Location Register VLR Um interface GSM R GSM Railway GSM services Cell Broadcast GSMlocalization Multimedia ...Other uses Use British English date July 2011 Use dmy dates date June 2011 Image GSMLogo.svg thumb The GSM logo is used to identify compatible handsets and equipment GSM Global System for Mobile Communications ... network s. Developed as a replacement for first generation 1G analog cellular networks, the GSM standard ... data transmission speeds were later increased via EDGE Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution referred as EGPRS. The GSM standard is more improved after the development of third generation 3G UMTS standard developed by the 3GPP . GSM networks will evolve further as they begin to incorporate fourth generation 4G LTE Advanced standards. GSM is a trademark owned by the GSM Association . History ... news mobile devices 2007 09 07 happy 20th birthday gsm 39289154 title Happy 20th Birthday, GSM author ... 5yRRJnMZw archivedate 5 May 2011 accessdate 5 May 2011 quote Before GSM, Europe had a disastrous ... gsm cite web url http www.etsi.org WebSite Technologies gsm.aspx title GSM year 2011 work etsi.org ... archivedate 5 May 2011 accessdate 5 May 2011 quote GSM was designed principally for voice telephony ... title History year 2001 work gsmworld.com publisher GSM Association archiveurl http www.webcitation.org 5yRQRGPgH archivedate 5 May 2011 accessdate 5 May 2011 quote 1982 Groupe Speciale Mobile GSM is formed ... Commission proposed to reserve the 900 MHz spectrum band for GSM. By 1987, basic parameters of the GSM standard had been agreed upon and 15 representatives from 13 European nations signed a memorandum of understanding in Copenhagen, committing to deploy GSM. In 1989, the Groupe Sp cial ... ETSI . ref name gsmworld history Phase I of the GSM specifications were published in 1990. The historic world s first GSM call was made by the Finnish prime minister Harri Holkeri to Kaarina Suonio mayor ... elavaarkisto ?s s&g 1&ag 86&t 586&a 5126 title Maailman ensimm inen GSM puhelu trans title World s first ... more details
wiktionary localisation localise localization localize localizor Culture Localization or localisation , and represented as a numeronym as L10n , may refer to Language localisation , the process of translating a product into different languages or adapting a product for a specific country or region Internationalization and localization , the adaptation of computer software for non native environments, especially other nations and cultures Game localization , refers to the preparation of video games for other locales Dub localization , the adaptation of a movie or television series for another audience Special topics are described below. Physics GSMlocalization , a technique for determining the location of a user of a cell phone or wireless transceiver Robot localization , figuring out robot s position in an environment Sound localization , a listener s ability to identify the location or origin of a detected sound or the methods in acoustical engineering to simulate the placement of an auditory cue in a virtual 3D space Anderson localization of orbitals in solids due to static disorder Weak localization a physical effect, which occurs in disordered electronic systems at very low temperatures Mathematics Category Localization mathematics Localization of a category , adding to a category inverse morphisms for some collection of morphisms, constraining them to become isomorphisms Localization of a module , a construction to introduce denominators in a module M for a ring R Localization ... Localization of a topological space , the localization of topological spaces at primes Biology Subcellular localization , the organization of cellular components into different regions of the cell. Nuclear localization signal , an amino acid sequence exposed on the surface of a protein which acts like a tag to localize the protein in the cell. Localization, the psychological notion that different ... of economic localisation is the opposite to economic globalisation. Localization Era disambiguation ... more details
The GSM Association GSMA is an association of mobile operators and related companies devoted to supporting the standardizing, deployment and promotion of the GSM mobile telephone system. The GSM Association was formed in 1995. ref name zdnet birthday cite web url http www.zdnet.co.uk news mobile devices 2007 09 07 happy 20th birthday gsm 39289154 title Happy 20th Birthday, GSM author Leader date 2007 09 07 work zdnet.co.uk publisher CBS Interactive archiveurl http www.webcitation.org 5yRRJnMZw archivedate 2011 05 05 accessdate 2011 05 05 quote The memorandum of understanding that created all this was merely an agreement, not an organisation the GSM Association didn t actually exist until 1995. ref The association organizes the largest annual event in the mobile industry, the http www.mobileworldcongress.com GSMA Mobile World Congress , in addition to smaller, targeted events http www.mobileasiacongress.com GSMA Mobile Asia Congress , http www.mobilemoneysummit.com GSMA Mobile Money Summit and the http www.mobilehealthsummit.com GSMA mHA Mobile Health Summit . It claims as members nearly 800 mobile operators and more than 200 related companies. ref cite web url http www.gsmworld.com about us index.htm title About Us publisher GSM Association accessdate 2009 08 15 ref It traces its history back to the original European Union EU GSM declaration of 1982, but was formally created as the GSM ... publisher GSM Association accessdate 2009 08 15 ref Telecoms.com called it one of the most powerful ... gsm association title Michael O Hara, chief marketing officer, GSM Association publisher telecoms.com ... 2006 by the GSM Association in which seeks to make instant messaging as popular and ubiquitous ... GSM Association official website http www.mobileworldcongress.com GSMA Mobile World Congress http ... organizations de GSM Association es Asociaci n GSM fr GSM Association no GSM Association pl GSM Association sv GSM Association uk GSM Association ... more details
