Evolutionary biology GeneticDiversity , the level of biodiversity , refers to the total number of Genetics ... variability , which describes the tendency of genetic characteristics to vary. Geneticdiversity serves ... to GeneticDiversity publisher U.S. Geological Survey url http www.nbii.gov portal server.pt ... genetics includes several hypotheses and theories regarding geneticdiversity. The neutral ... to overcome that allele. Importance of geneticdiversity There are many different ways to measure geneticdiversity. The modern causes for the loss of animal geneticdiversity have also been studied ... Clem Tisdell year 2003 title Socioeconomic causes of loss of animal geneticdiversity analysis ... by the National Science Foundation found that geneticdiversity and biodiversity Biodiversity ... http www.enn.com animals article 23391 Study Loss Of GeneticDiversity Threatens Species Diversity ref The interdependence between genetic and biological diversity is delicate. Changes in biological ... in geneticdiversity, such as in loss of species, leads to a loss of biological diversity. ref name U.S. Geological Survey Survival and adaptation Geneticdiversity plays a very important role in survival .... A species that has a large degree of geneticdiversity among its population will have more variations from which to choose the most fit alleles. Increase in geneticdiversity is also essential for a species ..., and offspring often deal with similar problems to those of inbreeding . ref GeneticDiversity ... of a population to certain types of disease s can also increase with reduction in geneticdiversity ... crop will be wiped out. ref Introduction to GeneticDiversity. Cheetah Conservation Fund. 2002. 19 ... from pieces of the parent plant, no geneticdiversity is developed, and the entire crop is essentially ... million people to starve to death. Coping with poor geneticdiversity Image Plankton collage.jpg ... or increasing geneticdiversity. Among oceanic plankton , viruses aid in the genetic shifting ... more details
Infobox multi locus allele clusters Human geneticdiversity Lewontin s fallacy is a 2003 paper by A. W. F. Edwards that refers to an argument first made by Richard Lewontin in his 1972 article The apportionment of human diversity ref Made in The apportionment of human diversity 1972 ref , which argued that Race classification of human beings race for humans is not a valid taxonomy taxonomic construct ... author Edwards AW title Human geneticdiversity Lewontin s fallacy journal BioEssays volume 25 ... 2002 3 7 comment2007 DEFAULTSORT Human GeneticDiversity Lewontin s Fallacy Category Race Category ... of human diversity Richard Lewontin performed a fixation index F sub ST sub statistical analysis using 17 markers including blood group proteins. His results were that the majority of genetic differences between humans, 85.4 , were found within a population, 8.3 of genetic differences were ... Lewontin argued Since such racial classification is now seen to be of virtually no genetic or taxonomic ... between groups cannot have any genetic underpinnings. ref cite book title Human Evolutionary ... month April year 1977 title Genetic Differentiation of Races of Man as Judged by Single Locus and Multilocus ... view among anthropologists and social scientists, because the particular genetic differences that correspond ... of genetic markers had to be used in order for the answer to the question How often is a pair of individuals .... Witherspoon et al. conclude that caution should be used when using geographic or genetic ancestry ... AR, et al. title Genetic Similarities Within and Between Human Populations journal Genetics ... ref Witherspoon et al. concluded that, The fact that, given enough genetic data, individuals ... human genetic variation is found within populations, not between them. It is also compatible with our ... population. ref Cite journal author Witherspoon DJ, Wooding S, Rogers AR, et al. title Genetic ... Human genetic clustering Population groups in biomedicine References Reflist External links Cite ... more details
