wiktionary Tract may refer to Land lot , a morphological section of landscape, a conjugate system of facies disambiguation facies and their groups united by general direction of physic geographical processes confined to uniform relief of one Stratum substrate . More than often tract is associated with a geographical toponym . Examples are Barsa Kelmes , Sandarmokh , and others. Census tract , a geographic region defined for the purpose of taking a census Tract literature , a short written work, usually of a political or religious nature Tract liturgy , a component of Roman Catholic liturgy Neural tract , a bundle of fibers that connects different parts of the central nervous system analogous to a nerve in the peripheral nervous system A collection of related anatomic structures, such as Gastrointestinaltract Genitourinary tract Reproductive tract A grouping of feathers , e.g. primaries, auriculars, scapulars Businesses Tract imprint Tract , an imprint of the German group VDM Publishing devoted to the reproduction of Wikipedia content See also Tractate disambiguation disambig fr Tractus nl Tractus ru sk Tractus fi Traktaatti sv Trakt uk ... more details
Italic title Gastrointestinal Nursing is a monthly healthcare journal which publishes original research and clinical articles relevant to the practice of human gastrointestinaltractgastrointestinal nursing . It is published by MA Healthcare . External links Official http www.gastrointestinalnursing.co.uk Category Gastrointestinal nursing journals Category Monthly journals nurse journal stub ... more details
A gastrointestinal series , also called a GI series , is a radiologic examination of the upper and or lower gastrointestinaltract. Upper GI series Lower GI series disambig ja ... more details
system digestive system , gastrointestinaltract peptide YY References references External links http www.vivo.colostate.edu hbooks pathphys endocrine gi overview.html Overview of Gastrointestinal Hormones Colorado State University website Gastrointestinal hormones Gastrointestinal physiology Category ...No footnotes date February 2011 The gastrointestinal hormones or gut hormones constitute a group of hormone s secreted by enteroendocrine cell s in the stomach , pancreas , and small intestine that control various functions of the digestive organs. Later studies showed that most of the gut peptides, such as secretin , cholecystokinin or substance P , were found to play a role of neurotransmitter s and neuromodulator s in the central and peripheral nervous systems. Enteroendocrine cells do not form endocrine glands but are spread throughout the digestive tract. They exert their autocrine and paracrine actions that integrate all of gastrointestinal function. Types of Gastrointestinal hormones The gastrointestinal hormones can be divided into three main groups based upon their chemical structure . Gastrin family Gastrin cholecystokinin family gastrin and cholecystokinin Secretin family secretin , glucagon , vasoactive intestinal peptide and gastric inhibitory peptide Somatostatin family Motilin family Substance P . Ghrelin is a peptide hormone released from the stomach and is often referred to as the hunger hormone since high levels of it are found in individuals that are fasting. Ghrelin antagonistic treatments can be used to treat illnesses such as anorexia and loss of appetites in cancer patients. Ghrelin treatments for obesity are still under intense scrutiny and no conclusive ... for gall bladder secretions, gastrointestinal motility as well as pancreatic exocrine secretions ... in control of gastrointestinal motility and satiation Amylin controls glucose homeostasis and gastric ... as well as satiation Glucagon like peptide 2 is responsible for gastrointestinal motility and growth ... more details
Refimprove date December 2009 Gastrointestinal cancer refers to malignant conditions of the gastrointestinaltract , including the esophagus, stomach, biliary system, pancreas, bowels, and anus. The symptoms relate to the organ affected, and can include obstruction leading to difficulty swallowing or defecating , abnormal bleeding, or other associated problems. The diagnosis often requires endoscopy , followed by biopsy of suspicious tissue. The treatment depends on the location of the tumor, as well as the type of cancer cell and whether it has invaded other tissues or spread elsewhere in the body. This also determines the prognosis. Types Types of gastrointestinal cancer include Esophageal cancer Stomach cancer also called gastric cancer Hepatocellular carcinoma liver cancer also called hepatocellular carcinoma, HCC, and hepatoma Gallbladder cancer Pancreatic cancer Colorectal cancer also called colon cancer, bowel cancer, and rectal cancer Anal cancer Gastrointestinal stromal tumor s GIST Prognosis Prognosis is variable, and depends almost entirely on the specific type of cancer. Esophageal cancer has a dismal prognosis because it is often detected late colon cancer has a comparatively good prognosis when detected early. Pancreatic cancer also has a very poor prognosis, with only 5 of patients surviving more than 5 years after diagnosis. Digestive system neoplasia DEFAULTSORT Gastrointestinal Cancer Category Gastrointestinal cancer Oncology stub ... more details