GSM R , Global System for Mobile Communications Railway or GSM Railway is an international wireless wireless ... regulation control centers. The system is based on GSM and EIRENE MORANE specifications which .... Image GSM R Base Station Abergavenny.jpg thumb right GSM R mast and cabinet, Abergavenny, Wales History Image GSM R Station.jpg thumb right GSM R transmitter mast on the Nuremberg Ingolstadt high speed railway line GSM R is built on GSM technology, and benefits from the economies of scale of its GSM technology heritage, aiming at being a cost efficient digital replacement for existing incompatible ... using a single communication platform. GSM R is part of the new European Rail Traffic ... ERTMS. GSM R has been selected by 38 countries across the world, including all member states of the European Union and countries in Asia, Eurasia and northern Africa. GSM R is a secure platform for voice ... television video surveillance in trains and at stations, and passenger information services. GSM R ... and France the GSM R network has between 3000 and 4000 base transceiver station base stations . clr In the UK, over 14,000 km of GSM R enabled railway is planned, with 280 km currently in operation. ref ERIG European Railways Implementation Group report from meeting 35 2007 ref GSM R cab ... Line, between Dalston Junction and New Cross Gate. Upper system GSM R is one part of European Rail ... Train Control System ETCS European Train Control System GSM R Frequency band In Europe, GSM R ... 921 MHz 925 MHz used for data reception downlink However GSM R can operate on a number of frequencies that are being used around the world In China GSM R occupies a 4 MHz wide range of the E GSM band 900 MHz GSM . In Australia GSM R is being implemented using frequencies in the 1800 ... Keying . GSM R is a Time division multiple access TDMA Time Division Multiple Access system. Data ... LTE mobile communication will disturb GSM R, since it has been given a frequency band rather close ... more details
GSM may refer to In mathematics, science and technology Grams per square metre , a measure of paper or fabric density Global Shared memory Shared Memory , computer memory that may be simultaneously accessed by multiple programs Global System for Mobile Communications , a standard for mobile phones Digital files for GSM like codified voice, like Asterisk PBX Digital files used by the company Graphisoft for ArchiCAD library parts, mainly written in Geometric Description Language GDL Graduate Studies in Mathematics , a series of mathematics texts published by the American Mathematical Society Generalized Sequential Machine Ranks and awards Garrison Sergeant Major , a warrant officer appointment in the British Army General Service Medal, any of various British campaign medals, including General Service Medal 1918 General Service Medal 1962 General Service Medal Rhodesia 1968 In entertainment Gameshow Marathon UK game show Gameshow Marathon UK game show , a British television series Gameshow Marathon US TV series Gameshow Marathon US TV series , an American television series based on the British show Ghost Sweeper Mikami , a comedic horror manga series by Takashi Shiina Gimme Some Money , a single by the heavy metal band Spinal Tap band Spinal Tap Other uses Church of St Mary the Great, Cambridge Great St. Mary s Church , Cambridge, England GSM wine , an Australian red wine consisting of a blend of Grenache, Shiraz, and Mourv dre Game, set, match , terms used in Tennis score tennis scoring General sales management or general sales manager Glass Sport Motors , a former South African car company The ICAO code for the airline Flyglobespan The prefix for the Maltese post code for G ajnsielem Gozo Galvanized Sheet Metal, in the construction industry Gender or sexual minority, an alternative to the initialism LGBT disambig de GSM Begriffskl rung fr GSM homonymie it GSM disambigua nl GSM pt GSM desambigua o ro GSM dezambiguizare ... more details
Infobox Company company name CORPORACI N DIGITEL, C.A. d b a Digitel GSM company type Public company Public company logo Image Logo digitel.jpg company slogan La red GSM que s funciona nete t tambi n foundation 1995 location Caracas , Distrito Capital , Venezuela key people Oswaldo Cisneros President industry Telecommunications products Wireless telecommunication num employees revenue operating income net income parent Grupo Televenco homepage http www.digitel.com.ve Digitel GSM foot notes for the telephone company in the Philippines Digital Telecommunications Philippines Image Centro Banaven.jpg 200px thumb left Centro Banaven in Caracas also known as Cubo Negro serves as main headquarters for Digitel GSM Digitel GSM is a mobile phone company in Venezuela , and the country s first to deploy a GSM network and to establish a per second charging scheme. Early in 2007, Digitel surpassed 3 million subscribers ref sp icon http buscador.eluniversal.com 2007 01 29 uni art 29A829105.shtml Crecen Cuentas de Digitel ref and is currently placed third, behind CANTV s Movilnet and Telefonica s Movistar . Digitel s growth has remained steady. Fact date December 2008 Digitel currently provides wireless data transmission capabilities through its GPRS GSM GPRS and high speed Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution EDGE network. In 2007 Digitel applied successfully for the 900 MHz spectrum, in order to deploy an UMTS network Fact date August 2007 . In 2000, after receiving government approval, Digitel sold 56.56 of its stocks to Telecom Italia Mobile , changing its name to Digitel TIM ref sp ... s two other GSM networks Digicel and Infonet ref sp icon http www.rnv.gov.ve noticias index.php ... Digitel GSM . The company began a network expansion program in July 2006, and by the end of the year ... got working all over the country its 3G WCDMA HSDPA , HSUPA , GSM WCDMA network, becoming in the fastest ... http www.gsmworld.com cgi bin ni map.pl?cc ve&net cd Digitel GSM Coverage Map, Venezuela References ... more details
