A gaslaser is a laser in which an electric current is discharged through a gas to produce coherent light. The gaslaser was the first continuous light laser and the first laser to operate on the principle of converting electrical energy to a laser light output. The first gaslaser, the Helium neon laser .... Citation needed date October 2010 Types of gaslaserGas lasers using many gases have been built and used for many purposes. The Helium neon or HeNe laser can be made to oscillate at over 160 ... when constructing and using CO lasers. Ion laser Argon ion lasers emit light in the range 351 528.7 nm. Depending on the optics and the laser tube a different number of lines is usable but the most commonly used lines are 458 nm, 488 nm and 514.5 nm. A nitrogen TEA laser transverse electrical discharge in gas at atmospheric pressure TEA laser is an inexpensive gaslaser producing UV light at 337.1 nm. ref cite web last Csele first Mark title The TEA Nitrogen GasLaser ... suppressed Raman spectroscopy . Nitrogen laser Ion laserGas dynamic laser Chemical lasers Chemical laser s are powered by a chemical reaction, and can achieve high powers in continuous operation. For example, in the Hydrogen fluoride laser 2700 2900 nm and the Deuterium fluoride laser 3800 nm the reaction is the combination of hydrogen or deuterium gas with combustion products ... 3,149,290 Patent 3,149,290 Commons category Gas lasers DEFAULTSORT GasLaser Category Gas lasers Category ... of kilowatts ref cite web title Air Force Research Lab s high power CO sub 2 sub laser work Defense ... and welding. The efficiency of a CO sub 2 sub laser is over 10 . Carbon Monoxide or CO lasers have the potential for very large outputs, but the use of this type of laser is limited by the extreme toxicity of Carbon Monoxide gas. Human operators must be protected from this deadly gas and it is extremely ... Metal ion lasers are gas lasers that typically generate ultraviolet wavelengths. Helium Silver HeAg ... more details
Gas Dynamic Laser GDL is laser based on differences in relaxation velocities of molecular vibrational states. The laser medium gas has such properties that an energetically lower Molecular vibration vibrational ... in a particular time. Pure Gas dynamic lasers usually use a combustion chamber, supersonic expansion nozzle and carbon dioxide CO sub 2 sub as an active laser medium in mixture with nitrogen or helium . Gas dynamic laser could be however Laser pumping pumped not only by combustion , but by any adiabatic expansion of gas. Any hot and compressed gas with appropriate vibrational structure could be utilized. Explosively pumped gas dynamic laser is a version of gas dynamic laser pumped by expansion ... laser weapons . Function Image Gas dynamic laser.png thumb Gas dynamic laser components and function Hot compressed gas is generated. Gas expands through subsonic or supersonic expansion nozzle, the temperature of the gas becomes lower and according to maxwell Boltzmann distribution the gas isn t in thermodynamic equilibrium until the vibrational states relax. The gas flows through the tube of a particular ... vibrational state doesn t. Thus population inversion is achieved. Gas flows through mirror area where stimulated emission takes place. Gas returns to equilibrium and becomes warm. It must be removed from the Optical cavity laser cavity or it will interfere with the thermodynamics and vibrational state relaxation of the freshly expanded gas. Application Almost any chemical laser uses gas dynamic ... also Gaslaser Chemical laser Carbon dioxide laser References Laser History Gasdynamic http laserstars.org history gasdynamic.html LEOT Laser Tutorial Course 3 Laser Technology Module 9 CO sub 2 sub Laser Systems http www.imajeenyus.com v5 science mod03 09.html Laser History Airborne Star Wars Laser http laserstars.org history starwars.html United States Patent 4099142 Condensed explosive gas dynamic laser http www.freepatentsonline.com 4099142.html Category Chemical lasers Category Gas lasers ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Gas Immersion Laser Doping is a method of Doping semiconductors doping a semiconductor material like Silicon . How it works Example Doping Silicon with Boron A thin Silicon Wafer electronics wafer is immersed in Boron gas while a pulsed laser repeatedly melts and cools the wafer. The Boron atoms in the gas diffuse into the molten parts of the Silicon and stay there when the Silicon solidifies, thus producing a Silicon wafer with Boron impurities. The resultant material is a P type semiconductor . See also Doping semiconductors Doping Wafer electronics Semiconductor Wafers Semiconductor P type semiconductor N type semiconductor References http physicsweb.org articles news 10 11 19 1 condensedmatter stub Category Semiconductor device fabrication ... more details
All gas phase iodine laser AGIL is a chemical laser using gaseous iodine as a lasing medium . Like the chemical oxygen iodine laser COIL , it operates at the 1.315 m wavelength. AGIL was developed in order to eliminate the problems with aqueous chemistry of the COILs. AGIL uses a reaction of chlorine atoms with gaseous hydrazoic acid , resulting in excited molecules of nitrogen chloride Nitrogen Chlorine sub 3 sub , which then pass their energy to the iodine atoms much like the singlet oxygen does in COIL. The iodine atoms then emit the laser radiation itself. AGIL has numerous advantages over COIL. The chemicals are all in gaseous phase, therefore easier to work with than liquids, especially in microgravity conditions. The chemicals are also lighter, which is a significant advantage in aerospace applications. See also List of laser articles External links http www.afrlhorizons.com Briefs Mar02 DE0106.html A new all gas phase chemical iodine laser Category Chemical lasers optics stub ... more details
