Merge from Genism discuss Talk Geneticdiscrimination Merger proposal date January 2011 essay like date October 2011 Discrimination sidebar Geneticdiscrimination occurs when people are treated differently ... the risk of an Genetic disorder inherited disorder . People who undergo genetic testing may be at risk for geneticdiscrimination. The results of a genetic test are normally included in a person s medical ... genetic testing . Several countries have laws that help protect people against geneticdiscrimination .... Public concern against discrimination The term geneticdiscrimination was first coined by the Council ... agencies in preventing geneticdiscrimination in health insurance. Further, the ELSI Working Group ... Working Group, cosponsored a series of workshops in the mid 1990s on geneticdiscrimination in health ... . By 1996, the Council for Responsible Genetics had identified over 200 cases of geneticdiscrimination ... of 1996 provided the first federal protections against geneticdiscrimination in health insurance ... condition. The next step in addressing the issue of geneticdiscrimination was taken by President ... order Executive Order 13145 to Prohibit Discrimination in Federal Employment Based on Genetic ... inaugurate protection from geneticdiscrimination while others would modify or clarify existing legislation ... 2008 05 the genetic inf title GeneticDiscrimination by Insurers, Employers Becomes a Crime ... would not take advantage of genetic testing due to fear of discrimination. A 1995 poll of the general ... and employers ref cite journal last Miller first P.S. title Geneticdiscrimination in the workplace ... news title US Blocks GeneticDiscrimination first BBC News authorlink BBC News date 25 April 2008 url http news.bbc.co.uk 2 hi americas 7366264.stm accessdate 2010 01 04 Respond GeneticDiscrimination url http www.respondgeneticdiscrimination.com DEFAULTSORT GeneticDiscrimination Category Discrimination ..., genetic test results could affect a person s insurance coverage or employment. People making ... more details
about prejudicial treatment statistical discrimination linear discriminant analysis other uses wikt discriminationDiscrimination sidebar Discrimination is the prejudice prejudicial treatment of an individual ... to redress negative effects of discrimination, but in turn have sometimes been called reverse discrimination themselves. Etymology The term discrimination began to be used as an expression of derogatory ... date February 2012 Since the American Civil War the term discrimination generally evolved in American .... Print. ref Discrimination derives from Latin, where the verb discrimire means to separate, to distinguish, to make a distinction . Definitions Moral philosophers have defined discrimination as disadvantageous ... money to them. ref Kasper Lippert Rasmussen, Private Discrimination A Prioritarian, Desert Accommodating Account , San Diego Law Review , 43, 817 856 2006 Oscar Horta, Discrimination in Terms of Moral ... al. Political Psychology, 25 , 823 844. ref have highlighted a distinction between three types of discrimination ... discrimination is driven by the need for accuracy clarify date February 2012 and reflects stable ... status . The United Nations stance on discrimination includes a statement that Discriminatory behaviors ... discrim id 8 ud print.asp United Nations CyberSchoolBus What is discrimination? ref Racial and ethnic discrimination Main Racism Discrimination based on skin color Image Segregation 1938b.jpg ... lawn, North Carolina , 1938. Racial discrimination differentiates between individuals on the basis ... by law enforcement officials has been called racial discrimination. ref cite news first Gene ... Rights Act of 1866 Civil Rights Act provided a remedy for intentional race discrimination in employment ... federal statute with regard to employment discrimination prohibiting unlawful employment discrimination by public and private employers, labor organizations, training programs and employment ... provides that race and color discrimination against every race and color is prohibited. Within the criminal ... more details
wiktionary geneticGenetic may refer to Genetics , in biology, the science of genes, heredity, and the variation of organisms Genetic, used as an adjective, refers to heredity of traits Gene , a unit of heredity in the genome of an organism Genetic linguistics , in linguistics, a relationship between two languages with a common ancestor language Genetic algorithm , in computer science, a kind of search technique modeled on evolutionary biology disambiguation simple Genetic ur ... more details
Theory Geneticdiscrimination Psychiatric genetics Gene environment correlation Medical genetics of Ashkenazi ... Press Reprint edition 1989 ISBN 0 262 54053 3 External links http www.genome.gov 10002328 Geneticdiscrimination fact sheet from the National Human Genome Research Institute . DEFAULTSORT Genetic Predisposition ...Expert subject Genetics date June 2009 A genetic predisposition is a genetics genetic affectation which influences the phenotype of an individual organism within a species or population but by definition that phenotype can also be modified by the natural environment environmental conditions. In the rest of the population, conditions cannot have that effect. Genetic test ing is able to identify individuals who are genetically predisposed to certain disease health problems . Behavior Predisposition is the capacity we are born with to learn things such as language and concept of self. Negative environmental influences may block the predisposition ability we have to do some things. Animal behavior Behaviors displayed by animals can be influenced by genetic predispositions. Genetic