Multiple issues wikify February 2012 orphan September 2010 refimprove April 2009 Private GSM solutions, appeared after the deregulation of the DECT guardband in some countries, allow users and businesses to reduce their costs without impacting in their performance and offering a number of added value services. All of this thanks to the ability to create private mobile GSM networks, enabling mobile phone users to access the same services and features as users of a PBX extension. Current Market Analysts estimate that 40 to 60 of corporate mobile minutes are used in building, highlighting an underappreciated pain point. Mobile phones tend to be used more often due to convenience they are close at hand at all times, provide easy access to stored contact numbers and are more personal as such a mobile ... spending. Private GSM delivers many of the benefits demanded by enterprises delivering call cost savings ... through actual private GSM deployments. Features The advantages and main features of the Private GSM technique, compared to other technologies, are as follows All GSM devices produced since the year ... to talk Walkie talkie mode . The transmitted power and the high receive sensitivity of the GSM equipment, results in a better coverage range and depending on the type of DECT systems, 1 GSM basis station can replace either 3x DECT or 5x WLAN base stations. The GSM band is a protected frequency, which allows any GSM communication to be possible. Therefore there is no issues with interference from ... are able to connect their private GSM systems to a number of internationally standardized PBXs ... GSM solution. By using this, businesses continue with the same tariff plan when using mobiles outside of the office and are able to enjoy all the benefits of Private GSM when being in office, in a complete ... http www.cellular news.com story 20021.php Roaming between public and private GSM networks http www.privatemobilenetworks.com ... website newsandevents 2007 05 ng dect.aspx DECT reaches a New Generation Category GSM standard ... more details
with LCD and AV Systems. Research & Development IILM GSM conducts both academic and applied research ... links http www.iilmgsm.ac.in IILM GSM Official Website coord missing Uttar Pradesh DEFAULTSORT Iilm Gsm Category Business schools in Uttar Pradesh ... more details
Infobox Company company name Orascom T l coms Alg rie company logo Image DJEZZY LOGO.png thumb right Logo company type privately held company Private company slogan Live The Life foundation July 2001 location city Algiers location country Algeria industry Telecommunication s products revenue operating income net income num employees 3500 parent Orascom Telecom Holding subsid homepage www.djezzy.com footnotes Djezzy GSM , a branch of the Algeria based Orascom Telecom, is Algeria s principal mobile network operator , with a market share of 65 over 14 million subscribers as of May 2008 and a network covering 84 of the population 48 wilaya s. It acquired the country s second GSM license in July 2001 , with a bid of 737 million, and was officially launched on February 15, 2002. It has two competitors the government owned Algeria Mobile Network and Wataniya . External links http www.djezzygsm.com Official site http www.otelecom.com regions singleRegionalPresence.aspx Orascom Telecom http www.3gamericas.org Spanish News room DisplayPressRelease.cfm?id 778 Alcatel & Orascom DEFAULTSORT Djezzy Gsm Category Arab Mobile phone companies Category Internet service providers of Algeria Category Telecommunications companies of Algeria Category Orascom Group Algeria company stub telecom company stub ar de Djezzy fr Djezzy ... more details
No footnotes date April 2009 GSM services are a standard collection of applications and features available to mobile phone subscribers all over the world. The GSM standards are defined by the 3GPP collaboration ..., or even roaming roam into different countries. GSM is the world s most dominant mobile phone standard ... capabilities, and weak radio transmitters on mobile devices. Accessing a GSM network In order to gain access to GSM services, a user needs three things A billing relationship with a mobile phone operator ... mobile phone postpaid . A mobile phone that is GSM compliant and operates at the GSM frequency ... Station BTS with the strongest signal in the operator s GSM frequency bands frequency band . If a mast ... paging when the GSM network wishes to locate the mobile phone . Every SIM card contains a secret ... directly. Every GSM phone contains a unique identifier different from the phone number , called the International ... has successfully attached to a GSM network as described above, calls may be made from the phone to any ... and provide the prepaid services are not part of the GSM standard services, but instead ... to the standard GSM ones. Incoming calls Gateway MSC contact When someone places a call to a mobile ... calls During a GSM call, speech is converted from analog signal analogue sound waves to digital data ... used to encode speech signals is called a codec . The speech codecs used in GSM are called Half ... correction level. Data transmission The GSM standard also provides separate facilities for transmitting ... or Ethernet card, but using one of the GSM data protocols described below instead of a PSTN compatible audio channel or an Ethernet link to transmit data . Some GSM phones can also be controlled by a standardised ... two phones for the duration of the call. Two circuit switched data protocols are defined in the GSM ... transmission protocol, which was incorporated into the GSM standard in 1997. It is backwards compatible ... for SMS exchange . The Short message service SMS standard is also used outside of the GSM system ... more details