wiktionary diversity wikiquote Science and technology Biodiversity , the degree of variation of life forms within a given ecosystem, biome, or an entire planet. Diversity Index , a statistic intended to assess the diversity of any population in which each member belongs to a unique group, type or species. Diversity scheme , a method for improving the reliability of a message signal by using multiple communications channels. Antenna diversity , a method of wireless communication that use two or more antennas to improve the quality and reliability of the link. Sociology, economics, law, and politics Multiculturalism , or ethnic diversity, the promotion of multiple ethnic cultures Cultural diversity , the respect of difference cultures and interculturality Diversity business , the business tactic which encourages diversity to better serve a heterogeneous customer base Diversity politics , the political and social policy of encouraging tolerance for people of different backgrounds Diversity jurisdiction , a concept under which U.S. federal courts can hear suits between parties from different states Diversification finance involves spreading investments Diversification marketing strategy is a corporate strategy to decrease market penetration Team composition Other Diversity dance troupe , an English dance troupe who won the third series of Britain s Got Talent Diversity training , the process of educating employees, students or volunteers to function in a diverse environment disambiguation ar bg da Diversitet de Diversit t it Diversit nl Diversiteit ja pt Diversidade tr e itlilik ... more details
wiktionary geneticGenetic may refer to Genetics , in biology, the science of genes, heredity, and the variation of organisms Genetic, used as an adjective, refers to heredity of traits Gene , a unit of heredity in the genome of an organism Genetic linguistics , in linguistics, a relationship between two languages with a common ancestor language Genetic algorithm , in computer science, a kind of search technique modeled on evolutionary biology disambiguation simple Genetic ur ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Image BlueMarble 2001 2002.jpg thumb right 300px alt Two views of the Earth from space. The Earth has many diverse ecosystems and ecosystem diversity. These are NASA composite images of the Earth 2001 left , 2002 right , titled The Blue Marble . seealso Ecosystem Biome Ecosystem diversity refers to the diversity of a place at the level of ecosystem s. The term differs from biodiversity , which refers to variation in species rather than ecosystems. Ecosystem diversity can also refer to the variety of ecosystems present in a biosphere, the variety of species and ecological processes that occur in different physical settings. Examples Some examples of ecosystems that are rich in diversity are Refbegin 3 Deserts Forests Large marine ecosystem s Marine ecosystem s Old growth forest s Rainforest s Tundra Coral Reef s Refend See also Portal box Environment Ecology Earth sciences Sustainable development Refbegin 2 Bioregion Ecology Evolutionary biology Genetic diversity Nature Natural environment Species diversity Sustainable development Refend modelling ecosystems expanded other DEFAULTSORT Ecosystem Diversity Category Biodiversity Category Systems ecology Ecology stub es Diversidad ecol gica sl Ekosistemska diverziteta zh ... more details
Refimprove date October 2010 Cleanup date March 2012 In sociology and political studies , the term diversity or diverse is used to describe political entities neighborhoods, student bodies, etc with members who have identifiable differences in their cultural backgrounds or lifestyles. The term describes differences in racial or ethnic group ethnic classifications , age, gender , religion , philosophy, disability physical abilities , socioeconomic background, sexual orientation , gender identity , intelligence , mental health , physical health , Genetics genetic attributes, behavior , attractiveness , or other identifying features. In measuring human diversity, a diversity index measures the probability that any two residents, chosen at random, would be of different ethnicities. If all residents are of the same ethnic group it s zero. If half are from one group and half from another it s .50. ref http projects.latimes.com mapping la neighborhoods diversity neighborhood list Mapping L.A.., Los Angeles Times website ref Ideology Main New Left Multiculturalism Political creed s which support the idea that diversity is valuable and desirable hold that recognizing and promoting these diverse cultures may aid communication between people of different backgrounds and lifestyles, leading to greater knowledge, understanding, and peaceful coexistence. Citation needed date August 2007 For example, Respect for Diversity is one of the six principles of the Global Greens Charter , a manifesto subscribed to by Green party Green parties from all over the world. In contrast to diversity, some political creeds promote cultural assimilation as the process to lead to these ends. Use in American academia This use of diversity in this sense also extends to American academia , where in an attempt ... underrepresented fields as the sciences . See also wikiquote Diversity Affirmative ... Diversity business Workplace diversity References Reflist Category Political correctness Category ... more details
