been observed in those regions of the genomes of sexual organisms which do not undergo recombination. Explanation Asexual reproduction compels genomes to be inherited as indivisible blocks so that once the least mutated genomes in an asexual population begin to carry at least one deleterious mutation, no genomes with fewer such mutations can be expected to be found in future generations except as a result ... allows the genomes of the progeny to be different from the genomes of the parents. In particular, progeny genomes with fewer mutations can be generated from more highly mutated parental genomes by putting together in progeny genomes mutation free portions of parental chromosomes. Among protists ... to exchange genetic information through a variety of mechanisms. In contrast, the genomes of mitochondria ... as they are. Indeed, the probability that the least mutated genomes in an asexual population end up ... populations and it is thought to set limits to the maximum size of asexual genomes and to the long term ... more details
Taxobox virus group iii familia Partitiviridae subdivision ranks Genera subdivision Alphacryptovirus br Betacryptovirus br Cryspovirus br Partitivirus br Partitiviridae are plant and fungi group III viruses with double stranded RNA genomes. Their name comes from the Latin partitius which means divided and they are called this as they have segmented genomes. There are several genera within the Partitiviridae family Alphacryptovirus example White Clover Cryptic Virus 1 WCCV 1 Betacryptovirus example White Clover Cryptic Virus 2 WCCV 2 Cryspovirus type species Cryptosporidium parvum virus 1 Partitivirus example Atkinsonella hypoxylon virus AhV Partitiviruses mainly infect fungi whereas Alphacryptoviruses and Betacryptoviruses infect plants. The viruses are quite specific when it comes to their host and in plants they are generally transmitted by seeds. Fungal Partitiviruses are generally only transmitted vertically or by hyphal anastomosis . Until recently there was thought to be a fourth genus in this family, the Chrysovirus which infect fungi such as penicillium but they have formed their own family called Chrysoviridae which include the Penicillium chrysogenum virus . Another genus has been described in this family Cryspovirus. The viruses in this genus infect apicomplexia apicomplexian protozoa of the genus Cryptosporidium . ref name Nibert2009 Nibert ML, Woods KM, Upton SJ, Ghabrial SA 2009 Cryspovirus a new genus of protozoan viruses in the family Partitiviridae. Arch Virol 154 12 1959 1965 ref Genome and Structure Partitiviruses have double stranded RNA genomes divided into two genomic segments and there may be additional subgenomic segments. The genome segments are packaged in the same virus particle, the larger segment codes for the RNA dependent RNA polymerase and the smaller codes for the coat protein . The total length of the genome is 3000 10000 nucleotides in length. The virus particle is non enveloped and icosahedral with a diameter between 30 35 nm ... more details
italic title Taxobox color lightgrey name Ralstonia regnum Bacteria phylum Proteobacteria classis Beta Proteobacteria ordo Burkholderiales familia Ralstoniaceae genus Ralstonia subdivision ranks Species subdivision Ralstonia basilensis br Ralstonia campinensis br Ralstonia eutropha br Ralstonia gilardii br Ralstonia insidiosa br Ralstonia mannitolilytica br Ralstonia metallidurans br Ralstonia paucula br Ralstonia pickettii br Ralstonia respiraculi br Ralstonia solanacearum br Ralstonia syzygii br Ralstonia taiwanensis Ralstonia is a genus of proteobacteria , previously included in the genus Pseudomonas . It is named after the American bacteriologist E. Ralston. Researchers at UCLA have genetically modified a variety of Ralstonia Ralstonia eutropha H16 to produce isobutanol from CO sub 2 sub feedstock using electricity produced by a solar cell. The project, funded by the U.S. Dept. of Energy, is a potential high energy density Electrofuel that could use existing infrastructure to replace oil as a transportation fuel. ref http www.sciencemag.org content 335 6076 1596.full Integrated Electromicrobial Conversion of CO sub 2 sub to Higher Alcohols, Liao, James C. Science 30 March 2012 Vol. 335 no. 6076 p. 1596 DOI 10.1126 science.1217643 ref Genomics http www.genomesonline.org search.cgi?colcol all&goldstamp ALL&gen type ALL&org name1 genus&gensp Ralstonia&org domain ALL&org status ALL&size2 ALL&org size Kb&gen gc ALL&phylogeny2 ALL&gen institution ALL&gen funding ALL&gen data ALL&cont ALL&gen country ALL&gen pheno ALL&gen eco ALL&gen disease ALL&gen relevance ALL&gen avail ALL&selection submit search Ralstonia Genome Projects from http www.genomesonline.org Genomes OnLine Database http img.jgi.doe.gov cgi bin pub main.cgi?section TaxonList&page lineageMicrobes&genus Ralstonia Comparative Analysis of Ralstonia Genomes at United States Department of Energy DOE s Integrated Microbial Genomes System IMG system References Reflist Category Burkholderiales Proteobacteria stub ... more details