IMSI attach In a GSM network, when a Mobile Station MS is switched on, the International Mobile Subscriber Identity IMSI attach procedure is executed. This procedure is required for the Mobile Switching Center MSC and Visitor Location Register VLR to register the MS in the network. If the MS has changed Mobility management Location area Location area LA while it was powered off the IMSI attach procedure will lead to a Location update Location update . When the MS is switched on, it searches for a mobile network to connect to. Once the MS identifies its desired network, it sends a message to the network to indicate that it has entered into an idle state. The Visitor Location Register VLR checks its database to determine whether there is an existing record of the particular subscriber. br If no record is found, the VLR communicates with the subscriber s Home Location Register HLR and obtains a copy of the subscription information. The obtained information is stored in the database of the VLR. Then an acknowledge message is sent to the MS. IMSI detach IMSI detach is the process of detaching a MS from the mobile network to which it was connected. The IMSI detach procedure informs the network that the Mobile Station is switched off or is unreachable. At power down the MS requests a signaling channel. Once assigned, the MS sends an IMSI detach message to the VLR. When the VLR receives the IMSI detach message, the corresponding IMSI is marked as detached by setting the IMSI detach flag. The HLR is not informed of this and the VLR does not acknowledge the MS about the IMSI detach. br ... to send IMSI detach messages. Therefore the GSM network considers the MS to be still attached. Implicit IMSI detach The GSM air interface, designated Um, transmits network specific information ... Moe Rahnema title Overview of the GSM system and protocol architecture url http www8.tfe.umu.se ... 2010 04 14 Category GSM standard Category Mobile telecommunications standards Category 3rd Generation ... more details
Scope It is used to the exchange of secured Packet information technology packets between an entity in a GSM Public land mobile network PLMN and an entity in the SIM. Secured Packets contain application messages to which certain mechanisms according to GSM 03.48 have been applied. Application messages are commands or data exchanged between an application resident in or behind the GSM Public land mobile network PLMN and on the Subscriber Identity Module SIM . ref name gsm0348Java cite web title GSM 03.48 Java API and Realization Library url https gsm0348.googlecode.com accessdate 16 May 2011 ref ref cite web title GSM 03.48 Version 890 url http www.3gpp.org ftp Specs archive 03 series 03.48 0348 890.zip accessdate 16 May 2011 ref ref cite web title 3GPP Standard Page url http www.3gpp.org ftp Specs html info 0348.htm accessdate 16 May 2011 ref It is evolved to 3GPP TS 23.048 ref cite web title 3GPP TS 23.048 url http www.3gpp.org ftp specs html info 23048.htm ref in 3G. From Release 5, TS 23.048 is split into the generic part and the bearers specific application. The generic part has been transferred to SCP ETSI TS 102 225 ref cite web title ETSI TS 102 225 url http www.etsi.org deliver etsi ts 102200 102299 102225 ref . The bearers specific part is 3GPP TS 31.115 ref cite web title 3GPP TS 31.115 url http www.3gpp.org ftp specs html info 31115.htm ref . Overview The Sending Application prepares an Application Message and forwards it to the Sending Entity, with an indication of the security to be applied to the message. The Sending Entity prepends a Security Header the Command Header to the Application Message. It then applies the requested security to part of the Command Header and all of the Application Message, including any padding Octet computing octets . The resulting structure is here referred to as the Secured Command Packet. Under normal circumstances the Receiving Entity receives the Command Packet and unpacks it according to the security parameters indicated ... more details
Wikify date April 2010 Orphan date February 2009 The Special Mobile Group SMG GSM 02.07 Technical Specification Version 7.1.0 Release 1998 called Digital cellular telecommunications system Phase 2 Mobile Stations MS features defines Mobile Station MS features and to classifies them according to their type and whether they are mandatory or optional. The MS features detailed in this TS do not represent an exhaustive list. ref http www.3gpp.org ftp Specs archive 02 series 02.07 0207 710.zip ref Features The lists of required and optional features of MS mobile station s are 1.1 Display of Called Number M 1.2 Indication of Call Progress Signals M 1.3 Country PLMN Indication M 1.4 Country PLMN Selection M 1.5 Keypad O note 1 1.6 IMEI M 1.7 Short Message M note 4 1.8 Short Message Overflow Indication M 1.9 DTE DCE Interface O 1.10 ISDN S Interface O 1.11 International Access Function key O note 1 1.12 Service Indicator M 1.13 Autocalling restriction capabilities note 2 1.14 Emergency Calls capabilities M note 3 1.15 Dual Tone Multi Frequency function DTMF M note 5 1.16 Subscription Identity Management M 1.17 On Off switch O 1.18 Subaddress O 1.19 Support of Encryption A5 1 and A5 2 M 1.20 Short Message Service Cell Broadcast M 1.21 Short Message Service Cell Broadcast DRX O 1.22 Service Provider Indication O 1.23 Support of the extended SMS CB channel O 1.24 Support of Additional Call Set up MMI Procedures O 1.25 Network Identity and Timezone O 1.26 Ciphering Indicator M 1.27 Network s indication of alerting in the MS O NI Alert in MS 1.28 Network initiated Mobile Originated connection O 1.29 Support of Localised Service Area O 1.30 Support of GPRS Encryption M note 6 Mandatory where a human interface is provided, i.e. may be in appropriate for MS driven by external equipment. NOTE ... A. NOTE 3 Emergency calls shall be possible according to Teleservice 12 see GSM 02.03 2 and GSM 02.30 ... for terminals supporting GPRS. References References Category GSM standard telecom stub wireless ... more details
