Negative regulatory element NRE is a regulatory sequence for the insulin gene ref Melloul et al., Diabetologica, 45, 309 326, year 2002. Regulation of insulin gene transcription ref References reflist Insulin generegulatory sequences Category Regulatory sequences biochemistry stub ... more details
looped configuration. ref name Jeziorska Cis regulatory module in generegulatorynetwork The function of a generegulatorynetwork depends on the architecture of the node s Disambiguation needed ...Cis regulatory module CRM is a stretch of DNA , usually 100 1000 DNA base pairs in length, ref name name cite book author Davidson EH title The Regulatory Genome GeneRegulatory Networks in Development ... bind and regulation of gene expression regulate expression of nearby gene s. One cis regulatory ..., one gene can have several cis regulatory modules. ref name Ben2007 cite journal author Ben Tabou de Leon S, Davidson EH title Gene regulation gene control network in development journal Annu ... the function of cis regulatory modules. ref name Jeziorska Thus gene regulation functions GRF provide ... part, even with the presence of functional overlap between cis regulatory modules of a gene ... rate of transcription of its associated gene. ref name Jeziorska Mode of action Cis regulatory ... EH title Building Developmental GeneRegulatory Networks journal Birth Defects Res volume 87 pages ... of gene expression Cis regulatory element Trans regulatory element Promoter biology Promoter Enhancer ... Gene Regulation Functions Lessons from Temperate Bacteriophages journal Biophysical Journal volume ... ref Cis regulatory modules are one of several types of functional regulatory elements . Regulatory elements are binding sites for transcription factors, which are involved in gene regulation. ref name name Cis regulatory modules perform a large amount of developmental information processing. ref name name Cis regulatory modules are non random clusters at their specified target ... they are typically located on the same DNA as the genes they control as opposed to Trans regulatory ... factors. ref name name The original definition presented cis regulatory modules ... biology approach to understanding cis regulatory module function journal Sem. Cell & Dev. Biol ... more details
Wikify date April 2010 Orphan date March 2007 Genetic regulatory circuits also referred to as transcriptional regulatory circuits are functional clusters of gene s that impact each other s expression through inducible transcription factors and cis regulatory elements. These circuits can be modeled in silico to predict the dynamics of a genetic system. Understanding of genetic regulatory circuits are key in the field of synthetic biology , where disparate genetic elements are combined to produce novel biological functions. Genetic regulatory circuits are analogous in many ways to electronic circuits. References http genomebiology.com 2004 5 2 206 Rewirting the transcriptional regulatory circuits of cells , Genome Biology http www.genesdev.org cgi content full 18 4 357 Transcriptional regulatory circuits controlling mitochondrial biogenesis and function , Genes & Development http www.ipam.ucla.edu abstract.aspx?tid 4751 Structure and function of genetic regulatory circuits in Escherichia coli , Michael Wall, Los Alamos National Laboratory Category Gene expression Category Transcription factors genetics stub ... more details
Trans regulatory elements are gene s which may modify or regulation of gene expression regulate the expression of distant genes. ref name pmid18597885 cite journal author Gilad Y, Rifkin SA, Jonathan K. Pritchard Pritchard JK title Revealing the architecture of gene regulation the promise of eQTL studies journal Trends Genet. volume 24 issue 8 pages 408 15 year 2008 month August pmid 18597885 pmc 2583071 doi 10.1016 j.tig.2008.06.001 ref More specifically, trans regulatory elements are nucleic acid sequence DNA sequences that encode transcription factor s. Trans regulatory elements work through an intermolecular force intermolecular interaction between two different molecules 1 a transcription genetics transcribed and translation biology translated transcription factor protein derived from the trans regulatory element and a 2 DNA regulatory sequence regulatory element that is adjacent to the regulated gene. This is in contrast to cis regulatory element s that work through an intramolecular force intramolecular interaction between different parts of the same molecule 1 a gene and 2 an adjacent regulatory element for that gene in the same DNA molecule. Properties of trans acting factors include ref cite web last McClean first Phillip title Cis Acting element and trans acting factors url http www.ndsu.edu pubweb mcclean plsc731 cis trans cis trans6.htm work 1998 ref 1. subunits of RNA polymerase 2. bind to RNA polymerase to stabilize the initiation complex 3. bind to all promoters at specific sequences, but not to RNA polymerase TFIID factors 4. bind to a few promoters and are required for transcription initiation positive regulators of gene expression See also Cis regulatory element References Reflist Category Gene expression Genetics stub ru ... more details