pumped and the gas discharge laser devices. The question of just how to assign credit for inventing ... Donald Herriott , constructed the first gaslaser , using helium and neon that was capable of continuous ... details . Gas lasers Main Gaslaser Following the invention of the HeNe gaslaser, many other ... in gas at atmospheric pressure TEA laser is an inexpensive gaslaser, often home built by hobbyists ... title The TEA Nitrogen GasLaser work Homebuilt Lasers Page year 2004 url http www.technology.niagarac.on.ca ... fluoride laser 3800 nm the reaction is the combination of hydrogen or deuterium gas ... sort of gaslaser powered by an electric discharge in which the lasing medium is an excimer ...Other uses pp semi small yes Image Military laser experiment.jpg thumb 300px right United States Air Force laser experiment File RGB laser.jpg thumb 300px right Red 635 nm , green 532 nm , and blue violet 445 nm lasers A laser is a device that emits light electromagnetic radiation through a process of optical amplification based on the stimulated emission of photon s. The term laser ... ref cite web accessdate 2008 05 15 url http dictionary.reference.com browse laser title laser publisher Reference.com ref The emitted laser light is notable for its high degree of spatial and temporal ... a so called pencil beam. Laser beams can be focused to very tiny spots, achieving a very high ... using simpler technologies. Terminology File Laser play.jpg thumb Laser beams in fog, reflected on a car windshield The word laser started as an acronym for light amplification by stimulated emission ... visible light , hence infrared laser , ultraviolet laser , X ray laser , and so on. Because the microwave predecessor of the laser, the maser , was developed first, devices of this sort operating ... , the laser was called an optical maser this term is now obsolete. ref cite web title Schawlow and Townes invent the laser publisher Lucent Technologies year 1998 url http www.bell labs.com about history ... more details
A. Laser is an Indian politician and incumbent member of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly from the Periyakulam State Assembly Constituency Periyakulam constituency . He represents the Communist Party of India Marxist party. ref cite web title List of MLAs from Tamil Nadu 2011 url http www.assembly.tn.gov.in member list.pdf publisher Govt. of Tamil Nadu ref References Reflist CPIndiaMarxist politician stub Persondata NAME Laser, A. ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION Indian politician DATE OF BIRTH PLACE OF BIRTH DATE OF DEATH PLACE OF DEATH DEFAULTSORT Laser, A. Category Tamil Nadu MLAs Category Communist Party of India Marxist politicians from Tamil Nadu Category Communist Party of India Marxist politicians Category Living people Category Year of birth missing living people ... more details
Multiple issues peacock December 2009 refimprove December 2009 GasGas is also a song from the Croatian musician Severina Album Zdravo Marijo . File GasGas EC 300 2009.jpg thumb 2008 GasGas EC Racing edition with full Ohlins suspension. GasGas is a Spain Spanish motorcycle manufacturer, specialising in off road motorbikes. GasGas are best known for their extremely popular Motorcycle Trials trials bikes, although they also make successful enduro and all terrain vehicles quad bikes . GasGas emerged ... GasGas Raga edition trials Bike. GasGas have manufactured and sold motorcycles since 1985. They are leaders ... date February 2011 A majority of the GasGas models are still handbuilt at the GasGas factory in Salt, Girona Salt near Girona , Spain . GasGas began manufacturing trials bikes in 1985, enduro ... Ggpaddock.jpg left thumb GasGas trials paddock, Duluth, MN 2004. In 1993, GasGas succeeded in luring ..., 1994 and 1995 for GasGas. More recently GasGas have won the Trial Outdoor World Championship twice ... indoortrial.com ref GasGas have also achieved success at the highest level in the World ..., British Enduro Champion Wayne Braybrook , riding a GasGas, was one of only two riders to finish all ... of the name The name GasGas literally means to gas it to accelerate, give it the gas, turn the throttle to go faster. The GasGas founders have, at times, expressed misgivings about the chosen name inasmuch as that name causes confusion outside Spain. Others have joked that GasGas are so good that they had to name them twice. The slogan GasGas Fast Fast was used by the US importer, GasGas North America, from 1999 2002 to try and help people understand the unique name. Importing GasGas ... 2005 MC 250 Motocross bike. While the EC Endurocross and MC motocross models are shipped worldwide, GasGas have manufactured specialized models for the United States off road market. The XC Cross Country ... to the EC line. Quads File GasGas Wild HP 240.jpg thumb 2005 GasGas Wild HP240 Quad. The GasGas ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Orphan date February 2009 Laser snow is the Precipitation chemistry precipitation of Cluster physics clustered atoms or molecules, induced by passing a laser beam through certain gas ses. DEFAULTSORT Laser Snow Category Atomic, molecular, and optical physics Atomic physics stub ... more details
