Roderic Alfred Gregory CBE Fellow of the Royal Society FRS ref name frs cite doi 10.1098 rsbm.1998.0014 ref 29 December 1913 5 September 1990 was a British biologist. He was born in 1913 in Plaistow, London, the only child of Alfred Gregory and Alice Jane n e Greaves Gregory. His father was a fitter and turner who, in 1913, was employed by Brunner and Monde later Imperial Chemical Industries . ref name frs At the age of 11 he started at the local grammar school, George Green s School. ref name frs He then trained as a physiologist in the Department of Physiology at University College, London in the early 1930s and then studied gastrointestinal physiology for a PhD at North Western University , Illinois. He turned his attention to gastrin while he was Holt Professor of Physiology, and Head of Department, at the University of Liverpool appointed in 1948 . He made fundamental contributions to the study of gut hormones through his isolation of the gastric acid stimulating hormone gastrin, the characterisation of its spectrum of actions, the identification of structure activity relationships and discovery that gastrin was produced in excess in the tumours of patients with Zollinger Ellison syndrome . ref http www.regpep society.com Rod Gregory.html ref ref cite pmid 7412863 ref ref cite pmid 79141 ref ref cite pmid 5665711 ref ref cite pmid 5921184 ref ref cite pmid 5921182 ref ref cite pmid 5886035 ref ref cite pmid 14248713 ref ref cite pmid 14248712 ref ref cite pmid 21017938 ref He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1965 ref name frs and awarded a Order of the British Empire CBE in 1971. He won the Royal Medal in 1978. ref cite web url http www.nndb.com honors 968 000100668 title Royal Medal accessdate 2008 12 06 ref He had married Alice Watts in 1939. ref name frs References Reflist Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata . NAME Gregory, Roderic Alfred ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION DATE OF BIRTH 29 December 1913 PLACE OF BIRTH DATE OF DEATH 5 Se ... more details
INTERESTS Regulation of gastrin gene expression, eukaryote transcription regulation during elongation ... analysis of gastrin mRNA using an oligonucleotide probe, Noyes, B.E., Mevarech, M., Stein, R. and Agarwal ... length cDNA coding for porcine gastrin hormone, Yoo, O.J., Powell, C.T. and Agarwal, K. 1982 Proc ... of five heptadecapeptides related to human gastrin. J. Chem. Soc. C, 1384. Agarwal, K., Beecham ..., R.C. 1969 Structure and synthesis of canine gastrin. Experientia 346. Agarwal, K., Johnstone, R.A.W. ... derivatives. Nature 219, 498. Agarwal, K., Kenner, G.W. and Sheppard, R.C. 1969 Feline gastrin. An example ... Synthesis of canine gastrin and a new synthesis of human gastrin. J. Chem. Soc. C , 2213. Agarwal ..., R.C. and McGuigan, J.E. 1971 Immunological differentiation between gastrin and related peptide ... sequence analysis of gastrin mRNA using an oligonucleotide probe. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 76, 1770 ..., K. 1979 Detection of gastrin specific mRNA using oligonucleotide probes of defined sequence ... Studies on gastrin mRNA structure using an oligonucleotide probe. J. Annals of N.Y. Acad. Sci .... and Noyes, B.E. 1981 Studies on gastrin mRNA an illustrative approach. In Gut Hormones. S.R. Bloom ..., K. and Noyes, B.E. 1982 The amino acid sequence of rat gastrin determined from the nucleotide ... and nucleotide sequence of full length cDNA coding for porcine gastrin hormone. Proc. Nat . Acad ... human gastrin The large intron contains an Alu sequence. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 81, 4662. Katti ..., C., Aran, P. and Agarwal, K. 1985 A gastrin gene is expressed in both porcine pituitary and antral ... DNA sequence controls termination of transcription in the gastrin gene. Mol. Cell. Biol., 6, 1032 ... and sequence analysis of cDNA coding for canine gastrin. Biochem. Int. 18, 631 636. Han, F S., Walt ... mice harboring gastrin SV40 T antigen fusion gene. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 90,6696 7000. Qian ... more details
, which leads to profound Achlorhydria hypochlorhydria and elevated gastrin levels . The inadequate ... . AMAG is typically confined to the gastric body and fundus. Hypochlorhydria induces G Cell Gastrin producing hyperplasia, which leads to hypergastrinemia. Gastrin exerts a trophic effect on enterochromaffin ... more details
