To be genetically viable , having a realistic chance of avoiding the problems of inbreeding , a population of plants or animal s requires a certain amount of genetic diversity , and consequently a certain minimum number of members. See effective population size . The minimum is normally somewhere in the region of a hundred unrelated individuals. Where a population has become extremely small in a population bottleneck , due for example to near extinction of the species , it may have lost its genetic viability, and if numbers recover it will be through inbreeding, possibly leaving an unhealthy population. But in fact it provided a more diverse population thus limiting the amount of genetic disorder or repetition. Unreferenced date April 2009 Category Genetics genetics stub ... more details
Wiktionarypar viable viability Viable or viability is the ability of a thing a living organism, an artificial system, an idea, etc. to maintain itself or recover its potentialities. Viability is the ability to germination of the seed when provide it to all environmental condition. Viable or viability may also refer to Fetal viability , the ability of a fetus to survive outside of the uterus without artificial support Natural selection Types of selection Viability selection , the selection of individual organisms who can survive until they are able to reproduce Viability of Cell biology cells , the status of a cell to survive, grow, and multiply Viability study , a study of the profitability of a business concept which is to be converted into a business Viable Paradise , an annual one week writing workshop held each autumn on Martha s Vineyard Viable system model , a scientific model of the organization of a viable or autonomous system Viable system phenomena , the science of observing the behavior of a system Viable prefix , in computer science, the set of prefixes of right sentential forms which can appear on the stack of a shift reduce parser Geneticviability , having a realistic chance of avoiding the problems of inbreeding Minimum viable population , in biology, ecology, and conservation biology, a lower bound on the population of a species, such that it can survive in the wild Minimum viable product , in product development, a strategy used for fast and quantitative market testing of a product or product feature Population viability analysis , a species specific method of risk assessment frequently used in conservation biology See also lookfrom viable lookfrom viabil intitle viable intitle viabil Via disambiguation disambiguation fr Viabilit ... more details
context date April 2012 notability date April 2012 Viability theory is an area of mathematics that studies the evolution of dynamical systems under constraints to the system s state space controls state ref cite book author Jean Pierre Aubin title Viability Theory edition year 1991 publisher Birkhauser location isbn 0 8176 3571 8 ref ref cite book author Jean Pierre Aubin, Alexandre M. Bayen and Patrick Saint Pierre title Viability Theory New Directions edition year 2011 publisher Springer location isbn 978 3642166839 ref . It was developed to study problems arising in the study of economic and ecological systems and has close ties to the theories of optimal control and set valued analysis . References Reflist Category Dynamical systems ... more details
orphan date February 2009 refimprove date February 2009 The period of viability refers traditionally to the period after the twenty eighth week, ref Finney, Patrick A. Moral Problems in Hospital Practice a Practical Handbook. St. Louis Herder Bk. Co, 1922 24. OCLC http www.worldcat.org oclc 14054431 14054441 . ref or more recently the twenty fourth week, of gestation when a human fetus is capable of living outside of the womb . Whether the fetus is in the period of viability has legal ramifications as far as the fetus rights of protection are concerned. ref Attorney Catherine Christophillis Discusses The Reasoning Behind The Drug Testing Of Pregnant Women October 25, 2000 Legal News Chat Transcript http news.findlaw.com transcripts s christophillis20001025.html ref See also Limit of viability References reflist Category Pregnancy Category Obstetrics Category Reproduction Category Fertility Human repro stub ... more details
A viability assay is an assay to determine the ability of Cell biology cell s or Tissue biology tissue s to maintain or recover its viability . For example, examining the ratio of potassium to sodium in cells indicates viability. If the cells do not have high intracellular potassium and low intracellular sodium, then 1 the cell membrane may not be intact, and or 2 the Na K ATPase sodium potassium pump may not be operating well ref cite journal author Lindner B, Seydel U title Mass spectrometric analysis of drug induced changes in Na and K contents of single bacterial cells journal Journal of General Microbiology volume 129 issue 1 year 1983 pages 51 55 url http mic.sgmjournals.org cgi reprint 129 1 51 id pmid 633967 ref ref cite journal author Pichugin Y, Fahy GM, Morin R title Cryopreservation of rat hippocampal slices by vitrification journal Cryobiology journal Cryobiology volume 52 issue 2 year 