predisposition towards certain human behaviors is Ethology scientifically investigated by attempts to identify patterns of human behavior that seem to be invariant over long periods of time and in very different cultures. For example, philosopher Daniel Dennett has proposed that humans are genetically predisposed ... of others based on personal knowledge of what you would do. It has been proved that there s no genetic predisposition for learning a particular language. Geneticdiscrimination in health insurance The Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act , which was http www.genome.gov 24519851 signed into law by President Bush on May 21, 2008 , prohibits discrimination in employment and health insurance based on genetic information. See also Human nature Edward Osborne Wilson E. O. Wilson s book on sociobiology and his book Consilience discuss the idea of genetic predisposition to behaviors The field ... more details
Discrimination sidebar Housing discrimination is discrimination based on protected class status, variously including Race classification of human beings race , gender , Ethnic group ethnicity , Ageing age , national origin , sexual orientation and gender identity , marital status , or veteran status, in the realm of House housing and real estate . Four types of housing discrimination are rental discrimination, sales discrimination, lending and Mortgage loan mortgage discrimination and Home insurance homeowners insurance . The Office of Fair Housing and Equal Opportunity is charged with enforcing fair housing laws, including the Fair Housing Act of 1968. Any person who feels that they have faced housing discrimination because of their race, color, religion, sex, national origin, disability, or familial status can file a discrimination complaint http www.hud.gov offices fheo online complaint.cfm online or by calling 1 800 669 9777 voice or 1 800 972 9275 TTY . For more information on housing discrimination in the U.S., see Housing discrimination United States . See also Office of Fair Housing and Equal Opportunity Affordable housing Equal Credit Opportunity Act Fair housing Federal Housing Administration Homelessness in the United States Home Ownership and Equity Protection Act of 1994 Housing Act of 1937 Housing Act of 1949 Housing Discrimination United States Housing and Community Development Act of 1974 Housing and Economic Recovery Act of 2008 Housing for Older Persons Act McKinney Vento Homeless Assistance Act National Housing Act of 1934 Ownership equity Public housing in the United States Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act Real estate economics Redlining Subprime Subsidized housing United States Department of Housing and Urban Development Urban Institute External Links http portal.hud.gov hudportal HUD?src program offices fair housing equal opp online complaint File a Housing Discrimination Complaint http portal.hud.gov hudportal HUD?src program offices fair ... more details
Discrimination sidebar Economic discrimination is a term that describes a form of discrimination based ... for business. The term is broadly used in economic research, and includes discrimination against workers, consumers, and minority owned businesses. It is not the same as price discrimination ... to pay . History The term economic discrimination has been in usage for over 150 years ... customer for the same service. In 19th century English and American common law , discrimination was meant to indicate improper distinctions in economic transactions. For example, discrimination occurred ... Clauses. Most 19th century economic discrimination was by Protestants against Catholics , or by Christians against Jews , and usually could be referred to as economic discrimination against consumers. By the early 20th century, discrimination also included biased or unequal terms against other ... order forbidding discrimination in employment by a company working under a government defense contract, that economic discrimination took on the overtones it has today, which is discrimination ... inter corporate discrimination so problematic in the late 19th century and early 20th century, but the problem of discrimination on an economic basis against minorities had become widespread. Causes There is a wide range of theory concerned with the root causes of economic discrimination. Economic discrimination is unique from most other kinds of discrimination because only a small portion ... s religion, ethnicity or nationality has always been a component of economic discrimination, much like all other forms of discrimination. Most discrimination in the US and Europe is claimed to be in terms of racial and Ethnic persecution ethnic discrimination blacks and Hispanics in the USA, Muslims ... nature of employment discrimination litigation. Stanford Law Review , 43, 983 1033. ref This form of economic discrimination is usually leveled at whatever groups are held to be in power at the time ... more details
