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Encyclopedia results for Gamma ray burst

Gamma ray burst





Encyclopedia results for Gamma ray burst

  1. Gamma-ray burst

    burst. Gamma ray bursts GRBs are flashes of gamma ray s associated with extremely energetic explosions ... Way. It has been hypothesized that a gamma ray burst in the Milky Way, pointing directly towards ... of gamma ray burst research Gamma ray bursts were first observed in the late 1960s by the U.S. Vela ... launch of the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory and its Burst and Transient Source Explorer CGRO Instruments ... ray burst progenitors Magnetar giant flares giant flare , more related to soft gamma repeater SGR ... burst. The breakthrough came in February 1997 when the satellite BeppoSAX detected a gamma ray burst ... thumb NASA s Swift Gamma Ray Burst Mission Swift Spacecraft launched in November 2004 BeppoSAX functioned ... successful space missions to date, Swift Gamma Ray Burst Mission Swift , was launched in 2004 ... a burst. More recently, the Fermi Gamma ray Space Telescope Fermi mission was launched carrying the Fermi Gamma ray Space Telescope Gamma ray Burst Monitor GBM Gamma Ray Burst Monitor , which ... No two gamma ray burst light curves are identical, ref Marani Marani 1997 ref with large variation observed .... ref Since then, several dozen short gamma ray burst afterglows have been detected and localized ... to hours of X ray flashes after a short gamma ray burst is consistent with small particles ... close study of a short gamma ray burst. ref A small fraction of short gamma ray bursts are probably ... NASA.jpg thumb right 250px Artist s illustration of a bright gamma ray burst occurring in a star ... Main Gamma ray burst progenitors Image Wolf rayet2.jpg thumb left Hubble Space Telescope image ... progenitors of long duration GRBs. Because of the immense distances of most gamma ray burst sources ... due to radiation pressure . Eta Carinae and WR 104 have been cited as possible future gamma ray burst ... characteristics to produce a gamma ray burst. ref name Stanek Stanek Stanek 2006 ref The massive star model probably does not explain all types of gamma ray burst. There is strong evidence that some ...   more details



  1. Gamma-ray burst progenitors

    candidates for a hypernova Gamma ray burst progenitors are the types of celestial objects that can emit gamma ray bursts GRBs . GRBs show an extraordinary degree of diversity. They can last anywhere ... name hyper cite web url http cerncourier.com cws article cern 28913 title Gamma ray burst supports ... conditions are required for a star to evolve all the way to a gamma ray burst under this theory the star ... several observed cases where a supernova has immediately followed a gamma ray burst. While most GRBs ... from the unusual supernova 1998bw and its association with the gamma ray burst of 25 April 1998 ... and, at this distance, would be difficult to distinguish from other types of short gamma ray burst ... Gamma ray burst emission mechanisms Quark nova References reflist 2 DEFAULTSORT Gamma Ray Burst Progenitors ..., M. year 1975 title Theories of gamma ray bursts journal Texas Symposium on Relativistic Astrophysics ... so the jets can reach the surface. As a result, gamma ray bursts are far rarer than ordinary core ..., long gamma ray bursts are found without exception in systems with abundant recent star formation, such as in irregular ... 2002 title The Observed Offset Distribution of Gamma Ray Bursts from Their Host Galaxies A Robust ... two nearby long gamma ray bursts journal Nature bibcode 2006Natur.444.1047F doi 10.1038 nature05375 ..., 2006 ref of two nearby long gamma ray bursts that lacked the signature of any type of supernova both ... gamma ray bursts appear to be an exception. Until 2007, only a handful of these events have been ... of Short Hard Gamma Ray Bursts journal Astrophysical Journal volume 641 issue 2 pages 989 doi ... bibcode 2005Sci...309.1833B author Burrows, D. N. et al. year 2005 title Bright X ray Flares in Gamma Ray Burst Afterglows journal Science volume 309 pages 1833 1835 doi 10.1126 science.1116168 pmid ... quickly realized to be a separate class of object from normal gamma ray bursts and excluded ... gamma ray bursts ref While still significantly less luminous than normal gamma ray bursts short or long ...   more details



  1. Gamma-ray Burst Coordinates Network

    Image GCN.PNG 300px thumb right Diagram of the Gamma ray burst Coordinates Network. NASA GSFC The Gamma ray burst Coordinates Network GCN is a system that distributes information about the location of a Gamma ray burst GRB , called Notices , when a burst is detected by various spacecraft. The GCN also automatically receives and distributes messages, called Circulars , about follow up observations to interested individuals and institutions. Follow up observations may be made by ground based and space based optical, radio, and X ray observatories. GCN has its origins in the BATSE COordinates DIstribution NEtwork BACODINE . The Burst And Transient Source Experiment BATSE was a scientific instrument on the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory CGRO , and BACODINE monitored the BATSE real time telemetry from CGRO. The first function of BACODINE was calculating the right ascension RA and declination dec locations for GRBs that it detected, and distributing those locations to sites around the world in real ... information about the GRB back to the GCN. In the case of Swift Gamma Ray Burst Mission Swift , the GRB ... Explorer WMM and SXC INTErnational Gamma Ray Astrophysics Laboratory INTEGRAL InterPlanetary Network IPN Position Notices from WIND Konus and Ulysses probe Ulysses . Rossi X ray Timing Explorer PCA and ASM Swift Gamma Ray Burst Mission Swift provides data products not previously available from ... include AGILE spacecraft AGILE and Gamma ray Large Area Space Telescope . External links http gcn.gsfc.nasa.gov GCN Homepage at GSFC Category Gamma ray telescopes Category Gamma ray bursts Category ... starts when gamma rays from a GRB hit a detector on a spacecraft. The spacecraft sends the GRB location ... s. Past spacecraft and instruments that participated in GCN include Array of Low Energy X ray Imaging Sensors ALEXIS , BeppoSAX , the Imaging Compton Telescope COMPTEL on CGRO, and the X Ray Gamma Ray Spectrometer XGRS on NEAR Shoemaker . GCN Circulars The GCN system has the capability to receive ...   more details