pp move indef About the physical properties of gas as a state of matter the uses of gases, and other meanings Gas disambiguation Textbook article date January 2010 File Gas particle movement.svg right thumb Gas phase particles atoms , molecule s, or ion s move around freely in the absence of an applied electric field . Gas is one of State of matter The three classical states the three classical states ... into a gas at its boiling point , and if heated high enough would enter a plasma physics plasma state in which the electrons are so energized that they leave their parent atoms from within the gas. A pure gas may be made up of individual atoms e.g. a noble gas or atomic gas like neon , chemical ... molecules made from a variety of atoms e.g. carbon dioxide . A gas mixture would contain a variety of pure gases much like the Earth s Atmosphere air . What distinguishes a gas from liquids and solids is the vast separation of the individual gas particles. This separation usually makes a colorless gas invisible to the human observer. The interaction of gas particles in the presence of electric and gravitational ... releases 2009 11 091104140812.htm Quantum Gas Microscope Offers Glimpse Of Quirky Ultracold ... low temperatures are classified by their statistical behavior as either a Bose gas or a Fermi gas . For a comprehensive ... The word gas is a neologism first used by the early 17th century Flemish people Flemish chemist Jan ..., chaos meant something like ultra rarefied water . ref name et OEtymD gas ref Physical characteristics ... clues to the movement of the surrounding gas. As most gases are difficult to observe directly with our ... relationship among these properties expressed by the ideal gas law see simplified models section below . Gas particles are widely separated from one another, and as such are not as strongly intermolecularly ... interactions between each gas particle. Like charged areas of different gas particles repel, while oppositely charged regions of different gas particles attract one another gases that contain ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2010 Infobox Film name Gas S S S image Gas s s s.jpg caption director Roger Corman producer Roger Corman writer George Armitage narrator starring Robert Corff br Elaine Giftos br George Armitage br Alex Wilson music Country Joe & the Fish br Barry Melton cinematography Ron Dexter editing George Van Noy distributor American International Pictures released 1971 runtime 79 min. country USA language English language English budget preceded by followed by Gas s s s also known as Gas or It Became Necessary to Destroy the World in Order to Save It is a 1971 motion picture produced and released by American International Pictures . It was movie producer producer Roger Corman s final film for AIP, before leaving to found his own New World Pictures . It was Corman s last film as director for eighteen years. The movie is a post apocalyptic dark comedy , about survivors of an accidental military gas leak , of an experimental agent that kills everyone on Earth over the age of twenty five. A cartoon title sequence shows a John Wayne esque Army General announcing and denouncing the accident the story picks up after the victims have died. The lead characters, Coel and Cilla, were played by Bob Corff and Elaine Giftos , and the cast features Ben Vereen , Cindy Williams , Bud Cort and Talia Shire credited as Tally Coppola in early roles. Country Joe McDonald makes an appearance, as spokesman AM Radio . Gas s s s found a fresh airing on late night television in the 1980s, and was recently 2005 issued on DVD , as a double feature with Wild in the Streets , another AIP movie. See also Jeremiah TV series Jeremiah , a 2002 TV series set in a post apocalyptic future where most of the adult population has been wiped out by a deadly virus based on the 1979 Belgian ... Gas S S S Roger Corman Category 1971 films Category English language films Category American International ... films sf film stub it Gas, fu necessario distruggere il mondo per poterlo salvare ru ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 The mercury laser is a high average power laser system being developed as a prototype for systems to drive inertial confinement fusion . Like the National Ignition Facility , it is intended to produce narrow pulses of extremely high power, using laser diode diode pumped solid state laser s. Unlike the NIF system, the mercury laser aims to achieve a high repetition rate its goals are 10 pulses per second, each delivering 100 J with a 10 efficient conversion of electricity to laser light. The active gain medium is Yb SFAP Ytterbium doped Sr sub 5 sub PO sub 4 sub sub 3 sub , which is cooled by fast flowing helium to allow high repetition rates. Infrared light at 900 nm from 8 arrays of laser diode s Optical pumping pumps the laser. See also Mercury vapor lamp , a gas discharge lamp that uses the element mercury in an excited state to produce light DEFAULTSORT Mercury Laser Category Inertial confinement fusion research lasers ... more details