Upstream Activation Sequence RNA List of cis regulatory RNA elements Polyadenylation signals, mRNA AU rich element , mRNA Other Regulation of gene expression cis regulatory module Generegulatorynetwork ... cis regulatory changes in a pleiotropic gene url journal Nature volume 440 issue 7087 pages 1050 ...A cis regulatory element or cis element is a region of DNA or RNA that regulates the expression of genes located on that same molecule of DNA often a chromosome . This term is constructed from the Latin word cis , which means on the same side as . These cis regulatory elements are often binding sites ... of the gene it controls in the promoter region or even further upstream , in an intron , or downstream of the gene s coding sequence, either in the untranslated or untranscribed region. See Promoter ... of a cis acting regulatory sequence is the operator in the lac operon . This DNA sequence is bound .... The operator itself does not code for any protein or RNA . In contrast, trans regulatory element s are diffusible factors, usually proteins, that may modify the expression of genes distant from the gene ... a gene on chromosome 6 might itself have been transcribed from a gene on chromosome 11 . This term is constructed from the Latin root trans , which means across from . To summarize, cis regulatory elements are present on the same molecule of DNA as the gene they regulate whereas trans regulatory elements can regulate genes distant from the gene from which they were transcribed. Examples of cis regulatory elements in RNA class wikitable sortable RNA elements Type Abbr. Function Distribution ... Hentze MW, K hn LC title Molecular control of vertebrate iron metabolism mRNA based regulatory circuits ... T title Transcription termination and the regulation of gene expression. journal Annu Rev Biochem ... pmid 16164991 doi 10.1016 j.biochi.2005.03.006 url ref Riboswitch Gene regulation Bacteria , Eukaryotes ... significance of cis regulatory mutations url journal Nature Reviews Genetics volume 8 ... more details
in gene regulation and to begin to develop standards by which to curate regulatory information ...Orphan date April 2012 The Open Regulatory Annotation Database also known as ORegAnno is designed to promote community based curation of regulatory information. Specifically, the database contains information about regulatory regions , transcription factor binding sites , regulatory variants, and haplotypes . Overview Data Management For each entry, cross references are maintained to http www.ensembl.org ...?DB gene Entrez Gene , http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov entrez query.fcgi?CMD search&DB taxonomy the NCBI ... to analyze regulatory data using their own conditions as to the suitability of the supporting ..., ORegAnno contained 4220 regulatory sequences excluding deprecated records for 2190 transcription factor binding sites, 1853 regulatory regions enhancers, promoters, etc. , 170 regulatory polymorphisms, and 7 regulatory haplotypes for 17 different organisms predominantly Drosophila melanogaster , Homo ... were obtained by manual curation of 828 publications by 45 ORegAnno users from the gene regulation ... to control gene expression. This objective is of fundamental importance to evolutionary analysis and translational research as regulatory mechanisms are widely implicated in species specific adaptation .... Funding was also obtained from ENFIN, the BioSapiens Network, FWO Research Foundation, Genome Canada ... 184 TFBS and 317 Regulatory Regions from 96 papers. Many of these researchers were also trained on the ORegAnno ... mining in facilitating regulatory annotation. Sessions were led by Dr. Lynette Hirschman, MITRE, and Dr ..., transcription factor binding sites and regulatory variation. journal Bioinformatics year 2006 volume ..., Hardison R, Bergman CM, Jones SJ Open Regulatory Annotation Consortium. title ORegAnno an open access community driven resource for regulatory annotation. journal Nucleic Acids Research year 2008 volume ... 2006 Category Bioinformatics Category Biological databases Category Gene expression ... more details