  1. History of gamma-ray burst research

    Orphan date October 2010 Refimprove date January 2010 The history of gamma ray burst research began with the serendipitous detection of a gamma ray burst GRB on July 2, 1967 by the U.S. Vela satellite ... of the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory and its Burst and Transient Source Explorer CGRO Instruments ... suggested that the satellite s four protective shields could easily serve as gamma ray burst detectors .... 252&ndash 253 ref Observations and analysis BeppoSAX detected a gamma ray burst on January 11, 1997 ... one year after it had been launched. BeppoSAX detected a gamma ray burst GRB 970228 , and when the X ... had accurate information been obtained regarding the physical characteristics of a gamma ray burst ... publisher ESA date 2011 03 15 accessdate 2011 11 23 ref NASA s Swift Gamma Ray Burst Mission Swift ... gamma ray burst observation missions include and AGILE spacecraft AGILE . Discoveries of GRBs are made as they are detected via the Gamma ray Burst Coordinates Network so that researchers may promptly ...., et al. year 2004 title The Swift Gamma Ray Burst Mission journal Astrophysical Journal volume 611 ... author Hakkila, J., et al. year 2003 title How Sample Completeness Affects Gamma Ray Burst Classification ... 2003 title A Gamma Ray Burst Bibliography, 1973 2001 booktitle Gamma Ray Burst and Afterglow Astronomy ... emission from the error box of the gamma ray burst of 28 February 1997 journal Nature volume 386 ..., R., et al. year 1995 title Konus W gamma ray burst experiment for the GSS Wind spacecraft journal Space ... National Laboratory published the first paper on the subject, Observations of Gamma Ray Bursts of Cosmic .....85K Observations of Gamma Ray Bursts of Cosmic Origin Ray Klebesadel Klebesadel R.W., Strong ... Gamma ray bursts were discovered in the late 1960s by the U.S. Vela satellite Vela nuclear test detection ... were what made the satellites capable of detecting gamma ray bursts. ref name KatzVela Katz Katz ... Schilling 2002 , p.12&ndash 16 ref Nuclear bombs produce a very brief, intense burst of gamma ...   more details



  1. Swift Gamma-Ray Burst Mission

    Infobox Space telescope name Swift Gamma Ray Burst Mission image Image Swift spacecraft.jpg 270px Swift ... instrument 1 characteristics Burst Alert gamma ray Telescope instrument 2 name X ray Telescope XRT ... out into space . The Swift Gamma Ray Burst Mission consists of a robotic spacecraft called Swift ... observatory dedicated to the study of gamma ray burst s GRBs . Its three instruments work together to observe GRBs and their afterglows in the gamma ray , X ray , ultraviolet , and optical wavebands ... on board an apparent gamma ray burst during launch and early operations. ref cite web author Ed Fenimore ... J.D. Myers title The Swift Gamma Ray Burst Mission url http swift.gsfc.nasa.gov docs swift swiftsc.html ... Gamma Ray Burst date 2008 09 19 publisher NASA url http www.nasa.gov mission pages swift bursts farthest ... author Francis Reddy title NASA s Swift Catches 500th Gamma ray Burst url http www.nasa.gov mission ... 2 External links commons category Swift Gamma Ray Burst Mission http swift.gsfc.nasa.gov NASA Swift ... Gamma ray Burst Real time Sky Map based on Swift data http www.berkeley.edu news media releases ... Swift Gamma Ray Burst it Swift Gamma Ray Burst Explorer hu Swift m hold nl Swift satelliet ja pl Swift satelita pt Swift Gamma Ray Burst Mission ru Swift sk Swift Gamma ... deorbit date wavelength Gamma ray ray X ray Ultraviolet UV Visible spectrum Visible mass 1470.0 ... with a hypernova , creating a gamma ray beam. More data is needed to explore other explanations. To use ..., it could also yield unexpected results. To serve as a general purpose gamma ray X ray optical observatory ... 9, 2005 Swift detected GRB 050509B , a burst of gamma rays that lasted one twentieth of a second. The detection marked the first time that the accurate location of a short duration gamma ray burst had been identified and the first detection of X ray afterglow in an individual short burst. ref cite news ... detected GRB 060614 , a burst of gamma rays that lasted 102 seconds in a distant galaxy about 1,6 ...   more details