2006 pages 228 240 url http www.21cm.com pdfs hippo published.pdf id pmid 16403489 doi 10.1016 j.cryobiol.2005.11.006 ref As with many kinds of viability assays, quantitative measures of physiological function do not indicate whether damage repair and recovery is possible. ref cite journal ... of Probes for Cell Viability, Cell Proliferation and Live Cell Function Section 15.1 work Invitrogen ... Probes The Handbook Assays for Cell Viability Proliferation and Function Overview of Probes for Cell Viability Cell Proliferation and Live Cell Function.html accessdate 2010 10 15 ref Classification of viability assays Cytolysis or membrane leakage assays This category includes the lactate ... activity or caspase assays Resazurin Cell Viability applications Resazurin and Formazan MTT assay ... of stress pathways using DNA microarray s and protein chips. List of common viability assays ATP ... Viability applications Resazurin Trypan Blue , a living cell exclusion dye dye only crosses cell ... stain References Reflist DEFAULTSORT Viability Assay Category Laboratory techniques Category Microbiology ... more details
Fetal viability is the ability of a fetus to survive outside the uterus. ref name developinghuman Moore, Keith and Persaud, T. http books.google.com books?id dbRpAAAAMAAJ&q 22Prematurity is one of the most common causes of morbidity 22&dq 22Prematurity is one of the most common causes of morbidity 22&ei lPzISYHyK4mqMqTGzOwN&pgis 1 The Developing Human Clinically Oriented Embryology , p. 103 Saunders 2003 . ref Definitions Scientific thresholds There is no sharp limit of development, age, or weight ... , showing viability and point of 50 chance of survival limit of viability at bottom. Weeks and months ... States The United States Supreme Court stated in Roe v. Wade 1973 that viability i.e., the interim ... burden on the right of the mother to an abortion at any point before and after viability on account of technological developments between 1973 and 1992, viability itself was legally dissociated ... depending on the technology of the time and the judgment of the state legislatures. Limit of viability The limit of viability is the gestational age at which a premature birth prematurely born fetus infant ... intensive care unit s, the limit of viability in the developed world has declined since 50 years ago ... the limit of viability is considered to be around 24 weeks although the incidence of major disabilities ... regarding preterm birth at the limit of viability journal J. Matern. Fetal. Neonatal. Med. volume ... of neonatal viability from uncertainty to grey areas journal Ir Med J volume 100 issue 8 pages 561 ..., neonatal care has improved with advances in medical science, and therefore the limit of viability ... US&vol 410&page 113 410 U.S. 113 1973 viability is usually placed at about seven months 28 weeks ... the Baptist Children s Hospital on 20 February 2007. ref name BBCAmillia The lower limit of viability ... cgi content extract 4 6 e153 Prenatal Consultation at the Limits of Viability ... 2, 2009 ref See also Futile medical care Footnotes reflist 2 Abortion DEFAULTSORT Viability Fetal ... more details
oneref date February 2012 A Viability study is an in depth investigation of the Profit accounting profitability of the business idea to be converted into a business enterprise. ref Nieuwenhuizen, C., Le Roux, E.E. and Jacobs, H., 2004 . Entrepreneurship and how to establish your own business. 2nd Edition, Juta, Pretoria, RSA. ref Feasibility report This type of report studies a situation for example, a problem or opportunity and the plan for doing something about it, then determines whether that plan is feasible . This would involve determining whether it is technologically possible to achieve and whether it is practical in the current technological, economical and social scenario. The feasibility report does not provide a simple Yes or No answer, but is used in the analysis of a decision. It is not just a tool to provide a recommendation, it is also used to gather data and give reasoning behind the recommendation given, to be later used in evaluation. Recommendation report Seealso SWOT Analysis This type of report examines either a stated need or a selection of choices, or in some cases both. The report is a collection of analysis and evaluation of the situation, and generally will examine the strengths and weaknesses, opportunities and threats in the situation, take them into account, and be combined with the feasibility report in order to give a recommendation. Sometimes a recommendation can be given to do nothing, if all options currently possible would prove unbeneficial. The recommendation report answers the question Which option should we choose? or Which are the best options? by allowing a recommendation to be made. This can be linked into the analysis of the continuum of choice in the scenario. Evaluation report This type of report provides an opinion or judgment rather that is based on the above two report, along with additional data available. It provides a studied opinion on the value or worth of something. This type of report compares the object of the analysis ... more details