Wiktionary network networking Network and networking may refer to Mathematics Graph mathematics , a set of interlinked nodes Complex network , a graph with non trivial topological features Flow network Electric, electronic, biological, and biosocial There is a knee jerk temptation to try to divide them into separate natural and technological categories, but they can t be sensibly divided, because there are many logical interconnections between them Electrical network Computer network Biological network Artificial neural network Social network Business networking Radio network Telecommunications network Television network Universities network Networks in Marketing Proper nouns names Network film Network film , a 1976 American movie NETWORK lobbying group , an American social justice group The Network , an American New Wave band Network comics , a series of Thomas characters Network DVD , British DVD label The Network Book , an upcoming American Science Fiction Novel written by Jesse Booth See also Network theory Network science Graph theory Circuit theory Electronic circuit Pneumatic circuit Hydraulic circuit Disambiguation ar bg ca Xarxa cs S da Netv rk de Netzwerk Begriffskl rung es Red eo Reto fr R seau gl Rede ko it Rete la Rete ms Rangkaian nl Netwerk ja no Nettverk nds Nettwark pl Sie pt Rede ro Network qu Llika ru sk Sie sl Mre a sv N tverk tr A uk ur zh ... more details
Onesource date May 2009 A regulator gene , regulator , or regulatorygene is a gene involved in controlling the gene expression expression of one or more other genes. A regulator gene may encode a regulatory protein protein , or it may work at the level of RNA , as in the case of genes encoding microRNA s. In prokaryotes , regulator genes often code for repressor protein s. Repressor proteins bind to operator biology operator s or promoter biology promoter s, preventing RNA polymerase from Transcription genetics transcribing RNA. Inducer s cause repressor proteins to conformational change change shape or otherwise become unable to bind DNA , allowing RNA polymerase to continue transcription. Other regulatory genes code for activator protein s. An activator binds to a site on the DNA molecule and causes an increase in transcription of a nearby gene. In prokaryotes, a well known example of an activator protein is the catabolite activator protein or CAP, which is involved in positive control of the lac operon . In the regulation of gene expression , both activators and repressors are known to play important roles. ref cite book last Suzuki first David title Introduction to Genetic Analysis publisher W.H. Freeman location San Francisco year 2005 isbn 9780716749394 ref References reflist External links MeshName Regulator Gene Category Gene expression genetics stub de Regulatorgen ... more details
mergeto gene mapping date March 2011 Unreferenced date December 2009 A gene map is the descriptive representation of the structure of a single gene . It includes the DNA sequence of a gene with intron s and exon s, Directionality molecular biology 3 or 5 transcribed untranslated regions, termination poly adenylation signal, regulatory elements such as promoter biology promoter s, Enhancer genetics enhancer s and it may include known mutation s defining alternative allele s of the same gene. See also Genetic linkage the pattern of genetic linkage for a chromosome or other stretch of genes can be represent as a linkage map also called a genetic map , and the generation of such linkage maps is known as mapping genes . DEFAULTSORT Gene Map Category Genetic mapping Category Genetics Genetics stub fa ja ... more details
Infobox rfam Name Hsp90 cis regulatory element image RF00433.jpg width caption Predicted secondary structure and sequence conservation of Hsp90 CRE Symbol Hsp90 CRE AltSymbols Rfam RF00433 miRBase miRBase family RNA type Cis regulatory element Cis reg thermoregulator Tax domain Eukaryota GO SO SO 0000233 CAS number EntrezGene HGNCid OMIM PDB RefSeq Chromosome Arm Band LocusSupplementaryData The Hsp90 cis regulatory element is an cis regulatory element RNA element RNA thermometer found in the 5 UTR of the Drosophila hsp90 mRNA . It is required for increased translation al efficiency during the heat shock response. The hsp90 gene product is involved in the Drosophila heat shock response. Translation of the hsp90 mRNA is very inefficient under normal growth temperatures, when heat shock occurs translation becomes more efficient. This is mediated though this regulatory element. ref cite journal last Ahmed first R coauthors Duncan RF year 2004 title Translational regulation of Hsp90 mRNA. AUG proximal 5 untranslated region elements essential for preferential heat shock translation journal J Biol Chem volume 279 pages 49919&ndash 49930 pmid 15347681 doi 10.1074 jbc.M404681200 issue 48 ref See also Repression of heat shock gene expression ROSE element ROSE element FourU thermometer References reflist 1 External links Rfam id RF00433 name Hsp90 cis regulatory element Category Cis regulatory RNA elements molecular cell biology stub ... more details