  1. Gamma-ray burst emission mechanisms

    Gamma ray burst emission mechanisms are theories that explain how the energy from a gamma ray burst progenitor ... close to the speed of light is a necessary requirement for producing the emission in a gamma ray burst ... title Powerful GeV emission from a gamma ray burst shock wave scattering stellar photons author ... to remain active for very long. Jet effects Gamma ray burst emission is believed to be released in jets ... gamma ray bursts journal The Astrophysical Journal Letters year 1994 volume 430 pages ... there is no theory that has successfully described the spectrum of all gamma ray bursts though ..., empirically, the spectra of most gamma ray bursts math N E begin cases E alpha exp left frac .... and Rees, M.J. year 1997 title Optical and Long Wavelength Afterglow from Gamma Ray Bursts journal .....17S author Sari, R. Piran, T. Narayan, R. year 1998 title Spectra and Light Curves of Gamma Ray ... Piran, T year 1994 title Physics of Gamma Ray Bursts journal Arxiv astrophysics ref Fast cooling ... Gamma Ray Bursts Multiwaveband Spectral Predictions for Blast Wave Models journal The Astrophysical ... ray burst journal Nature volume 398 issue 3 pages 400 402 doi 10.1038 18837 arxiv astro ph 9903271 ..., J. P. year 1999 title Jets in Gamma Ray Bursts journal Astrophysical Journal volume 519 issue ... forest . References reflist 3 Category Gamma ray bursts Category Astronomical events Category Stellar ... , making the burst far less luminous and also giving it a very different spectrum from what is observed. However, if the emitting system is moving towards Earth at relativistic velocities, the burst ... length of the GRB. Often this variability timescale is far shorter than the total burst length. For example ... beta right E beta exp left beta alpha right , & mbox if E alpha beta E 0 mbox end cases math A few gamma ray bursts have shown evidence for an additional, delayed emission component at very high energies ... shock wave could generate gamma rays by scattering photons from neighboring stars. About ...   more details



  1. Gamma-Ray Burst Optical/Near-Infrared Detector

    Gamma ray Space Telescope detected gamma ray burst GRB 080916C 080916C . On 19 February 2009, NASA ... and afterglow of the extremely energetic gamma ray burst GRB 080916C date 2009 02 04 eprint 0902.0761 ... Gly distant. ref cite press release title NASA s Fermi Telescope Sees Most Extreme Gamma ray Blast ... Physics Category Gamma ray telescopes Category Gamma ray bursts observatory stub es Detector ptico e infrarrojo cercano de brotes de rayos gamma ...   more details



  1. Gamma ray

    duration gamma ray burst s, which produce gamma rays by a mechanism not compatible with radioactive ... to form a long duration gamma ray burst . Gamma ray bursts. The most intense sources of gamma rays ... close study of a short gamma ray burst. ref The so called long duration gamma ray bursts produce ... ray burst Gamma spectroscopy M ssbauer effect Nuclear Nuclear fission fission and Nuclear fusion fusion ... Decay.svg 240px thumb Illustration of an emission of a gamma ray &gamma from an atomic nucleus Gamma ... strike s and terrestrial gamma ray flash es, which produce high energy emissions from natural high ... ray source to be discovered historically was the radioactive decay process called gamma decay. In this type of decay, an excited nucleus emits a gamma ray almost immediately upon formation. Isomeric .....898A issue 2 ref Nuclear physics The distinction between X ray s and gamma rays has changed in recent ..., as well as far higher energies, the wavelengths characteristic of radioactive gamma ray sources vs ... X ray s are emitted by definition by electron s outside the nucleus, while gamma rays are emitted ... Gamma Ray Observatory , in gamma rays of greater than 20 MeV. These are produced by cosmic ray bombardment ... common gamma ray emitting isotopes used in diagnostic nuclear medicine , technetium 99m , produces gamma radiation of the same energy 140 keV as that produced by diagnostic X ray machines, but of significantly ... detectors.html title Gamma Ray Telescopes & Detectors publisher NASA GSFC date accessdate 2011 11 22 ... ray burst s, now known to be produced from processes too powerful to involve simple collections ... SN 1987A , which emits an afterglow of gamma ray photons from the decay of newly made radioactive ... literature tends to write gamma ray with a hyphen, by analogy to X rays, rather than in a way ... ray. For this reason, a lead shield is only modestly better 20 30 better as a gamma shield ... is used for shielding in portable gamma ray sources, but again the savings in weight over lead ...   more details



  1. Book:Gamma-Ray Bursts

    saved book title Gamma Ray Bursts subtitle cover image GRB080319B illustration NASA.jpg cover color black Gamma Ray Bursts Overview Gamma ray astronomy Gamma ray burst Gamma ray burst emission mechanisms Gamma ray burst progenitors Gamma ray generation Soft gamma repeater History of gamma ray burst research Individual bursts List of gamma ray bursts GRB 970228 GRB 970402 GRB 970508 GRB 971214 GRB 980425 GRB 990123 Beethoven Burst GRB 991216 GRB 991216 GRB 000131 GRB 011211 GRB 020813 GRB 030329 GRB 031203 GRB 050509B GRB 050709 GRB 050904 GRB 051221A GRB 060218 GRB 060614 GRB 070125 GRB 070714B GRB 080319B GRB 080913 GRB 080916C GRB 090423 GRB 100621A Soft gamma repeaters SGR 0501 4516 SGR J1550 5418 SGR 1627 41 SGR 1806 20 SGR 1900 14 Miscellany Gamma ray Burst Coordinates Network InterPlanetary Network Category Wikipedia books on astronomy Gamma Ray Bursts ...   more details



  1. Gamma ray (disambiguation)

    Gamma ray is a form of electromagnetic radiation. Gamma Ray may also refer to Gamma Ray band , power metal band Gamma Ray song , Beck single dab nl Gamma ray ...   more details



