Image Punnett square mendel flowers.svg thumb right Here the relation between genotype and phenotype ... B and b represent genes for colour and the pictures show the resultant flowers. The genotype is the Genetics ... script main art.asp?articlekey 8472 Genotype definition Medical Dictionary definitions ref ... accepted that inherited genotype, transmitted epigenetic factors, and non hereditary ... understood as representing the individual s genotype. Hence, scientists and physicians sometimes talk for example about the geno type of a particular cancer , that is the genotype of the disease as distinct from the diseased. Genotype and genomic sequence main Genome One s genotype ... of an individual, or a representative of a species or group a genotype typically implies a measurement ..., one refers to an individual s genotype with regard to a particular gene of interest and, in polyploid ... , heterozygous . The genetic constitution of an organism is referred to as its genotype, such as the letters Bb. B dominant genotype and b recessive genotypeGenotype and Mendelian inheritance main Mendelian inheritance The distinction between genotype and phenotype is commonly experienced when studying ... another genetic carrier carrier there would be a 75 chance of passing on the gene. Genotype and mathematics ... solutions to certain types of otherwise difficult problems. Determining genotype main Genotyping Genotyping is the process of elucidating the genotype of an individual with a biological assay . Also ... typically allow only a fraction of an individual s genotype to be determined efficiently. References reflist 2 External links wiktionary genotype phenotype inheritance genome http www.sci.sdsu.edu ... Category Polymorphism ar bg ca Genotip cs Genotyp da Genotype de Genotyp et Genot p ... it Genotipo he kk la Genotypus hu Genot pus nl Genotype ja pl Genotyp pt Gen tipo ro Genotip ru stq Genotyp simple Genotype sk Genotyp sl Genotip ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Genetic variation in population s can be analyzed and quantified by the frequency of alleles. Two fundamental calculations are central to population genetics allele frequencies and genotype frequencies ref Brooker R, Widmaier E, Graham L, and Stiling P. Biology 2011 p. 492 ref . Genotype frequency in a population is the number of individuals with a given genotype divided by the total number of individuals in population ref Brooker R, Widmaier E, Graham L, and Stiling P. Biology 2011 p. G 14 ref . In population genetics , the genotype frequency is the frequency or proportion i.e. 0 f 1 of genotype s in a population . It may be denoted thus math f mathbf AA math or alternatively H 1, H 2 H 3 eek I think Compare allele frequency . The Hardy Weinberg law predicts genotype frequencies from allele frequencies under certain conditions, in which case math f mathbf AA p 2 math math f mathbf Aa 2pq math math f mathbf aa q 2 math Genotype frequencies may be represented by a De Finetti diagram . DEFAULTSORT Genotype Frequency Category Population genetics es Frecuencia genot pica it Frequenza del genotipo hu Genot pus gyakoris g zh References Reflist Notes Cite book author Brooker R, Widmaier E, Graham L, and Stiling P title Biology edition 2nd year 2011 isbn 978 0 07 353221 9 publisher McGraw Hill location New York ... more details
The genotype phenotype distinction is drawn in genetics . Genotype is an organism s full hereditary information, even if not expressed. Phenotype is an organism s actual observed properties, such as morphology biology morphology , Developmental biology development , or behavior . This distinction is fundamental in the study of biological inheritance inheritance of trait biology trait s and their evolution . The genotype represents its exact genetic makeup the particular set of gene s it possesses. Two organisms whose genes differ at even one locus genetics locus position in their genome are said to have different genotypes. The transmission of genes from parents to offspring is under the control of precise molecular mechanisms. The discovery of these mechanisms and their manifestations started ..., to properly understand the theory of evolution via natural selection , one must understand the genotype ... is sometimes referred to as the genotype phenotype map . Image PAX6 Phenotypes Washington etal ... alterations, even across a wide range of species. An organism s genotype is a major the largest by far ... twins share the same genotype, since their genomes are identical but they never have the same ... s phenotype is determined by its genotype. A high level of plasticity means that environmental ..., the phenotype of an organism can be reliably predicted from knowledge of the genotype, regardless ... to which an organism s phenotype allows conclusions about its genotype. A phenotype is said to be canalized ..., in which case it is not possible to exactly predict the genotype from knowledge of the phenotype i.e. the genotype phenotype map is not invertible . If canalization is not present, small changes in the genome have an immediate effect on the phenotype that develops. The terms genotype and phenotype were created by Wilhelm Johannsen in 1911. External links http plato.stanford.edu entries genotype phenotype Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry genarch Category Genetics no Genotype og fenotype ... more details