unreferenced date December 2008 Gastrointestinal pathology is the subspecialty of surgical pathology ... s of the digestive tract and accessory organs, such as the pancreas and liver . Sub specialty recognition and Board Certification Gastrointestinal pathology including liver , gallbladder and pancreas ..., to surgical pathologists with a special interest and extensive experience in gastrointestinal pathology. There are approximately 30 gastrointestinal pathology fellowships offered within the United ... than 40 fellowship trained gastrointestinal pathologists being trained annually in the United States each year. Fellowship in gastrointestinal pathology involves diagnostic evaluation of surgical whole organ and biopsy pathology of gastrointestinal tissue, with the exception of at least one corporate ... , Colon anatomy colorectal surgeons and gastrointestinal Radiology radiologists to ensure understanding of the clinical aspects of gastrointestinal disease, treatment modalities and other diagnostic findings research in gastrointestinal physiology, disease mechanisms and histomorphology education of general pathologists and clinical colleagues. During the course of a one year gastrointestinal pathology fellowship, the GI liver pathology fellow will review between 8,000 and 15,000 gastrointestinal ... considerable debate among academic and private practice gastrointestinal pathologists regarding ... C. Haggitt Gastrointestinal Pathology Society. The decision to seek Board Certification was declined by the membership of the Society. History of the Rodger C. Haggitt Gastrointestinal Pathology Society ... to gastrointestinal pathology. Due to its success, the first evening subspecialty conference devoted to gastrointestinal pathology was presented the following year at the IAP annual meeting in March ..., headed by Henry Appelman, organized a group for gastrointestinal pathologists. Every gastrointestinal ... for the organization was the Gastrointestinal Pathology Club. Only later did it achieve Society status ... more details
Gastrointestinal bleeding or gastrointestinal hemorrhage describes every form of hemorrhage loss of blood in the gastrointestinaltract , from the pharynx to the rectum . It has diverse causes, and a medical ... 30 the source is more likely from the upper GI tract. ref name JAMA2012 Imaging A CT angiography is useful for determining the exact location of the bleeding within the gastrointestinaltract. ref ...Infobox symptom Name Gastrointestinal bleeding Image PosFOB.JPG Caption A positive fecal occult blood ... the source of bleeding and carry out treatment. Signs and symptoms Gastrointestinal bleeding can ... ground vomit or stool. ref name EBMED2004 cite journal last Westhoff first John title Gastrointestinal ... id 75 ref Differential diagnosis Gastrointestinal bleeding can be roughly divided into two clinical syndromes upper gastrointestinal bleeding and lower gastrointestinal bleeding . ref name ..., and Coagulopathy blood clotting disorders . ref name EBMED2004 Upper gastrointestinal main Upper gastrointestinal bleeding Upper gastrointestinal bleeding is from a source between the pharynx ... of acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding. journal Best practice & research. Clinical gastroenterology ..., J title Effect of pharmacological therapies for stroke prevention on major gastrointestinal bleeding ... 2012 Jan volume 66 issue 1 pages 53 63 pmid 22093613 ref Lower gastrointestinal main Lower gastrointestinal bleeding Lower gastrointestinal bleeding is typically from the colon, rectum or anus. ref ... from the vagina or urinary tract may also be confused with blood in the stool. ref name EBMED2004 ... have a severe upper gastrointestinal bleed? journal JAMA volume 307 issue 10 pages 1072 9 year 2012 ... acute gastrointestinal bleeding a meta analysis. journal World journal of gastroenterology ... coauthors Barkun, AN title The overall approach to the management of upper gastrointestinal bleeding. journal Gastrointestinal endoscopy clinics of North America date 2011 Oct volume 21 issue 4 pages ... more details