A genetic operator is an Operator programming operator used in genetic algorithms to maintain geneticdiversity , known as Mutation genetic algorithm and to combine existing solutions into others, Crossover genetic algorithm . The main difference between them is that the mutation operators operate on one chromosome, that is, they are unary, while the crossover operators are binary operators. Genetic variation is a necessity for the process of evolution . Genetic operators used in genetic algorithms are analogous to those in the natural world survival of the fittest , or selection genetic algorithm selection reproduction crossover genetic algorithm crossover , also called recombination and mutation genetic algorithm mutation . Types of Operators 1. Mutation genetic algorithm 2. Crossover genetic algorithm DEFAULTSORT Genetic Operator Category Genetic algorithms compu AI stub ar ca Operador gen tic algorisme gen tic de Genetischer Operator es Operador gen tico zh ... more details
Nucleotide diversity is a concept in molecular genetics which is used to measure the degree of polymorphism biology polymorphism within a population. ref cite journal title Mathematical Model for Studying Genetic Variation in Terms of Restriction Endonucleases journal PNAS date October 1, 1979 first last coauthors Masatoshi Nei and Wen Hsiung Li volume 76 issue 10 pages 5269 73 pmid 291943 pmc 413122 url doi 10.1073 pnas.76.10.5269 author Nei, M. ref One commonly used measure of nucleotide diversity was first introduced by Nei and Li in 1979. This measure is defined as the average number of nucleotide differences per site between any two DNA sequences chosen randomly from the sample population, and is denoted by . It is given by the formula math pi sum ij x i x j pi ij 2 sum i 1 n sum j 1 ... the i th and j th sequences, and n is the number of sequences in the sample. Nucleotide diversity is a measure of genetic variation . It is usually associated with other statistical measures of population diversity, and is similar to expected heterozygosity. This statistic may be used to monitor diversity within or between ecological populations, to examine the genetic variation in crops and related species, ref cite journal title Molecular diversity at 18 loci in 321 wild and 92 domesticate lines reveal no reduction of nucleotide diversity during Triticum monococcum Einkorn domestication implications ... relationships. ref cite journal title Nucleotide diversity in gorillas journal Genetics ... cgi pmidlookup?view long&pmid 15082556 author Yu, N. ref Nucleotide diversity can be calculated ... Amplified Polymorphic DNA RAPD data ref cite journal title Estimating nucleotide diversity from ... Length Polymorphism AFLP data. ref cite journal title A method for estimating nucleotide diversity ... of nucleotide diversity and a variety of other statistical tests for intra population and inter ... Reflist DEFAULTSORT Nucleotide Diversity Category Molecular genetics genetics stub ar ... more details
Crop diversity is the variance in genetics genetic and phenotype phenotypic characteristics of plants ... continually draw on the irreplaceable resource of geneticdiversity to ensure productive harvests, as genetic ... and species sustainability . ref Jarvis, Devra I. and Camplain, Dindo M. Crop geneticdiversity ... geneticdiversity in plant breeding can contribute significantly to protecting the environment ... in fighting poverty is complex, but without the geneticdiversity found within crops, it cannot fulfill its potential. Disease threats to crops with low geneticdiversity One particular threat to mass ... lunatus L. landraces in its Mesoamerican diversity center. Genetic Resources and Crop evolution ... about 4685394 what country consumes bananas.html ref and because of this lack of geneticdiversity ... conservation efforts. The wise use of crop geneticdiversity in plant breeding and genetic modification .... Bioversity International, Dec 5 2008 ref Diversity in a crop can also result from different growing ... fertile soil. In addition, and perhaps most importantly, diversity of a harvested plant can be the result of genetic differences a crop may have genes conferring early maturity or disease resistance .... The practical use of crop diversity goes back to early agricultural methods of crop rotation and fallow ... to a more diverse genetic bank. Diversification of harvests and maintaining wild biodiversity in crop ... of crop diversity for sustainable landscape development. Management of Environmental Quality. Vol ... lands to create more farmland for food production. Crop diversity and the economy Agriculture is the economic ... solutions is crop diversity the diversity that enables farmers and plant breeders to develop ... and better insulating poor farmers from risk. ref Smale, Melinda and King, Amanda. What is Diversity ... a range of genetic variability that allows for individuals and or populations within that species ... agriculture potentially elicits low crop diversity especially if the seeds were mass produced or cloned ... more details