GRP may refer to Biochemistry Gastrin Releasing Peptide Glucose regulated protein Good Research Practice Grape reaction product , a phenolic compound found in aged red wines Computing Gentoo Reference Platform , pre compiled packages for Gentoo Linux .grp file extension Program Manager folder format Build engine data format StarCraft graphics file format grp.h, C header file defined by IEEE Std 1003.1 to provide group structure Technology Government Resource Planning , GRP is software designed for the unique requirements of public financial management. GRP software is budget driven through the use of Commitment Accounting, where the budget is the legal embodiment of government objectives. Commitment Accounting is used only in government and other forms of public financial management. Other Gross Regional Product Gibraltar Reform Party Fiberglass Glass reinforced plastic Good Recruitment Practice Gross Rating Point , a term used in advertising on the television GRP Records Grusin Rosen Production Global Response Pistol , a custom 1911 .45 made by Nighthawk Custom The category of groups Grp disambig de GRP es GRP fr GRP it GRP nl GRP ja GRP pl GRP ... more details
distinguish D battery Infobox Anatomy Name PAGENAME Latin endocrinocytus D GraySubject GrayPage Image Control of stomach acid sec.png Caption Control of stomach acid Image2 Caption2 Precursor System Artery Vein Nerve Lymph MeshName D Cells MeshNumber Code Terminologia Histologica TH H3.04.02.0.00027 Delta cells cells or D cells are somatostatin producing cell biology cell s. They can be found in the stomach , intestine and the Islets of Langerhans in the pancreas . In rodents delta cells are located in the periphery of the islets in humans the islet architecture is generally less organized and delta cells are frequently observed inside the islets as well. In the electron microscope , delta cells can be identified as cells with smaller and slightly more compact Granule cell biology granules than beta cell s. D cells contain CCKBR which respond to gastrin and M3 receptors which respond to Ach . Respectively, these receptors will increase somatostatin output and decrease somatostatin output from the D cells. VIP, vasoactive intestinal peptide , acts positively on D cells resulting in more somatostatin being released. Clinical significance A tumor of the delta cells is called a somatostatinoma . Gastrointestinal physiology Human cell types derived primarily from endoderm Category Peptide hormone secreting cells digestive stub cell biology stub gl C lula delta no Deltacelle pl Kom rki D pt C lula delta ru sr ... more details
Infobox Anatomy Name Pyloric glands Latin glandulae pyloricae GraySubject 247 GrayPage 1166 Image Gray1054.png Caption A pyloric gland, from a section of the stomach . BR m. Mouth. BR n. Neck. BR tr. A deep portion of a tubule cut transversely. Image2 Caption2 Width 178 System MeshName MeshNumber DorlandsPre g 06 DorlandsSuf 12391889 The pyloric glands are found in the pyloric portion of the stomach . They consist of two or three short closed tubes opening into a common duct or mouth. These tubes are wavy, and are about one half the length of the duct. The duct is lined by columnar cells , continuous with the epithelium lining the surface of the mucous membrane of the stomach, the tubes by shorter and more cubical cell which are finely granular. The glands contain mucus cells and G cells that secrete gastrin . External links eMedicineDictionary pyloric glands OklahomaHistology 51 06 Pyloric stomach KansasHistology glands glands10 Simple Branched Tubular LoyolaMedEd Histo frames Histo17.html see slide 12 http casweb.cas.ou.edu pbell Histology Captions Digestive 84.pyloric.glands.40x.html Slide at ou.edu Gray s Digestive tract Category Digestive system digestive stub it Ghiandole piloriche ja sv Pylorusk rtlar ... more details
Infobox Anatomy Name Enteroendocrine cells Latin endocrinocyti gastroenteropancreatici GraySubject GrayPage Image Digestive hormones.jpg Caption Actions of the major digestive hormones secreted by enteroendocrine cells Image2 Caption2 Precursor System Artery Vein Nerve Lymph MeshName Enteroendocrine cells MeshNumber Code TerminologiaHistologica 3 04 02.0.00024 BR TerminologiaHistologica 3 08 01.0.00003 Enteroendocrine cells are specialized endocrine cell biology cell s of the gastrointestinal tract . They produce hormone s such as serotonin ref UIUCHistologySubject 321 ref , somatostatin , motilin , cholecystokinin , gastric inhibitory peptide , neurotensin , vasoactive intestinal peptide , and enteroglucagon . Most enteroendocrine cells are found in the islets of Langerhans , but they are also found in other locations. For example, the G cell s which secrete gastrin are located primarily in the stomach . ref Medcyclopaedia iv 1 g G cell ref Enteroendocrine cells are also found in the duodenum . ref BUHistology 11604loa Endocrine System duodenum, enteroendocrine cells ref Enterochromaffin like cell and enterochromaffin cells are also considered enteroendocrine cells. ref MeshName Enteroendocrine cells ref Pathology Rare and slow growing carcinoid tumors develop from these cells. When a tumor arises it has the capacity to secrete large volumes of hormones. See also APUD cell References reflist Gastrointestinal physiology Human cell types derived primarily from endoderm Endocrine system anatomy Category Endocrine system Category Cells sl Enteroendokrina celica ... more details