Inline citations date September 2011 Refs linked in the infobox Infobox disease Name Gastrointestinal perforation Image Free air2010.JPG Caption Free air under the right hemidiaphragm from a bowel perforated. DiseasesDB 34042 ICD10 K63.1, S36.9 ICD9 ICD9 569.83 , ICD9 863.9 ICDO OMIM MedlinePlus 000235 eMedicineSubj med eMedicineTopic 2822 MeshID Gastrointestinal perforation is a complete penetration of the wall of the stomach, small intestine or large bowel, resulting in intestinal contents flowing into the abdominal cavity. Perforation of the intestines results in the potential for bacterial contamination of the abdominal cavity a condition known as peritonitis . Perforation of the stomach can lead to a chemical peritonitis due to leaked gastric acid . Perforation anywhere along the gastrointestinaltract is a surgical emergency . Signs and symptoms Sudden attack of pain in epigastrium to the right of midline in case of perforation of duodenal ulcer. In case of gastric ulcer the pain is in epigastrium. There is history of burning pain in epigastrium, flatulence and dyspepsia . History of drug intake without sufficient food intake may be present. In case of intestinal perforation pain starts from the site of perforation, visceral, and then spreads all over the abdomen. In any case there is board like rigidity of abdomen, tenderness, and rebound tenderness. After sometime the abdomen becomes silent, heart sounds can be heard all over. Patient stops passing flatus and motion, abdomen is distended. Gastrointestinal perforation results in severe abdominal pain intensified by movement, nausea and vomiting . Later symptoms include fever and or chills. Causes Underlying causes include gastric ulcer , appendicitis , gastrointestinal cancer , diverticulitis , superior mesenteric artery syndrome , Physical trauma trauma and ascariasis . Typhoid fever, NSAID drugs,ingestion of corrosives may also be responsible. cn date September 2011 Diagnosis On X rays, free gas may be visible ... more details
Gastrointestinal physiology is a branch of human physiology addressing the physical function of the gastrointestinal system gastrointestinal GI system . The major processes occurring in the GI system are that of motility, secretion, regulation, digestion and circulation. The function and coordination ... Motility The GI tract generates motility using smooth muscle subunits linked by gap junctions . These subunits ... of the tract, as well as in the anterior stomach. The other type of contractions, called phasic ... per minute varies based upon the location in the digestive tract. This number ranges from 3 ... traveling down short lengths of the GI tract from one section to the next. The contractions occur ... and water, which are first secreted and then reabsorbed along the tract. The ions secreted primarily consist of H , K , Cl , HCO3 and Na . Water follows the movement of these ions. The GI tract accomplishes ... apical and basolateral sides of the epithelium determines the net movement of ions and water in the tract ... the water follows. ref name silverthorn Digestive Enzymes The second vital secretion of the GI tract ... of the stomach and intestine. While some of these enzymes remain embedded in the wall of the GI tract ... the lumen of the tract, a factor specific to a particular proenzyme will activate it. A prime example ..., and serves to lubricate and protect the inner mucosa of the tract. It is composed of a specific ... system. While in some situations, the sensory information comes from the GI tract itself in others, information is received from sources other than the GI tract. When the latter situation ... or danger triggering effects in the GI tract. Emotional responses can also trigger GI response ... of the GI tract are considered cephalic reflexes. ref name silverthorn Short Reflexes Control of the digestive ... including the brain, digestive accessory organs, and the GI tract. The effects range from excitatory ... of Bristol MeshName Digestive Physiology References reflist Gastrointestinal physiology Category ... more details
Functional gastrointestinal disorder include a number of separate idiopathic disorders which affect different part of the gastrointestinaltract . ref name Review09 cite journal author Fass R title Functional heartburn what it is and how to treat it journal Gastrointest. Endosc. Clin. N. Am. volume 19 issue 1 pages 23 33, v year 2009 month January pmid 19232278 doi 10.1016 j.giec.2008.12.002 url ref Classification Functional esophageal disorders Functional heartburn Functional chest pain of presumed esophageal origin Functional dysphagia Globus pharyngis Functional colonic disease Functional constipation Functional rectal pain Diagnosis The Rome process has helped to define the functional gastrointestinal disorders. ref name urlRome Foundation Scoring Rome III Questionnaire using SAS cite web url http www.romecriteria.org rome iii sas title Rome Foundation Scoring Rome III Questionnaire using SAS format work accessdate ref Successively, the Rome I, Rome II and the Rome III meetings have proposed a consensual classification system and terminology, as recommended by the Rome Coordinating Committee. Epidemiology Functional gastrointestinal disorders have been found in 60 70 of both Canadian and America populations. ref name Review09 References reflist Category GI tract disorders pl Zaburzenia czynno ciowe przewodu pokarmowego ... more details