of heat which must be dissipated. Types Krypton laser A krypton laser is an ion laser, a type of gaslaser using krypton ion s as a gain medium , laser pumping pumped by electric discharge . Krypton ... techinfo gas ion.htm ref . File Argon laser beam and diffraction mirror.png thumb An argon laser beam ... the krypton laser ranges in several amperes, as the gas has to be ionized. The ion laser tube produces a lot of waste heat and requires active cooling. The typical noble gas ion laser plasma consists ... R. Bennett was co inventor of the first gaslaser the helium neon laser , was first to observe spectral hole burning effects in gas lasers, and created a theory of hole burning effects on laser oscillation ... of Quantum Electronics, June 1974 ref Oxygen ref Cold Cathode Pulsed GasLaser by R. K. Lomnes ... Laser List of laser types List of plasma physics articles References reflist Category Gas lasers ... neon laser HeNe on alignment rig, 2 Watt Lexel 88 Argon Ion laser, and power supply. To the rear are hoses for water cooling . An ion laser is a gaslaser which uses an ion ized gas as its lasing medium. ref GoldBookRef title ion laser file I03219 ref Like other gas lasers, ion lasers feature a sealed cavity containing the laser medium and mirrors forming a Fabry P rot resonator. Unlike Helium neon laser HeNe lasers , the energy level transitions that contribute to laser action come from ion ... cooling water cooled . A small air cooled ion laser might produce, for example, 130mW of light with a tube ... light lasers, useful for laser light shows. Krypton lasers are also used in medicine e.g. for coagulation ... nm, 676.4 nm. Argon laser This section is linked from Laser File Nci vol 2268 300 argon ion laser.jpg left thumb This argon ion laser emits blue green light at 488 514 nm. The Argon laser was invented in 1964 by William Bridges at Hughes Aircraft ref W. B. Bridges, LASER OSCILLATION ... of a family of Ion lasers that use a noble gas as the active medium. Argon lasers are used for retina ... more details
Primarysources date February 2011 Image Nike laser amplifier.jpg thumb right Final amplifier of the Nike laser where laser beam energy is increased from 150 J to 5 kJ by passing through a krypton fluorine argon gas mixture excited by irradiation with two opposing 670,000 volt electron beams. The Nike laser at the United States Naval Research Laboratory in Washington, DC is a 56 beam, 4 5 kJ per pulse electron beam pumped Krypton fluoride laser krypton fluoride excimer laser which operates in the ultraviolet at 248 nm with pulsewidths of a few nanoseconds. Nike was completed in the late 1980s and is used for investigations into inertial confinement fusion . By using a KrF laser with induced spatial incoherence ISI optical smoothing, the modulations in the laser focal profile beam intensity anisotropy are only 1 in one beam and 0.3 with a 44 beam overlap. This feature is especially important for minimizing the seeding of Rayleigh Taylor instabilities in the imploding fusion target capsule plasma physics plasma . Image Nike laser final mirrors.gif thumb left Nike laser final mirror array and lens array that direct the laser beams onto target. See also United States Naval Research Laboratory Excimer laser Krypton fluoride laser List of laser types External links http other.nrl.navy.mil nike.html Nike KrF Laser Facility at navy.mil References reflist nofootnotes date February 2011 Fusion experiments DEFAULTSORT Nike Laser Category Inertial confinement fusion research lasers ar ... more details
Pakhomov at the University of Alabama in Huntsville of the UAH Laser Propulsion Group. Pulsed plasma propulsion A high energy pulse focused in a gas or on a solid surface surrounded by gas produces breakdown of the gas usually air . This causes an expanding shock wave which absorbs laser energy ... of gas creates a stable laser sustained plasma which heats the gas the hot gas is then expanded through ...Laser propulsion is a form of beam powered propulsion where the energy source is a remote usually ground based laser system and separate from the reaction mass. This form of propulsion differs from a conventional ... s carried on board the vehicle. File Laser launch hx kare.png thumb 300px A laser launch Heat Exchanger ... into a potential laser NASP transport technology url http hdl.handle.net 2060 19910008838 ... of laser propelled vehicles was first introduced by Arthur Kantrowitz in 1972. Laser propulsion ... s and laser sails. A second way of driving momentum transfer to a spacecraft, used in the devices described below, which is more commonly proposed is using the laser to help expel mass from the spacecraft ... in their final spacecraft velocities by the rocket equation . Forms There are several forms of laser propulsion. Ablative laser propulsion Ablative Laser Propulsion ALP is a form of beam powered propulsion in which an external pulsed laser is used to burn off a Plasma physics plasma plume from a solid ... surface at high velocities by laser ablation by a pulsed laser. Depending on the laser flux and pulse ... thousand seconds are possible by choosing the propellant and laser pulse characteristics. Variations of ablative propulsion include double pulse propulsion in which one laser pulse ablates material and a second laser pulse further heats the ablated gas, laser micropropulsion in which a small laser onboard a spacecraft ablates very small amounts of propellant for attitude control or maneuvering, and space debris removal, in which the laser ablates material from debris particles in low Earth ... more details