Random Match Possibility RMP is a kind of measure in population genetics to measure the possibility of a person random ly picked out of the general population and matching the genotype measured exactly. ref cite web url http www.newscientist.com article mg20727743.300 how dna evidence creates victims of chance.html?full true title How DNA evidence creates victims of chance date 18 August 2010 publisher New Scientist ref A genotype has a number of allele s, and each allele has a allele frequency frequency in a certain race. This frequency is the RMP of that allele. To calculate the RMP of a certain genotype, multiply the frequencies of the alleles in the genotype together. This will give the RMP of the genotype. In forensic science , the evidence from the crime scene is gathered and the genotype of DNA evidence is collected. This is then matched with the suspect. The RMP of the evidence is useful in convincing the jury, because the chances of the genotype of the evidence and that of the suspect matching is very low, and therefore it can hardly be claimed that the suspect is innocent, as the chances of it being so is very low. Citation needed date November 2010 See also Random man not excluded References references Use dmy dates date November 2010 DEFAULTSORT Random Match Possibility Category Population genetics Genetics stub ... more details
Unreferenced date February 2008 for the measure of the ideas expressible in a programming language Expressivity computer science Expressivity is a term used in genetics to refer to variations in a phenotype among individuals carrying a particular genotype . The term can be used to characterize qualitatively or quantitatively the extent of phenotypic variation given a particular genotype. The term is analogous to the severity of a condition in clinical medicine . For example, the amount of blood ejected from the pumping heart with each contraction can be quantified by echocardiography and is called the ejection fraction. If a specific genotype is associated with the development of congestive heart failure, the expressivity would be represented by the range of ejection fractions seen in patients that have that genotype. As a more qualitative example, the blue gene might have an expressivity of 25 for individuals that express the blue gene and appear light blue, and 75 for individuals that express the blue gene and appear dark blue. Expressivity is measured only when there is 100 penetrance. This differs from penetrance , which refers to the likelihood of the gene generating its associated phenotype at all, as determined by the proportion of individuals with a given genotype who also possess the associated phenotype. In contrast, expressivity refers to the influence of an expressed gene at the level of particular individuals. Variable expressivity occurs when a phenotype is expressed to a different degree among individuals with the same genotype. For example, individuals with the same allele for a gene involved in a quantitative trait like body height might have large variance some are taller than others , making prediction of the phenotype from a particular genotype alone difficult. The expression of a phenotype may be modified by the effects of aging, other genetic loci, or environmental factors. See also Penetrance Allele Phenotype Genotype Mendelian inheritance Ple ... more details
de Finetti usually refers to the Italian probabilist and statistician Bruno de Finetti , noted for the operational subjective conception of probability. His works include de Finetti s theorem , which explains why exchangeable observations are conditionally independent given some usually unobservable quantity de Finetti diagram , used to graph the genotype frequencies of populations disambig ... more details
Unreferenced auto yes date December 2009 Wiktionary In microbial genetics , a revertant is a mutant that has reverted to its former genotype or to the original phenotype by means of a suppressor mutation , or else by compensatory mutation somewhere in the gene second site reversion . Category Microbiology Genetics stub de Revertante ... more details
wiktionary mutator mutator may refer to tocright Arts Film Mutator film Mutator film or Time of the Beast , a 1989 horror film directed by John R. Bowey Literature Mutator comics , the nickname of a paranormal in Marvel Comics comic DP7 , in the New Universe imprint Technologies Computer science A mutator method , an object method that changes the state of the object In the study of garbage collection computer science garbage collection , the mutator refers to the application program, which mutates the object dependency graph Engineering A mutator is the central shaft in some scraped surface Heat exchanger heat exchangers Other usages In genetics, a mutator genotype , a genotype that exhibits high rates of mutation Mutators, in the Unreal series are simple Mods that can make small changes to the basic gameplay disambiguation ... more details
