protein name exostoses multiple 3 caption image width HGNCid 3514 Symbol EXT3 AltSymbols EntrezGene OMIM 600209 RefSeq UniProt PDB ECnumber Chromosome 19 Arm p Band LocusSupplementaryData EXT3 is a human gene. It is associated with hereditary multiple exostoses . ref name pmid11432960 cite journal author Francannet C, Cohen Tanugi A, Le Merrer M, Munnich A, Bonaventure J, Legeai Mallet L title Genotype phenotype correlation in hereditary multiple exostoses journal J. Med. Genet. volume 38 issue 7 pages 430 4 year 2001 month July pmid 11432960 pmc 1757186 doi 10.1136 jmg.38.7.430 url http jmg.bmj.com cgi pmidlookup?view long&pmid 11432960 ref References Reflist genetics stub ... more details
refimprove date June 2009 The additive genetic effect is an estimate of the quantitative change in a trait that is associated with substituting one allele one genotype with that of another allele within an interbreeding population. Additive effects are often calculated by genotyping and phenotyping offspring of a genetic test cross . If there are two alleles at a gene locus then the additive effect is half of the difference between the mean of all cases that are homozygous for one version of the allele a a compared to the mean of all cases that are homozygous for the other allele A A . References Reflist DEFAULTSORT Additive Genetic Effects Category Genetics Genetics stub ... more details
of genotype AaBbCc were crossed with females of genotype aabbcc . This led to 1000 progeny of the following phenotype s ABC 244 parental genotype, shows no recombination ABc 81 recombinant between ... aBc 27 double recombinant abC 89 recombinant between B and C abc 236 parental genotype, shows ... more details
In embryology , sturt is a measure of distance. On the fate map , the further apart two regions are, the more likely the resulting structures are to form different genotype s. A difference of 1 in the ratio of differing genotypes is described as one sturt, after Alfred Henry Sturtevant . References cite book title From egg to embryo determinative events in early development volume 13 series Developmental and cell biology series first Jonathan Michael Wyndham last Slack publisher Cambridge University Press year 1983 isbn 0521273293 page 76 Category Developmental biology biology stub ... more details
Orphan date November 2010 The xenia effect is the change caused in observable qualities phenotype of a seed as a result of the source of pollination , in addition to the change caused to the plant that the seed would grow into genotype . ref name Kuhlman cite web url http repository.tamu.edu handle 1969.1 2624 title Investigation of a xenia effect for yield caused by the waxy gene in grain sorghum author Kuhlman date 2005.08 work publisher Texas A&M University accessdate 12 November 2010 ref Qualities affected may include starchiness, sweetness, waxiness, or other aspects. References Reflist Agri stub Category Genetics ... more details
Gene environment interaction or genotype environment interaction or G E is the Phenotype phenotypic effect of interactions between genes and the environment. Gene environment interaction is exploited by plant and animal breeders to benefit agriculture. For example, plants can be bred to have tolerance for specific environments, such as high or low water availability. The way that trait expression varies across a range of environments for a given genotype is called its norm of reaction . In genetic epidemiology it is frequently observed that diseases cluster in families, but family members may not inherit disease as such. Often, they inherit sensitivity to the effects of various environmental risk factors . Individuals may be differently affected by exposure to the same environment in medically significant ways. For example, sunlight exposure has a much stronger influence on skin cancer risk in fair skinned humans than in individuals with an inherited tendency to darker skin. ref cite book author Green A coauthor Trichopoulos D title Skin cancer. In Textbook of Cancer Epidemiology eds Adami, H., Hunter, D. & Trichopoulos, D. pp. 281 300 publisher Oxford University Press location Oxford ... from each plant. One cutting of each genotype was planted at low, medium, and high elevations, respectively. When the plants matured, no one genotype grew best at all altitudes, and at each altitude the seven genotypes fared differently. For example, one genotype grew the tallest at the medium ..., but still yielded one tall and two medium tall samples. Altitude had an effect on each genotype ... but have a genotype conferring high levels of MAOA expression are less likely to develop symptoms of antisocial behavior. ref cite journal author Caspi A, et al. title Role of genotype in the cycle ... from the possibility that drug treatment can be made safer and more effective when the patient s genotype ... theories Category Genetics da Genotype Milj interaktion ... more details
is less rapidly expanding and not as strongly curved as Dunleithoceras . The genotype ... to Middle Silurian of Europe and North America. The genotype, O. acinaces , is from the central ... more details