A tunable laser is a laser whose wavelength of operation can be altered in a controlled manner. While all active laser medium laser gain media allow small shifts in output wavelength, only a few types ... thumb right 300px CW dye laser based on Rhodamine 6G . The dye laser is considered to be the first broadly tunable laser. There are many types and categories of tunable lasers. They exist in the gas, liquid, and solid state. Among the types of tunable lasers are excimer laser s, CO2 laser CO sub 2 sub lasers , dye laser s liquid and solid state , transition metal solid state laser s, semiconductor crystal and diode laser s, and free electron laser s ref F. J. Duarte ed. , http www.opticsjournal.com ... , ref W. Demtr der , Laser Spectroscopy Basic Principles, 4th Ed. Springer, Berlin, 2008 . ref photochemistry , atomic vapor laser isotope separation , ref J. R. Murray, in Laser Spectroscopy ... York, 1987 Chapter 2. ref ref M. A. Akerman, Dye laser isotope separation, in Dye Laser Principles ... . Types of tunability Single line tuning Since no real laser is truly monochromatic , all lasers can emit light over some range of frequencies, known as the linewidth of the laser transition. In most ... YAG laser has a linewidth of approximately 120 GHz, corresponding to a 0.45 nm wavelength range ref Koechner, 2.3.1, p49. ref . Tuning of the laser output across this range can be achieved by placing wavelength selective optical elements such as an etalon into the laser s optical cavity , to provide selection of a particular longitudinal mode of the cavity. Multi line tuning Most laser gain media have a number of transition wavelengths on which laser operation can be achieved. For example ... s mirrors can cause tuning of the laser as it hops between different laser lines. Such schemes are common in argon ion laser s, allowing tuning of the laser to a number of lines from the ultraviolet and blue through to green wavelengths. Narrowband tuning For some types of lasers the laser s cavity ... more details
block is placed inside an oven with a laser pointed at it, and argon gas is pumped along the direction of the laser point. The oven temperature is approximately 1200 C. As the laser ablates the target, carbon nanotubes form and are carried by the gas flow onto a cool copper collector. Like ...Cleanup date May 2007 Laser ablation is the process of removing material from a solid or occasionally liquid surface by irradiating it with a laser beam. At low laser flux , the material is heated by the absorbed laser energy and evaporation evaporates or Sublimation chemistry sublimates . At high laser flux, the material is typically converted to a Plasma physics plasma . Usually, laser ablation refers to removing material with a pulsed laser, but it is possible to ablate material with a continuous wave laser beam if the laser intensity is high enough. Fundamentals The depth over which the laser energy is absorbed, and thus the amount of material removed by a single laser pulse, depends on the material s optical properties and the laser wavelength . Laser pulses can vary over a very wide range ... laser ablation very valuable for both research and industrial applications. Applications The simplest application of laser ablation is to remove material from a solid surface in a controlled fashion. Laser machining and particularly laser drilling are examples pulsed lasers can drill extremely small, deep holes through very hard materials. Very short laser pulses remove material so quickly that the surrounding material absorbs very little heat, so laser drilling can be done on delicate or heat sensitive materials, including tooth enamel laser dentistry . Also, laser energy can be selectively .... Another class of applications uses laser ablation to process the material removed into new forms ... of a laser to ablate a block of pure graphite , and later graphite mixed with catalytic metal . ref cite journal doi 10.1016 0009 2614 95 00825 O title Catalytic growth of single walled nanotubes by laser ... more details
200px thumb right A 40 watt CO sub 2 sub laser with applications in ENT, gynecology, dermatology, oral surgery, and podiatry Laser medicine is the use of various types of laser s in medical diagnosis , treatment, or therapy. Types of lasers used in medicine include in principle any List of laser types laser design , but especially Carbon dioxide laser Applications CO sub 2 sub lasers diode laser s dye laser s Excimer laser Uses excimer lasers fiber laser s gaslaser s Free electron laser Medical ...Image Coherent 899 dye laser.jpg thumb right 200px CW rhodamine dye laser emitting near 590 nm, one typically used in early medical laser systems. Image photodynamic therapy.jpg 200px thumb right Laser ... include angioplasty ref name Duarte8 cite book editor Duarte FJ title Tunable Laser Applications ... name Duarte5 cite book editor Duarte FJ title Tunable Laser Applications edition 2nd publisher CRC Press ... Hillman LM title Dye Laser Principles publisher Academic Press location Boston year 1990 pages 419 ... applications such as laser hair removal and tattoo removal ref name Duarte8 dermatology ref name ... Tunable Laser Applications edition 2nd publisher CRC Press location Boca Raton year 2008 isbn 1 4200 ... FJ title Tunable Laser Applications edition 2nd publisher CRC Press location Boca Raton year 2008 ...&pg PA15 v onepage&q&f false 15 96 ref ref name Duarte9 cite book editor Duarte FJ title Tunable Laser ... doi accessdate author Thomas JL Rudolph W chapter Biological Microscopy with Ultrashort Laser Pulses ... includes Lasik and laser photocoagulation optical coherence tomography ref name Duarte7 cite book editor Duarte FJ title Tunable Laser Applications edition 2nd publisher CRC Press location Boca Raton year 2008 isbn 1 4200 6009 0 oclc doi accessdate author Popov S chapter Fiber Laser Overview ... 197 226 ref prostatectomy surgery ref name Duarte7 See also Endovenous laser therapy Laser assisted new attachment procedure Laser interstitial thermal therapy Light therapy Low level laser therapy ... more details