In mobile telephony GSM 03.38 is a Character encoding character set used in the SMS Short Message Service of GSM based cell phones. It is defined in GSM recommendation 03.38. Messages sent via this encoding can be encoded in the default GSM 7 bit alphabet, the 8 bit data alphabet, and the 16 bit UTF ... and language specific information. ref Support of the GSM 7 bit alphabet is mandatory for GSM ... national language shift table . GSM 7 bit default alphabet and extension table of 3GPP TS 23.038 GSM 03.38 The standard encoding for GSM messages is the 7 bit default alphabet as defined in the 23.038 ... up to 160 characters packed in up to 140 octets in one SMS message in the GSM network. USSD using .... Note that the second part of the table is only accessible if the GSM device supports the 7 ... of the high part of the table is not used in the default character set, but the GSM standard defines ..., to support more characters than those displayed in the above table. In a standard GSM text message ... indicator but only the standard class prefix, can transport up to 140 8 7 160, that is 160 GSM 7 bit ... and the UCS2 encoding has been preferred. GSM 8 bit data encoding 8 bit data encoding mode treats the information .... A single SMS GSM message using this encoding can have at most 70 characters 140 octets . Note that on many GSM smartphones, there s no specific preselection of the UCS 2 encoding. The default is to use the 7 bit encoding above, until one enters a character that is not present in the GSM 7 bit table ... by the recipient. Some GSM smartphones will alert the user about the number of SMS messages needed ... of the GSM 23.038 standard, additional characters sets can be accessed through the use of a National ... GSM 7 bit sets, the message will be automatically reencoded using UCS 2, with the effect of dividing ... Header to indicate the sequence number of each part . But a revision of GSM 03.38 in specification ..., because it uses other standards than GSM and WAP for messaging. Spanish language Latin script ... more details
portal Software Testing Unreferenced date June 2009 Notability date June 2009 Localization testing is a part of software testing process focused on internationalization and localization aspects of software . Localization is the process of adapting a globalized application to a particular culture locale. Localizing an application software application requires a basic understanding of the character sets typically used in modern software development and an understanding of the issues associated with them. Localization includes the translation of the application user interface and adapting graphics for a specific culture locale. The localization process can also include translating any help content associated with the application. Localization of business solutions requires that you implement the correct business processes and practices for a culture locale. Differences in how cultures locales conduct business are heavily shaped by governmental and regulatory requirements. Therefore, localization of business logic can be a massive task. Localization testing checks how well the build has been Localized into a particular target language. This test is based on the results of globalized testing where the functional support for that particular locale has already been verified. If the product is not globalized enough to support a given language, you probably will not try to localize it into that language in the first place You still have to check that the application you re shipping to a particular market really works and the following section shows you some of the general areas on which to focus when performing a localization test. The following needs to be considered in localization testing Things that are often altered during localization, such as the UserInterface and content files. Operating System Computer keyboard Keyboard s Text Filters Hot keys Spelling Rules Sorting Rules Upper and Lower case conversions Printers Size of Papers Mouse Date formats Rulers and Measurements ... more details
Website localization is the process of adapting an existing website to local language and culture in the target market . ref name Payne cite web url http www.webpronews.com topnews 2004 10 08 culture and website localization title Culture and Website Localization last Payne first Neil date 8 October 2004 work WebProNews accessdate 29 November 2010 archiveurl http www.webcitation.org 5uaaxzK3s archivedate 29 November 2010 ref Two factors are involved programming expertise and linguistic cultural knowledge. ref name Payne The prosperity of website localization is the result of the popularity of computer and Internet users. People all over the world treat the Internet as their main location for information and services. These people do not speak the same language. Website localization has become one of the primary tools for business global expansion. Process Website localization is more than mere translation . ref name Tan cite news url http articles.chicagotribune.com 2001 08 06 business 0108060190 1 localization translation web sites title Translators go beyond language as Web sites cross borders last Tan first Shannon date 6 August 2001 work The Miami Herald accessdate 29 November 2010 archiveurl http www.webcitation.org 5uabN4muG archivedate 29 November 2010 ref Translating only solves partial language problems. Measurement units must be converted images are modified to appeal to the target culture. ref name Tan See also Internationalization and localization References reflist Category Web design Category Communication design Category Internationalization and localization Website ... more details