, and hemizygous are used to describe the genotype of a diploid organism at a single locus genetics locus on the DNA. Homozygous describes a genotype consisting of two identical alleles at a given locus, heterozygous describes a genotype consisting of two different alleles at a locus, hemizygous describes a genotype consisting of only a single copy of a particular gene in an otherwise diploid organism ... plants . When an organism is homozygous dominant for a particular trait, the genotype is represented ... allele producing white flowers in pea plants . The genotype of an organism that is homozygous ... also refer to the origin s of the alleles in a genotype. When the two alleles at a locus originate from a common ancestor by way of nonrandom mating inbreeding , the genotype is said to be autozygous ... normal, random mating, the genotype is called allozygous . This is known as being identical by state ... more details
The thrifty gene hypothesis ref cite journal author Neel JV title Diabetes Mellitus A Thrifty Genotype Rendered Detrimental by Progress ? journal Am. J. Hum. Genet. volume 14 issue 4 pages 353 62 year 1962 pmid 13937884 doi pmc 1932342 ref was proposed by genetics geneticist James V. Neel in 1962 to resolve a fundamental problem. Diabetes is clearly a very harmful medical condition. Yet it is quite common, and it was already evident to Neel that it likely had a strong genetic basis. The problem is to understand how disease with a likely genetic component and with such negative effects may have ... fat during periods of food abundance. According to the hypothesis, the thrifty genotype would have been ... abundance of food, this genotype efficiently prepares individuals for a famine that never ... genotype hypothesis in 1962 in his paper Diabetes Mellitus A Thrifty Genotype Rendered Detrimental by Progress ... following the publications of his first paper on the thrifty genotype hypothesis, Neel researched ... cast doubt on the thrifty genotype hypothesis. If a propensity to develop diabetes were an evolutionary ... these populations earlier in the century. ref Neel, J.V. 1982. The Thrifty Genotype Revisited. In The Genetics ... research based on the thrifty genotype hypothesis and in the Introduction noted the following The data ... that ...the concept of a thrifty genotype remains as viable as when first advanced... . He went on to advance that the thrifty genotype concept be thought of in the context of a compromised genotype ... JV title The thrifty genotype in 1998 journal Nutr. Rev. volume 57 issue 5 Pt 2 pages S2 9 year 1999 month May pmid 10391020 ref Other research The thrifty genotype hypothesis has been used to explain ... journal title The thrifty genotype in type 2 diabetes journal Endocrine date 1998 08 17 first Barry .... Other alternative hypotheses In response to the criticisms of the original thrifty genotype ... genotype hypotheses. While it argues that there is an ancient, genetically coded, physiological ... more details
F.B. year 1974 title William Johannsen and the genotype concept url journal Journal of the History ... W. year 1911 title The genotype conception of heredity url journal American Naturalist volume 45 ... between germ plasm heredity and somatic cells the body . The Genotype Phenotype concept should ... on the genotype is a phenotype, including molecules such as RNA and proteins. Most molecules and structures ... be no evolution by natural selection. citation needed date November 2011 The interaction between genotype and phenotype has often been conceptualized by the following relationship genotype G environment E phenotype P A more nuanced version of the relationship is genotype G environment E genotype & environment ... ref See also Endophenotype Genotype References reflist colwidth 30em External links http www.jax.org ... more details
results to be meaningful. Application to genetics Suppose that there are three possible genotype s at some Locus genetics locus , and we refer to these as aa, Aa and AA. The distribution of genotype counts ..., in which the genotype frequencies vary linearly in the cases and are constant in the controls class wikitable Genotype aa Genotype Aa Genotype AA Sum Controls 20 20 20 60 Cases 10 20 30 60 Sum 30 ... for Armitage s trend test for the 2 x 3 genotype table accessdate 2009 02 06 author statgen.org ... more details
Taxobox fossil range Middle Silurian name Lowoceratidae image regnum Animalia phylum Mollusca classis Cephalopoda subclassis Nautiloidea ordo Discosorida familia Lowoceratidae familia authority Flower 1940 The Lowoceratidae is a small family of Discosorida discosorids , early Nautiloidea nautiloid cephalopods , from the Middle Silurian in which the characteristic bullette is found only in early growth stages. Lowoceratids were first found in Southampton Island in the Canadian arctic. The Lowoceratidae consists so far of only two genera, Lowoceras and Tuylocras , named by Foerste and Savage in 1927 and combined by Flower in 1940 as the Lowoceratidae. Both are strongly compressed, exogastric brevicones with the ventral side more narrowly rounded than the dorsal. Shells enlarge moderately to the middle of the mature body chamber, then contract gently toward the aperture. The siphuncle in each is slightly removed from the ventral margin. The siphuncle of Tuyloceras , genotype T. percurvatum , starts of with slender, subquadrate segments with thick rings and swolen bullettes, but later in life the segments become expanded, rings thinner, and bullettes simple and unswollen. Lowoceras , genotype L. southamptonense , is like Tuylocrdas, but with endocones in the siphuncle like the later Discosorus . Flower and Teichert 1957, Teichert 1964 The Lowoceratidae are derived from the Westonoceratidae Teichert 1964 , most likely from Faberoceras , by the suppression of bullettes in the later growth stages. The Discosoridae are their likely descendants. References Curt Teichert,C, 1964. Nautiloidea Discosorida Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology , Vol.K, K320 K325 & K334 . Flower,R.H.