Discrimination sidebar Labour discrimination as defined by Kenneth Arrow is the valuation in the market .... There are multiple dimensions that need to be considered when discussing such discrimination ... as wage discrimination and is the most prevalent form of discrimination. The attempt to combat such a form of discrimination can be seen in increasing equal pay legislation in different countries. Examples of this are the Equal Pay Act 1970 , Sex Discrimination Act 1975 Sex Discrimination Act ... than that of other groups that do not face such discrimination. Thirdly, there is discrimination ... and menial tasks.This is known as employment discrimination, where an individual is excluded ... A general misconception prevails that discrimination is only practiced by the employer. This is not true. In addition to employer discrimination, customer discrimination can also exist in the market ... Economics courses Jose 4838 notes chapter6 wagedisc.pdf ref Neoclassical theories of discrimination Under this section, we shall basically deal with labour discrimination under the Neoclassical ... of such discrimination, it becomes important to answer two basic questions i To what extent is there a difference ... unequally treated? ii If such discrimination, as suggested, does exist, what are the explanations ...§ion 5.1 ref Consumer discrimination Customer discriminatiob is a manifestation of personal prejudice ... acts like he is paying P 1 d , where Pd is the cost of discrimination. ref http what when how.com social sciences discrimination social science ref The fact that customer discrimination is still ... sector will only aid in increasing the effects of this discrimination with a growth of jobs requiring face to face contact. ref http www.accessmylibrary.com article 1G1 21073464 customer discrimination and employment.html ref Statistical discrimination Statistical discrimination economics Statistical discrimination is said to occur when an employer projects group characteristics upon an individual ... more details
refimprove date July 2008 Employment discrimination or workplace discrimination is discrimination in hiring ... . Many jurisdictions prohibit some types of employment discrimination, often by forbidding discrimination based on certain traits protected categories . In other cases, the law may require discrimination against certain groups. In places where it is illegal, discrimination often takes subtler forms, such as wage discrimination and requirements with disparate impact on certain groups. In addition, employees sometimes suffer retaliation for opposing workplace discrimination or for reporting violations to the authorities. Like most discrimination, employment discrimination may occur intentionally or unintentionally, because of prejudice or ignorance . Discrimination sidebar Protected categories Laws often prohibit discrimination on the basis of ref http www.albertahumanrights.ab.ca publications ... Discrimination by Type http www.humanrightscommission.vic.gov.au index.php?option com k2&view item&layout item&id 985&Itemid 362 Types of discrimination ref Race classification of human beings Race ... Gender identity Marital status Some jurisdictions prohibit employment discrimination against other social groups that have legal protections. They include discrimination or harassment based ... regional origin. Effects of discrimination Markets punish the discriminator The Nobel prize winning economist Gary Becker showed in his book The Economics of Discrimination University of Chicago ... There is also a view that discrimination to satisfy customers preference can increase profits ref J ... Customer Discrimination University of California, Berkeley 2009 p. 2 ref . Discrimination by the government In politics, the dominating part of the population rules. Therefore, the worst discrimination ... http www.econlib.org library Columns y2010 Murphydiscrimination.html The Economics of Discrimination ... plummeted for decades. ref name enc http www.econlib.org library Enc Discrimination.html Discrimination ... more details
In psychology , discrimination learning is the process by which animals or people learn to make different responses to different stimuli. ref MeshName Discrimination Learning ref It was a classic topic in the psychology of learning from the 1920s to the 1970s, and was particularly investigated within comparative psychology , where a key issue was whether continuous or discontinuous learning processes were concerned in the acquisition of discriminations human cognitive psychology the experimental analysis of behaviour , where a key issue was whether discriminations could be trained without the necessity for the subject to make errors developmental psychology , where a key issue was the changes that occur in the process of discrimination as a function of age cross cultural psychology , where a key issue was the role that the cultural appropriateness of the stimuli to be discriminated played in the rate of acquisition of effective discrimination mathematical psychology , where attempts were made to formalise the distinctions being drawn in other branches of psychology. While interest in the learning of discriminations has continued in all those fields, from about 1980 onwards the phrase discrimination learning was used less often as the main description either of individual studies or of a field of investigation. Instead, investigations of the learning of discriminations have tended to be described in other terms such as pattern recognition or concept discrimination. This change partly reflects the increasing diversity of studies of discrimination, and partly the general expansion of the topic of cognition within psychology, so that learning is not now the central organizing topic that it was in the mid 20th century. References reflist Learning Category Learning cognitive psych stub ... more details
Refimprove date September 2008 Tactile discrimination is the ability to differentiate information received through the sense of touch . This is often tested during neurological examination and represents a higher level of neurological function involving the cerebral cortex . Examples include the ability to discriminate between sharp and dull objects touching the skin, stereognosis , graphesthesia , and two point discrimination . Category Perception Medicine stub pl Dyskryminacja czuciowa ... more details