In mathematics , localization of a category consists of adding to a Category mathematics category inverse morphism s for some collection of morphisms, constraining them to become isomorphism s. This is formally similar to the process of localization of a ring it in general makes objects isomorphic that were not so before. In homotopy theory , for example, there are many examples of mappings that are invertible up to homotopy and so large classes of homotopy equivalent spaces. Calculus of fractions is another name for working in a localized category. Some significant examples follow. Categorical definition Let A be a category. A localization is an idempotent and coaugmented functor. A coaugmented functor is a pair L,l where L A A is an endofunctor and l Id L is a natural transformation from the identity functor to L called the coaugmentation . A coaugmented functor is idempotent if, for every X , both maps L l sub X sub ,l sub L X sub L X LL X are isomorphisms. It can be proven that in this case, both maps are equal. Citation needed date August 2011 Serre s C theory Jean Pierre Serre Serre introduced the idea of working in homotopy theory Ideal ring theory modulo some class C of abelian group s. This meant that groups A and B were treated as isomorphic, if for example A B lay in C . Later Dennis Sullivan had the bold idea instead of using the localization of a topological space , which took effect on the underlying topological space s. Module theory In the theory of module mathematics ... it is possible to form a localization w sup 1 sup C by inverting all the morphisms in w . The typical procedure for constructing the localization might result in a pair of objects with a proper class ... of the theory of Model category model categories . See also Localization Category Localization mathematics Local analysis Localization of a module Localization of a ring Localization of a topological ... theory Category Localization mathematics ... more details
File Weak localization incoherent forward scattering.svg thumb There are many possible scattering paths in a disordered system File Weak localization scattering.svg thumb Weak localization is due primarily to self intersecting scattering paths Weak localization is a physical effect which occurs in disordered electronic systems at very low temperatures. The effect manifests itself as a positive correction to the resistivity of a metal or semiconductor . ref cite web url http prb.aps.org abstract PRB v22 i11 p5142 1 title Phys. Rev. B 22, 5142 1980 Magnetoresistance and Hall effect in a disordered two dimensional electron gas publisher Prb.aps.org date accessdate 2011 11 29 ref The name emphasizes the fact that weak localization is a precursor of Anderson localization , which occurs at strong disorder. General principle The effect is quantum mechanical in nature and has the following origin In a disordered electronic system, the electron motion is diffusive rather than ballistic. That is, an electron does not move along a straight line, but experiences a series of random scatterings off ... called Drude formula corresponds to the former classical terms, while the weak localization correction ... localization correction can be shown to come mostly from quantum interference between self crossing .... Since it is much more likely to find a self crossing trajectory in low dimensions, the weak localization ..., Electronic Transport in Mesoscopic Systems , Cambridge University Press, 1995 ref Weak anti localization ... the change in conductivity due to either weak localization or weak anti localization can be described ... math alpha math is 1 for weak localization and 1 2 for weak anti localization. math B phi math is roughly the magnetic field required to disrupt localization effects, and is equal to math hbar ... of either weak localization or weak anti localization falls off quickly in the presence of a magnetic ... Coherent backscattering Anderson localization References reflist DEFAULTSORT Weak Localization Category ... more details
In algebraic geometry , the localization of a module is a construction to introduce denominator s in a module mathematics module for a ring mathematics ring . More precisely, it is a systematic way to construct a new module S sup &minus 1 sup M out of a given module M containing algebraic fraction s math frac m s math . where the denominator s s range in a given subset S of R . The technique has become fundamental, particularly in algebraic geometry , as the link between modules and sheaf mathematics sheaf theory. Localization of a module generalizes localization of a ring . Definition In this article, let R be a commutative ring and M an R module mathematics module . Let S a multiplicatively closed subset of R , i.e. for any s and t S , the product st is also in S . Then the localization of M with respect to S , denoted S sup &minus 1 sup M , is defined to be the following module as a set ... closed by definition of prime ideals then the localization is denoted M sub p sub instead of R ... p mapsto M p math this corresponds to the support mathematics support of a function. Localization of a module ... ideals are trivial. Remarks The definition applies in particular to M R , and we get back the localization ..., the localization of the module is tightly linked to the one of the ring via the tensor product ... referred to as extension of scalars . As a tensor product, the localization satisfies the usual universal property . Flatness From the definition, one can see that localization of modules is an exact ... . Quasi coherent sheaves In terms of localization of modules, one can define quasi coherent sheaf ... module is such a sheaf, locally modelled on a finitely presented module over R . See also Localization Category Localization mathematics Local analysis Localization algebra Localization of a category Localization of a ring Localization of a topological space References Any textbook on commutative algebra ... Category Module theory Category Localization mathematics ... more details