Infobox disease Nam Lower gastrointestinal bleeding Image Caption DiseasesDB ICD10 ICD10 K 92 2 k 90 ICD9 ICD9 578.9 ICDO OMIM MedlinePlus 003133 eMedicineSubj radio eMedicineTopic 301 MeshID Lower gastrointestinal bleeding , commonly abbreviated LGIB , refers to any form of bleeding in the lower gastrointestinaltract . LGIB is a common ailment seen at emergency departments. ref name HN It presents less commonly than upper gastrointestinal bleeding UGIB . It is estimated that UGIB accounts for 100 200 per 100,000 cases versus 20 27 per 100,000 cases for LGIB. ref name Am Approximately 85 of lower gastrointestinal bleeding involves the colon, 10 are from bleeds that are actually upper gastrointestinal bleeds, and 3 5 involve the small intestines. ref cite journal author Dutta G, Panda M title An uncommon cause of lower gastrointestinal bleeding a case report journal Cases J volume 1 issue 1 pages 235 year 2008 pmid 18851756 pmc 2577108 doi 10.1186 1757 1626 1 235 url http www.casesjournal.com content 1 1 235 ref The mortality rate for LGIB is between 2 4 . ref name Am cite journal author Farrell JJ, Friedman LS title Gastrointestinal bleeding in the elderly journal Gastroenterol. Clin ... A lower Gastrointestinal Bleed is referred as any bleed that occurs distal to the ligament of Treitz ... ISBN 0 7817 5125 X ref The human feces stool of a person with a lower gastrointestinal bleed is a good ... medically referred to as Melena usually indicates blood that has been in the GI tract for at least 8 hours. ref name HN Melena is four times more likely to come from an upper gastrointestinal bleed than from the lower GI tract however, it can also occur in either the duodenum and jejunum, and occasionally ... Dictionary.com ref as with a lower gastrointestinal bleed. Diverticulosis, Angiodysplasia, Infectious ... blood Blood in stool Rectal bleeding Upper gastrointestinal bleeding References reflist Gastroenterology Category GI tract disorders fr H morragie digestive basse he ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Diagnostic infobox Name Upper gastrointestinal series Image Eosinophilic esophagitis barium swallow.jpg Alt Caption Upper GI series barium swallow of the esophagus, showing abnormalities associated with eosinophilic esophagitis . DiseasesDB ICD10 ICD9 ICD9proc 87.62 ICDO MedlinePlus eMedicine MeshID LOINC HCPCSlevel2 OPS301 OPS301 3 13b Reference range Upper GI series , also upper gastrointestinal GI tract radiography , is a radiology radiologic examination of the upper gastrointestinaltract . It consists of a series of X ray images of the esophagus , stomach and duodenum . The most common use for this medical testing is to look for signs of Peptic ulcer ulcers , acid reflux disease , uncontrollable vomiting , or unexplained blood in the stools hematochezia or positive fecal occult blood . Application Preparation When the patient needs to undertake an upper GI, he or she is asked to take a fast on the previous day, depending on what the doctor wishes the patient to take or what might be the needed for this testing. Normally, the patient must avoid solid food for up to eight hours prior to the appointment and avoid any type of consumable, including water, three hours prior to the testing. Process This is a non invasive test, consisting of an X ray. In the X ray room, the patient is given two medications to drink that help improve the quality of the resulting X rays. The patient may also be administered glucagon , a pancreatic hormone that is injected intravenously. The first drink is very carbonated, made from baking soda crystals which expands the stomach by causing gas to build in the stomach. The second drink is a contrast agent , typically a thick, chalky liquid containing a barium salt. This test is sometimes called a barium swallow. The barium outlines the stomach on the X rays, helping the doctor find tumors or other abnormal areas ... Upper Gastrointestinal Series Category Projectional radiography Category Digestive system imaging ... more details
Infobox Brain Name Vestibulocerebellar tract Latin GraySubject GrayPage Image Caption Image2 Caption2 IsPartOf Components Artery Vein BrainInfoType hier BrainInfoNumber 611 MeshName MeshNumber NeuroLex Vestibulocerebellar tract NeuroLexID birnlex 1009 DorlandsPre t 15 DorlandsSuf 12816750 The vestibulocerebellar tract is a tract in the pontine tegmentum which connects the vestibular nerve and the cerebellar cortex . External links Pons Cerebellum Neural tracts Neuroanatomy stub Category Brainstem Category Central nervous system pathways ... more details