gradients in species diversity Biodiversity Geneticdiversity External links cite web url http ...Species diversity is the effective number of different species that are represented in a collection of individuals ... of interest where all species may not be equally abundant . Species diversity consists of two components ... Hill1973 Hill, M. O. 1973 Diversity and evenness a unifying notation and its consequences. Ecology, 54, 427 432 ref ref name Tuomisto2010a Tuomisto, H. 2010 A diversity of beta diversities straightening up a concept gone awry. Part 1. Defining beta diversity as a function of alpha and gamma diversity .... 2010. A consistent terminology for quantifying species diversity? Yes, it does exist. Oecologia 4 853 860. doi 10.1007 s00442 010 1812 0 ref Calculation of diversity Species diversity in a dataset ... proportional abundance. Consequently, large values of q lead to smaller species diversity than small ... the value of q has no effect, but species diversity at any value of q equals species richness. Negative values of q are not used, because then the effective number of species diversity would exceed the actual ... the diversity in relation to any classification, not only species. If the individuals are classified ... th genus or functional type, and sup q sup D equals genus diversity or functional type diversity, respectively. Diversity indices Often researchers have used the values given by one or more diversity indices to quantify species diversity. Such indices include species richness , the Shannon index ... Magurran, A. E. 2004 Measuring biological diversity. Blackwell Publishing, Oxford. ref ref name Jost2006 Jost, L. 2006 Entropy and diversity. Oikos, 113, 363 375 ref When interpreted in ecological terms ... name Jost2006 ref Jost, L. 2007 Partitioning diversity into independent alpha and beta components. Ecology ... diversity, the dataset used for the calculations can be obtained in different ways. Although species diversity can be calculated for any dataset where individuals have been identified to species, meaningful ... more details
A center of diversity is an area that has a high degree of genetic variation for a particular species or genus of plants that can also be the center of origin for that species. The two areas often, but not always, coincide the degree of coincidence remains the subject of debate. ref name aps cite web title Knowledge Test Questions and Answers for Discussion publisher The American Phytopathological Society url http www.apsnet.org education InstructorCommunication Restricted Advanced discussion population genetics.html accessdate 2008 12 18 Dead link date October 2010 bot H3llBot ref ref name osu cite web title Centers of Diversity, Crop Adaptation publisher Oregon State University url http oregonstate.edu instruct css 330 two accessdate 2008 12 18 ref In both areas, organisms have had the opportunity over many generations to evolve resistance, via mutation , to their pathogen s. ref name aps The term was created by the Russian scientist Nikolai Vavilov and the U.S. scientist Jack Harlan . ref name ac cite book author George Acquaah title Principles of plant genetics and breeding year 2006 publisher Blackwell Publishing url http books.google.com books?id Xrwvjo2myTMC&pg PA19&dq 22center of diversity 22 vavilov concept&ei kSRISb6sDZCqkATO 9jwDw isbn 9781405136464 ref Vavilov published a study in 1926 Studies on the Origin of Cultivated Plants describing ten such centers 1 China for lettuce , rhubarb , soybean , and turnip 2 India for cucumber , rice , mango , and Asian cotton 2a Indochina for banana , coconut , and rice 3 Central Asia north India , Afghanistan , and Turkmenistan for almond , flax , and lentil 4 Near East for alfalfa , apple , cabbage , and rye 5 Coastal and adjacent areas of the Mediterranean Sea for celery , chickpea s, and durum wheat 6 Ethiopia for coffee ... modified the concept to include secondary centers of diversity. ref name osu References reflist See also Biodiversity hotspot Coevolution Domestication Crop diversity Category Ecology terminology ... more details