wiktionary geneticGenetic may refer to Genetics , in biology, the science of genes, heredity, and the variation of organisms Genetic, used as an adjective, refers to heredity of traits Gene , a unit of heredity in the genome of an organism Genetic linguistics , in linguistics, a relationship between two languages with a common ancestor language Genetic algorithm , in computer science, a kind of search technique modeled on evolutionary biology disambiguation simple Genetic ur ... more details
Population viability analysis PVA is a species specific method of risk assessment frequently used in conservation biology . It is traditionally defined as the process that determines the probability that a population will go extinct within a given number of years. More recently, PVA has been described as a marriage of ecology and statistics that brings together species characteristics and environmental ... target levels for conservation. BioScience 56 911 922, p. 913 . ref Uses Population viability ... the PVA definition to include the interactive forces that affect the viability of a population, including ... of quality by which all PVA are judged and 2 incorporating recent genetic advances into PVA. See ... Population genetics External links http www.vortex9.org vortex.html VORTEX Population Viability Analysis ... Reflist References refbegin 2 Beissinger, Steven R. and McCullough, Dale R. 2002 . Population Viability ..., M.I. title On the use of demographic models of population viability in endangered species management ... title Predictive accuracy of population viability analysis in conservation biology journal Nature ... author Ellner, S.P., Fieberg, J., Ludwig, D., and Wilcox, C. title Precision of population viability ... A population viability analysis for the island fox on Santa Catalina Island, California journal Ecological ... author Maunder M.N. title Population Viability Analysis, Based on Combining Integrated, Bayesian, and Hierarchical ... j.actao.2003.11.008 issue 2 cite journal author Menges, E.S. title Population viability analyses in plants ... , Hudgens, B.R., Moyle, L.C., Stinchcombe, J.R., and Bloch, P.L. title Population viability analysis ..., R. Frye, S.R. Beissinger, M. Anstett, and P. Miller. title Emerging issues in population viability ... cite journal author Schultz, C.B. and Hammond, P.C. title Using population viability ... issue 5 cite journal author Taylor, B.L. title The reliability of using population viability ... Viability Analysis et Populatsiooni eluj ulisuse anal s fr Analyse de viabilit des populations ... more details
Genetic variant may refer to A single nucleotide polymorphism SNP , in case it is a common genetic variant A mutation , in case it is a rare genetic variant A copy number variation disambiguation ... more details
A genetic operator is an Operator programming operator used in genetic algorithms to maintain genetic diversity , known as Mutation genetic algorithm and to combine existing solutions into others, Crossover genetic algorithm . The main difference between them is that the mutation operators operate on one chromosome, that is, they are unary, while the crossover operators are binary operators. Genetic variation is a necessity for the process of evolution . Genetic operators used in genetic algorithms are analogous to those in the natural world survival of the fittest , or selection genetic algorithm selection reproduction crossover genetic algorithm crossover , also called recombination and mutation genetic algorithm mutation . Types of Operators 1. Mutation genetic algorithm 2. Crossover genetic algorithm DEFAULTSORT Genetic Operator Category Genetic algorithms compu AI stub ar ca Operador gen tic algorisme gen tic de Genetischer Operator es Operador gen tico zh ... more details
Genetic distance refers to the genetics genetic divergence between species or between populations within a species. It is measured by a variety of parameters. Smaller genetic distances indicate a close genetic relationship whereas large genetic distances indicate a more distant genetic relationship. Genetic distance can be used to compare the genetic similarity between different species, such as humans and chimpanzees. Within a species genetic distance can be used to measure the divergence between different sub species. In its simplest form, the genetic distance between two populations is the difference ... individuals is 50.4 among Basques, 41.2 in France and 41.1 in England. Thus the genetic difference between the Basques and French is 9.2 and the genetic difference between the French and the English is 0.1 for the RH negative trait. The genetic distance of several individual traits can then be averaged to compute an overall genetic distance. ref name CavalliSforza Genes, Peoples, and Languages By L. L. Luigi Luca Cavalli Sforza ISBN 0520228731 ref Measures of genetic distance There are several measures used to indicate genetic distance. ref http www.uwyo.edu dbmcd molmark lect06 lect6.html Population Genetics IV Genetic distances biological vs. geometric approaches. ref These include Fixation index A commonly used measure of genetic distance is the fixation index which varies between 0 and 1 ... that two populations are different species. Nei s standard genetic distance This measure assumes that genetic differences arise due to mutations and genetic drift . ref cite journal last Nei et al. title SAMPLING VARIANCES OF HETEROZYGOSITY AND GENETIC DISTANCE url http www.genetics.org cgi content abstract 76 2 379 year 1973 ref Cavalli Sforza and Edwards 1967 This measure assumes that genetic differences arise due to genetic drift only. Reynolds, Weir, and Cockerham s 1983 This measure assumes that genetic differences arise due to genetic drift only. See also Human genetic variation Human ... more details