Infobox Anatomy Name Rubrospinal tract Latin tractus rubrospinalis GraySubject 192 GrayPage 870 Image Spinal cord tracts English.svg Caption Rubrospinal tract is labeled in red on the left of the diagram. Image2 Gray678.png Caption2 Schematic representation of the chief ganglionic categories Rubrospinal tract not labeled, but red nucleus visible near center System MeshName MeshNumber NeuroLex Rubrospinal tract NeuroLexID birnlex 1476 DorlandsPre t 15 DorlandsSuf 12817153 refimprove date October 2011 The rubrospinal tract is a part of the nervous system . It is a part of the Anatomical terms of location Directional terms lateral indirect extra pyramidal tract . Function In humans, the rubrospinal tract is one of several major motor control pathways. It is smaller and has fewer axons than the corticospinal tract , suggesting that it is less important in motor control. It is one of the pathways for the mediation of voluntary movement. The tract is responsible for large muscle movement as well as fine motor control, and it terminates primarily in the cervical spinal cord, suggesting that it functions in upper limb but not in lower limb control. It primarily facilitates Flexion in the upper extremities see decorticate posture . It is small and rudimentary in humans . In some other primates, however, experiments have shown that over time, the rubrospinal tract can assume almost all the duties of the corticospinal tract when the corticospinal tract is lesioned. Path In the midbrain , it originates in the magnocellular red nucleus , crosses to the other side of the midbrain, and descends in the lateral part of the brainstem tegmentum . ref http neuroscience.uth.tmc.edu s3 chapter02.html ref In the spinal cord , it travels through the lateral funiculus of the spinal cord in the company of the lateral corticospinal tract . See also Upper motor neuron References Reflist External links BrainInfo hier 803 Spinal cord Neural tracts DEFAULTSORT Rubrospinal Tract Category Central nervous ... more details
multiple issues orphan June 2010 context June 2010 unreferenced June 2010 The interstitiospinal tract is one of ten descending neuronal tract s in humans that provides motor control to specific upper cervical somatic segment s. The origin of the this uncrossed tract is in the interstitial nucleus of Cajal related to the oculomotor nucleus which is subsequently found in the Edinger Westphal nucleus of the midbrain . This tract also contributes to the make up of the medial longitudinal fasciculus MLF . Within the terminal segments of the upper cervical segments the interstitiospinal tract synapses in rexed laminae VII and VIII. It is believed to function in head and neck reflex movements in response to primarily visual and possibly vestibular stimuli. Category Nerves of the head and neck ... more details
Madhupur tract a large upland area of 4,244 km in north central of Bangladesh , stretching from east of Jamalpur, Bangladesh Jamalpur in the north, to Fatullah and Narayanganj , in the south. The tract is mostly one large tract, unlike the Barind Tract . It is approximately one to ten metres above the nearby floodplain s. ref cite web year month url http banglapedia.search.com.bd HT M 0028.htm title Madhupur Tract publisher Asiatic Society of Bangladesh accessdate 2007 08 18 ref The tract is considered an area of jungle covered old alluvium . ref cite web year month url http www.britannica.com eb topic 355785 Madhupur Tract title Madhupur Tract region, Bangladesh publisher Encyclop dia Britannica accessdate 2007 08 18 ref It is an elevated plateau , with hillocks of varying height, ranging from 30 to 60 feet. There are also cultivated valleys. ref cite web year month url http www.britannica.com eb article 9109737 Bangladesh 33422.toc title Bangladesh publisher Encyclop dia Britannica accessdate 2007 08 18 ref See also Bhawal National Park Geology of Bangladesh Geography of Bangladesh Footnotes reflist This is the same as reflist External links http banglapedia.search.com.bd Maps MM 0028.GIF Map coord missing Bangladesh Category Geography of Bangladesh Bangladesh geo stub ... more details
in the upper gastrointestinaltract. People are usually stratified into having either ... of upper gastrointestinaltract bleeding in patients without hematemesis journal Am J Emerg Med volume ... title Gastrointestinaltract hemorrhage. The value of a nasogastric aspirate journal Arch. Intern ...Infobox disease Name Upper gastrointestinal bleeding Image DU 2.jpg Caption Endoscopic image of a posterior wall duodenal ulcer with a clean base, which is a common cause of upper GI hemorrhage . DiseasesDB ICD10 ICD10 K 92 2 k 90 ICD9 ICD9 578.9 ICDO OMIM MedlinePlus eMedicineSubj med eMedicineTopic 3565 MeshID Upper gastrointestinal GI bleeding refers to hemorrhage in the upper gastrointestinaltract ... including NSAIDs and SSRIs . SSRIs double the rate of upper gastrointestinal bleeding. ref cite web ... associated with upper gastrointestinal bleeding in adults? format work Global Family Doctor accessdate ... 5 of 151 with none of these factors had an upper GI tract bleed, versus 63 93 of 68 with 2 or 3 factors ... with low risk upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage multicentre validation and prospective evaluation ... of upper gastrointestinal bleeding. journal Gastrointestinal endoscopy clinics of North America ... and cost effectiveness of proton pump inhibitors in acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding. journal ... initiated prior to endoscopic diagnosis in upper gastrointestinal bleeding. journal Cochrane ... Tranexamic acid for upper gastrointestinal bleeding. journal Cochrane database of systematic reviews ... tranexamic acid for upper gastrointestinal bleeding. journal Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics ... AA, Haynes ML, Nick TG, Weiss SJ title Usefulness of the blood urea nitrogen creatinine ratio in gastrointestinal ... Lower gastrointestinal bleeding Forrest classification Rockall score References Reflist 2 External links http www.patient.co.uk showdoc 40000851 Patient.uk Gastroenterology DEFAULTSORT Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding Category GI tract disorders Category Medical emergencies de Obere Gastrointestinale ... more details
