2004 doi 10.1007 s00424 003 1085 0 pmid 12750891 ref Tissue distribution GLUT2 is found in Cell membrane ... UF title Acute and short term insulin induced molecular adaptations of GLUT2 gene expression in the renal ... 2005 month June pmid 15869838 doi 10.1016 j.mce.2005.03.005 url issn ref Function GLUT2 has high capacity ... pmid 9354775 doi 10.1038 ng1197 249 url issn ref GLUT2 also carries glucosamine . ref name pmid12135767 cite journal author Uldry M, Ibberson M, Hosokawa M, Thorens B title GLUT2 is a high affinity ... of the small intestine goes above 30mM, such as occurs in the fed state, GLUT2 is up regulated ... transporter gene SLC2A2 GLUT2 in patients with Fanconi Bickel syndrome journal Hum. Genet. volume ... tube and cardiac defects in the early developing brain, spine, and heart depend upon functional GLUT2 carriers, and defects in the Glut2 gene have been shown to be protective against such defects in rats ..., whilst a lack of GLUT2 adaptability ref name pmid9073126 cite journal author Thomson AB, Wild G ... that is managed very well with a healthy GLUT2 status. Maintaining a regulated osmotic balance of sugar ... of edema including cerebral edema . GLUT2 appears to be particularly important to osmoregulation , and preventing ... title Loss of sugar detection by GLUT2 affects glucose homeostasis in mice journal PLoS ONE volume ... issn ref GLUT2 could reasonably be referred to as the diabetes mellitus diabetic glucose transporter ... ca GLUT2 de GLUT 2 es GLUT2 nl GLUT 2 sv GLUT2 ... more details
Infobox disease Name Glycogen storage disease type XI Image Caption DiseasesDB 31709 ICD10 ICD9 ICDO OMIM 227810 MedlinePlus eMedicineSubj eMedicineTopic MeshID Glycogen storage disease type XI is a form of glycogen storage disease . It is also known as Fanconi Bickel syndrome , for Guido Fanconi and Horst Bickel . ref WhoNamedIt synd 65 ref ref name pmid15397919 cite journal author FANCONI G, BICKEL H title Not Available language Undetermined journal Helv Paediatr Acta volume 4 issue 5 pages 359 96 year 1949 month November pmid 15397919 doi url ref It is associated with GLUT2 . ref name pmid9809815 cite journal author Santer R, Schneppenheim R, Suter D, Schaub J, Steinmann B title Fanconi Bickel syndrome the original patient and his natural history, historical steps leading to the primary defect, and a review of the literature journal Eur. J. Pediatr. volume 157 issue 10 pages 783 97 year 1998 month October pmid 9809815 doi 10.1007 s004310050937 url http link.springer.de link service journals 00431 bibs 8157010 81570783.htm ref ref name pmid11949937 cite journal author Santer R, Steinmann B, Schaub J title Fanconi Bickel syndrome a congenital defect of facilitative glucose transport journal Curr. Mol. Med. volume 2 issue 2 pages 213 27 year 2002 month March pmid 11949937 doi 10.2174 1566524024605743 url http www.bentham direct.org pages content.php?CMM 2002 00000002 00000002 0010M.SGM ref ref name pmid11810292 cite journal author Santer R, Groth S, Kinner M, et al. title The mutation spectrum of the facilitative glucose transporter gene SLC2A2 GLUT2 in patients with Fanconi Bickel syndrome journal Hum. Genet. volume 110 issue 1 pages 21 9 year 2002 month January pmid 11810292 doi 10.1007 s00439 001 0638 6 ref References reflist 2 Solute carrier disorders Category Inborn errors of carbohydrate metabolism Category Hepatology Category Muscular disorders endocrine disease stub id Sindrom Fanconi Bickel ... more details
Infobox Disease Name MODY 4 Image Caption DiseasesDB ICD10 ICD9 ICDO OMIM 606392 MedlinePlus eMedicineSubj eMedicineTopic MeshID MODY 4 is a form of maturity onset diabetes of the young . MODY 4 arises from mutations of the Pdx 1 homeobox gene on chromosome 13 human chromosome 13 . Pdx 1 is a transcription factor vital to the development of the embryonic pancreas. Even in adults it continues to play a role in the regulation and expression of genes for insulin, GLUT2, glucokinase, and somatostatin . MODY 4 is so rare that only a single family has been well studied. A child born with pancreatic agenesis absence of the pancreas was found to be homozygous for Pdx 1 mutations. A number of older relatives who were heterozygous had mild hyperglycemia or diabetes. None were severely insulin deficient and all were controlled with either diet or oral hypoglycemic agent s. References reflist Endocrine pathology Transcription factor coregulator deficiencies endocrine disease stub Category Diabetes ... more details