globalize date December 2011 Discrimination sidebar Reverse discrimination is a term referring to discrimination against members of a dominant or majority group, including the city or state, or in favor of members of a minority or historically disadvantaged group. Groups may be defined in terms of Race classification of human beings race , gender , ethnicity , or other factors. This discrimination may seek to redress social inequalities where minority groups have been denied access to the same privileges of the majority group. In such cases it is intended to remove discrimination that minority groups may already face. Reverse discrimination may also be used to highlight the discrimination inherent in affirmative action programs. The law in some countries, such as the UK, draws a distinction between Equality of Provision and Equality of Outcome, recognising that identical treatment may sometimes ... it as an example of positive discrimination. India In India, among the limited positions for higher ... reverse discrimination of Open General Non Reserved candidates. Further, since there are no economic ... against Reservation in India reservation and quotas . ref Devanesan Nesiah. Discrimination With Reason ... will cause reverse discrimination, cautions Supreme Court ref ref R. Kent Greenawalt. Discrimination and Reverse Discrimination . 1983. Knopf. ISBN 0 394 33577 5. ref United Kingdom UK law draws ... rights. The Disability Discrimination Act 1995 and the Equality Act 2010 make it clear that treating ... discrimination with respect to merit awards and saying that female and ethnic minority consultants ... book chapter Reverse discrimination pages 72&ndash 73 title Philosophy the basics author Nigel Warburton ... Reverse discrimination in EC law volume 64 series European monographs author Alina Tryfonidou publisher ... discrimination dismantling the myth author Fred L. Pincus publisher Lynne Rienner Publishers year ... controversy Category Discrimination Category Affirmative action bg de Umgekehrte ... more details
The Fighting Discrimination Program of Human Rights First focuses on the violence known as hate crimes or bias crimes. Because equality is a cornerstone of human rights protection, discrimination in all its forms is a violation of human rights. Discrimination can take the form of violence generated by prejudice ... First Hate Crime Survey 2008.gif right thumb Fighting Discrimination Reports and Publications 2008 Hate Crime Survey , written by Human Rights First s Fighting Discrimination Program. Through the Fighting Discrimination Program, Human Rights First seeks to combat discrimination by reversing the tide ... of violence driven by discrimination in each country and at two principal ways in which this violence ... with enhanced penalties. Second, the fight against discrimination requires the monitoring and statistical ... tools for policy makers and effective action to confront violence. Official anti discrimination bodies can play a pivotal role in ensuring that monitoring occurs and effective anti discrimination policies are then implemented. Advocacy efforts In pursuing policy changes, the Fighting Discrimination ... Fighting Discrimination focuses on fifty six countries of the OSCE. The Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe the OSCE provides the main stage for the Fighting Discrimination Program ... discrimination international organizations osce index.aspx Fighting Discrimination at the OSCE ref The United Nations the Fighting Discrimination Program was initiated in the aftermath of the 2001 ... s initiatives. Apart from engaging in various advocacy opportunities at the UN, Fighting Discrimination ... discrimination international organizations un index.aspx Fighting Discrimination at the UN ref Over the years, the Fighting Discrimination Program has also been in direct contact with important government officials who deal with the issues of discrimination, hate crime, national minorities, antisemitism ... of the Chairman in Office on Combating Intolerance and Discrimination Combating Racism, Xenophobia ... more details
refimprove date March 2011 Pregnancy discrimination occurs when expectant women are fired, not hired ... of pregnancy discrimination include not being hired due to visible pregnancy or likelihood of becoming ... 70 of women with children in the work force, pregnancy discrimination is the fastest growing type of discrimination in the U.S., and in 2006 represented approximately 6.5 of all discrimination claims ... totaling 10.4 million. Legislation In 1978, the U.S. Congress passed the Pregnancy Discrimination Act P.L. 95 555 , an amendment to the sex discrimination section of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 ... or foster care with them or their domestic partner. Historical perspective The Pregnancy Discrimination ... amendments 2 Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment to protect women from discrimination on the basis of sex. Two major cases in the 70s appear to be directly responsible for the Pregnancy Discrimination ... from these two decisions appears to have directly fueled the creation of the Pregnancy Discrimination Act by Congress. In 2009 the Supreme Court again addressed Pregnancy discrimination with their ruling ... Pregnancy Discrimination Act cannot be considered in calculating employee pension benefits, therefore essentially implying that the Pregnancy Discrimination Act is not Ex post facto law retroactive ..., and the same thing as discrimination on grounds of sex contrasting to the American case of Geduldig v. Aileo and consistent with the American approach in the Pregnancy Discrimination Act of 1978 ... VJV Centrum Plus ref 1990 ECR I 3941 ref that pregnancy discrimination was sex discrimination without ... as a dismissal, a failure to renew a fixed term contract may also be discrimination. ref Jimenez ... on companies if they are found to have committed acts of pregnancy discrimination. Expand section date January 2010 Other Mexico and Japan have laws to combat pregnancy discrimination. Expand section date January 2010 See also UK employment discrimination law US employment discrimination law Notes ... more details