Infobox Anatomy Name Fundic glands Latin glandulae gastricae GraySubject 247 GrayPage 1166 Image Fundic gland polyp 1 .jpg Caption H&E stain of fundic gland polyp showing shortening of the gastric pits with cystic dilatation Image2 Caption2 System MeshName MeshNumber DorlandsPre g 06 DorlandsSuf 12391406 The fundus glands or fundic glands , or gastric glands are found in the Body of stomach body and Fundus stomach fundus of the stomach . They are simple tubes, two or more of which open into a single duct. Pathology Fundic gland polyposis is a medical syndrome where the fundus stomach fundus of the stomach develops many polyp medicine polyps . Types of cells class wikitable Location Name Description Secretion Staining Isthmus Foveolar cell Mucous neck cells In gastric pits . mucus gel layer Clear Neck parietal cell parietal oxyntic cell s Between the chief cells and the basement membrane , larger oval cells, which stain deeply with eosin , are found these cells are studded throughout the tube at intervals, giving it a beaded or varicose appearance. These are known as the parietal cells or oxyntic cells , and they are connected with the lumen anatomy lumen by fine channels which run into their substance. gastric acid and intrinsic factor Acidophilic Base Gastric chief cell chief zymogenic cell s At the point where they open into the duct, which is termed the neck, the epithelium alters, and consists of short columnar or polyhedral, granular cells, which almost fill the tube, so that the lumen becomes suddenly constricted and is continued down as a very fine channel. They are known as the chief cells or central cells of the glands. pepsinogen , rennin Basophilic Base enteroendocrine cells enteroendocrine APUD cells G cells are a type of enteroendocrine cell that secrete the hormone gastrin gastrin promotes the secretion of pepsinogen by chief cells and HCl by parietal cells and promotes gastric contractions to mix contents . hormones Additional images gallery Image Gra ... more details
For other categories, see List of MeSH codes . The following is a list of the A codes for MeSH . It is a product of the United States National Library of Medicine . Source for content is http www.nlm.nih.gov mesh filelist.html here . File 2006 MeSH Trees . MeshNumber A06 Endocrine System endocrine system MeshNumber A06.224 Chromaffin System chromaffin system MeshNumber A06.224.161 Chromaffin Cells chromaffin cells MeshNumber A06.224.207 Chromaffin Granules chromaffin granules MeshNumber A06.224.358 Enterochromaffin Cells enterochromaffin cells MeshNumber A06.224.365 Enterochromaffin like Cells enterochromaffin like cells MeshNumber A06.224.636 Para Aortic Bodies para aortic bodies MeshNumber A06.224.736 Paraganglia, Chromaffin paraganglia, chromaffin MeshNumber A06.390 Enteroendocrine Cells enteroendocrine cells MeshNumber A06.390.021 Enterochromaffin Cells enterochromaffin cells MeshNumber A06.390.043 Enterochromaffin like Cells enterochromaffin like cells MeshNumber A06.390.065 Gastrin Secreting Cells gastrin secreting cells MeshNumber A06.390.087 Glucagon Secreting Cells glucagon secreting cells MeshNumber A06.390.131 Insulin Secreting Cells insulin secreting cells MeshNumber A06.390.650 Pancreatic Polypeptide Secreting Cells pancreatic polypeptide secreting cells MeshNumber A06.390.825 Somatostatin Secreting Cells somatostatin secreting cells MeshNumber A06.407 Endocrine Glands endocrine glands MeshNumber A06.407.071 Adrenal Glands adrenal glands MeshNumber A06.407.071.140 Adrenal Cortex adrenal cortex MeshNumber A06.407.071.140.950 Zona Fasciculata zona fasciculata MeshNumber A06.407.071.140.960 Zona Glomerulosa zona glomerulosa MeshNumber A06.407.071.140.970 Zona Reticularis zona reticularis MeshNumber A06.407.071.265 Adrenal Medulla adrenal medulla MeshNumber A06.407.312 Gonads gonads MeshNumber A06.407.312.497 Ovary ovary MeshNumber A06.407.312.497.278 Corpus Luteum corpus luteum MeshNumber A06.407.312.497.278.400 Luteal Cells luteal cells MeshNumber A06.407 ... more details