Mohamed Noor is a Professor and Associate Chair of Biology at Duke University . His specialities include Evolution , Genetics and Genomics . With a BS from the College of William and Mary 1992 and a PhD from University of Chicago 1996 , together with a postdoctoral residency at Cornell University 1996 1998 , he specialises in Drosophila evolution and in 2007 contributed to the publication on sequencing the genomes of twelve Drosophila species. The corresponding paper published in Nature journal Nature that year has become the benchmark for the emerging field of comparative genomics. Likewise, Noor was one of the first scientists to demonstrate by experiment speciation by reinforcement , that is, as a result of natural selection mating preferences diverge against deleterious Hybrid biology hybridization and reduce gene flow between species. He is also known for developing along with others a model wherein regions of restricted recombination, as by chromosomal inversions , facilitate the persistence of hybridizing species. He was editor for the international journal Evolution journal Evolution , is or was associate editor for several other journals, and the author of close to 100 publications. In 2008 he was awarded the Darwin Wallace Medal . Recent publications Drosophila 12 Genomes Consortium Noor is 151st author of 417 , Evolution of genes and genomes on the Drosophila phylogeny. , Nature, vol. 450 no. 7167 November, 2007 , pp. 203 218 abs . MAF Noor, DA Garfield, SW Schaeffer, CA Machado, Divergence Between the Drosophila pseudoobscura and D. persimilis Genome Sequences in Relation to Chromosomal Inversions. , Genetics, vol. 177 no. 3 November, 2007 , pp. 1417 1428 abs . References http fds.duke.edu db aas Biology faculty noor Duke University Biology Department Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata . NAME Noor, Mohamed ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION DATE OF BIRTH PLACE OF BIRTH DATE OF DEATH PLACE OF DEATH DEFAULTSORT Noor, Mohamed Category G ... more details
Multiple issues orphan February 2010 COI April 2009 refimprove October 2009 wikify January 2011 Mark Borodovsky is a Regents Professor of Biomedical Engineering and Computational Science and Engineering and Director of Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Genomics at Georgia Tech. He is a Founder of the Georgia Institute of Technology Bioinformatics M.Sc. and Ph.D. Program. ref http opal.biology.gatech.edu GeneMark Mark Borodosky research homepage , Georgia Institute of Technology , USA. ref Since 1990 his lab at Georgia Tech has developed a line of gene finding algorithms the GeneMark line that have been frequently used in research labs in the US and abroad. References Reflist External links http genome.cshlp.org content 18 12 1979 Gene prediction in novel fungal genomes using an ab initio algorithm with unsupervised training , Genome Research http nar.oxfordjournals.org cgi content full 33 20 6494 Gene identification in novel eukaryotic genomes by self training algorithm , Nucleic Acids Research http nar.oxfordjournals.org cgi content full 33 suppl 2 W451 GeneMark web software for gene finding in prokaryotes, eukaryotes and viruses Nucleic Acids Research http nar.oxfordjournals.org cgi content abstract 29 12 2607 GeneMarkS a self training method for prediction of gene starts in microbial genomes. Implications for finding sequence motifs in regulatory regions , Nucleic Acids Research http nar.oxfordjournals.org cgi content full 27 19 3911 Heuristic approach to deriving models for gene finding , Nucleic Acids Research http nar.oxfordjournals.org cgi content full 26 4 1107 GeneMark.hmm new solutions for gene finding , Nucleic Acids Research http opal.biology.gatech.edu GeneMark PAPERS GeneMark parallel gene Article.pdf GenMark Parallel Gene recognition for Both DNA Strands Computers and Chemistry Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata . NAME Borodovsky, Mark ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION DATE OF BIRTH PLACE OF BIRTH DATE OF DEATH PLACE OF DEATH DEF ... more details