Institutionalized discrimination refers to the unfair, indirect treatment of an individual embedded in the operating ... , sexual orientation , and Ageing age . Though direct discrimination is legally iniquitous by United ... carried out every day. Because of institutionalized discrimination, meritocracy cannot be realized. Examples Examples of institutionalized discrimination include laws and decisions that reflect racism ... discrimination often exists within the government, though it can also occur in any ... per se are an example of institutionalized discrimination. Two recent studies aimed to explain ... States is in no way the only country in which institutionalized discrimination takes place. Other countries like Saudi Arabia have institutionalized discrimination where women and other oppressed ... v NATFHE now part of UCU race discrimination case, the Tribunal decided that the union s principal ... discrimination also exists in institutions aside from the government such as religion , education ... examples of institutionalized discrimination. This phenomenon occurs unintentionally at times. In the article Discrimination and Affirmative Action , Dr. Jan Garrett gives the example of a boss who requests ... race or gender being an issue in hiring, their discrimination is unintentional. ref name Jan Garrett cite web author Garrett, Jan title Discrimination and Affirmative Action publisher Western Kentucky ... community the homeowners will leave the area. This is called white flight . Institutionalized discrimination exist within the actual housing system including redlining and mortgage discrimination . ref ... into their own hands to address the issue of institutionalized discrimination. The Cedar Grove Institute for Sustainable Communities has developed a plan to fight institutionalized discrimination in the Mebane ... discrimination. ref name Cedar Grove cite web author Cedar Grove Institute for Sustainable Communities title Fighting Institutionalized Discrimination and Exclusion of Minorities accessdate 2008 ... more details
discrimination in employment or insurance is also a concern. Some individuals avoid genetic ...Genetic testing also called DNA based tests is among the newest and most sophisticated of techniques ... Gene Testing ref used to test for genetic disorders which involves direct examination of the DNA molecule itself. Other genetic tests include biochemical tests for such gene products as enzyme s and other protein s and for microscopic examination of stained or fluorescent chromosomes. Genetic ... to be expressed preimplantation genetic diagnosis see the side bar, Screening Embryos for Disease prenatal diagnosis prenatal diagnostic testing newborn screening Genealogical DNA test for genetic ... s disease confirmational diagnosis of a symptomatic individual forensic identity testing Genetic testing allows the Genetics genetic medical diagnosis diagnosis of vulnerabilities to inherited diseases , and can also be used to determine a child s paternity genetic father or a person s ancestry .... In addition to studying chromosomes to the level of individual genes, genetic testing in a broader sense includes biochemical tests for the possible presence of genetic diseases, or mutant forms of genes associated with increased risk of developing genetic disorders. Genetic testing identifies changes ... genetictesting title What is genetic testing? Genetics Home Reference publisher Ghr.nlm.nih.gov date ... with inherited disorders. The results of a genetic test can confirm or rule out a suspected genetic condition or help determine a person s chance of developing or passing on a genetic disorder . Several hundred genetic tests are currently in use, and more are being developed. ref cite web url http www.nlm.nih.gov medlineplus genetictesting.html title Genetic Testing MedlinePlus publisher ... health info public unit3 DefinitionsGeneticTesting 3rdDraf18Jan07.xhtml title Definitions of Genetic Testing accessdate 2008 08 10 work Definitions of Genetic Testing Jorge Sequeiros and B rbara Guimar es ... more details
Price discrimination or price differentiation ref http encarta.msn.com dictionary 561539255 561539255 ... on secondary exchange or re selling to prevent arbitrage , price discrimination can only be a feature of monopoly monopolistic and oligopoly oligopolistic market s, ref Price Discrimination ... consumers, even in fully competitive retail or industrial markets. Price discrimination also occurs ... discrimination on social efficiency are unclear typically such behavior leads to lower prices for some consumers and higher prices for others. Output can be expanded when price discrimination is very efficient, but output can also decline when discrimination is more effective at extracting surplus ..., price discrimination can reduce efficiency by misallocating output among consumers. Price discrimination ... to as a rate fence . Price discrimination is thus very common in services where resale is not possible an example is student discounts at museums. Price discrimination in intellectual property is also ... obtain from price discrimination against higher price market segments. Price discrimination can also ... of price discrimination exercised by providing a means for consumers to reveal their willingness to pay. Types of price discrimination First degree price discrimination In first degree price discrimination , price varies by customer s willingness or ability to pay cf. Value based pricing ... it. An alternative way to understand First Degree Price Discrimination is as follows This type of price discrimination is primarily theoretical because it requires the seller of a good or service ... though, first degree price discrimination is not necessarily undesirable. That is, the market ... price discrimination, the seller s simply captures all surplus. Efficiency is unchanged but the wealth ... price discrimination In second degree price discrimination , price varies according to quantity sold ... discrimination , sellers are not able to differentiate between different types of consumers. Thus, the suppliers ... more details