September 2010 A TEA laser is a transversely excited atmospheric pressure laser . History Invention The CO sub 2 sub TEA laser was invented in the late 1960s by Dr Jacques Beaulieu working at the Defence ... Laboratories in 1963, first demonstrated laser output at 10.6 m from a low pressure RF excited CO sub 2 sub gas discharge. With the addition of nitrogen and helium and using a DC electrical discharge ... CO sub 2 sub molecules. The capacity for stored energy per unit volume of gas increases linearly with density and thus gas pressure, but the voltage needed to achieve gas breakdown and couple energy into the upper laser levels, increases at the same rate. The practical solution avoiding very high ... a glow discharge at these much higher gas pressures, without the discharge degenerating into a bright high current arc, and how to achieve this over a useful volume of gas. CO2 TEA laser Beaulieu in 1970 reported a transversely excited atmospheric pressure CO sub 2 sub laser. His solution to the problem ... pin into a low current brush or glow discharge which fanned out towards the bar. The laser cavity probed 100 200 of these discharges in series providing the laser gain. A fast discharge capacitor rapidly switched across the laser electrodes using a spark gap or thyratron provided the high voltage ... to construct. By operating at atmospheric pressure, complex vacuum and gas handling systems could ... TEA Laser Circuit.jpg 500px thumb TEA CO2 Laser Circuit The first true non pin bar TEA laser was realised ... from one side of the electrodes. This served to preionise the gas resulting in a uniform volumetric ... fast. By dumping energy into the gas rapidly, high current arcs had no time to form. Pearson and Lamberton ..., electron beams and pins impedance loaded with capacitors. The original Pearson Lamberton TEA laser ... resistively charged from a DC power supply. By circulating the gas between the electrodes, using ... of a thousand pulses per second were subsequently achieved with various designs of TEA laser. Double ... more details
transverse electric mode TEA TEA laser transverse electrical discharge in gas at atmospheric pressure ...Here, is a list of acronym s used in laser physics , laser applications applications and technology. compactTOC8 h H j J p P q Q z Z center yes Expand list date August 2008 A AOM acousto optic modulator APD avalanche photodiode APM additive pulse mode locking ASE amplified spontaneous emission ATD above threshold dissociation ATI above threshold ionization AWG arrayed waveguide grating B BPP beam parameter product C CEO carrier envelope offset CPA chirped pulse amplification CW continuous wave Laser physics continuous wave CWDM coarse wavelength division multiplexing D DBR distributed Bragg reflector DCM dispersion compensation module or double chirped mirror DFB laser distributed feedback laser DFG difference frequency generation DIAL differential absorption LIDAR DOS density of states DPSS ... laser EDC electronic dispersion compensation EDFA erbium doped fiber amplifier Er YAG Er YAG laser erbium ... ESA excited state absorption F FEL free electron laser FREAG frequency resolved electro absorption ... no nonsense observation of ultrafast incident laser light e fields H HeNe helium neon laser I IR infrared J K KLM Kerr lens modelocking L LASEK laser assisted sub epithelial keratectomy LASER light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation LASIK laser assisted in situ keratomileusis eye surgery LBO lithium triborate LiDAR light detection and ranging LLLT low level laser therapy M MASER ... phase scan N Nd YAG Nd YAG laser neodymium doped yttrium aluminium garnet , Nd Y sub 3 sub ... U UV ultraviolet V VCSEL vertical cavity surface emitting laser VECSEL vertical external cavity surface emitting laser W WDM wavelength division multiplexing X XPM cross phase modulation Y YAG yttrium ... aluminium perovskite Z References http www.all acronyms.com tag laserLaser Acronyms and Laser Abbreviations Category Lasers Category Acronyms Laser fr Acronymes utilis s en physique des lasers ... more details
Refimprove date September 2007 file Lasercons.svg frame 300px right Schematic diagram of a typical laser, showing the three major parts A laser is constructed from three principal parts An energy source usually referred to as the Laser pumping pump or pump source , A gain medium or Active laser medium laser medium , and Two or more mirrors that form an optical resonator . Pump source The pump source is the part that provides energy to the laser system. Examples of pump sources include electrical discharges, flashlamps, arc lamps, light from another laser, chemical reactions and even explosive devices ... how the energy is transmitted to the medium. A helium neon Helium neon laser HeNe laser uses an electrical discharge in the helium neon gas mixture, a Nd YAG laser uses either light focused from a xenon flash lamp or Laser diode diode lasers , and excimer lasers use a chemical reaction. Gain medium Laser medium The gain medium is the major determining factor of the wavelength of operation, and other properties, of the laser . Gain media in different materials have linear spectra or wide spectra. Gain media with wide spectra allow tuning of the laser frequency. First wide tunable crystal laser ... of different gain media in which laser operation has been achieved see list of laser ... determines the operation wavelength of the dye laser . Gases, such as carbon dioxide , argon , krypton ... state laser media include Nd YAG, Ti sapphire laser Ti sapphire , Cr sapphire usually known .... Solid state lasers are usually pumped by flashlamps or light from another laser. Semiconductor ... in which the movement of electron s can cause laser action. Semiconductor lasers are typically very ... such as compact disc players. See laser diode . Optical resonator The optical resonator , or optical ... of the light to leave the cavity to produce the laser s output beam. Light from the medium, produced ... to the medium is crucial to determining the exact operating wavelength and other attributes of the laser ... more details