, leads to the release of gastrin releasing peptide. Finally, the Delta cells are inhibited to reduce the inhibition of gastrin release. See also Vasovagal episode Vagus reflex References Reflist ... more details
13323 year 1988 pmid 2458345 ref , gastrin releasing peptide GRP , which stimulates the release of gastrin as well as other gastrointestinal hormone s, and neuromedin B NMB , a neuropeptide whose ... more details
of the stomach with food. Plus, digestion produces proteins, which causes even more gastrin ... nervous system , via the vagus nerve , and the hormone gastrin stimulate the parietal cell to produce ... secrete two stimulatory neurotransmitter s acetylcholine and gastrin releasing peptide . Their action is both direct on parietal cells and mediated through the secretion of gastrin from G cells and histamine from enterochromaffine like cells. Gastrin acts on parietal cells directly and indirectly ... regulation mechanism of the secretion of gastric acid in the stomach. Its release is stimulated by gastrin ... bacteria . In Zollinger Ellison syndrome and hypercalcemia , there are increased gastrin levels, leading ... more details
File Glycylglycine.png thumb Glycylglycine A dipeptide is a molecule consisting of two amino acids joined by a single peptide bond . Dipeptides are produced from polypeptide s by the action of the hydrolase enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase . Dietary proteins are digested to dipeptides and amino acids, and the dipeptides are absorbed more rapidly than the amino acids, because their uptake involves a separate mechanism. Dipeptides activate G cells found in the stomach to secrete gastrin . The Bergmann azlactone peptide synthesis is a classic organic synthesis for the preparation of dipeptides. ref M. Bergmann et al., Ann. 449, 277 1926 ref ref drugfuture.com http www.drugfuture.com OrganicNameReactions onr36.htm Link ref Examples of dipeptides Carnosine beta alanyl small L small histidine is highly concentrated in muscle and brain brain tissues . Anserine beta alanyl N methyl histidine is found in the skeletal muscle and brain of mammal s. Homoanserine N 4 aminobutyryl small L small histidine is another dipeptide identified in the brain and muscles of mammals. Kyotorphin small L small tyrosyl small L small arginine is a neuroactive peptide neuroactive dipeptide which plays a role in pain regulation in the brain. Balenine or ophidine beta alanyl N tau methyl histidine has been identified in the muscles of several species of mammal including man , and the chicken . Aspartame N small L small aspartyl small L small phenylalanine 1 methyl ester is an artificial Sugar substitute sweetener . Glorin N propionyl small L small glutamyl small L small ornithine lac ethyl ester is a chemotactic peptide chemotactic dipeptide for the slime mould Polysphondylium violaceum . Barettin cyclo 6 bromo 8 en tryptophan arginine is a cyclic peptide cyclic dipeptide from the marine sponge Geodia barretti . Pseudoproline Glycylglycine See also Tripeptide Tetrapeptide Polypeptide References reflist External links http www.peptideguide.com dipeptides.html An introduction to dipeptides at Peptid ... more details
Infobox Anatomy Name Pyloric antrum Latin antrum pyloricum GraySubject 247 GrayPage 1162 Image Gray1046.svg Caption Outline of stomach , showing its anatomical landmarks. Pyloric antrum visible at left. Image2 Gray1050.png Caption2 Interior of the stomach. Pyloric antrum visible at left. System MeshName Pyloric Antrum MeshNumber A03.556.875.875.716 DorlandsPre a 50 DorlandsSuf 14179413 Pyloric antrum antrum , lesser cul de sac is the initial portion of the pyloric part of the stomach . It is near the bottom of the stomach, proximal to the pyloric sphincter , which separates the stomach and the duodenum . It may temporarily become partially or completely shut off from the remainder of the stomach during digestion by peristaltic contraction of the prepyloric sphincter it is demarcated, sometimes, from the second part of the pyloric part of the stomach pyloric canal by a slight groove. Function The pyloric antrum is the location of several important endocrine cells including Gastrin producing G cell G Cells stimulate acid production and the luminal pH sensitive population of somatostatin producing of D cell biology D cells responsible for shutting off acid secretion. There is a second hormone sensitive population near the fundus stomach fundus . Etymology pylorus gatekeeper, antrum cave cavern hollow place with overarching foliage cavity, hollow tomb Additional images gallery Image Stomach2.gif Stomach Image illu stomach.jpg