  1. Gamma-ray astronomy

    detectors determined that these gamma ray burst gamma ray burst s are seen to last for fractions of a second ... Ray Burst Mission Swift , a NASA spacecraft, was launched in 2004 and carries the BAT instrument for gamma ... The space borne INTEGRAL observatory http swift.gsfc.nasa.gov NASA s Swift gamma ray burst .... Gamma ray astronomy is the astronomy astronomical study of the cosmos with gamma rays . Gamma .... For example, supernova SN 1987A emitted an afterglow of gamma ray photons from the decay of newly ... of gamma rays . Astronomical literature tends to hyphenate gamma ray by analogy with the term X ray. Image Cartoon CGRO.jpg thumb Compton Gamma Ray Observatory . Early history Long before experiments could detect gamma ray s emitted by cosmic sources, scientists had known that the universe should ... content 3064g7043r2t77k5 title On gamma ray astronomy journal Il Nuovo Cimento 1955 ... which were occurring in the universe would result in gamma ray emission. These processes included cosmic ... by the Earth s atmosphere, so gamma ray astronomy could not develop until it was possible ... cosmic gamma ray photons. They appeared to come from all directions in the Universe, implying some sort of uniform gamma ray background . Such a background would be expected from the interaction of cosmic ... gamma ray sources were solar flares, which revealed the strong 2.223 MeV line predicted by Morrison ... process. These first gamma ray line observations were from OSO 3 , OSO 7 , and the Solar Maximum ... science know l1 history gamma.html title The History of Gamma ray Astronomy accessdate 2010 11 14 ref Significant gamma ray emission from our galaxy was first detected in 1967 ref cite web url http www.scienceclarified.com Ga He Gamma Ray.html title Gamma ray accessdate 2010 11 14 work Science Clarified ... gamma rays. However, the field of gamma ray astronomy took great leaps forward with the Second Small ... . They confirmed the earlier findings of the gamma ray background, produced the first detailed map ...   more details



  1. List of gamma-ray bursts

    The following is a list of significant gamma ray burst s GRBs listed in chronological order. GRBs are named ... GRB detected GRB 790305b The first observed Gamma ray burst progenitors Magnetar giant flares SGR ... thoroughly studied afterglow to date. GRB 050509B z    0.225 Swift Gamma Ray Burst Mission Swift ... Ref Mirabal Mirabal 2006 ref Swift Gamma Ray Burst Mission Swift First GRB with an accompanying supernova ... br Decl.  DEC 53 02 02 z    0.125 Swift Gamma Ray Burst Mission Swift Either a long duration ... long lasting gamma ray emission. GRB 080319B z    0.937 Swift Gamma Ray Burst Mission ... the brightest optical afterglow of any gamma ray burst. GRB 080916C z    4.35 ref group Ref Greiner Greiner 2009 ref Fermi Gamma ray Space Telescope Fermi The most energetic gamma ray burst observed ... 18 08 58.9 z    8.2 Swift Gamma Ray Burst Mission Swift Current record holder for most distant ....   44 36 01.1 0.33 Swift Gamma Ray Burst Mission Swift 28 minutes duration. Also known as the Christmas ... 1 5 5 0 file 8.pdf The Incredible Gamma Ray Burst of 2008 922  KB , T. Dockweiler , Science Newsletter ... , http www.ing.iac.es PR newsletter news2 gamma.html Gamma Ray Burst Afterglows Surprises from ... of a Classical Gamma Ray Burst and its Afterglow , A. Connors, G. J. Hueter , 9 Jun 1998 doi 10.1086 ... article dn7989 blazing gammaray burst is most distant ever.html Blazing gamma ray burst is most ...?fobjectid 24887 Yet another record Ulysses detects most distant gamma ray burst , 19 Oct 2000 . Retrieved ... of the region of the Gamma ray burst GRB 970402 url http www.asdc.asi.it bepposax first grb970402.html ... gamma ray burst GRB 080916C journal Astronomy and Astrophysics volume 498 issue 1 pages 89 94 bibcode ... date 28 April 2009 title New Gamma Ray Burst Smashes Cosmic Distance Record publisher NASA url http ... GRBOX Gamma Ray Burst Online Index http grb.sonoma.edu Real time GRB map and catalog at Sonoma ... it Lista di gamma ray burst ja ru ...   more details



  1. Compton Gamma Ray Observatory

    , BATSE by NASA s Marshall Space Flight Center searched the sky for gamma ray burst s 20 to 600 ... antimatter cloud above the center. The BATSE instrument averaged one gamma ray burst event detection ... GRB 990123 Gamma ray burst 990123 23 January 1999 was one of the brightest bursts recorded at the time ...Infobox Space Telescope name Compton Gamma Ray Observatory background subheadings background colour don ... instrument 4 name Energetic Gamma Ray Experiment Telescope EGRET instrument 4 characteristics ... NASA Compton Gamma Ray Observatory as of stats ref The Compton Gamma Ray Observatory CGRO was a space ... cgro epo brochures compton bro5.html title Gamma Ray Astronomy in the Compton Era The Instruments accessdate 2007 12 07 work Gamma Ray Astronomy in the Compton Era publisher NASA GSFC ref It was deployed ..., for work involved with gamma ray physics. CGRO was built by TRW now Northrop Grumman Aerospace ... the 9 year CGRO mission. A strong burst could result in the observation of many thousands of gamma rays within a time interval ranging from 0.1 s up to about 100 s. Image STS 37 Compton Gamma Ray Observatory deployment.jpg thumb right 230px The Compton Gamma Ray Observatory during deployment from ... photomultiplier tube s, operated as a Phoswich Detector phoswich i.e., particle and gamma ray events ... a gamma ray source observation, one detector would take observations of the source, while the other ... steradian . For cosmic gamma ray events, the experiment required two nearly simultaneous interactions ... 20 30 000 MeV EGRET main Energetic Gamma Ray Experiment Telescope The Energetic Gamma Ray Experiment Telescope , EGRET measured high energy 20 MeV to 30 GeV gamma ray source positions to a fraction ... thumb right The Moon as seen by the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory, in gamma rays of greater than ... of gamma ray bursts must originate in distant galaxies, not nearby in our own Milky Way , and therefore must be enormously energetic. The discovery of the first four Soft gamma repeater soft gamma ray ...   more details