. A gastrointestinal stromal tumor GIST is one of the most common mesenchyme mesenchymal tumors of the gastrointestinaltract 1 3 of all gastrointestinal malignancies . They are typically defined as tumors ... in the gastrointestinaltract journal Histol Histopathol volume 15 issue 4 pages 1293 301 year 2000 pmid 11005253 ref ref name miettinen2 cite journal author Miettinen M, Lasota J title Gastrointestinal ... the 1990s, all non epithelium epithelial tumor s of the gastrointestinaltract were called gastrointestinal ...Infobox Disease Name Gastrointestinal stromal tumor Image Gastric GIST 1 .jpg Caption Histopathologic image of gastrointestinal stromal tumor of the stomach. Hematoxylin eosin stain. DiseasesDB 33849 ICD10 ... J title Gastrointestinal stromal tumors review on morphology, molecular pathology, prognosis, and differential ... Patients present with dysphagia trouble swallowing , gastrointestinal hemorrhage or metastasis metastases ... cite journal author Hersh MR, Choi J, Garrett C, Clark R. title Imaging Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors ..., Moskovic EC. title Malignant gastrointestinal stromal tumor distribution, imaging features, and pattern ... WG, Gibbs JF title Gastrointestinal stromal tumors current diagnosis, biologic behavior, and management ... cite journal author Lehnert T title Gastrointestinal sarcoma GIST a review of surgical management ... gastrointestinal stromal tumor of the small intestine radiologic pathologic correlation journal Radiat ... of GIST. Gastrointestinal stromal tumours journal Ann Chir Gynaecol volume 87 issue 4 pages 291 2 year ... cite journal author Ulusan S, Koc Z, Kayaselcuk F title Gastrointestinal stromal tumours CT findings ... of masses within the GI tract intramural masses . Intravenous contrast material is needed to evaluate ... are tumors of connective tissue , i.e. sarcoma s unlike bowel cancer most gastrointestinal tumor ... of Cajal ICC , ref name miettinen cite journal author Miettinen M, Lasota J title Gastrointestinal stromal ... of gastrointestinal stromal tumors journal Surg Endosc volume 20 issue 5 pages 713 6 year 2006 month ... more details
Infobox Brain Name Reticulospinal tract Latin GraySubject GrayPage Image Spinal cord tracts English.svg Caption Reticulospinal tract is labeled in red, near center in figure text tag at left . Image2 Caption2 IsPartOf Components Artery Vein BrainInfoType hier BrainInfoNumber 802 MeshName MeshNumber NeuroLex Reticulospinal tract NeuroLexID birnlex 1471 DorlandsPre t 15 DorlandsSuf 12817131 The reticulospinal tract or anterior reticulospinal tract is an extrapyramidal motor tract which travels from the reticular formation . Functions 1. Integrates information from the motor systems to coordinate automatic movements of locomotion and posture. 2. Facilitates and inhibits voluntary movement, influences muscle tone. 3. Mediates autonomic functions 4. Modulates pain impulses 5. Influences blood flow to lateral geniculate Components The tract is divided into two parts, the medial or pontine and lateral or medullary reticulospinal tracts MRST and LRST . The MRST is responsible for exciting anti gravity, extensor muscles. The fibers of this tract arise from the caudal pontine reticular nucleus and the oral pontine reticular nucleus and project to the lamina VII and lamina VIII of the spinal cord BrainInfo The LRST is responsible for the inhibiting excitatory axial extensor muscles of movement. The fibers of this tract arise from the medullary reticular formation, mostly from the gigantocellular nucleus, and descend the length of the spinal cord in the anterior part of the lateral column. The tract terminates in the gray spinal laminae BrainInfo . The sensory tract conveying information in the opposite direction is known as the spinoreticular tract . Clinical significance If the superior ... tract http braininfo.rprc.washington.edu Scripts hiercentraldirectory.aspx?ID 802 , pontine reticulospinal tract http braininfo.rprc.washington.edu Scripts ancilcentraldirectory.aspx?ID 975 , and medullary reticulospinal tract http braininfo.rprc.washington.edu Scripts ancilcentraldirectory.aspx ... more details