Genetic memory may refer to Genetic memory biology , present if the state of a biological system depends on its history in addition to present conditions Genetic memory psychology , a memory present at birth that exists in the absence of sensory experience Genetic memory computer science , an artificial neural network combination of genetic algorithm and the mathematical model of sparse distributed memory disambig ar es Memoria gen tica pl Pami genetyczna ... more details
about analysis of the linkage of trait biology traits due to the spatial arrangement of genes on the chromosome , an analysis which dates back to classical genetics Genetic linkage analysis of codons as defined through research on nucleic acids , which is often classed with reverse genetics Genetic code analysis of maternal inheritance related to mitochondrial DNA Mitochondrial DNA Mitochondrial inheritance medical, genealogy genealogical , legal and security applications of genetic research that are mainly directed at humans Genetic testing Genetic analysis can be used generally to describe methods both used in and resulting from the sciences of genetics and molecular biology , or to applied research applications resulting from this research. Genetic analysis may be done to identify genetic inherited disorders and also to make a differential diagnosis in certain somatic diseases such as cancer . Genetic analyses of cancer include detection of mutation s, fusion gene s, and DNA copy number changes. Genetic analyses include but are not limited to molecular technologies such as PCR , RT PCR , DNA sequencing , and DNA microarrays , and cytogenetics cytogenetic methods such as karyotyping and fluorescence in situ hybridisation . Category Genetics genetics stub ... more details
Genetic relationship may refer to Genetic distance , in genetics Genetic relationship linguistics , in language disambig Short pages monitor This long comment was added to the page to prevent it being listed on Special Shortpages. It and the accompanying monitoring template were generated via Template Longcomment. Please do not remove the monitor template without removing the comment as well. ... more details
Refimprove date December 2009 Genetic representation is a way of representing solutions individuals in evolutionary computation methods. Genetic representation can encode appearance, behavior, physical qualities of individuals. Designing a good genetic representation that is expressive and evolvable is a hard problem in evolutionary computation. Difference in genetic representations is one of the major criteria drawing a line between known classes of evolutionary computation. Genetic algorithm s use linear binary representations. The most standard one is an array of bit s. Arrays of other types and structures can be used in essentially the same way. The main property that makes these genetic representations convenient is that their parts are easily aligned due to their fixed size. This facilitates simple crossover operation. Variable length representations were also explored in Genetic algorithm s, but crossover implementation is more complex in this case. Evolution strategy uses linear real valued representations, e.g. an array of real values. It uses mostly gaussian mutation and blending averaging crossover. Genetic programming GP pioneered tree like representations and developed genetic operator s suitable for such representations. Tree like representations are used in GP to represent and evolve functional programs with desired properties. ref http www.sover.net nichael nlc publications icga85 index.html Cramer, 1985 ref Human based genetic algorithm HBGA offers a way to avoid solving hard representation problems by outsourcing all genetic operators to outside agents, in this case, humans. The algorithm has no need for knowledge of a particular fixed genetic representation ... for free form and evolving genetic representations. Common genetic representations Genetic algorithm binary array binary tree genetic tree HBGA natural language parse tree References and notes reflist DEFAULTSORT Genetic Representation Category Evolutionary algorithms ... more details
Genetic gain is the amount of increase in performance that is achieved through artificial Genetic engineering genetic improvement programs. This is usually used to refer to the increase after one generation has passed. ref College of Agriculture, http www.ca.uky.edu agripedia glossary genegain.htm Genetic Gain University of Kentucky , accessed 2010 11 23 ref References Reflist colwidth 60em Category Biology Category Genetics Category Agriculture ... more details