Image Coherent 899 dye laser.jpg thumb right 300px Close up of a table top dye laser based on Rhodamine 6G , emitting at 580 nm yellow orange . The emitted laser beam is visible as faint yellow lines. The orange dye solution enters the laser from the left, and is pumped by a 514 nm blue green beam from an argon laser. The dye jet is in the center of the image, behind the yellow window. A dye laser is a laser which uses an organic compound organic dye as the lasing medium , usually as a liquid solution . Compared to gas es and most solid state electronics solid state lasing media, a dye can usually ... for tunable laser s and pulsed lasers. Moreover, the dye can be replaced by another type in order to generate different wavelengths with the same laser, although this usually requires replacing other optical components in the laser as well. Dye lasers were independently discovered by P. P. Sorokin ..., 1990 . ref ref F. J. Duarte and L. W. Hillman Eds. , Dye Laser Principles Academic, New York, 1990 ... a dye laser for use with rhodamine.JPG thumb 200px A dielectric mirror used in a dye laser. A dye laser consists of an organic dye mixed with a solvent , which may be circulated through a dye cell, or streamed through open air using a dye jet. A high energy source of light is needed to Laser pumping pump the liquid beyond its lasing threshold . A fast discharge flashlamp or an external laser is usually ... tuning of the beam. Because the liquid medium of a dye laser can fit any shape, there are a multitude of different configurations that can be used. A Fabry P rot laser cavity is usually used for flashlamp ... other with the laser medium in between. The dye cell is usually side pumped, with one or more flashlamps ... Flashlamp Pumped Dye Laser T.K. Yee, B. Fan and T.K. Gustafson. Applied Optics Vol. 18, No. 8 ref ... generated title ref Image Ring dye2.jpg thumb A ring dye laser. P pump laser beam G gain dye jet A saturable ... laser design is often chosen for continuous operation, although a Fabry P rot design is sometimes ... more details
wavelength and 170 J pulse energy 20 Hz cartridge nitrogen laser A nitrogen laser is a gaslaser operating in the ultraviolet range ref name CSW C. S. Willett, Introduction to Gas Lasers Population ... laser level. Typically reported optimum values are in the range of 80 to 100 eV per Torr cm pressure of nitrogen gas. There is a 40 ns upper limit of laser lifetime at low pressures and the lifetime ... a lower inductance. Gaslaser s use low density of gas molecules and a high density of initial electrons ... Nitrogen Laser with Helium as Buffer gas. Appl. Phys. B 35, 131 133 Typical devices The gas ... Lasers Category Gas lasers de Stickstofflaser pl Laser azotowy ... as its gain medium , laser pumping pumped by an electrical discharge. The wall plug efficiency of the nitrogen laser is low, typically 0.1 or less, though nitrogen lasers with efficiency of up to 3 ... efficiencies electrical TEA laser gain medium This is the same for all nitrogen lasers and thus has ... in the lower laser level 40 optical More induced emission than spontaneous emission Gain medium The gain medium is nitrogen molecules in the gas phase. The nitrogen laser is a 3 level laser. In contrast to a ruby laser or to other more typical 4 level lasers, the upper laser level of nitrogen is directly Laser pumping pumped , imposing no speed limits on the pump. Pumping is normally provided by direct ... system, and a visible blue laser line from the molecular nitrogen positive 1 ion. The metastable lower level lifetime is 40 s, thus, the laser self terminates, typically in less than 20 ns. This type ... of thumb as is seen in many other lasers The helium neon laser also has a bottleneck as one decay step needs the walls of the cavity and this laser typically runs in continuous mode. Several organic ... laser has an upper level lifetime of 230 s, yet it also supports 100 ps pulses. Repetition rates can range as high as a few kHz, provided adequate gas flow and cooling of the structure are provided. Cold ... more details