Other uses Network disambiguation pp semi small yes pp move indef Merge to Green Day related projects discuss Talk The Network Merge proposal date June 2009 original research date April 2008 Infobox musical artist name The Network image pix 200 size 200 Cap The Network background group or band origin ... br Captain Underpants br Jason White musician Balducci The Network is a six piece New Wave music New ... Fuck The Network . That being said, fans did not believe Armstrong, and The Network then ceased touring ... 3000 , but nothing from The Network has been heard. Green Day has performed covers from the Network ... needed date October 2011 Members Members of The Network include Billie Joe Armstrong , Mike Dirnt ... Pseudonyms W publisher Amiright.com date 1955 10 05 accessdate 2011 10 10 ref The stage name s of The Network ... of any Green Day members in The Network. Although the style of music is different New Wave ... as having writing credits for The Network s album Money Money 2020 . ref name Roshambo ref cite web ... been going on lately. All I gotta say is fuck The Network. These guys are totally spreading rumors ... have to put out their record. The only thing I can say is Fuck you, Network. Bring it on. small Billie Joe Armstrong small blockquote The band s website http thenetworkband.com The Network was registered ... whois results.jsp?domain thenetworkband.com Network Solutions. Green Day also utilized ... . http www.thenetworkband.com greendaynetsimpsons.mp3 Identities Still unknown about The Network is which ... written songs for Pinhead Gunpowder under the alias Wilhelm Fink. ref name pseudo Fink of The Network ... Music Fix publisher undercover.com.au date accessdate 2011 10 10 ref The Network is also signed under Billie Joe s record company, Adeline Records . The official Network web site also claims that Fink ... the size and shape of the nose . ref http www.greendayauthority.com TheBand network thesnoo.gif GDA ... bio on the Network s official website. Green Day has, in the past, had a run in with former Extreme ... more details
Telecommunications Regulatory Authority may refer to Telecommunications Regulatory Authority of Bahrain Telecommunications Regulatory Authority of Lebanon Telecom Regulatory Authority of India Telecommunications Regulatory Authority UAE disambig ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 A structural gene is a gene that codes for any RNA or protein product other than a regulatory factor i.e. regulatory protein . It may code for a Protein Structural proteins structural protein , an enzyme , or an RNA molecule not involved in regulation. Structural genes represent an enormous variety of protein structures and functions, including structural proteins, enzymes with catalytic activities and so on. These genes are needed for the morphological or functional traits of the cell. In Eukaryotes, these occur in spilt form, segmented into introns and exons. But Prokaryotes, these are continuous. The structural genes are concerned with the synthesis of polypeptide chain or a number of polypeptide chains and are also concerned with the synthesis of different types of RNA required during protein synthesis. In the Lac Operon concept , these genes are associated with the synthesis of those enzymes that are needed for the catabolism of Lactose. In lac operon, there are three structural genes a, Lac Z gene for beta galactosodase enzyme. b, Lac Y gene for galactose permease enzyme. c, Lac A gene for thio galactoside trans acetylase enzyme. DEFAULTSORT Structural Gene Category Genes Category Gene expression Genetics stub ja ur ... more details