infobox biodatabase title OMA logo File Database.png description orthology inference among 1000 complete genomes. scope organism center laboratory ETH Zurich author Christophe Dessimoz, Adrian Schneider, Adrian Altenhoff, Gaston Gonnet Gaston H. Gonnet pmid Altenhoff et al. ref name pmid21113020 released 2004 standard format url http omabrowser.org download http omabrowser.org All download.html webservice http omabrowser.org omabrowser.wsdl wsdl sql sparql webapp standalone license versioning frequency 2 releases per year curation bookmark version OMA Orthologous MAtrix is a database of Orthology orthologs extracted from available complete Genome sequencing genomes . ref name pmid21113020 cite journal quotes yes last Altenhoff first Adrian M authorlink coauthors Schneider Adrian, Gonnet Gaston H, Dessimoz Christophe year 2011 month Jan title OMA 2011 orthology inference among 1000 complete genomes journal Nucleic Acids Res. volume 39 issue Database issue pages D289 94 publisher location England issn pmid 21113020 doi 10.1093 nar gkq1238 bibcode oclc id url pmc 3013747 language eng format accessdate laysummary laysource laydate quote ref The orthology predictions of OMA are available in several forms OMA Pairs for a given gene , a list of predicted Orthology orthologs in other species is provided. OMA Groups a set of genes across different species which are all Orthology orthologous . OMA Hierarchical Groups the set of all genes that have evolved from a single ancestral gene in a given Taxonomy taxonomic range. OMA Genome Pair view the list of all predicted Orthology orthologs between two species . See also Homology biology OrthoDB TreeFam References references External links http omabrowser.org. Category Biological databases Category Evolutionary biology Category Phylogenetics Biodatabase stub ... more details
Orphan date April 2011 infobox biodatabase title Pseudomonas Genome Database logo File Database.png description comparative genomics for Pseudomonas genomes. scope organism Pseudomonas center Simon Fraser University laboratory Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry author Geoffrey L Winsor pmid Winsor & al. 2011 ref name pmid20929876 released standard format url http www.pseudomonas.com download webservice sql sparql webapp standalone license versioning frequency curation bookmark version The Pseudomonas Genome Database is a database of Genome annotation genomic annotations for the pseudomonas genomes. ref name pmid20929876 cite journal quotes yes last Winsor first Geoffrey L authorlink coauthors Lam David K W, Fleming Leanne, Lo Raymond, Whiteside Matthew D, Yu Nancy Y, Hancock Robert E W, Brinkman Fiona S L year 2011 month Jan title Pseudomonas Genome Database improved comparative analysis and population genomics capability for Pseudomonas genomes journal Nucleic Acids Res. volume 39 issue Database issue pages D596 600 publisher location England issn pmid 20929876 doi 10.1093 nar gkq869 bibcode oclc id url pmc 3013766 language eng format accessdate laysummary laysource laydate quote ref References references See also pseudomonas External links http www.pseudomonas.com Biodatabase stub Category Biological databases Category Pseudomonadales Category Bacteria Category Cryophiles Category Gram negative bacteria ... more details
they are derived from the genomes of two different species, these hybrid plants are said to be allotetraploid contain four genomes, derived from two different ancestral species . Data from molecular ... more details
The abbreviation IMG has several different meanings IMG, abbreviation for image IMG company , global sports and media business headquartered in New York City but with its main offices in Cleveland, originally known as the International Management Group , with divisions including IMG Academies , an athletic training complex in Bradenton, Florida with facilities for multiple sports IMG Artists , a performing arts management company with multiple worldwide offices IMG College , a college sports marketing agency based in Winston Salem, North Carolina IMG Models , a modeling agency based in New York IMG file format , the file extension of an image format IMG, a tag used in BBCode to place an image HTML element Images and objects img , an HTML element used to place an image Inside Mac Games , a game news site for the Macintosh Integrated Microbial Genomes System , a framework for comparative analysis of the genomes sequenced by the Joint Genome Institute International Marxist Group , a Trotskyist group in Britain between 1968 and 1982 International medical graduate , a physician who has graduated from a medical school outside of the country in which he or she intends to practice International Medical Group Uganda , a conglomerate of health related businesses headquartered in Kampala, Uganda International Music Group, a record label created by American rapper Flo Rida disambig ar IMG de IMG fr IMG it IMG ja IMG zh IMG ... more details