Stomach gallery stomach ph 2.567 Sources William F Ganong. Review of Medical Physiology, 22nd Edition. Physiology Lecture Notes. External links http med.plig.org 2 Controversy over definition at plig.org SUNYAnatomyLabs 37 06 01 04 Abdominal Cavity The stomach SUNYAnatomyImage 7 7 65 eMedicineDictionary Pyloric antrum Digestive tract Category Digestive system digestive stub fa it Antro pilorico ja ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Nofootnotes article date February 2008 Xenin is a peptide hormone produced by a subpopulation of chromogranin A positive endocrine cell biology cell s in the mucous membrane of the duodenum . The peptide has been found in humans , dogs , pigs , rats , and rabbits . In humans, xenin circulates in the blood plasma ref name Feurle92 Feurle GE, Hamscher G, Kusiek R, Meyer HE, Metzger JW.J. Biol. Chem.1992 267 22305 22309 ref . There is a relationship between peaks of xenin concentration in the plasma and the third phase of the Migrating Motor Complex . For example, infusion of synthetic xenin in fasting volunteers will cause phase III activity. After a meal the postprandial state , infusion of xenin increases both contraction frequency and the percentage of aboral ly propagated contractions. In higher concentrations xenin stimulates pancreas exocrine pancreatic secretion and inhibits the gastrin stimulated secretion of acid in dogs. Xenin is also produced in neuroendocrine tumors of the duodenal mucosa. In vitro , xenin interacts with the neurotensin receptor 1. Structure and sequence Xenin is a 25 amino acid polypeptide. The amino acid sequence of xenin is identical to the N terminal end of cytoplasmic coatomer subunit alpha ref name COPA HUMAN http www.expasy.org uniprot P53621 UniProtKB Swiss Prot entry P53621 COPA HUMAN ref , from which xenin can be cleaved by aspartic protease s. Xenin is structurally related to the amphibian peptide xenopsin and to the neuropeptide neurotensin . Proxenin Proxenin is the protein precursor precursor to xenin. It is a 35 amino acid polypeptide. Like xenin, its amino acid sequence exactly matches the N terminus of coatomer subunit alpha ref name COPA HUMAN . References references Feurle GE, Neurogastroenterol. Mot.2003 13 237 246 Feurle GE, Anlauf M, Hamscher G, Arnold R, Kl ppel G, Weihe B. Gastroenterology 2002 123 1616 1626 Feurle GE, Ikonomu S,Partoulas G, Stochus B, Hamscher G. Regulatory peptides 2003 1 ... more details
Infobox Anatomy Name Chief cell Latin exocrinocytus principalis GraySubject GrayPage Image Fundic gland polyp 1 .jpg Caption H&E stain of fundic gland polyp showing shortening of the gastric pits with cystic dilatation Image2 Gray1055.png Caption2 A fundus gland. A. Transverse section of gland. Precursor System Artery Vein Nerve Lymph MeshName MeshNumber Code Terminologia Histologica TH H3.04.02.1.00031 A gastric chief cell or peptic cell , or gastric zymogenic cell is a cell in the stomach that releases pepsinogen , gastric lipase and Chymosin . The cell stains basophilic upon H&E stain H&E prep due to the large proportion of rough endoplasmic reticulum in its cytoplasm . Chief cells release the zymogen enzyme precursor pepsinogen when stimulated by a variety of factors including cholinergic activity from the vagus nerve and acidic condition in the stomach. Gastrin and secretin may also act as secretagogues. ref Johnson. Gastrointestinal Physiology 6th Edition. Mosby. 2001 ref It works in conjunction with the parietal cell , which releases gastric acid , converting the pepsinogen into pepsin . Nomenclature The terms chief cell and zymogenic cell are often used without the word gastric to name this type of cell. However those terms can also be used to describe other cell types for example, parathyroid chief cell s. Chief cells are also known as peptic cells. Image Chief cells.JPG thumb left 200px human chief cells See also Gastric acid Fundic glands References reflist External links AnatomyAtlasesMicroscopic 01 05 BUHistology 22201loa Ultrastructure of the Cell chief cells and enteroendocrine cell BUHistology 11304loa Digestive System Alimentary Canal fundic stomach, gastric glands, base DorlandsDict two 000018589 chief cell GeorgiaPhysiology 6 6ch4 s6ch4 8 digestive stub Gastrointestinal physiology Human cell types derived primarily from endoderm Category Peptide hormone secreting cells Category Human cells es C lula principal gl C lula principal kk ... more details
and gastrin releasing peptide . It stimulates gastrin release from G cells . It activates three different ..., Axelson J title The effect of bombesin, cholecystokinin, gastrin, and their antagonists on proliferation ... more details