individual of the specified genotype or phenotype. If differences between alleles at a given .... The fitnesses of different individuals with the same genotype are therefore not necessarily equal. However, since the fitness of the genotype is an averaged quantity, it will reflect the reproductive outcomes of all individuals with that genotype in a given environment or set of environments ... in its pram, this would not prove the new genotype to have low fitness, but only that the particular ... fitness math w mathrm abs math of a genotype is defined as the ratio between the number of individuals with that genotype after selection to those before selection. It is calculated for a single generation ... than 1.0, the genotype increases in frequency a ratio smaller than 1.0 indicates a decrease in frequency. math w mathrm abs N mathrm after over N mathrm before math Absolute fitness for a genotype can ... of a particular genotype compared with average number of surviving progeny of competing genotypes after a single generation, i.e. one genotype is normalized at math w 1 math and the fitnesses of other genotypes are measured with respect to that genotype. Relative fitness can therefore take any ... fitness, which is weighted by genotype frequencies . math frac w abs overline w abs frac w rel ... genotype has become fixation population genetics fixed . Genetic load is the probability that an average ... the genotype with the highest fitness is called W sub opt sub . The average fitness of the whole population is the fitness of each genotype multiplied by its frequency this is called mean fitness ... sub If all the individuals in the population have the optimal genotype, then v W sub opt sub and the load is zero. If all but one have a genotype of zero fitness then v 0 and L 1. ref name Ridley See ... more details
within each genotype represented by lower cased letters . ref name Simmonds1993 Simmonds P, Holmes ... 35 1 201 207 ref The difference in genomic composition of subtypes of a genotype is usually 20 25 . Subtypes ... genotype 1b journal Virol. J. volume 8 pages 317 year 2011 pmid 21696641 pmc 3145594 doi 10.1186 1743 ... genotypes appear to have evolved from genotype 1 subtype 1b. A study of genotype 6 strains ... was 1.8 10 sup 4 sup 95 credible region 0.9 10 sup 4 sup to 2.9 10 sup 4 sup . This genotype may ..., USA and Japanese isolates suggested that the date of origin of genotype 1b was 1925. ref ... was estimated to be 200 300 years. The evolution of each genotype is discussed in more detail below Genotype 1 A study of genotype 1a and 1b estimated the dates of origin to be 1914 1930 95 credible .... Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99 24 15584 15589 ref Genotype 1 first appeared in Japan around 1882 ... japonicum . Type 1a Genotype 1a infections in the United States, Brazil and Indonesia began ... countries. J Infect Dis 190 6 1098 1108 ref In Vietnam the increase in this genotype began after the 1970s ... of hepatitis C virus in Venezuela high diversity and long time of evolution of HCV genotype 2. PLoS ... mortality. Gastroenterology 130 3 703 714 ref A study in Turkey suggested that the genotype 1b ... a plateau after the year 2000. This may reflect improvements in blood transfusion. The genotype ... of the genotype 1b in Argentina estimated the mutation rate to be between 3.24 x 10 sup 3 sup ... FA, Bessone F, Fay F, Benetti S, Jones LR, Campos RH 2010 High prevalence of hepatitis C virus genotype ... One 5 1 e8751. ref This genotype appears to have been introduced in the 1950s. A second study based on samples from Buenos Aires suggested a similar date of origin for this genotype. ref name DiLello2008 Di Lello F, Garcia G, Kott V, Sookoian S, Campos R 2008 Diversity of hepatitis C virus genotype ... Med Virol 80 4 619 627 ref In China genotype 1b occurs in two main clades which seem to have originated ... more details
Unreferenced auto yes date December 2009 In genetics , underdominance is the opposite of overdominance . It is the selection against the mean of a population distribution, causing disruptive selection and divergent genotype s. Underdominance can also be described as homozygote advantage , wherein homozygous individuals have a higher fitness than heterozygous individuals. See also Natural selection Heterozygote advantage Category Genetics Genetics stub ... more details