Renal glucose reabsorption is the part of renal physiology that deals with the retrieval of filtered glucose , preventing it from disappearing from the body through the urine. If glucose is not reabsorbed by the kidney, it appears in the urine, in a condition known as glucosuria . This is associated with diabetes mellitus . ref http www.lib.mcg.edu edu eshuphysio program section7 7ch06 7ch06p11.htm Sect. 7, Ch. 6 Characteristics of Proximal Glucose Reabsorption Bot generated title ref . Overview table Class wikitable Characteristics of Glucose reabsorption rowspan 2 Characteristic colspan 3 proximal tubule rowspan 2 loop of Henle rowspan 2 Distal convoluted tubule rowspan 2 Collecting duct system S1 S2 S3 reabsorption rowspan 2 98 ref name boron793 cite book author Walter F., PhD. Boron title Medical Physiology A Cellular And Molecular Approaoch publisher Elsevier Saunders location year pages isbn 1 4160 2328 3 oclc doi Page 793 ref colspan 3 Beyond the Distal convoluted tubule 2 ref name boron793 reabsorption m Mole unit moles day Concentration apical membrane apical transport proteins colspan 2 SGLT2 ref name boron793 SGLT1 ref name boron793 basolateral membrane basolateral transport proteins GLUT2 ref name boron793 GLUT1 ref name boron793 Other reabsorption features References reflist renal physiology Category Renal physiology ... more details
is similar enough to glucose to be transported into the cell by the glucose transport protein GLUT2 ... cells, since these cells have relatively high levels of GLUT2. ref cite journal author Wang Z, Gleichmann H title GLUT2 in pancreatic islets crucial target molecule in diabetes induced with multiple ... CB title STZ transport and cytotoxicity. Specific enhancement in GLUT2 expressing cells journal ... more details
Infobox Disease Name MODY 1 Image Caption DiseasesDB ICD10 ICD9 ICDO OMIM 125850 MedlinePlus eMedicineSubj eMedicineTopic MeshID MODY 1 is a form of maturity onset diabetes of the young . MODY 1 is due to a loss of function mutation in the Gene HNF4A gene on chromosome 20 human chromosome 20 . This gene codes for hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 HNF4 protein also known as transcription factor 14 TCF14 . ref Stokes, A and Duda K. Comparison of Fatty Acid Ligands in Human HNF4 Activity and its Role in Diabetes Abstract . Ga. J. Sci. 2005, 63 1 , 57. ref ref cite journal author Duda K, Chi YI, Shoelson SE title Structural basis for HNF 4alpha activation by ligand and coactivator binding journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 279 issue 22 pages 23311 6 year 2004 pmid 14982928 doi 10.1074 jbc.M400864200 ref ref cite journal author Dhe Paganon S, Duda K, Iwamoto M, Chi YI, Shoelson SE title Crystal structure of the HNF4 alpha ligand binding domain in complex with endogenous fatty acid ligand journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 277 issue 41 pages 37973 6 year 2002 pmid 12193589 doi 10.1074 jbc.C200420200 ref HNF4 controls function of HNF1A HNF1 see MODY 3 Gene HNF1A and perhaps HNF1B HNF1 MODY 5 as well. This transcription network plays a role in the early development of the pancreas, liver , and intestine s. In the pancreas these genes influence expression of, among others, the genes for insulin, the principal glucose transporter GLUT2 , and several proteins involved in glucose and mitochondrial metabolism. Although pancreatic beta cells produce adequate insulin in infancy, the capacity for insulin production declines thereafter. Diabetes persistent hyperglycemia typically develops by early adult years, but may not appear until later decades. The degree of insulin deficiency is slowly progressive. Many patients with MODY 1 are treated with sulfonylureas for years before insulin is required. Liver effects are subtle and not clinically significant. Many people with this condition have l ... more details
it preferentially accumulates in beta cells through uptake via the GLUT2 glucose transporter. Alloxan ... as well as the beta cell s highly efficient uptake mechanism GLUT2 . However, alloxan is not toxic ... more details