An excimer laser sometimes more correctly called an exciplex laser is a form of ultraviolet laser which ... complex . Most excimer lasers are of the noble gas halide type, for which the term excimer is strictly ... but less commonly used name for such is exciplex laser . History The excimer laser was invented ... al., History and future prospects of excimer laser technology, 2nd International Symposium on Laser Precision Microfabrication, pages 14 22. ref was the use of noble gas halogen halides originally xenon ..., C. A. 1975 , Laser action on the 2 Sigma 1 2 2 Sigma 1 2 bands of KrF and XeCl, Appl. Phys. Lett ..., J. M. 1975 , 100 MW, 248.4 nm, KrF laser excited by an electron beam, Optics Comm., vol. 15 ... , High power xenon fluoride laser, Applied Physics Letters 27, p. 413. ref and the United States Government ... a XeCl Laser ref High Efficiency Microwave Discharge XeCl Laser , C. P. Christensen, R. W. Waynant ... laser, commercialized under U. S. Patent 4,796,271 by Potomac Photonics, Inc. ref Construction An excimer laserlaser construction typically uses a combination of a noble gas argon , krypton , or xenon and a reactive gas fluorine or chlorine . Under the appropriate conditions of electrical stimulation and high pressure, a pseudo molecule called an excimer or in the case of noble gas halides, exciplex is created, which can only exist in an energized state and can give rise to laser light in the ultraviolet range. ref GoldBookRef title excimer laser file E02243 ref ref Basting, D. and Marowsky, G., Eds., Excimer Laser Technology, Springer, 2005. ref Operation Laser action in an excimer ... inversion . Wavelength determination The wavelength of an excimer laser depends on the molecules ... pump see Nitrogen laser . Major applications The ultraviolet light from an excimer laser is well ... laser adds enough energy to disrupt the molecular bonds of the surface tissue, which effectively ... nanometers the dominant lithography technology today is thus also called excimer laser lithography ref ... more details
cutting Also called burning stabilized lasergas cutting , flame cutting . Reactive cutting is like ...Cleanup date June 2009 File Lasercutting video.ogg thumb Laser cutting process on a sheet of steel. Image Laser cutting CAD and physical part.png thumb CAD top and stainless steel laser cut part bottom Refimprove date December 2010 Laser cutting is a technology that uses a laser to cut materials, and is typically ..., small businesses and hobbyists. Laser cutting works by directing the output of a high power laser ... away by a jet of gas, ref Oberg, p. 1447. ref leaving an edge with a high quality surface finish. Industrial laser cutters are used to cut flat sheet material as well as structural and piping ... main types of lasers used in laser cutting. The CO2 laser CO sub 2 sub laser is suited ... laser Nd YAG lasers are identical in style and differ only in application. Nd is used for boring and where high energy but low repetition are required. The Nd YAG laser is used where very high power is needed ... a current through the gas mix DC excited or using radio frequency energy RF excited . The RF method ... metals and ceramics. In addition to the power source, the type of gas flow can affect performance as well ... at high velocity by a turbine or blower. Transverse flow lasers circulate the gas mix at a lower velocity, requiring a simpler blower. Slab or diffusion cooled resonators have a static gas field .... The laser generator and external optics including the focus lens require cooling. Depending on system ... Trimming Laser microjet A laser microjet is a water jet guided laser in which a pulsed laser beam is coupled into a low pressure water jet. This is used to perform laser cutting functions while using the water jet to guide the laser beam, much like an optical fiber, through total internal reflection ... over traditional dry laser cutting are high dicing speeds, parallel wikt kerf kerf and omnidirectional cutting. ref name SPIE Perrottet, D et al., Heat damage free Laser Microjet cutting achieves ... more details
File Laser pointers.jpg thumb 300px Red 635nm , green 532nm and blue 445nm laser pointers A laser pointer or laser pen is a small portable device with a power source usually a battery and a laser diode emitting a very narrow Coherence physics coherent low powered laser beam of visible light, intended ... and low power of typical laser pointers make the beam itself invisible in a reasonably clean atmosphere, only showing a point of light when striking an opaque surface. Some higher powered laser pointers ... object pointers for teaching purposes. The recent low cost availability of infrared IR diode laser ... DPSS laser pointers in green, blue, and violet, of higher visible power, typically up to 300 mW. Because the IR laser component in the beams of these visible lasers is difficult to filter out ... laser pointer package, it is often left as a beam component in cheaper high power pointers. This invisible laser light component causes a degree of extra potential hazard in these devices when pointed at nearby objects and people. Laser pointers make a potent signaling tool, even in daylight, and are able ..., small and lightweight device of the type that could be routinely carried in a emergency kit. Laser ... of rare minor permanent harm, but low powered laser pointers are not seriously hazardous to health. They may be a major annoyance in some circumstances. A dot of light from a red laser pointer may be thought to be due to a Laser sight laser gunsight , causing outrage and possible danger. ref name princeton When pointed at aircraft at night, laser pointers may dazzle and distract pilots, and increasingly strict laws have been passed to ban this. Colors and wavelengths Early laser pointers were helium neon laser helium neon HeNe gas lasers and generated laser radiation at 633 nanometer nm , usually designed to produce a laser beam with an output power under 1 milliwatt mW . The least expensive laser pointers use a deep red laser diode near the 670 650 nanometers nm wavelength . Slightly ... more details
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