In commutative algebra and algebraic geometry , the localization is a formal way to introduce the denominators ... localization originates in algebraic geometry if R is a ring of function mathematics function s defined .... Construction Localization of a ring Given a ring R and a subset S , one wants to construct ... 0 not in S math and math 1 in S math . Then the localization of R with respect to S , denoted ... frac m s frac n t math . This motivates the definition above. In fact, the localization recovers the construction ... S is multiplicatively closed. The localization math S 1 R math then consists of math r s, r in R, s in R ... as a subring of K . Indeed, any localization of an integral domain is a subring of the field of fractions ... by definition of prime ideals , then the localization is denoted R sub p sub . If S consists of all ... R f 1 . math Another way to describe the localization of a ring R at a subset S is via category theory .... Then, the localization of R at S is the initial object of this category. Localization of a module ... m m 1. The same notations for the localization of a ring are used for modules math M mathfrak p math denote the localization of M at a prime ideal math mathfrak p math and math M f math the localization of a non nilpotent element f . By the very definitions, the localization of the module is tightly ... product, the localization satisfies the usual universal property . Clarify date March 2012 ... S to consist only of 1,0 and 1 1,1 , then the corresponding localization is Z a Z . Let R Z , and p a prime number. If S Z p Z , then R is the localization of the integers at p . As a generalization ... system and the corresponding localization is denoted R sub p sub . The unique maximal ... system f sup n sup n 0,1,... . Then the localization intuitively is just the ring obtained by inverting powers of f . If f is nilpotent, the localization is the zero ring. Two classes of localizations ... . The set S consists of all powers of a given element r . The localization corresponds to restriction ... more details
In condensed matter physics , Anderson localization , also known as strong localization , is the absence ... P. W. Anderson , who was the first one to suggest the possibility of electron localization inside ... PhysRev.109.1492 url accessdate quote bibcode 1958PhRv..109.1492A ref Anderson localization is a general ... waves, spin waves, etc. This phenomenon is to be distinguished from weak localization , which is the precursor effect of Anderson localization see below , and from Mott transition Mott localization ... Z d psi t n 2 n leq C math uniformly in t . This phenomenon is called Anderson localization . if d &ge ... constant. Analysis The phenomenon of Anderson localization, particularly that of weak localization ... D.C. last4 Ramakrishnan first4 T.V. title Scaling Theory of Localization Absence of Quantum Diffusion .....673A ref This scaling hypothesis of localization suggests that a disorder induced metal insulator transition ... critical dimension of the localization problem, the 2D case is in a sense close to 3D states ... lead to the existence of extended states and thus an MIT. Consequently, the localization lengths ... find a localization delocalization transition when either decreasing system size for fixed disorder or increasing disorder for fixed system size. Most numerical approaches to the localization problem ... of the localization lengths and further validates the scaling hypothesis by a numerical proof ... to demonstrate Anderson localization of light has been implemented. Conti and Fratalocchi, 2008 Experimental evidence Two reports of Anderson localization of light in 3D random media exist up to date ... interpretation of experimental results Scheffold et al. , 1999 . Anderson localization can also be observed in a perturbed periodic potential where the transverse localization of light is caused by random fluctuations on a photonic lattice. Experimental realizations of transverse localization ... also been observed by localization of a Bose Einstein condensate in a 1D disordered optical potential ... more details
In abstract algebra , localization is a systematic method of adding multiplicative inverses to a ring ... fashion this should be expressed by a universal property . The localization of R by S is often ... localizes a ring, then completes. Formal definition Another way to describe the localization of a ring ... , with R algebra homomorphisms as morphisms. Then, the localization of R at S is the initial object of this category. Terminology The term localization originates in algebraic geometry if R is a ring ... of the localization. Since the only ring in which 0 is a unit is the trivial ring 0 , the localization ... in general. For example, the dyadic fraction s are the localization of the ring ... ring s, we don t have a field of fractions. Nevertheless, a localization can be constructed consisting ... a Z × Z b Z . If we take S to consist only of 1,0 and 1 1,1 , then the corresponding localization is Z a Z . Let R Z , and p a prime number. If S Z p Z , then R is the localization of the integers ... of R . Then R p is a multiplicative system and the corresponding localization is denoted R sub p