& Teichcert,C., 1957. The Cephalopod Order Discosorida University of Kansas Paleontological Contributions,Mollusca, Article 6. Category Nautiloids ... more details
PhenomicDB is a free phenotype oriented database . It contains data for some of the main model organisms such as Homo sapiens, Mus musculus, Drosophila melanogaster , and others. PhenomicDB merges and structures phenotypic data from various public sources WormBase , FlyBase , Entrez NCBI Gene , Mouse Genome Informatics MGI , and ZFIN using clustering algorithms. Further reading cite journal author Groth P, Kalev I, Kirov I, Traikov B, Leser U, Weiss B title Phenoclustering online mining of cross species phenotypes journal Bioinformatics journal Bioinformatics volume 26 issue 15 pages 1924 5 year 2010 month August pmid 20562418 pmc 2905556 doi 10.1093 bioinformatics btq311 url http bioinformatics.oxfordjournals.org cgi pmidlookup?view long&pmid 20562418 accessdate 2011 03 17 cite journal author Groth P, Pavlova N, Kalev I, Tonov S, Georgiev G, Pohlenz HD, Weiss B title PhenomicDB a new cross species genotype phenotype resource journal Nucleic Acids Research volume 35 issue Database issue pages D696 9 year 2007 month January pmid 16982638 pmc 1781118 doi 10.1093 nar gkl662 url http nar.oxfordjournals.org cgi pmidlookup?view long&pmid 16982638 accessdate 2011 03 17 cite journal author Kahraman A, Avramov A, Nashev LG, Popov D, Ternes R, Pohlenz HD, Weiss B title PhenomicDB a multi species genotype phenotype database for comparative phenomics journal Bioinformatics volume 21 issue 3 pages 418 20 year 2005 month February pmid 15374875 doi 10.1093 bioinformatics bti010 url http bioinformatics.oxfordjournals.org cgi pmidlookup?view long&pmid 15374875 accessdate 2011 03 17 cite doi 10.2174 157489306777828008 cite doi 10.1186 1471 2105 9 136 External links Official http www.phenomicdb.de Category Phenomics Category Biological databases ... more details
evolutionary biology Reproductive success is defined as the passing of gene s onto the next generation in a way that they too can pass those genes on. In practice, this is often a tally of the number of offspring produced by an individual. A more correct definition, which incorporates inclusive fitness , is the relative production of fertile offspring by a genotype. For example, the offspring produced as a result of normal mating are an example of reproductive success, because they too can pass their genetic material on to the next generation. Alternatively, the birth of a mule as a result of the mating of a horse and a donkey is not an example of reproductive success because the mule is sterile and thus not able to continue the germ line . Reproductive success is part of the calculation for fitness biology fitness and a key element in the theories of natural selection and evolution . References T. H. Clutton Brock editor . 1990 Reproductive Success Studies of Individual Variation in Contrasting Breeding Systems University Of Chicago Press. See also Fitness biology biology stub Category Evolutionary biology it Successo riproduttivo ru ... more details
PupaSuite is an interactive web based Single nucleotide polymorphism SNP analysis tool that allows for the selection of relevant SNPs within a gene , based on different characteristics of the SNP itself, such as validation status, type, frequency population data and putative functional properties pathological SNPs, SNPs disrupting potential transcription factor binding sites, intron exon boundaries... . Also, PupaSuite provides information about LD parameters based on genotype data from HapMap and identifies haplotype blocks and tag SNPs using the http www.broad.mit.edu mpg haploview Haploview program . PupaSuite operates with a collection of entries of dbSNP mapped to the Golden Path genome assembly , as implemented in human section of Ensembl http nar.oxfordjournals.org cgi content full 33 suppl 1 D447 Hubbard T. et al., 2005 . See also Bioinformatics biologically inspired computing Ensembl External links http pupasuite.bioinfo.cipf.es PupaSuite Category Bioinformatics software ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 refimprove date June 2007 The Vaijayanthi necklace of Lord Vishnu is crucial to the revelation of Vaikunta Vaikuntha . Considering Vaijayanthi as a living entity, and assuming relation through feminine genotype, she is the representation of absolute supercontrollership in context of civilization. Her mood transcends the need to magistrate, for she fascinates the applicant civilian from his or her relatively distracting wizardry or witchcraft into a more peaceful cooperativity by reflecting glory through strength absolute. According to her tradition, which is Historical Vedic religion Vedic of India , she prominently displays five precious gemstones emerald, pearl, ruby, sapphire and diamond. These correspond with the five classic elements commonly named earth, water, fire, air and ether. Her name, Vaijayanthi, means triumphant victory. HinduMythology References reflist http www.theosophy nw.org theosnw ctg v vd.htm Vaijayanti at the Northwest Branch of The Theosophical Society Category Hindu mythology Category Sanskrit words and phrases ... more details