Unreferenced auto yes date December 2009 In biology , a genetic program of a cell is a physiology physiological change brought about by a temporal pattern of Transcription genetics activation of a particular subset of gene s. DEFAULTSORT Genetic Program Category Genetics Genetics stub ... more details
unreferenced date March 2011 Genetic ablation is a method of modifying DNA in order to disrupt the production of a specific gene. As genetic ablation may lead to Cell ablation , it can be used as a synonymous term at appropriate times. Category Genetics experiments genetics stub ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Genetic divergence is the process in which two or more populations of an ancestral species accumulate independent genetic changes mutations through time, often after the populations have become Reproductive isolation reproductively isolated for some period of time. In some cases, subpopulations living in ecology ecologically distinct peripheral environments can exhibit genetic divergence from the remainder of a population, especially where the range of a population is very large see parapatric speciation . The genetic differences among divergent populations can involve silent mutations that have no effect on the phenotype or give rise to significant Morphology biology morphological and or physiology physiological changes. Genetic divergence will always accompany reproductive isolation, either due to novel adaptation s via selection or due to genetic drift , and is the principal mechanism underlying speciation . Evolution DEFAULTSORT Genetic Divergence Category Evolutionary biology Category Genetics Genetics stub bg de Divergenz Biologie et Divergents bioloogia id Divergensi genetis ... more details
no footnotes date August 2010 Image wheat.gif right thumb Genetic variation , variation in allele s of gene s, occurs both within and among population s. Genetic variation is important because it provides the raw material for natural selection . Genetic variation is brought about by mutation, which is a change ... is a condition wherein organisms have three or more sets of genetic variation 3n or more . Among individuals within a population Genetic variation among individuals within a population can be identified at a variety of levels. It is possible to identify genetic variation from observations of phenotype ... . Genetic variation can also be identified by examining variation at the level of enzyme s using ... are less common in vertebrates. Ultimately, genetic variation is caused by variation in the order ... DNA which has identified even more genetic variation than was previously detected by protein electrophoresis. Examination of DNA has shown genetic variation in both coding regions and in the non coding intron region of genes. Genetic variation will result in phenotypic variation if variation in the order ... may be due to differences in selective pressures or to genetic drift . Measurement Genetic variation ... of genetic variation because they alter the order of bases in the nucleotides of DNA. Mutations ... alleles can be favored by natural selection. Genetic variation can also be produced by the recombination ... by transposable and transposed genetic elements, commonly known as endogenous retroviruses, LINEs, SINEs, etc. Maintenance in populations A variety of factors maintain genetic variation in populations ... common zygosity homozygous individuals . Natural selection can also maintain genetic variation in balanced ... is frequency dependent. See also Genetic diversity Human genetic variation References Reflist Further reading McGinley, Mark Lead Author J. Emmett Duffy Topic Editor . 2008. Genetic variation ... Genetic variation http books.google.com books?id gIGyZHHmK98C&pg PA7 Genetic Variation in Griffiths ... more details
Genetic correlation is the proportion of variance that two traits share due to gene tic causes. ref Neale, M. C., & Maes, H. H. 1996 . Methodology for genetics studies of twins and families 6th ed. . Dordrecht, The Netherlands Kluwer. ref Outside the theoretical boundary case of traits with zero heritability , the genetic correlation of traits is independent of their heritability i.e., two traits can have a very high genetic correlation even when the heritability of each is low and vice versa. The genetic correlation, then, tells us how much of the genetic influence on two traits is common to both if it is above zero, this suggests that the two traits are influenced by common genes . This can be an important constraint on conceptualizations of the two traits traits which seem different phenotypically but which share a common genetic basis require an explanation for how these genes can influence both traits. Computing the genetic correlation Estimates of a genetic correlation obviously require a genetically informative sample, such as a twin study . Given a genetic covariance matrix, the genetic correlation is computed by standardizing this, i.e., by converting the covariance matrix ... genetic variance covariance matrix table border 0 cellspacing 5 cellpadding 5 tr td td td Height ... Then the genetic correlation is .55, as seen is the standardized matrix below table border 0 cellspacing ... are used to calculate both the genetic covariance matrix and its standardized form. In R programming language R , cov2cor will standardize the matrix. Typically, published reports will provide genetic ... for computing the genetic covariance the variance within the genetic covariance matrix is lost because of the standardizing process , so you cannot readily estimate the genetic correlation of two traits ..., allow the viewer to see shared genetic effects as opposed to the genetic correlation by following .... See also Quantitative genetics Heritability References references DEFAULTSORT Genetic Correlation ... more details