sub ... consider the multiplicative system f sup n sup n 0,1,... . Then the localization intuitively is just the ring obtained by inverting powers of f . If f is nilpotent, the localization is the zero ring. Properties Some properties of the localization R S sup &minus 1 sup R S sup &minus 1 sup R 0 if and only ... by the given homomorphism R S sup &minus 1 sup R . In particular after localization at a prime ... of all powers of a given element r . The localization corresponds to restriction to the Zariski open ... Zariski open sets . For example, if R K X is the polynomial ring and r X then the localization produces the ring of Laurent polynomial s K X , X sup &minus 1 sup . In this case, localization corresponds ..., one also speaks of the localization at P . Localization corresponds to restriction to the complement ... ideal P . Non commutative case Localizing non commutative ring s is more difficult the localization ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Summing localization occurs when two or more coherent sound wave s arrive within a limited time interval and only one sound sensation is perceived. If the time variations are smaller than 1,5 ms, the time and level variations of all sound sources contribute to the direction of the perceived sound. The resulting Hearing sense auditory event is called a phantom source. Summing localization is the basis of stereophony . References Jens Blauert Spatial Hearing , The MIT Press Rev Sub edition October 2, 1996 http www.hauptmikrofon.de theile ON THE LOCALISATION english.pdf On the Localisation in the superimposed Soundfield by G nther Theile Category Sound physics stub ... more details
Refimprove date June 2007 Dub localization , also often simply referred to as Language localizationlocalization , which is a form of a voice over . It is the practice of voice over translation altering a foreign language film , art film or television series by voice actor s. Dub localization is a hot button issue active in cinephilia amongst aficionados of foreign filmmaking and television program s, particularly anime fans as dubbing filmmaking dubs are still a popular form of translation of animated series. While some localization is virtually inevitable in translation, the controversy surrounding how much localization is too much is often much discussed in such communities, especially when the final dub product is significantly different from the original. Some frown on any extensive localization, while others expect it and, to a degree, appreciate it. Some dub localizations are considered so extreme as to have produced a different show or film entirely. Controversial dub localizations Many localized dubs are the object of much controversy. One relatively famous example of a controversial dub localization is the Sailor Moon series, which was heavily edited to remove episodes, change ... amongst many anime fans largely because of localization issues, including extensive and sometime ... One Piece dubs. Another highly controversial dub localization was Cardcaptors , the English ... with a very different audience from the original children s series. However, the best example of a localization indeed, an extreme localization which actually proved to be extremely popular and in demand ... of which is still praised for its humor and often pointed to as an example of an extreme localization ... included in Robotech , later received an uncut English dub by ADV Films . A reference to localization ... Localization disambiguation Localization Anime 4Kids Entertainment References Reflist DEFAULTSORT Dub Localization Category Translation Category Film and video terminology Category Film and video ... more details
User Interface other uses Localization disambiguation Image Italian localisation.png thumb 350px Screenshot ... and localization American and British English spelling differences ise, ize isation, ization ... languages and regions without engineering changes. Localization is the process of adapting internationalized ... for the combination of internationalization and localization. ref http www.ibm.com software globalization ... Readiness and localization. World Readiness is a developer task, which enables a product to be used ... a continuum between localization L10n , through multilingualization or m17n , to internationalization ... to the application. Scope Focal points of internationalization and localization efforts include Language ... and localization is subtle but important. Internationalization is the adaptation of products for potential use virtually everywhere, while localization is the addition of special features for use in a specific locale . Internationalization is done once per product, while localization is done once ... to the objective of a system that works globally. Subjects unique to localization include the following Language translation National varieties of languages see language localization Special support ... results in a somewhat longer development cycle. Many localization issues e.g. writing direction, text .... One example of the pitfalls of localization is the attempt made by Microsoft to keep some keyboard ... from localization is access to more markets. However, there are considerable costs involved, which ... ready. Then, providing a localization package for a given language is in itself a non trivial undertaking ... complicated concepts, coupled with engineering resources to deploy and test the localization ... viable to offer a localized product. Even where large language populations could justify localization for a given product, and a product s internal structure already permits localization, a given ... software communities, is self localization by teams of end users and volunteers. The KDE project, for example ... more details
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