Canalization may refer to River engineering Canalization of rivers Canalization , the process of introducing weir s and Lock water transport locks to a river so as to secure a defined depth suitable for navigation River engineering Channelization Channelization , the process of modifying the course of a stream so that it follows a restricted path Canalisation genetics , a measure of the ability of a genotype to produce the same phenotype regardless of variability of its environment Canalization psychology canalizing , the form of satisfaction or discharge, the term established by Pierre Janet and Gardner Murphy disambig it Canalizzazione ... more details
One source date April 2009 In genetics , a test cross , first introduced by Gregor Mendel , is used to determine if an individual exhibiting a dominant trait is homozygous or heterozygous for that trait. Put more simply, test crosses determine the genotype of an individual with a dominant phenotype. Test crosses involve breeding the individual in question with another individual that expresses a recessive version of the same trait. If all offspring display the dominant phenotype, the individual in question is homozygous dominant if the offspring display both dominant and recessive phenotypes, then the individual is heterozygous. In some sources, the test cross is defined as being a type of Backcrossing backcross between the recessive homozygote and F1 generation or F2 generation crossed with recessive parent is said to be a test cross. If the individual being tested produces any recessive offspring except in cases of incomplete penetrance its genotype is heterozygous. If all the offspring are phenotypically dominant, its genotype is homozygous. for other crosses look for Di hybrid and mono hybrid crosses, these can provide more accurate and more detailed information on genotypes behind phenotypes in organisms. Definition Mendel devised a cross which is used to test the genotype of an individual showing a dominant phenotype. It is a mating in which an individual showing an dominant phenotype is cross with an individual showing its recessive phenotype. References reflist refbegin cite book author Hopson, Janet L. John H. Postlethwait title Modern Biology publisher Holt Rinehart & Winston location Austin year 2008 pages isbn 0 03 036769 7 oclc doi accessdate refend http lifesci.rutgers.edu mcguire toolbox demo Testcross test cross.htm Category Classical genetics genetics stub es Retrocruzamiento eu Atzeragurutzaketa fr Croisement de contr le it Reincrocio pl Krzy wka testowa pt Cruzamento teste ru tr Geri aprazlama ... more details
AmpliChip is a family of clinical tests from the Swiss healthcare company Hoffmann La Roche which aim to find out the patients genotype using micro array technology. The tests include CYP450 Test and P53 Test. The CYP450 Test was approved by the United State s Food and Drug Administration FDA . AmpliChip CYP450 Test AmpliChip P53 Test disambig Category Microarrays ... more details
The Mouse Phenome Database MPD is a web accessible database of strain biology strain characterization data for the laboratory mouse , to facilitate translational research for human health and disease. MPD characterizes phenotype as well as genotype , and provides tools for online analysis. Most phenotype data are in the form of strain surveys comparisons of 10 40 commonly used mouse strains and cover such areas as hematology , bone mineral density , cholesterol levels, endocrine function, and aging processes. Genotype data are primarily in the form of single nucleotide polymorphism s. Data are contributed by participating scientists or downloaded from public resources. ref Maddatu TP, Grubb SC, Bult CJ, Bogue MA. Mouse Phenome Database MPD . Nucleic Acids Res. 2012 Jan 40 Database issue D887 94. ref The MPD was begun in 2000, is funded by grants from the National Institutes of Health and other sources, and is headquartered at The Jackson Laboratory . References Reflist External links http phenome.jax.org Mouse Phenome Database Category Genetics Category Online databases Category Biological databases ... more details
genotype represented by lower cased letters . ref name Simmonds1993 Simmonds P, Holmes EC, Cha TA ... The difference in genomic composition of subtypes of a genotype is usually 20 25 . Subtypes 1a and 1b ... 4 6 are common. Genotype 4 is highly prevalent in Egypt with more than 19 of the population infected ... response to interferon alpha treatment against this genotype. ref name Timm2007 Timm J, Neukamm ... of full length hepatitis C virus genotype 4 sequences. J Viral Hepat 14 5 330 337 ref Genotype distribution ... are closely associated with intravenous drug use and genotype 1b is seen more often in patients who ... strains have also been reported. Genotype 1 In North America, genotype 1a predominates followed ... and correlation between viral load and viral genotype among primary care clients in Mexico. Salud Publica Mex 53 1 S7 12 ref In Europe, genotype 1b is predominant followed by 2a, 2b, 2c, and 3a. This pattern ... C virus genotype in blood donors and associated liver disease in Indonesia. Intervirology 51 6 410 ... 