In molecular biology , an oscillating gene or clock gene is a gene that is gene expression expressed in an oscillating pattern, often circadian rhythm circadian . ref name pmid16183880 cite journal author Tuttle LM, Salis H, Tomshine J, Kaznessis YN title Model Driven Designs of an Oscillating GeneNetwork journal Biophys. J. volume 89 issue 6 pages 3873 83 year 2005 month December pmid 16183880 pmc 1366954 doi 10.1529 biophysj.105.064204 url quote Oscillatory gene networks are prevalent in nature, especially ones that generate circadian rhythms. ref See also Chronobiology CLOCK CLOCK gene Period gene References Reflist Category Molecular biology biology stub ... more details
en about us Slovakia Regulatory Office for Network Industries http www.epdk.gov.tr english default.asp ... Bangladesh Bangladesh Energy Regulatory Commission http www.berc.org.bd BERC was established on March ... supply industry of Bhutan. India Central Electricity Regulatory Commission is the autonomous regulator ... of Energy has proposed Nepal Electricity Regulatory Commission Act, Nepali calendar 2065 for institution of NERC. ref name NERC cite web url http www.moen.gov.np pdf files nepal electricity regulatory commission act draft.pdf author Ministry of Energy, Govt of Nepal title Nepal Electricity Regulatory ... on 1 August 2004. Pakistan National Electric Power Regulatory Authority NEPRA is electricity regulator .... People s Republic of China State Electricity Regulatory Commission SERC of the People s Republic of China is empowered by the State Council to perform administrative and regulatory duties with respect to the China s power sector. Philippines Energy Regulatory Commission http www.erc.gov.ph ERC of Philippines, an independent, quasi judicial regulatory body established to regulate electric power service ... Regulatory Commission http www.erc.or.th ERCWeb default.aspx ERC of Thailand was formed on October ... regulatory body. Energy Regulatory Commission of Thailand s primary role involves regulation of energy ... http www.erranet.org ERRA is a voluntary organization of independent energy regulatory bodies ... and the USA. ERRA began as a cooperative exchange among 12 energy regulatory bodies to improve national ... Albanian Energy Regulator http www.psrc.am en Armenia Public Services Regulatory Commission of Armenia ... en Bosnia and Herzegovina State Electricity Regulatory Commission http www.dker.bg index en.htm Bulgaria State Energy and Water Regulatory Commission http www.hera.hr english html index.html Croatia Croatian Energy Regulatory Agency http www.konkurentsiamet.ee ?lang en Estonia Energy Regulatory ... Energy and Water Supply Regulatory Commission http www.eh.gov.hu home html index.asp?msid 1&sid ... more details
multiple issues context June 2011 notability June 2011 one source June 2011 refimprove June 2011 orphan April 2012 infobox biodatabase title AURA logo description Atlas of UTR Regulatory Activity scope organism center CIBIO University of Trento laboratory Laboratory of Translational Genomics author Erik Dassi, Andrea Malossini, Angela Re, Tommaso Mazza, Toma Tebaldi, Luigi Caputi and Alessandro Quattrone pmid released 2011 standard format url http aura.science.unitn.it download webservice sql sparql webapp standalone license versioning frequency curation bookmark version The Atlas of UTR Regulatory Activity AURA ref name pmid22057158 cite journal quotes yes last Dassi first E authorlink coauthors Malossini A,Re A,Mazza T,Tebaldi T,Caputi L,Quattrone A year 2012 month Jan title AURA Atlas of UTR Regulatory Activity journal Bioinformatics volume 28 issue 1 pages 142 143 publisher location England issn pmid 22057158 doi 10.1093 bioinformatics btr608 bibcode oclc id url pmc language eng format accessdate laysummary laysource laydate quote ref is a manually curated and comprehensive catalog of human untranslated region 5 and 3 untranslated sequences UTR and UTR regulatory annotations. Through its intuitive web interface, it provides full access to a wealth of information that integrates RNA sequence and structure data, variation sites, gene synteny, gene and protein expression and gene functional descriptions from scientific literature and specialized databases. See also RNA binding protein Untranslated region Five prime untranslated region Three prime untranslated region MiRNA References references External links http aura.science.unitn.it . Category Biological databases Category RNA binding proteins Category RNA Category Proteins Biodatabase stub ... more details