of findings in individuals with gastrinoma , a tumor of the gastrin producing cells of the pancreas. Unbridled gastrin secretion results in elevated levels of the hormone, and increased hydrochloric ... more details
is secreted by many non cell tumors increased gastrin secretion in MEN 1 also often originates from the duodenum . Increased gastrin secretion increases gastric acid, which may inactivate pancreatic lipase, leading to diarrhea and steatorrhea. Increased gastrin secretion also leads to peptic ... more details
The gastrocolic reflex or gastrocolic response is one of a number of physiological reflexes controlling the motility , or peristalsis , of the gastrointestinal tract . It involves an increase in motility of the colon anatomy colon in response to stretch in the stomach and byproducts of digestion in the small intestine . Thus, this reflex is responsible for the urge to defecate following a meal. The small intestine also shows a similar motility response. The gastrocolic reflex helps make room for more food. ref cite book first Sherwood last Lauralee title Human Physiology From Cells to Systems edition 7th year 2009 page 635 publisher Cengage Learning isbn 9780495391845 url http books.google.com books?id gOmpysGBC90C&pg PT663&dq gastrocolic reflex&hl en&ei U2xHTJ aOITGlQfdxq2YBQ&sa X&oi book result&ct result&resnum 10&ved 0CFIQ6AEwCQ v onepage&q gastrocolic 20reflex&f false ref The reflex was demonstrated by myoelectric recordings in the colons of animals and humans, which showed an increase in electrical activity within as little as 15 minutes after eating. The recordings also demonstrated that the gastrocolic reflex is uneven in its distribution throughout the colon. The sigmoid colon is more greatly affected than the right side of the colon in terms of a phasic response however, the tonic response across the colon is uncertain. When pressure within the rectum becomes increased, the gastrocolic reflex acts as a stimulus for defecation. A number of neuropeptides have been proposed as mediators of the gastrocolic reflex. These include serotonin , neurotensin , cholecystokinin CCK , and gastrin . Clinically, the gastrocolic reflex has been implicated in pathogenesis of irritable bowel syndrome the very act of eating or drinking can provoke an overreaction of the gastrocolic response in some patients with irritable bowel syndrome due to their heightened visceral sensitivity, and this can lead to abdominal pain, diarrhea , or constipation . ref Sj lund K, Ekman R, Lindgr ... more details
Unreferenced date January 2009 Infobox Anatomy Name PAGENAME Latin pars exocrina pancreatis GraySubject GrayPage Image Caption Image2 Caption2 Precursor System Artery Vein Nerve Lymph MeshName Exocrine pancreas MeshNumber Code Terminologia Histologica TH H3.04.07.0.00002 The exocrine pancreas has ducts that are arranged in clusters called acini singular acinus . Pancreatic secretions are secreted into the lumen anatomy lumen of the acinus, and then accumulate in intralobular ducts that drain to the main pancreatic duct , which drains directly into the duodenum . Control of the exocrine function of the pancreas is via the hormones gastrin , cholecystokinin and secretin , which are hormone s secreted by cells in the stomach and duodenum , in response to distension and or food and which cause secretion of pancreatic juices. There are two main classes of exocrine pancreatic secretions class wikitable Secretion Cell producing it Primary signal bicarbonate ions Centroacinar cells Secretin digestive enzymes Basophilic cells Cholecystokinin CCK Pancreatic secretions from ductal cells contain bicarbonate ions and are alkaline in order to neutralize the acidic chyme that the stomach churns out. The pancreas is also the main source of enzymes for digesting fat s lipids and proteins . The enzymes that digest polysaccharides , by contrast, are primarily produced by the walls of the intestine s. The cells are filled with secretory granules containing the precursor digestive enzymes. The major proteases which the pancreas secretes are trypsinogen and chymotrypsinogen . Secreted to a lesser degree are pancreatic lipase and pancreatic amylase . The pancreas also secretes phospholipase A2 , lysophospholipase , and cholesterol esterase . The precursor enzymes termed zymogen s or proenzymes are inactive variants of the enzymes thus autodegradation, which can lead to pancreatitis , is avoided. Once released in the intestine, the enzyme enteropeptidase formerly, and incorrectly, called e ... more details
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