  1. Gamma ray spectrometer

    Spectrum.JPG thumb right 250 px Spectrum of sup 60 sup Co, peaks at 1.17 and 1.33 MeV A Gamma Ray ... photon . Gamma ray s are electromagnetic radiation at the short wavelength , or high frequency , end ... and analysis of gamma ray spectra for scientific and technical use is called gamma spectroscopy , and gamma ... that they are typically observed by counting individual photons. Gamma ray spectroscopy Atomic atomic ... gamma ray range 10 MeV to 10 keV so that the terminology used to distinguish X rays from gamma rays ... 10 MeV, gamma ray instruments looking to still higher energies generally observe only continuum ... of investigations have been performed to observe the gamma ray spectra of the Sun and other astronomical source s, both galactic and extra galactic. The Hard X ray Low Energy Gamma ray experiment ... Spectrometer Experiment on CGRO , the C1 germanium Ge gamma ray instrument on HEAO 3 , and the Ge gamma ray spectrometer SPI on the ESA INTEGRAL mission are examples of cosmic spectrometers, while ... have been devoted to solar observations. Planetary gamma ray spectrometers Image Moonthorium med.jpg thumb Source of image data Los Alamos National Laboratory Gamma ray spectrometers have been widely ... The Lunar Prospector Gamma Ray Spectrometer author D. J. Lawrence, W. C. Feldman, B. L. Barraclough ... surface, the Mars experiment used a gamma ray spectrometer and two neutron detectors. GRS ... works Some constructions of scintillation counter s can be used as gamma ray spectrometers. The gamma ... of energy in the form of gamma rays. The gamma ray spectrometer looks at these signatures, or energies ... water, is likely on the Moon. The gamma ray spectrometer used on the Odyssey spacecraft consists of four ... of water to set up a civilization. GRS specifications for the Odyssey mission main Gamma Ray Spectrometer Image Grs draw.jpg right 150px The Gamma Ray Spectrometer weighs 30.5 kilograms 67.2  .... ref cite journal title The Mars Odyssey Gamma Ray Spectrometer Instrument Suite author W.V. Boynton ...   more details



  1. Terrestrial gamma-ray flash

    ref Discovery Terrestrial gamma ray flashes were first discovered in 1994 by BATSE , or Burst and Transient Source Experiment, on the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory , a NASA spacecraft Fishman et al. 1994 ... 2005JD006987.shtml Terrestrial Gamma Ray Flashes Observed Aboard Compton Gamma Ray Observatory Burst ...Image Tgf.jpg thumb right Artist s conception of gamma ray flash and related phenomena. Credit NASA Terrestrial gamma ray flashes TGFs are bursts of gamma rays in the Earth s atmosphere. TGFs have been ... and electrons produced by terrestrial gamma ray flashes. ref http www.bbc.co.uk news science environment ... by such electron positron beams, but such events are very unusual. See also Gamma ray bursts ... Barrington Leigh AGU2001poster.pdf Terrestrial Gamma ray Flashes after CGRO prospects for HESSI ... and implications of the relationship between lightning and terrestrial gamma ray flashes , Geophys ... simulations of runaway breakdown and terrestrial gamma ray flash observations , Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, CiteID L22804 Dwyer, J. R. 2008 , Source mechanisms of terrestrial gamma ray flashes, J. Geophys ... cgi content abstract sci 264 5163 1313 Discovery of intense gamma ray flashes of atmospheric ... www.agu.org pubs crossref 2005 2005GL023702.shtml Production of terrestrial gamma ray flashes by an electromagnetic ... 2006GL027085.shtml Terrestrial gamma ray flashes and lightning discharges , Geophys. Res. Lett., 33 ...?id dn7025 Earth creates powerful gamma ray flashes . http www.newscientis.com New Scientist . Smith ... content abstract sci 307 5712 1085 Terrestrial gamma ray flashes observed up to 20 MeV , Science , 307 ... observations of terrestrial gamma ray flashes reveal surprising features of mysterious blasts ... Atmosphere de Terrestrischer Gammablitz eo Tera gamo radia ekbrilo it Terrestrial Gamma Ray Flash ... years 76 , due to its having been constructed to study gamma rays from outer space, which last much ... number of TGFs may be generated at altitudes too low for the gamma rays to escape the atmosphere ...   more details



  1. Formation evaluation gamma ray

    The formation evaluation gamma ray log is a record of the variation with depth of the natural radioactivity ... wells are useful because shale s and sandstone s typically have different gamma ray levels. Shales and clay s are responsible for most natural radioactivity, so gamma ray log often is a good indicator ... gamma ray radiation is one form of spontaneous radiation emitted by unstable nuclei. Gamma &gamma ... radioactivity in rocks image PTK gamma ray spectra 1.png thumb Fig1 Gamma ray Spectra Isotopes naturally ... sup years, which emits 0 &alpha , 1 &beta , and 1 &gamma ray Thorium sup 232 sup Th with half life of 1.4 x 10 sup 10 sup years, which emits 7 &alpha , 5 &beta , and numerous &gamma ray with different ... &beta , and numerous &gamma ray with different energies Each of these elements emits gamma rays with distinctive energy. Figure 1 shows the energies of emitted gamma ray from the three main isotopes. Potassium 40 decays directly to stable argon 40 with the emission of 1.46 MeV gamma ray. Uranium 238 ... isotope. The spectrum of the gamma rays emitted by these two isotopes consists of gamma ray of many ... and igneous rocks, sands containing volcanic ash, and clays. Gamma ray measurement has the following applications Well to well correlation gamma ray log fluctuates with changes in formation mineralogy. As such, gamma ray logs from different wells within the same field or region can be very ... Gamma ray tools is typically run in every logging tools runs in a well. Being a common measurement, logging data can be put on depth with each other by correlating the gamma ray feature of each ... concentration in shales than in other sedimentary lithologies, the total gamma ray measurement is frequently ... are present in the sand. Interpretation Gamma ray detected by Gamma ray detector in an oil or gas wells ... sections, resulting in an increase in gamma ray activity. Tubing, Casing, etc. Their effect depend ... and thickness Bed Thickness Gamma ray reading does not reflect the true value in a bed with a thickness ...   more details