Functional diversity is a politically and socially correct term for special needs , disability , impairment and handicap , which began to be used in Spain in scientific writing, at the initiative of those directly affected, in 2005. ref cite paper title Functional diversity, a new term in the struggle for dignity in the diversity of the human being author Javier Roma ach and Manuel Lobato work Independent Living Forum Spain &mdash May 2005 format PDF url http www.leeds.ac.uk disability studies archiveuk zavier Functional 20Diversity 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 fv 20Roma F1ach.pdf ref This term is intended to replace other ones with pejorative semantics. It proposes a shift towards non negative, non disparaging and non patronizing terms. The formal justification of the term can be found in the book El Modelo de la Diversidad by Agustina Palacios and Javier Roma ach, 2007, ISBN 978 84 964 7440. Examples of usage people with functional diversity instead of people with special needs physical functional diversity mobility functional diversity , person who uses a wheelchair , wheelchair user motor functional diversity dexterity functional diversity visual functional diversity , people who use screen readers as their primary means of accessing a computer people with a visual processing functional diversity auditory functional diversity mental functional diversity intellectual functional diversity cognitive functional diversity organic functional diversity circumstantial and or temporary functional diversity person with a functional diversity persons without functional diversity rather than normal or healthy people without functional diversity , typically developing children References reflist Further reading cite journal journal Disabil Rehabil. date 2007 Oct 30&ndash Nov 15 volume 29 issue 20&ndash 21 pages 1625&ndash 1633 title Constructive Functional Diversity a new paradigm beyond disability and impairment. author Patston P. pmid 17896220 doi 10.1080 09638280701618778 ... more details
In wireless communications, diversity gain is the increase in signal to interference ratio due to some diversity scheme , or how much the transmission power can be reduced when a diversity scheme is introduced, without a performance loss. Diversity gain is usually expressed in decibel , and sometimes as a power ratio. An example is soft handoff gain. For selection combining N signals are received, and the strongest signal is selected. When the N signals are independent and Rayleigh distributed, the expected diversity gain has been shown to be math sum k 1 N frac 1 k math , expressed as a power ratio. ref D.G. Brennan, Linear diversity combining techniques, Proc. IRE , vol.47, no.1, pp.1075 1102, June 1959 ref See also Array gain Diversity combining References references Category radio resource management Wireless stub ... more details
The term gamma diversitydiversity was introduced by R. H. Whittaker ref name Whittaker1960 Whittaker ..., 279 338. ref together with the terms alpha diversitydiversity and beta diversitydiversity . Whittaker s idea was that the total species diversity in a landscape is determined by two different things, the mean species diversity in sites or habitats at a more local scale and the differentiation among those habitats . According to this reasoning, alpha diversity and beta diversity constitute independent components of gamma diversity math gamma alpha times beta math Scale considerations ... has been reached on what spatial scales are appropriate to quantify gamma diversity. ref Whittaker ... diversity. Journal of Biogeography 28 453 470. DOI 10.1046 j.1365 2699.2001.00563.x ref It has therefore been proposed that the definition of gamma diversity does not need to be tied to a specific spatial scale, but gamma diversity can be measured for an existing dataset at any scale of interest. ref name Tuomisto2010a Tuomisto, H. 2010 A diversity of beta diversities straightening up a concept gone awry. Part 1. Defining beta diversity as a function of alpha and gamma diversity. Ecography ..., it needs to be taken into account that the species diversity in the dataset generally gives an underestimation of the species diversity in a larger area. The smaller the available sample in relation .... 