As a logical conclusion of the endosymbiotic theory , since modern day mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes do not contain a full set of housekeeping genes, and lack many that other descendants of their speculative ancestors share, there must have been a loss of genes. However, some of these genes likely migrated to the nucleus, where analogues of these genes are now found. Puzzle It is not clear why only a subset of genes have been transferred, when such gene transfer is known to be rapid on a similar timescale as mutation. Mitochondria and chloroplasts perform redox reactions, which are known to be considerably mutagenic . Such mutagenicity would encourage migration of genes away from the organelles to the nucleus. Proposed explanations Since chloroplast and mitochondrial genetic code s differ slightly from the eukaryotic nuclear code, some genes may lose function when they are transferred. References Allen, J. F., Puthiyaveetil, S., Str m, J. & Allen, C. A. 2005. BioEssays 27 426 435. de Grey, A. D. N. J. 2005. Forces maintaining organellar genomes is any as strong as genetic code disparity or hydrophobicity? BioEssays 27 436 446. See also Human mitochondrial genetics Mitochondrial DNA CoRR Hypothesis Category Genetics Category Mitochondrial genetics ... more details
leader BugView index.html BugView Free cross platform desktop browser for visualizing genomes, especially suited for comparing prokaryotic genomes. http sourceforge.net projects celeragb files ... https dnanexus.com genomes hg18 public browse DNAnexus Flash based interactive genome browser, as well ... img.jgi.doe.gov Integrated Microbial Genomes IMG system by the DOE Joint Genome Institute http jbrowse.org ... SEED viewer for visualizing and interrogating the SEED database of complete microbial genomes http genome.ucsc.edu ... Organizer VGO A genome browser providing visualization and analysis tools for annotated whole genomes ... more details
Taxobox color lightgrey name Proto mitochondrion regnum Bacterium Bacteria phylum Proteobacteria classis Alpha Proteobacteria The proto mitochondrion is the ancestral bacterial endosymbiont from which all mitochondria are thought to be derived. Phylogeny The phylogenetic analyses of the few genes that are still encoded in the genomes of modern mitochondria suggest an alpha proteobacteria l origin for this endosymbiont . Although the order Rickettsiales has been proposed as the alpha proteobacteria l sister group of mitochondria , there is no definitive evidence as to from which alpha proteobacteria l group the proto mitochondrion emerged. Rickettsialesphylogeny Metabolism Toni Gabald n and Martijn Huynen 2003 reconstructed the proteome and corresponding metabolism of the proto mitochondrion by comparing extant alpha proteobacterial and eukaryotic genomes. They concluded that this organism was an Aerobic organism aerobic alpha proteobacterium catabolyzing lipids, glycerol and other compounds provided by the host. At least 630 gene families derived from this organism can still be found in the 9 eukaryotic genome s analyzed in the study. ref name Gabaldon References reflist refs ref name Gabaldon Cite journal first T. last Gabald n coauthors et al. title The proto mitochondrial metabolism journal Science volume 301 issue 5633 year 2003 pages 690 doi 10.1126 science.1085463 pmid 12893934 ref Cell biology stub Category Microbiology Category Mitochondria Category Proteobacteria Category Symbiosis ca Protomitocondri ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 The MicrobesOnline website is a resource for comparative and functional genomics that serves the scientific community for the analysis of microbial genes and genomes. The website, created by the Virtual Institute for Microbial Stress and Survival VIMSS a Department of Energy Genomics GTL project was originally developed to aid analysis of the Environmental Stress Pathway Project ESPP but has been open to the public since 2003 due to is broader utility to the scientific community . MicrobesOnline offers Homologs, PDBs, domains & families, metabolic maps and operon predictions Tree based browser with pre computed phylogenies for all gene families Build your own sequence alignments and phylogenetic trees from Gene Carts Microarray data up regulated genes and operons, and overlays on metabolism See also Integrated Microbial Genomes System IMG External links http microbesonline.org MicrobesOnline home page reference http www.genome.org cgi content abstract 15 7 1015 The MicrobesOnline Web site for comparative genomics http img.jgi.doe.gov IMG home page reference http nar.oxfordjournals.org cgi content abstract 34 suppl 1 D344 Nucleic Acids Research, 2006, Vol. 34, Database issue D344 D348 genomics footer microbiology stub genetics stub Category Genome projects Category Bioinformatics Category Biological databases ... more details