  1. Gamma ray logging

    open hole petrophysics gamma ray gamma ray tools.aspx GR Logging Tools by Schlumberger for the Oil and Gas ... gamma ray gamma radiation . In particular, shale s usually emit more gamma rays than other sedimentary .... A common gamma ray log records the total radiation, and cannot distinguish between the radioactive elements, while a spectral gamma ray log see below can. For standard GR logs the value measured is calculated ... to appear shaley. Spectral Gamma ray is used to provide an individual reading for each element ... this is the case, spectral gamma ray logging can be done to identify these anomalies. Spectral logging ... gamma ray line that is associated with each component Potassium Gamma ray energy 1.46 MeV Thorium series Gamma ray energy 2.62 MeV Uranium Radium series Gamma ray energy 1.76 MeV Another example of the use of spectral gamma ray logs is to identify specific clay types, like Kaolinite or Illite ... rock. Use in mineral exploration Gamma ray logs are also used in mineral exploration, especially exploration for phosphates, uranium , and potassium salts. References Reflist DEFAULTSORT Gamma Ray Logging ...original research date December 2010 refimprove date October 2011 Well logging Image Gama Ray Log.GIF thumb right Example gamma ray log. Blue and black lines indicate the measured gamma rays. Sand section of interest is located at bottom of log where the log moves to the left. Gamma ray logging is a method of measuring naturally occurring gamma radiation to characterize the rock or sediment in a borehole ... and sandstones carbonate rocks allows the gamma tool to distinguish between shales and non shales. The gamma ray log, like other types of well logging , is done simply by lowering an instrument down the hole and recording gamma radiation variation with depth. In the United States , the device most commonly records measurements at 1 2 foot intervals. Gamma radiation is usually recorded in API unit s, a measurement originated by the petroleum industry. Gamma logs are affected by the diameter of the borehole ...   more details



  1. Gamma Ray (song)

    Infobox single Name Gamma Ray Cover Gamma Ray Beck.jpg Artist Beck Album Modern Guilt A side B side Bonfire Blondes Gamma Ray Jay Reatard Version Released 11 August 2008 ref cite web url http www.whiskeyclone.net disco releaseinfo.php?discoID 316 7 title Disco Quebrado Beck Discography Gamma Ray publisher Whiskeyclone.net date 2008 08 11 accessdate 2010 09 21 ref br 30 September 2008 Music download Digital Download ref cite web url http www.amazon.com dp B001GPV7A0 title Bonfire Blondes Beck MP3 Downloads publisher Amazon.com date accessdate 2010 09 21 ref ref cite web url http www.amazon.com dp B001GPV77S title Gamma Ray Beck MP3 Downloads publisher Amazon.com date accessdate 2010 09 21 ref Format Music download Digital Download 7 Vinyl CD Genre Indie rock , garage rock Length 2 58 Label XL Recordings Writer Beck Producer Audio sample? Certification Last single Chemtrails song Chemtrails br 2008 This single Gamma Ray br 2008 Next single Youthless br 2008 Misc Extra album cover Upper caption Alternative covers Type single Cover Gamma Ray JR Verison.JPG Lower caption Cover for the A version Extra album cover Cover Gamma Ray BB Verison.JPG Lower caption Cover for the B version Gamma Ray is a song by Beck . It is seemingly inspired by the surf rock songs of the 1960s, but with ghostly ... MZStore.woa wa viewAlbum?id 291699706&s 143441 title Gamma Ray Jay Reatard Version Single by Beck Download Gamma Ray Jay Reatard Version Single on iTunes publisher Phobos.apple.com date 2008 09 30 ... Reatard publisher Insound.com date accessdate 2010 09 21 ref Gamma Ray 2 58 Gamma Ray 2 59 cover by Jay Reatard B ref cite web url http www.insound.com Beck Gamma Ray bw Bonfire Blondes 7inch productmain p INS50695 title Beck Gamma Ray b& 124 w Bonfire Blondes 7 publisher Insound.com date accessdate 2010 09 21 ref Gamma Ray 2 58 Bonfire Blondes 2 25 Music video The 1st version of the music video ... with an afro. References references External links youtube Z25 T wkAV4 Gamma Ray Official music ...   more details