2010 A diversity of beta diversities straightening up a concept gone awry. Part 2. Quantifying beta diversity and related phenomena. Ecography, 33, 23 45. doi 10.1111 j.1600 0587.2009.06148.x ref The degree of underestimation can be estimated from a species area curve . Different gamma diversity concepts Researchers have used different ways to define species diversitydiversity , which in practice has led to different definitions of gamma diversity as well. Often researchers use the values given by one or more Diversity index diversity indices , such as species richness , the Shannon index or the Simpson ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Transmit diversity is radio communication using signals that originate from two or more independent sources that have been modulation modulated with identical information bearing signals and that may vary in their transmission characteristic s at any given instant. It can help overcome the effects of fading , outages, and Electronic circuit circuit failures. When using diversity transmission and reception, the amount of received signal improvement depends on the independence of the fading characteristics of the signal as well as circuit outages and failures. See also Antenna diversityDiversity gain Diversity scheme Dynamic Single Frequency Networks DSFN Macro diversity Multiple input multiple output communications MIMO Single frequency networks SFN Space time block coding based transmit diversity STTD Soft handover DEFAULTSORT Transmit Diversity Category Radio resource management Wireless stub ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2008 Notability Notability date December 2008 Diversity coding is a particular technique for antenna diversity and is implemented by Space time code space time coding . Category Radio resource management wireless stub ... more details
configured for space diversity In telecommunications , a diversity scheme refers to a method for improving ... channels with different characteristics. Diversity plays an important role in combatting fading and co .... Diversity techniques may exploit the multipath propagation , resulting in a diversity gain , often measured in decibels . The following classes of diversity schemes can be identified Time diversity .... Frequency diversity The signal is transmitted using several frequency channels or spread over ... or DS CDMA . Space diversity The signal is transmitted over several different propagation paths. In the case ... of wireless transmission, it can be achieved by antenna diversity using multiple transmitter antennas transmit diversity and or multiple receiving antennas reception diversity . In the latter case, a diversity ... macrodiversity or site diversity . If the antennas are at a distance in the order of one ... diversity Multiple versions of a signal are transmitted and received via antennas with different polarization. A diversity combining technique is applied on the receiver side. Multiuser diversity Multiuser diversity is obtained by opportunistic user scheduling at either the transmitter or the receiver ... quality information to the transmitter with the limited level of resolution. Cooperative diversity Achieves antenna diversity gain by using the cooperation of distributed antennas belonging to each node. See also Space time coding STC Antenna diversity Macrodiversity Diversity combining Aperture synthesis Cooperative diversity Channel access method Fresnel zone Tropospheric scatter External links http www.radioblvd.com DiversityDD1.html Diversity reception Background information of the development of Diversity reception devices. http www.antenna theory.com arrays diversity.php Antenna Diversity Tutorial www.Antenna Theory.com K. T. Wong http www.eie.polyu.edu.hk enktwong & A. K. Y. Lai ... diversity 2 in mobile handsets technologies , see Christian Le Floc h, Regis Duval,Gerard ... more details
The term alpha diversitydiversity was introduced by R. H. Whittaker ref name Whittaker1960 Whittaker ... Diversity. Taxon, 21, 213 251. doi 10.2307 1218190 ref together with the terms beta diversitydiversity and gamma diversitydiversity . Whittaker s idea was that the total species diversity in a landscape gamma diversity is determined by two different things, the mean species diversity in sites or habitats at a more local scale alpha diversity and the differentiation among those habitats beta diversity . Scale considerations Both the area or landscape of interest and the sites or habitat s within ... Scale spatial spatial scales are appropriate to quantify alpha diversity. ref Whittaker, R. J. et al. 2001 . Scale and species richness towards a general, hierarchical theory of species diversity ... been proposed that the definition of alpha diversity does not need to be tied to a specific spatial scale alpha diversity can be measured for an existing dataset that consists of subunits at any scale. ref name Tuomisto2010a Tuomisto, H. 2010 A diversity of beta diversities straightening up a concept gone awry. Part 1. Defining beta diversity as a function of alpha and gamma diversity. Ecography, 33 ... to be taken into account that the species diversity in the subunits generally gives an underestimation of the species diversity in larger areas. ref Colwell, R. K. and Coddington, J. A. 1994 Estimating ..., 345, 101 118. ref ref Tuomisto, H. 2010 A diversity of beta diversities straightening up a concept gone awry. Part 2. Quantifying beta diversity and related phenomena. Ecography, 33, 23 45. doi 10.1111 j.1600 0587.2009.06148.x ref Different alpha diversity concepts Ecologists have used several slightly different definitions of alpha diversity. Whittaker himself used the term both for the species diversity in a single subunit and for the mean species diversity in a collection of subunits. ref name Whittaker1960 ref name Whittaker1972 It has been argued that defining alpha diversity as a mean ... more details