The Genome Reference Consortium GRC is a group of educational institutes which was formed to improve the representation of reference genome s. At the time the Human Genome Project human reference was initially described, it was clear that some regions were wiktionary recalcitrant recalcitrant to closure with existing technology. The main reason for improving the reference assembly reference assemblies are that they are the cornerstones upon which all whole genome studies are based i.e. the 1000 Genomes Project . Initially the focus lies with the Human and the Mouse reference genomes with additional model organisms to be added at a later time. The goal of the Consortium is to correct the small number of regions in the reference that are currently misrepresented, to close as many remaining gap genetics gaps as possible and to produce alternative assemblies of structurally variant Locus genetics loci when necessary. External links http genomereference.org Genome Reference Consortium Members http www.ebi.ac.uk The European Bioinformatics Institute http genome.wustl.edu The Genome Institute at Washington University http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov The National Center for Biotechnology Information http www.sanger.ac.uk sequencing grc The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute Wellcome Trust Category Genome projects Category Consortia Category Wellcome Trust ... more details
A fractal globule is a proposed packing method used by cells to sequester DNA into a compact yet accessible structure that minimizes the probability of knot formation. ref name lieberman2009 cite doi 10.1126 science.1181369 ref ref name grosberg1993 cite doi 10.1209 0295 5075 23 5 012 ref ref name grosberg1988 cite doi 10.1051 jphys 0198800490120209500 ref A paper by a team of scientists from the University of Massachusetts Medical School and MIT Erez Lieberman Aiden , van Berkum et al ref name lieberman2009 2009 described Hi C, a method that probes the three dimensional architecture of whole genomes by coupling proximity based ligation with massively parallel sequencing. We constructed spatial proximity maps of the human genome with Hi C at a resolution of 1 megabase. These maps confirm the presence of chromosome territories and the spatial proximity of small, gene rich chromosomes. We identified an additional level of genome organization that is characterized by the spatial segregation of open and closed chromatin to form two genome wide compartments. At the megabase scale, the chromatin conformation is consistent with a fractal globule , a knot free, polymer conformation that enables maximally dense packing while preserving the ability to easily fold and unfold any genomic locus. The fractal globule is distinct from the more commonly used globular equilibrium model. Our results demonstrate the power of Hi C to map the dynamic conformations of whole genomes. References Reflist Category DNA Category Fractals ... more details
Multiple issues primary sources August 2011 self published August 2011 orphan October 2011 infobox biodatabase title ECRbase logo File Database.png description conserved regions, Promoter biology promoters , and transcription factor binding sites scope organism vertebrate s center laboratory CMLS author pmid PMID 17090579 released 2006 standard format url http ecrbase.dcode.org. download webservice sql sparql webapp standalone license versioning frequency curation bookmark version ECRbase is a database of evolutionary Conservation genetics conserved region s, Promoter biology promoters , and transcription factor binding sites, in vertebrate genomes. ref cite journal quotes yes last Loots first Gabriela authorlink coauthors Ovcharenko Ivan year 2007 month Jan title ECRbase database of evolutionary conserved regions, promoters, and transcription factor binding sites in vertebrate genomes journal Bioinformatics volume 23 issue 1 pages 122 4 publisher location England issn pmid 17090579 doi 10.1093 bioinformatics btl546 bibcode oclc id url language eng format accessdate laysummary laysource laydate quote ref References references See also Conservation genetics conserved region External links http ecrbase.dcode.org. Biodatabase stub Category Biological databases Category Computational phylogenetics Category Genomics ... more details