Globalize North America date December 2010 Status of religious freedom Discrimination sidebar Religious discrimination is valuing or treating a person or group differently because of what they do or do not believe. A concept like that of religious discrimination is necessary to take into account ambiguities ... are described as mild forms of religious persecution or as religious discrimination . Furthermore ... minorities voice concerns about religious discrimination against them. Insofar as legal policies are concerned, cases that are perceived as religious discrimination might be the result of an interference ... on civil rights defined religious discrimination in relation to the civil rights guaranteed by the Fourteenth ... discrimination occurs when someone is denied the equal protection of the laws, equality of status ..., 1979 II ref Situation in Western countries However, cases of religious discrimination might also be the result ... of promoting racial and religious discrimination due to the law s provision authorizing the possession ... of religious and racial discrimination have also been found in the education system. In a recent ... with racial and religious discrimination when they forbade a university dormitory resident from smudging ... First Amendment Center Va. inmate can challenge denial of Thor s Hammer ref Religious discrimination ... suit alleging discrimination against an Iranian Muslim employee by the Merrill Lynch company in US ... See also Secularization Discrimination Civil rights Intersectionality Religious police Out Campaign OUT Campaign List of anti discrimination acts Religious intolerance Specific types Anti Catholicism Anti Mormon Anti Semitism Islamophobia Anti Hinduism Discrimination against atheists Religious discrimination ... Rights, 1979 Religious discrimination. A neglected issue. A consultation sponsored by the United ... Freedom with Raptors http finduslaw.com taxonomy menu 12 23 16 Religious Discrimination Laws in the United States Discrimination Religious persecution DEFAULTSORT Religious Discrimination Category ... more details
Term Discrimination is a way to rank keywords in how useful they are for Information Retrieval . Overview This is a method similar to tf idf but it deals with finding keywords suitable for information retrieval and ones that are not. Please refer to Vector Space Model first. This method uses the concept of Vector Space Density that the less dense an occurrence matrix is, the better an information retrieval query will be. An optimal index term is one that can distinguish two different documents from each other and relate two similar documents. On the other hand, a sub optimal index term can not distinguish two different document from two similar documents. The discrimination value is the difference in the occurrence matrix s vector space density versus the same matrix s vector space without the index term s density. Let math A math be the occurrence matrix math A k math be the occurrence matrix without the index term math k math and math Q A math be density of math A math . Then The discrimination value of the index term math k math is math DV k Q A Q A k math How to compute Given an occurrency matrix math A math and one keyword math k math Find the global document centroid math C math this is just the average document vector Find the average euclidean distance from every document vector, math D i math to math C math Find the average euclidean distance from every document vector, math D i math to math C math IGNORING math k math The difference between the two values in the above step is the discrimination value for keyword math K math A higher value is better because including the keyword will result in better information retrieval. Qualitative Observations Keywords that are Sparse matrix sparse should be poor discriminators because they have poor Precision and recall recall , whereas keywords that are frequent should be poor discriminators because they have poor Precision ... discrimination values by use of the cover coefficient concept. Journal of the American Society for Information ... more details