Image GAcolor3002cm.jpg 200px thumb Genetic Alliance official logo newsrelease date March 2011 Genetic Alliance is the world s leading Non profit organization nonprofit health advocacy organization committed to improving health through the authentic engagement of communities and individuals. The organization was founded by Joan O. Weiss, a social work er, working with Victor A. McKusick , in 1986 four years before the Human Genome Project was launched. The Genetic Alliance network includes all Stakeholder corporate stakeholder s in the genetics and health community, including disease specific organizations, healthcare providers, professional societies, industry groups, academic institutions, researchers, policymakers, and consumers. President and Chief Executive Officer Sharon Terry leads the Genetic Alliance staff, Council, and network on an innovative journey of novel partnerships, connected consumers, and smart services. Biobank Genetic Alliance manages a biobank . ref http www.biobank.org ref fact date November 2011 References reflist External links http www.geneticalliance.org Genetic Alliance Home Page http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov sites ga Genetic Alliance Resources hosted by NCBI http www.biobank.org GA s biobank http www.youtube.com watch?v U0ES0yDWryM video on Genetic Alliance s biobank http www.geneticalliance.org Category Medical and health organizations by medical condition Category Biobank organizations ... more details
Unreferenced date April 2008 Expert subject Genetics date April 2008 A genetic isolate is population of organisms that has little genetic mixing with other organisms within the same species. This may result in speciation , but this is not necessarily the case. Genetic isolates may form new species in several ways allopatric speciation , in which two populations of the same species are geographically isolated from one another by an extrinsic barrier, and evolve intrinsic genetic reproductive isolation peripatric speciation , in which a small group of a population is separated from the main population, and experiences genetic drift parapatric speciation , in which zones of two diverging populations are separate, but do overlap somewhat partial separation is afforded by geography, so individuals of each species may come in contact from time to time, but selection for specific behaviours or mechanisms may prevent breeding between the two groups. sympatric speciation , a contentious method of speciation in which species diverge while inhabiting the same place. Human influences on genetic isolates include restricted Dog breeding breeding of dogs , or a community living secluded away from others such as Tristan da Cunha or Pitcairn Islands . A far larger and less secluded human genetic isolate is the ethnic Finns , natives of Finland see Finnish disease heritage . See also Language isolate Linkage disequilibrium DEFAULTSORT Genetic Isolate Category Speciation ... more details
Genetic structure refers to any pattern in the genetics genetic makeup of individuals within a population. In the absence of genetic structure, one can infer little to nothing about the genetic makeup of an individual by studying other members of the population. When genetic structure is present, on the other hand, much can be inferred. In trivial terms, all populations have genetic structure, because all populations can be characterised by their genotype or allele frequencies if only 1 of a large sample of moths drawn from a single population have spotted wings, then it is safe to assume that any unknown individual is unlikely to have spotted wings. A more complicated example arises in dense thicket s of plants, where plants tend to be pollination pollinated by near neighbours, and seed s tend to fall and germination germinate near the maternal plant. In such a scenario, plants tend to be more closely related to nearby plants than they are to distant plants and yet they are more likely to breed with nearby plants than they are with distant plants. Thus an inbreeding cycle is created that perpetuates the pattern of plants being closely related to near neighbours. This is a form of genetic structure because one can infer much about the genetic makeup of any individual plant simply by studying plants in its immediately neighbourhood. Category Genetics genetics stub Unreferenced date March 2010 ... more details
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