th century Christian org stub ... more details
methodism The Fundamental Methodist Conference, Inc. is a body of independent Methodist congregations organized in 1942. This group was instituted at Ash Grove, Missouri in 1942 under the name Independent Fundamental Methodist Church . In 1944 the title was changed to Fundamental Methodist Church, Inc. , when the first annual conference was held. The Fundamental Methodist Church traces its origins through the Methodist Protestant Church to the Anglican reformation of the Wesley brothers, John and Charles. The three major Methodist conferences in the United States the Methodist Episcopal, Methodist Episcopal South, and Methodist Protestant churches united under the name The Methodist Church in 1939. The union was attended with dissatifaction among people in all three groups. The John s Chapel Church formerly part of the Methodist Protestant Church of Lawrence County, Missouri withdrew from The Methodist Church on August 27, 1942 and elected a committee to draw up a constitution and by laws for Fundamental Methodists. On August 23, 1944 the first annual conference was held in Greene County, Missouri with 3 churches representing. The church was chartered on February 27, 1948. Unlike most Methodists, the churches of the Fundamental Methodist Conference do not baptize infants, though dedication of children is retained. They also only observe immersion for baptism. Since they do not regard baptism as the door to the church, they will receive members from other churches who have been baptized by sprinkling or pouring. Government is more congregational and less connectional than generally practiced by Methodists. Each congregation owns its property and calls its pastors. The church has no bishops the annual conference elects a District Superintendent and a Secretary Treasurer . In 2001 ... . The church maintains headquarters in Springfield, Missouri and holds its annual conference at the Fundamental ... and Practice of the Fundamental Methodist Church 1980 Minutes of the Fundamental Methodist ... more details
The Fellowship of Fundamental Bible Churches FFBC is a fellowship of independent autonomous fundamentalist churches established in 1939. It is considered only a fellowship of like minded churches, rather than a denomination. Local congregations in the fellowship have no financial obligations to the fellowship, and the fellowship exercises no control over them. It is only expected that the churches believe and teach a fundamentalist theology. Doctrinally, the FFBC professes to hold these distinctives Biblically literal in our interpretation dispensational not covenantal in our theology premillennial and pretribulational in our eschatology evangelistic and missions oriented in our outreach Biblically separated in personal life and ecclesiastical associations, and baptistic with regard to the mode and subjects of baptism. They also oppose the Pentecostal and Charismatic movement Charismatic movements, holding that spiritual gifts such as Glossolalia speaking in tongues were sign gifts that ceased to operate after the close of the New Testament canon. Currently 2004 , the FFBC has 21 fellowshipping congregations, with about half in the state of New Jersey . The fellowship operates the Tri State Bible Camp & Conference Center in Montague, New Jersey a mission board known as Fundamental Bible Missions and the Fundamental Bible Institute for ministerial training. Most churches in the fellowship are either Bible Churches or Baptist Churches . The Fellowship of Fundamental Bible Churches is a member of the American Council of Christian Churches . External links http fellowshipoffundamentalbiblechurches.wordpress.com Official Web Site Category Fundamentalist denominations Category Religious organizations established in 1939 ... more details
In differential geometry , the first fundamental form is the inner product on the tangent space of a surface in three dimensional Euclidean space which is induced canonical form canonically from the dot product of R sup 3 sup . It permits the calculation of curvature and metric properties of a surface such as length and area in a manner consistent with the ambient space . The first fundamental form is denoted by the Roman numeral I, math mathrm I v,w langle v,w rangle. math Let X u , v be a parametric surface . Then the inner product of two tangent vector s is math begin align & quad mathrm I aX u bX v,cX u dX v & ac langle X u,X u rangle ad bc langle X u,X v rangle bd langle X v,X v rangle & Eac F ad bc Gbd, end align math where E , F , and G are the coefficients of the first fundamental form . The first fundamental form may be represented as a symmetric matrix . math mathrm I v,w v T begin pmatrix E & F F & G end pmatrix w math Further notation When the first fundamental form is written ... I v langle v,v rangle v 2 math The first fundamental form is often written in the modern notation of the metric ... fundamental form completely describes the metric properties of a surface. Thus, it enables one ... element ds may be expressed in terms of the coefficients of the first fundamental form as math ds ... fundamental form with the assistance of Lagrange s identity , math dA X u times X v du , dv ... v begin pmatrix cos u cos v sin u cos v sin v end pmatrix . math The coefficients of the first fundamental ... , M , and N are the coefficients of the second fundamental form . Theorema egregium of Carl Friedrich ... fundamental form and its derivatives, so that K is in fact an intrinsic invariant of the surface. An explicit expression for the Gaussian curvature in terms of the first fundamental form is provided ... fundamental form External links http mathworld.wolfram.com FirstFundamentalForm.html First Fundamental ... PlanetMath first fundamental form Category Differential geometry of surfaces Category Differential ... more details