globalize US date December 2011 Mortgage discrimination or mortgage lending discrimination is the practice ... of widespread mortgage discrimination occurred in United States inner city neighborhoods from the 1930s ... cities during this time period. Minorities who tried to buy homes continued to face direct discrimination ... Mortgage Lending Discrimination in America September 1999 ref With other factors held constant ... http www.findarticles.com p articles mi qa3631 is 199507 ai n8720778 Discrimination in mortgage lending ... they serve. In the 1970s, the private sector fight against mortgage discrimination ... www.spokesmanreview.com business story.asp?ID 194303 ref Contemporary mortgage discrimination Several class action mortgage discrimination claims have been filed against lenders across the country ... Industry s Attack on Disparate Impact Race Discrimination Claims Under the Fair Housing Act and Equal ... NewRedlining FHA Goes To WellToDo.htm ref Mortgage discrimination played a significant part ... the efforts banks took to meet public pressure to overcome perceived mortgage discrimination ... cms exclusivesopen.aspx?id 3262 NAACP Fights Loan Discrimination ref An analysis, by N.Y.U. ... were more likely to get a loan from a subprime lender. ref name nytimes Discrimination motivated by prejudice .... ref Stephen R Holloway 1998 Exploring the Neighborhood Contingency of Race Discrimination in Mortgage ... loan products. These communities had Mortgage discrimination largely been ignored by most lenders ... racial discrimination by more than a dozen banks. To date, none of these suits have been successful ... 3605, although not specifically naming foreclosures, discrimination in the manner in which a lending ... the Fair Housing Act . Any person who feels that they have faced lending discrimination can file a fair ..., issued a Policy Statement On Discrimination In Lending on April 29, 2004, emphasizing the breadth ... Statement explained that courts have recognized three methods of proof of lending discrimination under ... more details
globalize date August 2011 Discrimination sidebar Heightism is prejudice or discrimination based on Human height height . In principle it can refer to treatment of either unusually tall or short people ... Birnbaum first Jesse ref Heightism is one of a proliferation of neologisms relating to prejudice and discrimination ... Jonathan Rauch http www.jonathanrauch.com jrauch articles height discrimination short guys finish last index.html Short Guys Finish Last The world s most enduring form of discrimination. The Economist ... such preferences are innate or are the function of a society in which height discrimination impacts ... state in the United States of America, Michigan , that prohibits height discrimination. ref ... Two municipalities currently prohibit height discrimination Santa Cruz, California ref name Advocates ... of Santa Cruz code Prohibition against Discrimination , 1992. ref and San Francisco, California ... Weight and Height Discrimination San Francisco Administrative Code Chapters 12A, 12B and 12C ... discrimination based on personal appearance. ref name DC http ohr.dc.gov ohr cwp view,a,3,q,491858,ohrNav ... height discrimination under the human rights code. ref name Ontario http www.ohrc.on.ca en resources ... Code. ref Victoria, Australia prohibits discrimination based on physical features under the Equal Opportunity ... battles pursued against height discrimination in the workplace include a 2002 case involving highly ... Discrimination Case . ref a 2005 Swedish case involving an unfair height requirement for employment ... Kohler Corp. Gender Discrimination Case . ref Height requirements for employment which are not a Bona .... See also Human height Discrimination Napoleon Complex Heights of Presidents of the United States and presidential candidates . Height and intelligence References Reflist 2 Discrimination External ... Adults http thesocialcomplex.tumblr.com The Social Complex Blog Category Discrimination Category Prejudices Category Human height Discrimination Category Dispositional beliefs he pt Altismo ... more details
Discrimination sidebar Linguistic discrimination is a term used to refer to the unfair treatment of an individual based solely on their use of language. This use of language may include the individual s native language or other characteristics of the person s speech, such as an Accent linguistics accent ... of North California 2002 . Language Discrimination Your Legal Rights. http www.aclunc.org library .... In the mid 1980s, linguistics Linguist Tove Skutnabb Kangas, captured this idea of discrimination .... ref Although different names have been given to this form of discrimination, they all hold the same definition. It is also important to note that linguistic discrimination is culturally and socially ..., 17 20. ref Examples of Linguistic Discrimination Linguistic discrimination is often defined in terms ... prejudice and discrimination, they are not always directly related. ref Sch tz, H., & Six, B. 1996 . How strong is the relationship between prejudice and discrimination? A meta analytic answer. International ... attitudes towards an indiviudal based solely on their membership of a social group, while discrimination ... and Discrimination. Ed 2. pp.379 383. Cencage Learning Belmont. ref The following are examples of linguistic prejudice that may result in discrimination. Linguistic Prejudice and Minority Groups ... norms of the standard language. Linguistic Discrimination Due to Prejudice In contrast to the previous examples of linguistic prejudice, linguistic discrimination involves the actual treatment ... Law Center, & the ACLU Foundation of North California 2002 . Language Discrimination Your Legal ... despite Dutch being the language of the majority of the population. Discrimination slowly diminished ... Kangas et al. eds. , Linguistic human rights overcoming linguistic discrimination , Walter de Gruyter ... of Linguistic Rights.html Action Linguistic Rights Violations of Linguistic Rights Discrimination DEFAULTSORT Linguistic Discrimination Category Prejudices Category Sociolinguistics Category Dispositional ... more details