refimprove date February 2008 Leucine responsive protein , or Lrp , ref name pmid17223133 cite journal author de los Rios S, Perona JJ title Structure of the Escherichia coli leucine responsive regulatory protein Lrp reveals a novel octameric assembly journal J. Mol. Biol. volume 366 issue 5 pages 1589 602 year 2007 month March pmid 17223133 pmc 1933502 doi 10.1016 j.jmb.2006.12.032 url http linkinghub.elsevier.com retrieve pii S0022 2836 06 01707 4 ref is a global regulator protein , meaning that it regulates the biosynthesis of leucine , as well as the other branched chain amino acids , valine and isoleucine . In bacteria , it is encoded by the lrp gene . Lrp alternatively activates and represses the expression of acetolactate synthase s ALS several isoenzymes . Lrp, in E. coli, along with Dam methylase DAM plays a role in the regulation of the pap operon , pylonephritis associated pili . I m too lazy busy to look up refs for this, but you can find most of them from the article Metabolic engineering of E coli for the production of valine based on transcriptome analysis and in silico gene knockout simulation by Park et al., 2007 References reflist External links MeshName Leucine Responsive Regulatory Protein Category Proteins biochemistry stub ... more details
Prudential Regulatory Authority or Prudential Regulatory Authority may refer to Australian Prudential Regulation Authority Prudential Regulatory Authority United Kingdom disambig ... more details
Infobox protein family Symbol IRF Name Interferon regulatory factor transcription factor image PDB 1irf EBI.jpg width caption interferon regulatory factor 2 dna binding domain, nmr, minimized average structure Pfam PF00605 Pfam clan InterPro IPR001346 SMART PROSITE MEROPS SCOP 1if1 TCDB OPM family OPM protein CAZy CDD Interferon regulatory factors are proteins which regulate Transcription genetics transcription of interferon s see regulation of gene expression . ref name pmid17399883 cite journal author Paun A, Pitha PM title The IRF family, revisited journal Biochimie volume 89 issue 6 7 pages 744 53 year 2007 pmid 17399883 doi 10.1016 j.biochi.2007.01.014 pmc 2139905 ref They are used in the JAK STAT signaling pathway . ref name IkezuGendelman2008 cite book author1 Tsuneya Ikezu author2 Howard E. Gendelman title Neuroimmune Pharmacology url http books.google.com books?id iGnLjvqvPboC&pg PA213 accessdate 28 November 2010 year 2008 publisher Springer isbn 9780387725727 pages 213 ref Interferon regulatory factors contain a conserved sequence conserved N terminal region of about 120 amino acids , which protein folding fold s into a secondary structure structure that binds specifically to the interferon consensus sequence ICS , which is located upstream and downstream DNA upstream of the interferon gene s. ref name pmid1460054 cite journal author Weisz A, Marx P, Sharf R, Appella E, Driggers PH, Ozato K, Levi BZ title Human interferon consensus sequence binding protein is a negative regulator of enhancer elements common to interferon inducible genes journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 267 issue 35 pages 25589 96 year 1992 month December pmid 1460054 doi url ref The remaining parts of the interferon regulatory factor sequence vary depending on the precise function of the protein. ref name pmid1460054 cite journal author Weisz A, Marx P, Sharf R, Appella E, Driggers PH, Ozato K, Levi ... IRF9 See also Interferon References Reflist External links MeshName Interferon regulatory factors ... more details
File Gene therapy.jpg thumb 300px Gene therapy using an Adenovirus vector. A new gene is inserted into an adenovirus. If the treatment is successful, the new gene will make functional protein to treat a disease. Gene therapy is the use of DNA as a pharmaceutical agent to treat disease. It derives its name from the idea that DNA can be used to supplement or alter gene s within an individual s Cell biology cells as a therapy to treat disease . The most common form of gene therapy involves using DNA that encodes a functional, therapeutic gene in order to replace a mutate d gene. Other forms involve ... human gene to provide treatment. In gene therapy, DNA that encodes a therapeutic protein is packaged ..., which in turn treats the patient s disease. Gene therapy was first conceptualized in 1972, with the authors urging caution before commencing gene therapy studies in humans. ref name Friedman 1972 The first FDA approved gene therapy experiment in the United States occurred in 1990, when Ashanti DeSilva was treated for ADA SCID. ref name Gene Therapy Finds Its Niche Sheridan, C. 2011 . Gene therapy ... ref Since then, over 1,700 clinical trials have been conducted using a number of techniques for gene therapy. ref name JGenMed Database J. Gene Med. Gene Therapy Clinical Trials Database. http www.wiley.com ... gene therapy as over hyped, clinical successes in 2009 2011 have bolstered new optimism in the promise of gene therapy. These include successful treatment of patients with the retinal disease Leber s Congenital ... of gene therapy for SCID. Nature Immunology 11, 457 2010 . doi 10.1038 ni0610 457 ref Severe combined immunodeficiency ADA SCID , ref Ferrua F. et al. , Update on gene therapy for adenosine deaminase ... adrenoleukodystrophy , ref Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Gene ...., Flaherty, A. W., Eskandar, E. N., Kostyk, S. K., et al. 2011 . AAV2 GAD gene therapy for advanced ... interest in gene therapy, with several articles in scientific and popular publications calling ... more details