Orphan date April 2011 infobox biodatabase title PSSRdb logo File Database.png description polymorphic simple Repeated sequence DNA sequence repeats extracted from prokaryotic genomes. scope organism Prokaryote prokaryotic center Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics laboratory Laboratory of Computational Biology India. author Pankaj Kumar pmid Kumar & al. 2011 ref name pmid21112874 released 2010 standard format url http www.cdfd.org.in PSSRdb download webservice sql sparql webapp standalone license versioning frequency curation bookmark version PSSRdb Polymorphic Simple Sequence Repeats database is a database of Polymorphism biology polymorphic simple Repeated sequence DNA sequence repeats ref name pmid21112874 cite journal quotes yes last Kumar first Pankaj authorlink coauthors Chaitanya Pasumarthy S, Nagarajaram Hampapathalu A year 2011 month Jan title PSSRdb a relational database of polymorphic simple sequence repeats extracted from prokaryotic genomes journal Nucleic Acids Res. volume 39 issue Database issue pages D601 5 publisher location England issn pmid 21112874 doi 10.1093 nar gkq1198 bibcode oclc id url pmc 3013739 language eng format accessdate laysummary laysource laydate quote ref See also Repeated sequence DNA sequence repeats References references External links http www.cdfd.org.in PSSRdb Category Biological databases Category Repetitive DNA sequences Biodatabase stub ... more details
wiktionary sine Sine is a trigonometric function. Sine may also refer to Sin , Maurice Sinet, a French cartoonist Sine FM , a community radio station based in Doncaster, South Yorkshire Sanandaj , a city in Iranian Kurdistan Kingdom of Sine , a former kingdom in modern Senegal SINE, abbreviation for Short interspersed nuclear element s, short DNA sequences in eukaryote genomes Sine bar Mathematics Abbe sine condition Discrete sine transform Sine wave , a mathematical function Sine and cosine transforms Sine quadrant Sine Gordon equation See also Port of Sines , a deep water port in Portugal Sines Municipality , a city and municipality in Portugal Sinoatrial node Sine qua non Sign disambiguation disambiguation da Sinus de Sine es Seno eo Sinuso fr Sine gl Seo it Seno ... more details
Nucleomorphs are small, reduced eukaryotic nuclei found in certain plastid s. So far, only two groups of organisms are known to contain a nucleomorph the cryptomonads ref name Lane2007 Cite pmid 18077423 ref of the supergroup Chromista and the chlorarachniophyte chlorarachniophytes ref name Gilson2006 Cite pmid 16760254 ref of the supergroup Rhizaria , both of which have examples of sequenced nucleomorph genomes. ref name Lane2007 ref name Gilson2006 The nucleomorphs support the endosymbiotic theory , and are an evidence that the plastids of these organisms are so called complex plastids . Studies of the genomic organization and of the molecular phylogeny have shown that the nucleomorph of the cryptomonads formerly was the Cell nucleus nucleus of a red alga , whereas the nucleomorph of the chlorarchniophytes formerly was the nucleus of a green alga . In both groups of organisms the plastids originate from engulfed photoautotroph ic eukaryote s. After the red or green alga was engulfed by its host cell, it was reduced. Nucleomorphs retained only three chromosomes and many genes were transferred to the nucleus of the host cell. The unique combination of host cell and complex plastid results in cells with four genomes two prokaryotic genomes mitochondrion and plastid of the red or green alga and two Eukaryote eukaryotic genomes nucleus of host cell and nucleomorph . According to GenBank release 164 Feb 2008 , there are 13 Cercozoa and 181 Cryptophyta entries an entry is the submission of a sequence to the DDBJ EMBL GenBank public database of sequences . Most sequenced organisms were br Guillardia theta 54 Rhodomonas salina 18 Cryptomonas sp. 15 Chlorarachniophyceae sp. 10 Cryptomonas paramecium 9 Cryptomonas erosa 7. Note that the taxonomy used in the first section is probably outdated. See links below to NCBI TaxBrowser for present taxonomy See also Endosymbiont External links http mbe.oxfordjournals.org cgi content full 23 5 856 Insight into the Diversity and Evoluti ... more details
Taxobox virus group ii familia Circoviridae subdivision ranks Genera subdivision Circovirus br Cyclovirus br Gyrovirus br The Circoviridae are a family of virus es. These are small, relatively poorly studied viruses, with circular, single stranded DNA genomes of approximately one to four kilobases Virology The virons are non enveloped about 20 nanometers in diameter with icosahedral symmetry triangulation number T 1. The capsid consists of 12 pentagonal trumpet shaped pentomers. The genome is monopartite, circular, single stranded DNA of between 1.8 to 3.8 kilobases. There are two main open reading frames arranged in opposite directions that encode the replication Rep and capsid Cap proteins. Alternative start codons are common in the avian species. The viruses replicate their genomes via a rolling circle mechanism. A stem loop structure with a conserved nonanucleotide motif is located at the 5 intergenic region of circovirus genomes and is thought to initiate rolling cycle