Markovian discrimination in spam filtering is a method used in CRM114 program CRM114 and other spam filters to model the statistical behaviors of spam and nonspam more accurately than in simple Bayesian spam filtering Bayesian methods . A simple Bayesian model of written text contains only the dictionary of legal words and their relative probabilities. A Markovian model adds the relative transition probabilities that given one word, predict what the next word will be. It is based on the theory of Markov chain s by Andrey Markov , hence the name. In essence, a Bayesian filter works on single words alone, while a Markovian filter works on phrases or entire sentences. There are two types of Markov models the visible Markov model, and the hidden Markov model or HMM. The difference is that with a visible Markov model, the current word is considered to contain the entire state of the language model, while a hidden Markov model hides the state and presumes only that the current word is probabilistically related to the actual internal state of the language. For example, in a visible Markov model the word the should predict with accuracy the following word, while in a hidden Markov model, the entire prior text implies the actual state and predicts the following words, but does not actually guarantee that state or prediction. Since the latter case is what s encountered in spam filtering, hidden Markov models are almost always used. In particular, because of storage limitations, the specific type of hidden Markov model called a Markov random field is particularly applicable, usually with a clique size of between four and six tokens. No footnotes date November 2010 References Chhabra, S., Yerazunis, W. S., and Siefkes, C. 2004. Spam Filtering using a Markov Random Field Model with Variable Weighting Schemas. In Proceedings of the Fourth IEEE international Conference on Data Mining November 1 04, 2004 . ICDM. IEEE Computer Society, Washington, DC, Mazharul DEFAULTSORT Markovian Discrimination ... more details
distinguish Classicism Discrimination sidebar Classism is prejudice or discrimination on the basis of social class . It includes individual attitudes and behaviors, systems of policies and practices that are set up to benefit the upper classes at the expense of the lower classes. ref name Kadi cite book last Kadi first Joanna authorlink coauthors title Thinking Class publisher South End Press year 1996 location U.S. pages url doi id isbn 0 89608 548 1 ref It can also include attitudes and behavior of prejudice and discrimination by members of the lower class to members of the higher class. Institutional versus personal classism The term classism can refer to personal prejudice against lower classes as well as to institutional classism, just as the term racism can refer either strictly to personal bigotry or to institutional racism . The former has been defined as the ways in which conscious or unconscious classism is manifest in the various institutions of our society. ref https gustavus.edu reslife documents Classism.doc Classism Definitions ref Economics, education, health outcomes, fashion, capitalism and music are inherently designed to favor people who have more money wealth over those who do not have money or wealth. The term interpersonal is sometimes used in place of personal as in, institutional classism versus interpersonal classism. , ref Citation last Langhout first Regina Day last2 Rosselli first2 Francine last3 Feinstein first3 Jonathan author link Oliver Cowdery title Assessing Classism in Academic Settings newspaper The Review of Higher Education volume 30 issue 2 pages 145 184 year 2007 winter date October 1835 url http muse.jhu.edu login?uri journals review of higher education v030 30.2langhout.html ref and terms such as attitude or attitudinal may replaced interpersonal as contrasting with institutional classism, as in the Association of Magazine Media ... www.classism.org blog Classism Exposed References reflist Discrimination Category Discrimination Category ... more details
Refimprove date December 2009 Discrimination testing is a technique employed in sensory analysis to determine whether there is a detectable difference among two or more products. The test uses a trained panel to discriminate from one product to another. Statistical basis The statistical principle behind any discrimination test should be to reject a null hypothesis H sub 0 sub that states there is no detectable difference between two or more products. If there is sufficient evidence to reject H sub 0 sub in favour of the alternative hypothesis , H sub A sub There is a detectable difference, then a difference can be recorded. However, failure to reject Ho should not be assumed to be sufficient evidence to accept it. H sub 0 sub is formulated on the premise that all of the assessors guessed when they made their response. The statistical test chosen should give a probability value that the result was arrived at through pure guesswork. If this probability is sufficiently low usually below 0.05 or 5 then H sub 0 sub can be rejected in favour of H sub A sub . Tests used to decide whether or not to reject H sub 0 sub include binomial , sup 2 sup Chi squared , t test etc. Types of test A number of tests can be classified as discrimination tests. If it s designed to detect a difference then it s a discrimination test. The type of test determines the number of samples presented to each member of the panel and also the question s they are asked to respond to. Schematically, these tests may be described as follows A & B are used for knowns, X and Y are used for different unknowns, while AB means that the order of presentation is unknown Paired comparison XY or AB two unknown samples ... phase . While this may be hypothesized to make discrimination easier, no advantage has been observed in discrimination performance in ABX testing compared with other testing methods. ref cite doi 10.1111 ... Portal Food Food science DEFAULTSORT Discrimination Testing Category Nonverbal communication Category ... more details
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