The term beta diversitydiversity was introduced by R. H. Whittaker ref name Whittaker1960 Whittaker ..., 279 338. ref together with the terms alpha diversitydiversity and gamma diversitydiversity . The idea was that the total species diversity in a landscape is determined by two different things, the mean species diversity at the habitat level and the differentiation among habitats . Whittaker ... have invented more. As a result, the definition of beta diversity has become quite contentious. ref name Tuomisto2010a Tuomisto, H. 2010 A diversity of beta diversities straightening up a concept gone awry. Part 1. Defining beta diversity as a function of alpha and gamma diversity. Ecography 33 2 22. doi 10.1111 j.1600 0587.2009.05880.x ref ref name Tuomisto2010b Tuomisto, H. 2010 A diversity of beta diversities straightening up a concept gone awry. Part 2. Quantifying beta diversity and related phenomena. Ecography, 33, 23 45. doi 10.1111 j.1600 0587.2009.06148.x ref Some use beta diversity .... ref Anderson, M. J. et al. 2011 Navigating the multiple meanings of diversity a roadmap for the practicing ..., R. 2011 Commentary Do we have a consistent terminology for species diversity? The fallacy of true diversity. Oecologia 167, 885 888. doi 10.1007 s00442 011 2124 8 ref Others argue that such broad usage should be avoided because it leads to confusion, and that when beta diversity indices correspond ... species diversity? Yes, it does exist. Oecologia 4 853 860. doi 10.1007 s00442 010 1812 0 ref ref Jurasinski, G. and Koch, M. 2011 Commentary do we have a consistent terminology for species diversity .... E and Rodr guez, P. 2011 Commentary Do we have a consistent terminology for species diversity? Back ... ref Tuomisto, H. 2011 Commentary do we have a consistent terminology for species diversity? Yes, if we choose to use it. Oecologia, 167, 903 911. ref Beta diversity in the strict sense Gamma diversity and alpha diversity can be calculated directly from species inventory data. ref name Tuomisto2010a ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Site diversity is a technique to limit the effect of rain fade in satellite communications , mainly in the Ka band . The downlink transmissions of satellites cover very large areas, that will have different weather. The site diversity technique consists of linking two or more ground stations receiving the same signal this way, if the signal is heavily attenuated in one area, another ground stations can compensate it. These intense rain areas, for example supercell s, often have a horizontal length of no more than a few kilometres putting the ground stations at a sufficient distance the possibility of rain fade in the downlink signal will be reduced. The configuration works when the attenuation is not great at the two stations simultaneously. This is usually a valid assumption. Site diversity systems have been known to minimize disruption of service by major satellite carriers. See also Diversity scheme Diversity combining DEFAULTSORT Site Diversity Category Satellite television Comm stub zh ... more details
Biocultural diversitydiversity of life in all its manifestations biology biological , culture cultural , and linguistics linguistic which are interrelated within a complex socio ecological adaptive system. ref http portal.unesco.org education en ev.php URL ID 18391&URL DO DO TOPIC&URL SECTION 201.html UNESCO web page on biocultural diversity ref See also Portal box Ecology Environment Sustainable Development Biocultural anthropology Biocultural evolution Conservation movement Cultural landscape Ecology Ecosystem Environmental protection Terralingua http www.terralingua.org bcdconservation Biocultural Diversity Conservation References Reflist External links http www.unesco.org mab doc iyb icbcd working doc.pdf UNESCO web page on biocultural diversity http www.terralingua.org Terralingua http www.terralingua.org bcdconservation Biocultural Diversity Conservation Category Biodiversity Category Anthropology environment stub anthropology stub ... more details