  1. Gamma Ray (band)

    Refimprove date January 2008 br Infobox musical artist name Gamma Ray image Gamma Ray band .jpg caption Gamma Ray after a show in Barcelona, Spain. image size 250 background group or band landscape Yes ... Jan Rubach br Thomas Nack Gamma Ray is a heavy metal music heavy metal band from Hamburg , northern ... . Hansen is the current lead vocalist, guitarist as well as the chief songwriter of Gamma Ray ... Wessel on bass and Mathias Burchardt on drums. This was the first line up of Gamma Ray, bearing ... house in Denmark . With some brand new songs written, Gamma Ray entered the studio under the supervision of producer Tommy Newton and recorded their second album Sigh No More Gamma Ray album Sigh No More ... worldwide tour followed. After the Japanese tour at the beginning of 1991, Gamma Ray underwent another ... for Tomorrow than Sigh No More . In September 1993 Gamma Ray, along with Rage band Rage , Helicon band ... More changes in the lineup were to follow for Gamma Ray. Vocalist Ralf Scheepers, who lived far away ... countries. After two years of touring came the album Power Plant Gamma Ray album Power Plant , which .... For Gamma Ray greatest hits album, Hansen decided to do things differently from the usual compilation ... albums and made remixed versions for the songs on the later ones. Blast from the Past Gamma Ray album ... of the album No World Order Gamma Ray album No World Order , which was stylistically similar to NWOBHM ... Skeletons in the Closet Gamma Ray album Skeletons in the Closet . File Gamma Ray Agglutination 2007.jpg thumb left Gamma Ray in concert in 2007 Kai Hansen and Henjo Richter also participated in Tobias ... s official website. Recent activities In recent years Gamma Ray have made use of touring keyboard ... also plays in a Gamma Ray tribute band named Guardians of Mankind . ref name cover band cite web title ... Ray cite web title Gamma Ray Official Website url http www.gammaray.org tour.html ref Kasperi Heikkinen ... news 134898 title AMBERIAN DAWN Guitarist Kasperi Heikkinen To Assist GAMMA RAY On Upcoming ...   more details



  1. Gamma Ray discography

    Infobox artist discography Artist Gamma Ray band Gamma Ray Image Gamma Ray band .jpg Caption Gamma Ray after a show in Barcelona, Spain Alt Studio 10 Live 4 Compilation 2 Video 3 Music videos 8 Tribute EP 3 Singles 7 B sides Soundtrack The following is a comprehensive discography of Gamma Ray band Gamma Ray , a Germany German power metal band, formed in 1988 in Hamburg , Germany. They have released ...?cat a&search gamma ray title Austria Top 40 Hitparade sterreich publisher austriancharts.at ...?interpret Gamma Ray&titel To The Metal 21&cat a title Gamma Ray To The Metal publisher ultratop.be ...?cat a&search gamma ray title The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community publisher Swisscharts.com ... web url http www.charts.de search.asp?search gamma ray&cat a&country de&x 9&y 5 title Gamma Ray ...?interpret Gamma Ray&titel To The Metal 21&cat a title Gamma Ray To The Metal publisher greekcharts.com ... for Tomorrow 29 31 24 45 1991 Sigh No More Gamma Ray album Sigh No More 12 1993 Insanity and Genius ... Power Plant Gamma Ray album Power Plant 45 32 25 31 51 2001 No World Order Gamma Ray album No World ... Alive 95 1996 Skeletons in the Closet Gamma Ray album Skeletons in the Closet 2003 Hell Yeah The Awesome Foursome 2008 Compilation albums The Karaoke Album 1997 Blast from the Past Gamma Ray album Blast ...?newsid 66576 Gamma Ray Announces Skeletons & Majesties Compilation Release ref Extended plays Heaven ... Live in Montreal 2008 References Reflist 2 Gamma Ray DEFAULTSORT Gamma Ray Discography Category Heavy metal groups discographies Category Gamma Ray albums Category Discographies of German artists ... search.asp?search gamma ray&cat a title Spanish charts portal publisher spanishcharts.com ...?search gamma ray&cat a title Finnish charts portal publisher finnishcharts.com date accessdate 2012 02 17 ref FRA ref cite web author Steffen Hung url http lescharts.com search.asp?search gamma ... SWE ref cite web author Steffen Hung url http swedishcharts.com search.asp?search gamma ray&cat a title ...   more details



  1. Gamma Ray Spectrometer

    Image Grs draw.jpg thumb right 200px 2001 Mars Odyssey instruments File Grsradiation med.jpg thumb right 200px How GRS collects data from surface Gamma Ray Spectrometer GRS is a gamma ray spectrometer on the 2001 Mars Odyssey spacecraft, a space probe orbiting the planet Mars since 2001. Part of the United States NASA s Mars Surveyor Program, it returns geological data about Mars surface such as identifying elements and the location of water. It is managed by the Lunar and Planetary Laboratory at the University of Arizona in the United States. GRS specfications The Gamma Ray Spectrometer weighs 30.5 kilograms 67.2  lb and uses 32 watts of power. Along with its cooler, the it measures 468 by 534 by 604  mm 18.4 by 21.0 by 23.8 in . The detector is a photodiode made of a 1.2  kg germanium crystal, reverse biased to about 3 kilovolts, mounted at the end of a six meter boom to minimize interferences from the gamma radiation produced by the spacecraft itself. Its spatial resolution is about 300  km. ref cite journal title The Mars Odyssey Gamma Ray Spectrometer Instrument Suite author W.V. Boynton, W.C. Feldman, I.G. Mitrofanov, L.G. Evans, R.C. Reedy, S.W. Squyres, R. Starr, J.I. Trombka, C. d Uston, J.R. Arnold, P.A.J. Englert, A.E. Metzger, H. W nke, J. Br ckner, D.M. Drake, C. Shinohara, C. Fellows, D.K. Hamara, K. Harshman, K. Kerry, C. Turner, M. Ward1, H. Barthe, K.R. Fuller, S.A. Storms, G.W. Thornton, J.L. Longmire, M.L. Litvak, A.K. Ton chev journal Space Science Reviews volume 110 issue 1 2 doi 10.1023 B SPAC.0000021007.76126.15 year 2004 accessdate 2007 04 22 pages 37 bibcode 2004SSRv..110...37B ref http nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov database MasterCatalog?sc 2001 014A&ex 2 The neutron spectrometer is 173 by 144 by 314  mm 6.8 by 5.7 by 12.4 in . The high energy neutron detector measures 303 by 248 by 242  mm 11.9 by 9.8 by 9.5 in . The instrument s central electronics box is 281 by 243 by 234  mm 11.1 by 9.6 by 9.2 in . References reflist E ...   more details