97 ref In the United States genotype 1 is responsible for 75 of cases. In Ireland the genotype associated ... the use of blood transfusions in pregnancy and surgery. In Greece genotype 1 accounts for 40 cases. ref ... unexpected high prevalence of genotype 5a in a Greek island. J Med Virol 84 2 223 228. doi 10.1002 ... In Italy type 1b is the most common genotype. ref name Maio2000 Maio G, d Argenio P, Stroffolini ... Italian town. J Hepatol 33 1 116 120 ref The prevalence of this genotype there is thought ... C virus genotypes in different countries. J Hepatol 17 3 277 283 ref Genotype 2 Genotype ... genotype 2 treatment. Liver Int 32 Suppl 1 135 40. doi 10.1111 j.1478 3231.2011.02710.x. ref In Greece genotype 2 accounts for 7 cases. ref name Karatapanis2012 Karatapanis S, Tsoplou P, Papastergiou ... Hepatitis C virus genotyping in Greece unexpected high prevalence of genotype 5a in a Greek island ... 2011 Hepatitis C of genotype 2 the role of medical invasive exams. Acta Gastroenterol Belg 74 ... more details
Image De Finetti diagram.svg thumb right A de Finetti diagram. The curved line is the expected Hardy Weinberg principle Hardy Weinberg frequency as a function of p . A de Finetti diagram is a ternary plot used in population genetics . It is named after the Italy Italian statistics statistician Bruno de Finetti 1906 1985 and is used to graph the genotype frequency genotype frequencies of population s, where there are two allele s and the population is diploidy diploid . It is based on an equilateral triangle , and Viviani s theorem concerning any point within the triangle, and the three lines from that point that are perpendicular to the sides of the triangle. The sum of the lengths of the lines is a fixed value, regardless of the position of the point. This value the sum of the lengths is set to be 1. Applications in genetics The de Finetti diagram has been put to extensive use in population genetics by A.W.F. Edwards in his book Foundations of Mathematical Genetics . In its simplest form the diagram can be used to show the range of genotype frequencies for which Hardy Weinberg equilibrium is satisfied. A.W.F. Edwards and Chris Cannings extended its use to demonstrate the changes that occur in allele frequencies under natural selection . See also Wahlund effect References Cannings C., Edwards A.W.F. 1968 Natural selection and the de Finetti diagram Ann Hum Gen 31 421 428 Edwards, A.W.F. 2000 Foundations of Mathematical Genetics 2nd Edition , Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521775441 External links https finetti.meb.uni bonn.de Online plotting of de Finetti diagrams for population genetics also calculates Hardy Weinberg equilibrium statistics Category Population genetics Category Diagrams genetics stub Mathapplied stub it Diagramma di De Finetti pt Diagrama de De Finetti ... more details
ref The major genotypes include Rabies virus genotype 1 , Lagos bat virus 2 , Mokola virus 3 , Duvenhage ... 2 and 3. The nucleocapsid region of lyssavirus is fairly highly conserved from genotype to genotype ... are only from the first genotype of the first phylogroup i.e. classic Rabies . ref cite doi 10.1128 JVI.75.7.3268 3276.2001 ref Epidemiology Genotype 1, classic rabies , is prevalent throughout ... more details
. With these controlled genetic groups, we might cultivate each variety genotype in a range of environments ... water conditions . But the full complexity of the norm of reaction is a function, for each genotype ... the existence of norms of reaction. A widespread conception is that each genotype gives a certain ... nurture . Popular conception of genotype phenotype interaction A real graph rather than ASCII art would be better TRAIT SCALE 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Genotype A Genotype B Environ Other Environ Other extreme ... more details
Merge to MNS antigen system date September 2011 Refimprove date April 2007 The MN blood group in humans is under the control of a pair of Dominance relationship Co dominance co dominant allele s, L sup M sup and L sup N sup . Most people in the Eskimo population are M M, while this genotype is rare among Indigenous Australians Aborigines . In fact, they tend to possess the opposite genotype N N . The MN blood group system is under the control of an autosomal locus found on chromosome 4 out of 23, with two alleles designated LM and LN. The blood type is due to a glycoprotein present on the surface of red blood cells, which behaves as a native antigen . Phenotypic expression at this locus is codominant because an individual may exhibit either one or both antigenic substances. Frequencies of the two alleles vary widely among human populations. ref Ralph H. Kathan and Anthony Adamany. 1967. Comparison of Human MM, NN, and MN Blood Group Antigens. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 242, 1716 1722. ref References references Mark E. Brecher, Editor 2005 , AABB Technical Manual , fifteenth edition, Bethesda, MD AABB, ISBN 1 56935 19607, p. 336 340 Denise M. Harmening 1999 , Modern Blood Banking and Transfusion Practices , Philadelphia, PA F.A. Davis Company, p. 164 169 http www.mun.ca biology scarr MN bloodgroup.html Category Genetics genetics stub ... more details