a reporter gene is used to study a regulatory sequence. In molecular biology , a reporter gene often simply reporter is a gene that researchers attach to a regulatory sequence of another gene ... a certain gene has been taken up by or expressed in the cell or organism population. Common reporter genes To introduce a reporter gene into an organism, scientists place the reporter gene and the gene ... a plasmid . It is important to use a reporter gene that is not natively expressed in the cell or organism ... uptake of the gene of interest. Commonly used reporter genes that induce visually identifiable characteristics usually involve fluorescent and luminescent proteins. Examples include the gene that encodes ... light, and the red fluorescent protein from the gene dsRed. The GUS reporter system GUS gene has ... E. coli lac operon lacZ gene, which encodes the protein beta galactosidase . This enzyme causes bacteria expressing the gene to appear blue when grown on a medium that contains the substrate analog ... acetyltransferase CAT gene, which confers resistance to the antibiotic chloramphenicol . Transformation ... two ways of expressing a foreign or modified gene in an organism are effective in only a small percentage ... gene uptake events is necessary. Reporter genes used in this way are normally expressed under their own promotor biology promoter independent from that of the introduced gene of interest the reporter gene can be expressed constitutively that is, it is always on or inducibly with an external intervention ... gene s expression is independent of the gene of interest s expression, which is an advantage when the gene ... taken up the construct containing the CAT gene will survive and multiply under these conditions. Gene expression assays Reporter genes can also be used to assay for the expression of the gene ... culture or organism. In these cases the reporter is directly attached to the gene of interest to create a gene fusion . The two genes are under the same promoter elements and are transcription genetics ... more details
The Gibraltar Regulatory Authority GRA was established by the Gibraltar Regulatory Act in October 2000. The GRA is the statutory body in Gibraltar responsible for regulating electronic communications. This includes telecommunications , radio communications and broadcasting transmissions. The GRA serves as both the national supervisory and regulatory authority for these sectors. The supervision and regulation of these sectors in done in accordance with EU law that has been rendered into national law. ref GRA, http www.gra.gi index.php?site communications Communications Sector , GRA ref Since inception the GRA has seen its responsibilities extended to data protection and gambling . Electronic Communication The GRA attempts to enhance competition in the communications sector by regulating network access to develop effective choice for business and residential consumers alike and by helping the facilitate entry to the communications market through authorizations and licenses. ref GRA, http www.gra.gi index.php?site communications Communications Sector , GRA ref The GRA policy is designed to make Gibraltar recognizable as a world class telecommunications centre to do business. As well as ensuring that Gibraltar has a high quality telecommunications service that offers consumers a better ... regulatory authorities tasked with a similar role. The GRA also continuously develops a comprehensive ... licensing and regulatory framework to match Gibraltar s status as the home to the world s leading online ... regulatory authority review GRA Gibraltar Regulatory Authority , Chips88 , August 11, 2010 ... chips88.com reliable online casino regulator reviews gra gibraltar regulatory authority review GRA Gibraltar Regulatory Authority , Chips88 , August 11, 2010 ref See also Gaming Control Board Notes Reflist External links http www.gra.gi Official Gibraltar Regulatory Authority Site DEFAULTSORT Gibraltar Regulatory Authority Category Communications authorities Category Gambling regulation ... more details