Infobox Anatomy Name PAGENAME Latin enterocytus GraySubject GrayPage Image Caption Image2 Caption2 Precursor System Artery Vein Nerve Lymph MeshName Enterocytes MeshNumber Code Terminologia Histologica TH H3.04.03.0.00006 Enterocytes , or intestinal absorptive cells , are simple columnar epithelial cells found in the small intestines and Colon anatomy colon . A glycocalyx surface coat contains digestive enzymes. Microvilli on the apical surface increase surface area for the digestion and transport of molecules from the intestinal lumen. The cells also have a secretory role. Functions Image Alpha Intercalated Cell Cartoon.svg thumb 250px Apical membrane and Basolateral membrane The major functions of enterocytes include ref Ross, M.H. & Pawlina, W. 2003. Histology A Text and Atlas, 4th Edition. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia. ref Ion uptake , including sodium, calcium, magnesium, and iron. This typically occurs through active transport . Water uptake . This follows the osmotic gradient established by NaKATPase Na K ATPase on the basolateral surface. This can occur diffusion transcellularly or paracellular transport paracellularly . Sugar uptake . Polysaccharidases and disaccharidases in the glycocalyx break down large sugar molecules, which are then absorbed. Glucose crosses the apical membrane of the enterocyte using the sodium glucose cotransporter . It moves through the cytosol cytoplasm and exits the enterocyte via the basolateral membrane into the blood capillary using GLUT2 . Galactose uses the same transport system. Fructose , on the other hand, crosses the apical membrane of the enterocyte, using GLUT5 . It is thought to cross into the blood capillary using one of the other glucose transporter GLUT transporters . Peptide and amino acid uptake . Peptidases in the glycocalyx cleave proteins to amino acids or small peptides. Enteropeptidase also known as enterokinase is responsible for activating pancreatic trypsinogen into trypsin , which activates ... more details
Image Incretins and DPP 4 inhibitors.svg thumb 350px right GLP 1 and Diabetes Glucagon like peptide 1 GLP 1 is derived from the transcription product of the proglucagon gene. The major source of GLP 1 in the body is the intestine intestinal L cell that secretes GLP 1 as a Gut zoology gut hormone . The biologically active forms of GLP 1 are GLP 1 7 37 and GLP 1 7 36 NH2. Those peptides result from selective cleavage of the proglucagon molecule. GLP 1 secretion by ileal L cells is dependent on the presence of nutrients in the lumen of the small intestine. The secretagogue s agents that cause or stimulate secretion of this hormone include major nutrients like carbohydrate , protein and lipid . Once in the circulation, GLP 1 has a half life of less than 2 minutes, due to rapid degradation by the enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase 4 . It is a potent antihyperglycemic hormone, inducing glucose dependent stimulation of insulin secretion while suppressing glucagon secretion. Such glucose dependent action is particularly attractive because, when the plasma glucose concentration is in the normal fasting range, GLP 1 no longer stimulates insulin to cause hypoglycemia. GLP 1 appears to restore the glucose sensitivity of pancreatic cells, with the mechanism possibly involving the increased expression of GLUT2 and glucokinase. GLP 1 is also known to inhibit pancreatic cell apoptosis and stimulate the proliferation and differentiation of insulin secreting cells. In addition, GLP 1 inhibits gastric secretion and motility. This delays and protracts carbohydrate absorption and contributes to a satiating effect. Physiological functions GLP 1 possesses several physiological properties that make it and its GLP 1 analog analog s a subject of intensive investigation as a potential treatment of diabetes mellitus . ref http www.medscape.com viewprogram 3418 pnt Diabetes and Intestinal Incretin Hormones A New Therapeutic Paradigm at medscape.com slide 36 ref ref cite journal author Toft Niels ... more details
by reduced glucose levels and decreased by increased glucose levels. GLUT2 Is a bidirectional transporter ... are transported from the intestinal mucosal cell into the portal circulation by GLUT2 Is a high ... more details
may be transported out of the enterocyte across the basolateral membrane by either GLUT2 or GLUT5, although the GLUT2 transporter has a greater capacity for transporting fructose, and, therefore, the majority of fructose is transported out of the enterocyte through GLUT2. Image fructosetransporter.jpg ... monosaccharides are transported into the liver by the GLUT2 transporter. ref Cite book first ... only transporter, and the GLUT2 transporter, for which it competes with glucose and galactose . Over consumption of fructose, inhibition of GLUT2 by other phytochemicals , such as flavonoids, ref ... GLUT2 by flavonoids journal FASEB Journal date 22 year 2007 month September, volume 21 issue ... more details