Genotyping is the process of determining differences in the genetic make up genotype of an individual by examining the individual s DNA sequence using bioassay biological assays and comparing it to another individual s sequence or a reference sequence. It reveals the allele alleles an individual has inherited from their parents ref cite web url http ghr.nlm.nih.gov glossary genotyping title Genotyping definition publisher NIH date 2011 09 21 accessdate 2011 09 21 ref . Traditionally genotyping is the use of DNA sequences to define biological populations by use of molecular tools. It does not usually involve defining the genes of an individual. Current methods of genotyping include restriction fragment length polymorphism identification RFLPI of genomic DNA, RAPD random amplified polymorphic detection RAPD of genomic DNA, amplified fragment length polymorphism detection AFLPD , polymerase chain reaction PCR , DNA sequencing , allele specific oligonucleotide ASO probes, and Sequencing by hybridization hybridization to DNA microarray s or beads. Genotyping is important in research of genes and gene variants associated with disease. Due to current technological limitations, almost all genotyping is partial. That is, only a small fraction of an individual s genotype is determined. New ref cite web url http www.illumina.com applications detail snp genotyping and cnv analysis whole genome genotyping and copy number variation analysis.ilmn title Genotyping at Illumina, Inc publisher Illumina.com date accessdate 2010 12 04 ref Next generation sequencing High throughput sequencing mass sequencing technologies promise to provide whole genome genotyping or whole genome sequencing in the future. Genotyping applies to a broad range of individuals, including microorganisms. For example, viruses and bacteria can be genotyped. Genotyping in this context may help in controlling the spreading ... that needs to be examined to determine the genotype. A single PCR assay is typically enough to genotype ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Microbial genetics is a subject area within microbiology and genetic engineering . It studies the genetics of microorganism very small micro organisms . This involves the study of the genotype of microbial species and also the gene expression Expression system expression system in the form of phenotype s.It also involves the study of genetic processes taking place in these micro organisms i.e., recombination etc. See also http es.wikipedia.org w index.php?title Microbiolog C3 ADa&action edit§ion 3 A definition of microbial genetics in Spanish Wikipedia DEFAULT SORT Microbial Genetics Category Genetics Genetics stub hi ne ... more details
italic title Taxobox name Williamsoceras image fossil range lower M Ordovician regnum Animalia phylum Mollusca classis Cephalopoda subclassis Nautiloidea ordo Endocerida familia Allotrioceratidae genus Williamsoceras genus authority Flower, 1968 Williamsoceras is an Endocerida endocerid that Rousseau Flower 1968 added to his Allotrioceratidae Flower 1955 on the basis of having a vertical partition within the siphuncle , known as a ventral process anatomy process , with inter connecting tubule like structures along its margin where intercepted by siphuncle endocone s. Three species are named and described Flower 1968 from the Garden City limestone of Whiterock Stage Whiterockian age near Logan, Utah Logan and northern Utah, including the genotype Williamsoceras adnatum . Two other species come from the Juab limestone Flower 1976 of near equivalent age in the southern Confusion Range in the Ibex area in western Utah. Description Of the five described species the siphuncle wall and phragmocone are known only from the genotype Williamsoceras adnatum . The other four are known only from pieces of siphuncle which show only internal configurations, but closely resemble that of the genotype. Williamsoceras is characterized by a ventral process within the siphuncle that extends vertically from the bottom side, essentially bisecting the interior. The process is straight sided and narrow in the more forward part of the siphuncle, approaching the body chamber, and swells to a bulbous or teardrop shape in cross section closer to the apex of the siphuncle where it becomes draped by endocones. As the ventral process and endocones approach a crescent shape space is formed, known as the siphuncle endosiphocone , the upper side being convex, the lower side concave. The septal necks, described only from the genotype, are siphuncle macrochoanitic , extending 1.5 segments back from their origin. and is slightly sinuous in profile Flower 1968, 1976 Comparisons Williamsoceras is similar t ... more details
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