replication. Taxonomy The family Circoviridae contains three genera, Circovirus , Cyclovirus and Gyrovirus . Two circoviruses have been identified in fish Barbel circovirus BaCV 1 and 2. ref name Lorincz2011 Lorincz M, Csagola A, Farkas SL, Szekely C, Tuboly T 2011 First detection and analysis of a fish circovirus. J Gen Virol ref Their genomes are in length and contain two major open reading frames similar to the capsid and replication associated protein genes found in other circoviruses. Genus Circovirus type species Porcine circovirus type 1 and 2, beak and feather disease virus BFDV ref name sobrino8 cite book chapterurl http www.horizonpress.com avir author Mankertz P year 2008 chapter Molecular Biology of Porcine Circoviruses title Animal Viruses Molecular Biology publisher Caister Academic Press id http www.horizonpress.com avir ISBN 978 1 904455 22 6 ref Genus Cyclovirus Dragonfly cyclovirus Genus Gyrovirus type species Chicken anaemia virus See also Animal virology Animal viruses Referen ... more details
Taxobox virus group iv ordo Picornavirales familia Secoviridae subfamilia Comovirinae subdivision ranks Genera subdivision Comovirus br Fabavirus br Nepovirus The Comovirinae are a subfamily within the family Secoviridae in the order of Picornavirales , including the following genera Genus Comovirus type species Cowpea mosaic virus Genus Fabavirus type species Broad bean wilt virus 1 Genus Nepovirus type species Tobacco ringspot virus The genomes of the Comoviruses and Nepoviruses are bipartate. External links ICTV Virus Taxonomy 2009 http www.ictvonline.org UniProt Taxonomy http www.uniprot.org taxonomy 675063 Category RNA viruses Virus stub ar ca Comov rid es Comoviridae zh ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Orphan date December 2009 Stem cell genomics is an omics study that analyzes the genome s and their variation of stem cells . Comparing different stem cell genomes from different species can reveal important evolutionary history of development of species and also for stem cell differentiation. As the genome sequencing speed is increasing, stem cell genomics will become a field in genomics. The stemcellome is the total set of genes, proteins and their ligands in embryonic and adult stem cells. It includes stem cell chip derived microarray data. See also stem cell proteomics DEFAULTSORT Stem Cell Genomics Category Stem cells Cell biology stub ... more details
A hypostatic gene is one whose phenotype is masked by the expression of an allele at a separate locus, in an epistasis event. Example In labrador retriever s, the chocolate coat colour is a result of Zygosity homozygosity for a gene that is epistasis epistatic to the black vs. yellow gene. The alleles determining whether the dog is yellow or black, are that of the hypostatic gene in this event. See also Epistasis Bombay phenotype Further reading cite book last Hartwell first Leland coauthors L. Hood, M. Goldberg, A. Reynolds, L. Silver, R. Veres title Genetics From Genes to Genomes publisher McGraw Hill date 2004 location New York, NY pages 56 57 url http highered.mcgraw hill.com sites 0072919302 information center view0 isbn 0 07 246248 5 Category Classical genetics ... more details
In chromatin , those proteins which remain after the histones have been removed, are classified as non histone proteins . Scaffold protein Scaffold proteins , DNA polymerase , Heterochromatin Protein 1 and Polycomb group proteins Polycomb are common non histone proteins. This classification group also includes numerous other structural, regulatory, and motor proteins. See also Chromatin Cohesin Condensin Sources cite book last Hartwell first Leland coauthors L. Hood, M. Goldberg, A. Reynolds, L. Silver, R. Veres title Genetics From Genes to Genomes publisher McGraw Hill date 2004 location New York, NY pages 417 422 url http highered.mcgraw hill.com sites 0072919302 information center view0 isbn 0 07 246248 5 Category Epigenetics Category Genetics fr Prot ine non histone ... more details
The mobilome is the total of all mobile genetic elements in a genome . Elements that can move within the genome transposable elements are the major constituents of the mobilome in eukaryote s. In prokaryote s, however, mobile genetic elements that can move between genomes, like prophage s and plasmid s, are also an important part of the mobilome. References Barkay, T. and Smets, B.F. 2005. Horizontal gene flow in microbial communities . ASM News 71 412 419. http www.unb.br ib cel microbiologia artigos 05THG.pdf PDF Frost, L.S. et al., 2005. Mobile genetic elements the agents of open source evolution . Nat. Rev. of Microbiology 3 722 732. Category Microbiology Category Genetics genetics stub ca Mobiloma ur ... more details
Encyclopedia
top