PBB geneid 9479 C jun amino terminal kinase interacting protein 1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the MAPK8IP1 gene . ref name pmid9235893 cite journal author Dickens M, Rogers JS, Cavanagh J, Raitano A, Xia Z, Halpern JR, Greenberg ME, Sawyers CL, Davis RJ title A cytoplasmic inhibitor of the JNK signal transduction pathway journal Science volume 277 issue 5326 pages 693 6 year 1997 month Aug pmid 9235893 pmc doi 10.1126 science.277.5326.693 ref ref name pmid9442013 cite journal author Bonny C, Nicod P, Waeber G title IB1, a JIP 1 related nuclear protein present in insulin secreting cells journal J Biol Chem volume 273 issue 4 pages 1843 6 year 1998 month Mar pmid 9442013 pmc doi 10.1074 jbc.273.4.1843 ref The PBB Summary template is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot. See Template PBB Controls to Stop updates. PBB Summary section title summary text The protein encoded by this gene is a regulator of the pancreatic beta cell function. It is highly similar to JIP 1, a mouse protein known to be a regulator of c Jun amino terminal kinase Mapk8 . This protein has been shown to prevent MAPK8 mediated activation of transcription factors, and decrease IL 1 beta and MAP kinase kinase 1 MEKK1 induced apoptosis in pancreatic beta cells. This protein also functions as a DNA binding transactivator of the glucose transporter GLUT2. RE1 silencing transcription factor REST is reported to repress the expression of this gene in insulin secreting beta cells. This gene is found to be mutated in a type 2 diabetes family, and thus is thought to be a susceptibility gene for type 2 diabetes. ref name entrez cite web title Entrez Gene MAPK8IP1 mitogen activated protein kinase 8 interacting protein 1 url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov sites entrez?Db gene&Cmd ShowDetailView&TermToSearch 9479 accessdate ref Interactions MAPK8IP1 has been shown to Protein protein interaction interact with MAP3K10 , ref name pmid10490659 cite journal last Yasuda first J authorlink coauthors Whitm ... more details
JC 2004 http www.jhc.org cgi content full 52 11 1519 GLUT2 immunoreactivity in G m ri positive astrocytes ... author Marty N year 2005 title Regulation of glucagon secretion by glucose transporter type 2 glut2 ... more details
Low carbohydrate diets or low carb diets are dietary programs that restrict carbohydrate consumption usually for weight control or for the treatment of obesity . Foods high in digestible carbohydrates e.g. bread , pasta are limited or replaced with foods containing a higher percentage of protein s and fat s e.g. meat , poultry, fish, shellfish, eggs, cheese, nuts, seeds and peanuts and other foods low in carbohydrates e.g. most salad vegetable s , although other vegetable s and fruit s especially berry berries are often allowed. The amount of carbohydrate allowed varies with different low carbohydrate diets. Such diets are sometimes ketogenic i.e. they restrict carbohydrate intake sufficiently to cause ketosis , such as the Atkins Nutritional Approach Induction Induction phase of the Atkins Nutritional Approach Atkins diet . ref cite web url http women.webmd.com guide high protein low carbohydrate diets title Weight Loss High Protein, Low Carbohydrate Diets publisher Women.webmd.com date accessdate 2011 12 18 ref ref Stefanov, Sebastien http www.askmen.com sports foodcourt 60 63 eating well.html Do Low Carb Diets Work? , AskMen.com ref ref Hanlon, Kathie http www.vanderbilt.edu AnS psychology health psychology carbs.htm The Low Down on Low Carbohydrate Diets , Vanderbuilt University, 25 April 1997 ref Some sources, though, consider less restrictive variants to be low carbohydrate as well. ref Dolson, Laura http lowcarbdiets.about.com od faq f lcdfaq1.htm What is a Low Carb Diet? , About.com Low Carb Diets, retrieved 11 March 2008 ref In addition to obesity, low carbohydrate diets are used as treatments for some other conditions, notably diabetes , ref http www.diabetes.co.uk diet low carb diabetes diet.html Low Carb Diet Diabetes.co.uk Low carb diet, retrieved 09 August 2011 ref ref name Diabetes Group Backs Low Carb Diets http health.usnews.com usnews health healthday 071228 diabetes group backs low carb diets.htm Diabetes Group Backs Low Carb Diets , HealthDay New ... more details
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