Infobox Anatomy Name PAGENAME Latin tractus tectospinalis GraySubject 185 GrayPage 760 Image Gray670.png Caption Diagram showing possible connection of long descending fibers from higher centers with the motor cells of the ventral column through association fibers. Tectospinal fasciculus labeled at center right. Image2 Gray672.png Caption2 Diagram of the principal fasciculi of the spinal cord . Tectospinal fasciculus labeled at center right, in red. System Precursor MeshName MeshNumber NeuroLex Tectospinal tract NeuroLexID birnlex 759 DorlandsPre t 15 DorlandsSuf 12817309 In humans, the tectospinal tract also known as colliculospinal tract is a nerve pathway which coordinates head and eye movements. It is part of the indirect extrapyramidal tract . Specifically, the tectospinal tract connects the midbrain tectum and the spinal cord . It is responsible for motor impulses that arise from one side of the midbrain to muscles on the opposite side of the body . The function of the tectospinal tract is to mediate reflex postural movements of the head in response to visual and auditory stimuli. The portion of the midbrain from where this tract originates is the superior colliculus , which receives afferents from the visual nuclei primarily the oculomotor nuclei complex , then projects to the contralateral decussating ventral to the mesencephalic duct and ipsilateral portion of the first cervical neuromeres of the spinal cord , the oculomotor and trochlear nuclei in the midbrain and the abducens nucleus in the caudal portion of the pons. The tract descends to the cervical spinal cord to terminate in Rexed laminae VI, VII, and VIII to coordinate head , neck , and human eye eye movements, primarily in response to visual stimuli. See also Upper motor neuron Spinotectal tract External links http faculty.etsu.edu currie images neuro2.jpg Diagram at etsu.edu http sky.bsd.uchicago.edu lcy ref synap spmotor.html Overview and diagram at uchicago.edu BrainInfo hier 783 neuroscience st ... more details
Limbic for affective impact of pain . Path of sensation The Spinothalamic Tract, like the Dorsal Column Medial Lemniscus Tract , use three neurons to convey sensory information from the periphery ... where they ascend or descend one or two vertebral levels via Lissauer s tract and then synapse with secondary ... are called tract cells . The axons of the tract cells cross over decussate to the other side of the spinal ... hence the spinothalamic tract being part of the anterolateral system . The axons travel up the length ... up the brainstem, the tract moves dorsally. The neurons ultimately synapse with third order neurons ... more details
A polyglutamine tract or polyQ tract is a portion of a protein consisting of a sequence of several glutamine units. A tract typically consists of about 10 to a few hundred such units. Several gene s, both in humans and in other species, contain a number of repetitions of the nucleotide triplet cytidine C Adenosine A Guanosine G . When the gene is translation genetics translated into a protein, each of these triplets gives rise to a glutamine unit, resulting in a polyglutamine tract. Different allele s of such a gene often have different numbers of CAG triplets. Several inheritable neurodegenerative disorder s, the polyglutamine disease s, occur if a mutation causes a polyglutamine tract in a specific gene to become too long. Important examples of polyglutamine diseases are spinocerebellar ataxia and Huntington s disease . It is believed that cells cannot properly dispose of proteins with overly long polyglutamine tracts, which over time leads to damage in neuron nerve cell s. The longer the polyglutamine tract, the earlier in life these diseases tends to appear. ref Laura Bonetta, http www.hhmi.org biointeractive neuroscience polyglutamine disease.html Polyglutamine Diseases A Devastating Genetic Stutter , Howard Hughes Medical Institute . Retrieved 30 December 2008. ref References reflist Category Peptides ... more details
Image Respiratory system complete numbered.svg thumb right 250px In humans the respiratory tract is the part of the anatomy involved with the process of Respiration physiology respiration . The respiratory tract is divided into 3 segments Upper respiratory tract human nose nose and nasal passages, paranasal sinus es, and throat or pharynx Respiratory airways voice box or larynx , Vertebrate trachea trachea , bronchus bronchi , and bronchiole s Lung s respiratory bronchiole s, alveolar duct s, alveolar sac s, and alveoli The respiratory tract is a common site for infections. Upper respiratory tract infection s are probably the most common infections in the world. Most of the respiratory tract exists merely as a piping system for air to travel in the lungs, and alveoli are the only part of the lung that exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide with the blood . Moving down the respiratory tract starting at the trachea, the tubes get smaller and divide into more and more tubes. There are estimated to be about 20 to 23 divisions, ending up at an alveolus. Even though the cross sectional area of each bronchus