to Y , then the induced homomorphism, h is an isomorphism between fundamental groups where the fundamental ... is not homeomorphic to R sup 2 sup for their fundamental groups are not isomorphic their fundamental ... simply connected space one has a trivial fundamental group and the other does not. 2. Any two topological spaces have homomorphic fundamental groups at a particular base point . See note 2 where h is the homomorphism induced by the constant map. However, they need not have isomorphic fundamental groups at a particular base point . This shows that the fundamental groups of any two topological spaces always have the same group structure . 3. The fundamental group of the unit circle is isomorphic ... of R has a fundamental group isomorphic to the group of integers since the one point compactification .... For example, R sup 2 sup and R sup 3 sup have isomorphic fundamental groups but are still not homeomorphic. Their fundamental groups are isomorphic because each space is simply connected. However ... space X , then the inclusion map from A to X yields an isomorphism between fundamental groups. See also ... Fundamental Group Category Algebraic topology ... more details
In mathematics, the fundamental group scheme is a group scheme canonically associated to a Scheme mathematics scheme over a Dedekind scheme e.g. the spectrum of a field mathematics field or the spectrum of a discrete valuation ring . It is a generalisation of the tale fundamental group . Although its existence was conjectured by Alexander Grothendieck , the first construction is due to Madhav Nori ref M. V. Nori On the Representations of the Fundamental Group , Compositio Mathematica, Vol. 33, Fasc. 1, 1976 , p. 29 42 ref , ref T. Szamuely Galois Groups and Fundamental Groups. Cambridge Studies in Advanced Mathematics, Vol. 117 2009 ref who only worked on schemes over fields. A generalisation to schemes over Dedekind schemes is due to Carlo Gasbarri ref C. Gasbarri, Heights of Vector Bundles and the Fundamental Group Scheme of a Curve , Duke Mathematical Journal, Vol. 117, No. 2, 2003 p. 287 311 ref . First definition Let math k math be a perfect field and math X to text Spec k math a faithfully flat and proper morphism of schemes with math X math a reduced and connected scheme. Assume the existence of a section math x text Spec k to X math , then the fundamental group scheme math pi 1 X,x math of math X math in math x math is defined as the affine group scheme naturally associated to the neutral tannakian category over math k math of essentially finite vector bundle s over math X math . Second definition Let math S math be a connected Dedekind scheme and math X to S math a faithfully flat and proper morphism of schemes with math X math integral. Assume the existence of a section math x S to X math . Once we prove that the Category mathematics category of isomorphism classes of torsor s over math X math pointed over math x math under the action of finite and flat math S math ... the fundamental group scheme and denoted by math pi 1 X,x math when math S math is the spectrum ... fundamental group Fundamental group Notes references Category Scheme theory Category Topological methods ... more details
italic title Fundamental Concepts in Programming Languages were an influential set of lecture notes written by Christopher Strachey for the International Summer School in Computer Programming at Copenhagen in August, 1967. It introduced much programming language terminology still in use today, including R value s , L value s , parametric polymorphism , and ad hoc polymorphism . They were reprinted in 2000 in a special issue of Higher Order and Symbolic Computation in memory of Strachey. Bibliography cite journal first Peter D. last Mosses authorlink Peter Mosses title A Foreword to Fundamental Concepts in Programming Languages journal Higher Order and Symbolic Computation volume 13 pages 7 9 year 2000 doi 10.1023 A 1010048229036 cite journal first Christopher last Strachey authorlink Christopher Strachey title Fundamental Concepts in Programming Languages journal Higher Order and Symbolic Computation volume 13 pages 11 49 year 2000 doi 10.1023 A 1010000313106 External links http www.brics.dk hosc vol13 Higher Order and Symbolic Computation Volume 13, Issue 1 2 April 2000 Special Issue in memory of Christopher Strachey http c2.com cgi wiki?FundamentalConceptsInProgrammingLanguages Fundamental Concepts In Programming Languages at the Portland Pattern Repository http portal.acm.org citation.cfm?id 609208 ACM Digital Library http www.cis.upenn.edu bcpierce courses 670Fall04 GreatWorksInPL.shtml Great Works in Programming Languages . Collected by Benjamin C. Pierce. Category Computer science literature Category 1967 in computer science ... more details
The tale fundamental group is an analogue in algebraic geometry , for Scheme mathematics schemes , of the usual fundamental group of topological spaces. Topological analogue informal discussion In algebraic topology , the fundamental group math pi 1 X math of a Connected space path connected topological ... that the fundamental group is exactly the group of deck transformation s of the universal covering ... category. Finite coverings, on the other hand are tractable, so one can define the algebraic fundamental ... the following definition the tale fundamental group math pi 1 X,x math of math X math at math ... and theorems The most basic example of a fundamental group is sub 1 sub Spec k , the fundamental group of a field mathematics field k . Essentially by definition, the fundamental group of k can ... extension field K , and the fundamental group with respect to that base point identifies with the Galois ... over C , the complex numbers, there is a close relation between the etale also called algebraic fundamental group of X and the usual, topological, fundamental group of X C , the complex analytic space attached to X . The algebraic fundamental group, as it is typically called in this case, is the profinite ... says that all finite etale coverings of X C stem from ones of X . In particular, as the fundamental ... fundamental group. More generally, the fundamental group of a proper scheme over any algebraically ... fields induces isomorphic fundamental groups. Schemes over a field of positive characteristic and the tame fundamental group For an algebraically closed field k of positive characteristic, the results are different, since Artin Schreier coverings exist in this situation. For example, the fundamental ... generated . The tame fundamental group of some scheme U is a quotient of the usual fundamental ... author1 link Alexander Grothendieck last2 Murre first2 Jacob P. title The tame fundamental group of a formal ... 2002 journal Mathematische Annalen volume 322 issue 1 pages 1 18 ref For example, the tame fundamental ... more details
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