  1. Ultrahigh energy gamma-ray

    title BL Lac A new ultrahigh energy gamma ray source journal Astronomy Reports publisher Springer ... March 1998 title Blazar 3C 66A Another extragalactic source of ultra high energy gamma ray photons ... 26 November 2011 ref Markarian 501 has so far produced the highest measured energy for a gamma ray of 16 ... creates a beam of several 10 sup 17 sup eV gamma ray photons heading in the same direction as the original UHE photon. This beam is less than 0.1  m wide when it strikes the atmosphere. These gamma ... certainly produce gamma rays as well, as the cosmic ray particles interact with nuclei or electrons ... The ratio of primary cosmic ray hadron s to gamma rays also gives a clue as to the origin of cosmic rays. Although gamma rays could be produced near the source of cosmic rays, they could also be produced ... can be detected for gamma rays above 100  Tev. Water scintillation detectors or dense ... of elementary particles made by gamma rays can also be distinguished from those produced by cosmic ... Phenomena In The Universe pages 3 4 accessdate 3 December 2011 ref Ultra high energy gamma rays interact ... Ultrahigh energy gamma rays are of importance because they may reveal the source of cosmic rays. They travel ... title Ultra High Energy Gamma Rays in Geomagnetic Field and Atmosphere last Vankov first H. P. coauthors ... of gamma rays compared to cosmic rays above 10EeV was under 2 as measured at the Pierre Auger Observatory . ref name Dar References reflist Category Gamma rays ...   more details



  1. AGATA (gamma-ray detector)

    charged particles or neutron . Gamma Ray Tracking Correlating and constructing the multiple interactions of a single ray in a segmented detector is the main technique of ray tracking. The new generation ... and weight the field resolution. Gamma Ray Path Reconstructing Algorithm Reconstructing the path of the ray interaction is one of the main problems of the ray tracking. There are several proposed methods for constructing the path of the ray and two of them are dominating the back tracking ... power of ray spectroscopy. The tracks of the rays in the Ge detector can be constructed in 3D ... to know the position of the ray interaction inside the detector with high accuracy 1 2  mm ... in the detector signal we can more accurately localize the ray interaction than is possible by the geometry ... are digitized with the analog to digital converter ADC . The ray tracking system required a compact ... the pulse shape of the ray which contains the information about the three dimensional position .... This is done experimentally using tightly collimated ray sources with an external collimated ... of the ray one needs to consider the shapes of the induced real and mirror signals. The electrodes ... to be investigated. AGATA is the most efficient ray tracking array ever developed and position ...   more details



  1. Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope

    Area Telescope instrument 2 name GBM instrument 2 characteristics Gamma ray Burst Monitor website ... aboard Fermi, the Gamma ray Burst Monitor GBM formerly GLAST Burst Monitor , is being used to study gamma ray burst s. ref cite web url http www.nasa.gov mission pages GLAST news glast gbm.html title ... Area Telescope LAT and the Gamma ray Burst Monitor GBM . The LAT is an imaging gamma ray detector a pair ... ray burst s ref http www.nasa.gov mission pages GLAST science gammay ray bursts.html NASA GLAST Gamma ... new data to help improve upon existing theoretical models of our own galaxy. Gamma ray burst progenitors ... GRB energy release In September 2008, the gamma ray burst GRB 080916C in the constellation Carina constellation ... galactic nucleus active galactic nuclei are not responsible for most Gamma ray burst progenitors ... around this problem. ref name bubbles Fermi science packages Gamma ray Burst Monitor GBM The Gamma ray Burst Monitor GBM formerly GLAST Burst Monitor detects sudden flares of gamma ray s produced by gamma ray burst s and solar flare s. Its scintillator s are on the sides of the spacecraft to view ... y2008 11jun glast2.htm title GLAST Off publisher NASA ref The Gamma ray Burst Monitor has detected ...Infobox space telescope name Fermi Gamma ray Space Telescope image File GLAST on the payload attach fitting.jpg ... Diagram of the GLAST instrument.jpg thumb Artist s conception of Fermi in orbit The Fermi Gamma ray Space Telescope , formerly referred to as the Gamma ray Large Area Space Telescope GLAST , is a space observatory being used to perform gamma ray astronomy observations from low Earth orbit . Its main ... it may be thought of as a sequel to the EGRET instrument on the Compton gamma ray observatory . The GBM ... MeV , and can detect gamma ray bursts in that energy range across the whole of the sky not occluded ... the data is also available. GLAST renamed Fermi Gamma ray Space Telescope Fermi gained its new name ... of GLAST s mission and call attention to gamma ray and high energy astronomy... something ...   more details



  1. Skeletons in the Closet (Gamma Ray album)

    for Tomorrow Heaven or Hell Hansen 4 16 from No World Order Gamma Ray album No World Order Guardians ... Order Gamma Ray album No World Order I Want Out Hansen 7 17 from Helloween s Keeper of the Seven Keys ... Mackenrott Gamma Ray DEFAULTSORT Skeletons In The Closet Gamma Ray Album Category Gamma Ray albums ... fi Skeletons in the Closet Gamma Rayn albumi sv Skeletons in the Closet ...   more details




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