Infobox rfam Name p27 cis regulatory element image RF00454.jpg width caption Predicted secondary structure and sequence conservation of p27 CRE Symbol p27 CRE AltSymbols Rfam RF00454 miRBase miRBase family RNA type Cis regulatory element Cis reg Tax domain Eukaryota GO SO SO 0000204 CAS number EntrezGene HGNCid OMIM PDB RefSeq Chromosome Arm Band LocusSupplementaryData The p27 cis regulatory element is a structured GC content G C rich cis regulatory element RNA element which is involved in controlling cell cycle regulated translation of the P27 gene p27 sup kip sup protein in human cells. ref name pmid12837699 cite journal last Gopfert first U coauthors Kullmann M, Hengst L year 2003 title Cell cycle dependent translation of p27 involves a responsive element in its 5 UTR that overlaps with a uORF journal Hum Mol Genet volume 12 pages 1767&ndash 1779 pmid 12837699 doi 10.1093 hmg ddg177 issue 14 ref The p27 sup kip1 sup protein is involved in cell cycle regulation and belongs to the Cip Kip family of cyclin dependent kinase CDK inhibitors. ref name pmid8288131 cite journal author Polyak K, Kato JY, Solomon MJ, et al. title p27Kip1, a cyclin Cdk inhibitor, links transforming growth factor beta and contact inhibition to cell cycle arrest journal Genes Dev. volume 8 issue 1 pages 9 22 year 1994 month January pmid 8288131 doi 10.1101 gad.8.1.9 url http www.genesdev.org cgi pmidlookup?view long&pmid 8288131 ref These inhibitors possess an N terminal CDK inhibitory domain which binds to the Adenosine triphosphate ATP binding pocket of the kinase and modulates its function. ref name ... url ref This p27 cis regulatory element is 114 nucleotides in length and is located at the very ... to its regulatory function as replacement of the G C rich region with an unstructured sequence ... Rfam id RF00454 name p27 cis regulatory element DEFAULTSORT P27 Cis Regulatory Element Category Cis regulatory RNA elements ... more details
Myogenic regulatory factors are basic helix loop helix bHLH transcription factor s that regulate myogenesis MyoD , Myf5 , myogenin , and MRF4 . ref cite journal author Perry R, Rudnick M title Molecular mechanisms regulating myogenic determination and differentiation journal Front Biosci volume 5 issue pages D750 67 year 2000 pmid 10966875 doi 10.2741 Perry ref These proteins contain a conserved basic DNA binding domain that binds the E box DNA motif. ref cite journal author Weintraub H, Davis R, Tapscott S, Thayer M, Krause M, Benezra R, Blackwell T, Turner D, Rupp R, Hollenberg S title The myoD gene family nodal point during specification of the muscle cell lineage journal Science volume 251 issue 4995 pages 761 6 year 1991 pmid 1846704 doi 10.1126 science.1846704 ref They dimerize with other Basic helix loop helix HLH containing proteins through an HLH HLH interaction. ref cite journal author Barndt R, Zhuang Y title Controlling lymphopoiesis with a combinatorial E protein code journal Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol volume 64 issue pages 45 50 year 1999 pmid 11232321 doi 10.1101 sqb.1999.64.45 ref References Reflist 2 External links MeshName Myogenic Regulatory Factors Transcription factors g1 Category Transcription factors Category DNA binding proteins ... more details
Orphan date April 2012 infobox biodatabase title CORG logo File Database.png description conserved Non coding DNA scope organism center Max Planck Institute laboratory author pmid PMID 12519946 released standard format url http corg.molgen.mpg.de download webservice sql sparql webapp standalone license versioning frequency curation bookmark version Comparative regulatory genomics database CORG is a catalogue of conserved Non coding DNA non coding sequence blocks. ref id mid12519946 cite journal quotes yes last Dieterich first C authorlink coauthors Wang H, Rateitschak K, Luz H, Vingron M year 2003 month Jan title CORG a database for COmparative Regulatory Genomics journal Nucleic Acids Res. volume 31 issue 1 pages 55 7 publisher location England issn pmid 12519946 bibcode oclc id url pmc 165454 language eng format accessdate laysummary laysource laydate quote doi 10.1093 nar gkg007 ref See also Non coding DNA References references External links http corg.molgen.mpg.de Category Biological databases Category Genetics Category Gene expression Biodatabase stub ... more details
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