Orphan date November 2006 Normgiving Diversity is a former public taxpayer funded program in Sweden , Europe, aimed at encouraging acceptance of lesbian s, Bisexuality bisexuals and gay men in public institutions such as the army, police, etc. External links http www.normgivande.nu NG english.asp Normgiving Diversity Dead link date August 2010 Category Swedish society Sweden stub ... more details
is frequency dependent. See also Geneticdiversity Human genetic variation References Reflist Further reading McGinley, Mark Lead Author J. Emmett Duffy Topic Editor . 2008. Genetic variation ...no footnotes date August 2010 Image wheat.gif right thumb Genetic variation , variation in allele s of gene s, occurs both within and among population s. Genetic variation is important because it provides the raw material for natural selection . Genetic variation is brought about by mutation, which is a change ... is a condition wherein organisms have three or more sets of genetic variation 3n or more . Among individuals within a population Genetic variation among individuals within a population can be identified at a variety of levels. It is possible to identify genetic variation from observations of phenotype ... . Genetic variation can also be identified by examining variation at the level of enzyme s using ... are less common in vertebrates. Ultimately, genetic variation is caused by variation in the order ... DNA which has identified even more genetic variation than was previously detected by protein electrophoresis. Examination of DNA has shown genetic variation in both coding regions and in the non coding intron region of genes. Genetic variation will result in phenotypic variation if variation in the order ... may be due to differences in selective pressures or to genetic drift . Measurement Genetic variation ... of genetic variation because they alter the order of bases in the nucleotides of DNA. Mutations ... alleles can be favored by natural selection. Genetic variation can also be produced by the recombination ... by transposable and transposed genetic elements, commonly known as endogenous retroviruses, LINEs, SINEs, etc. Maintenance in populations A variety of factors maintain genetic variation in populations ... common zygosity homozygous individuals . Natural selection can also maintain genetic variation in balanced ... Genetic variation http books.google.com books?id gIGyZHHmK98C&pg PA7 Genetic Variation in Griffiths ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Time Diversity is used in digital communication systems to combat that the transmissions channel may suffer from error burst s due to time varying channel conditions. The error bursts may be caused by fading in combination with a moving receiver, transmitter or obstacle, or by intermittent electromagnetic interference, for example from crosstalk in a cable, or co channel interference from radio transmitters. Time diversity implies that the same data is transmitted multiple times, or a redundant error correcting code is added. By means of bit interleaving, the error bursts may be spread in time. See also Diversity reception schemes DEFAULTSORT Time Diversity Category Radio resource management Wireless stub ko zh ... more details
notability date March 2011 Radio station name Diversity FM frequency 103.5 MHz area City of Lancaster Lancaster format Community owner YMCA website http www.diversityfm.co.uk Diversity FM Diversity FM was a Community radio in the United Kingdom community radio station based in City of Lancaster Lancaster , north Lancashire , which covers the Lancaster and Morecambe district. It broadcasts a mixture of live and pre recorded shows and music playlisting 24 7 on 103.5FM and via the Internet . At the start of September Diversity FM launched a new website and started to play announcements on air that a change was happening on 3rd October 2011. In early March it was reported that Diversity FM was to close down at the end of the month. On the 31st March 2012 Diversity FM technically closed at midnight but the presenters unable to decide what to play as the last official song. This was decided 29 minutes later and was played out on the 1st April at twenty nine minutes past midnight 00 29 by Earth Wind and Fire September after which the station went into automation. . External links http www.diversityfm.co.uk Official Website http www.diversityfm.co.uk listen Listen Live http www.facebook.com diversityfm Diversity FM on Facebook Categories coord missing Lancashire Category Community radio stations in the United Kingdom Category Radio stations in Lancashire ... more details
Encyclopedia
top