or bronchiole is smaller, because there are so many, the total surface area is larger. This means there is less resistance at the terminal bronchioles. Most resistance is around the 3 4 division from the trachea due to turbulence. General histology The respiratory tract is covered in an epithelium , the type of which varies down the tract. There are gland s and mucus produced by goblet cell s in parts, as well as smooth muscle , elastin or cartilage . Most of the epithelium from the nose ... in the bronchi they are interspersed plates. Glands are abundant in the upper respiratory tract ... of elastic tissue. Summary Upper respiratory tract nose, pharynx & associated structures Lower respiratory tract larynx, trachea, bronchi & lungs References reflist http www.kcom.edu faculty chamberlain Website lectures syllabi3.htm Syllabus Infectious Diseases see Respiratory Tract Infections by Neal ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Infobox Brain Name Optic tract Latin tractus opticus GraySubject 189 GrayPage 814 Image Gray773.png Caption The left optic nerve and the optic tracts. Image2 Caption2 IsPartOf Visual system Components Artery Vein BrainInfoType hier BrainInfoNumber 443 MeshName MeshNumber NeuroLex Optic tract NeuroLexID birnlex 1684 DorlandsPre t 15 DorlandsSuf 12817061 The optic tract is a part of the visual system in the brain . It is a continuation of the optic nerve and runs from the optic chiasm where half of the information from each eye crosses sides, and half stays on the same side to the lateral geniculate nucleus . Right vs. left The relationships of the retinal fibers to the optic tracts are illustrated below, with the nasal retinal fibers in blue and the temporal retinal fibers in red. File Gray722.png thumb Click for a larger image. class wikitable optic tract temporal retinal fibers nasal retinal fiber left optic tract from the left eye from the right eye right optic tract from the right eye from the left eye In split brain patients who have undergone a corpus callosotomy usually to treat severe epilepsy the information from one optic tract does not get transmitted to both hemispheres. In carefully controlled experiments, split brain patients shown an image in his or her left left visual field that is, the left half of what both eyes see , will be unable to vocally name what he or she has seen as the speech control center is in the left brain hemisphere in most people. See the main article, split brain . Pathology A lesion in the left optic tract ... Optic tract.JPG Optic tract. Image Hippocampus brain .jpg Diagram of hippocampus Image lateral geniculate ... view 2 description.JPG Human brainstem anterior view Image Optic tract and optic nerve.jpg Optic tract and optic nerve File Slide2dd.JPG Optic tract gallery Visual system Sensory system Cranial nerves DEFAULTSORT Optic Tract Category Visual system Neuroscience stub it Tratto ottico pl Droga ... more details
Refimprove date December 2008 Infobox Anatomy Name Spinoreticular tract Latin tractus spinoreticularis GraySubject GrayPage Image Caption Image2 Caption2 Precursor System Artery Vein Nerve Lymph MeshName MeshNumber The spinoreticular tract is an ascending pathway in the white matter of the spinal cord , positioned closely to the lateral spinothalamic tract. The tract is from spinal cord to reticular formation ref name urlChapter 25 Neural Mechanisms of Cardiac Pain The Anterolateral System cite web url http symptomresearch.nih.gov chapter 25 sec3 crfs3pg3.htm title Chapter 25 Neural Mechanisms of Cardiac Pain The Anterolateral System work accessdate 2009 11 26 ref to thalamus . It is responsible for automatic responses to pain, such as in the case of injury. Pathway The spinoreticular tract utilizes four levels of neurons, unlike most ascending tracts which have first through third order neurons. The tract begins with first order neurons, which immediately synapse with second order neurons in the posterior horn of the spinal column. These neurons decussate to the opposite side anterolateral , and travel up the spinal column. It terminates in the brainstem at the medullary pontine reticular formation. Information is sent from there to the intradmedian nucleus of the thalamic intralaminar nuclei. The thalamic intralaminar nuclei project diffusely to entire cerebral cortex where pain reaches conscious level and promotes behavioral arousal. It is still undetermined if the spinoreticular tract possesses ipsilateral fibers in addition to those that decussate. It is hypothesized that during development the tract was bilateral, but that the ipsilateral synapses became ineffective during development. References Reflist Saladin, Kenneth S. Anatomy & Physiology The Unity of Form and Function. New York McGraw Hill. 2010. Mense, Siegfried & Gerwin, Robert D. Muscle Pain Understanding and Mechanisms. New York Springer. 2010. Further reading cite book title Neurophysiological Basis ... more details
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