italic title Taxobox name Asklepioceras status fossil range M U Triassic Ladinian Carnian regnum Animal ia phylum Mollusca classis Cephalopoda subclassis Ammonoidea ordo Ceratitida superfamilia Clydonitaceae familia Arpaditidae genus Asklepioceras genus authority Renz 1910 Asklepioceras is a genus in the Ceratitida Ceratitid family Arpaditidae from the Middle and Upper Triassic Ladinian and Carnian stages of Europe, Asia, and British Columbia. Asklepioceras , named by Renz, 1910, is characterized by evolute to involute, discoidal to subglobular shells with a median ventral furrow not borndered by keels in contrast to Dittmarites in which it is and simple ceratitic sutures. Arkell et al. 1962, L162 The genotype Asklepioceras segmentatus Renz, 1910, based on Arpadites Dittmarites segmentatus Mojsisovics, 1893. is found in the Carnian of the Alps. References Arkel et al., 1962. Mesozoic Ammonoidea, Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology Part L, Mollusca 4, R.C. Moore ed Category Ceratitida Ammonite stub ... more details
italic title Taxobox name Arpadites status fossil fossil range M U Triassic Ladinian Carnian regnum Animal ia phylum Mollusca classis Cephalopoda subclassis Ammonoidea ordo Ceratitida superfamilia Clydonitaceae familia Arpaditidae genus Arpadites genus authority Mojsisovics 1879 subdivision ranks subdivision Arpadites is a genus in the Ceratitida Ceratitid family Arpaditidae from the Middle and Upper Triassic Ladinian and Carnian stages of the Alps, Italy, Balkans, Himalayas, and Japan. Arkel et al 1962,L162 Arpadites , named by Mojsisovics,,1879,is characterized by a compressed, evolute, discoidal shell with radial or faintly sigmoidal ribs smooth, continuous keels umbilical tubercles, with or without lateral and ventrolateral tubericles as well and ceratitic sutures with two lateral lobes on either side . The genotype Arpadites arpadis came from the upper Middle Triassic Ladinean of the Alps in Europe. ibid References Arkel et al, 1962. Mesozoic Ammonoidea, Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology Part L, Mollusca 4, R.C. Moore ed Category Ceratitida ... more details
italic title Context date October 2009 Taxobox name Mycobacterium aurum regnum Bacteria phylum Actinobacteria ordo Actinomycetales subordo Corynebacterineae familia Mycobacterium Mycobacteriaceae genus Mycobacterium species M. aurum binomial Mycobacterium aurum binomial authority Tsukamura 1966, ATCC 23366 Mycobacterium aurum is a species of acid fast , gram positive bacteria that forms long chains. Though related to Mycobacterium tuberculosis , it does not cause tuberculosis . Genotype ATCC 23366 CCUG 37666 CIP 104465 DSM 43999 HAMBI 2275 JCM 6366 LMG 19255 NCTC 10437 NRRL B 4037. References SKERMAN V.B.D. , McGOWAN V. and SNEATH P.H.A. editors Approved Lists of Bacterial Names . International Journal of Systemic Bacteriology . 1980, 30, 225 420. TSUKAMURA M. Adansonian classification of mycobacteria . Journal of General Microbiology , 1966, 45, 253 273. PMID 4961417 Mycobacteria Category Acid fast bacilli Category Corynebacterineae Category Nontuberculous mycobacteria Mycobacterium stub ... more details
refimprove date February 2008 Progeny Testing is a test of the value for selective breeding of an individual s genotype by looking at the progeny produced by different matings. ref http www.everythingbio.com glos definition.php?word progeny testing progeny testing Definition Bot generated title ref Progeny Testing It is used in the breeding in the wild breeding of both plant s and animal s, but is most commercially important in animal breeding to determine the value of an animal in terms of the sex limited characters of its offspring, for example milk or egg production in females. A bull for example cannot be assessed for milk production, however the performance of its female offspring can be used to determine the use of the animal for future crosses, provided of course the character has a high heritability . A progeny test is performed by mating the male with a number of females with proven performance. The average performance of the offspring is then found, giving a measure of the male s respective value to the breeder. References references External links http www.dpi.nsw.gov.au agriculture livestock beef breeding breedplan bull buy Breedplan and bull buying Category Agriculture Agri stub Genetics stub ... more details
The Lander Green algorithm is an algorithm, due to Eric Lander and Philip Green geneticist Philip Green for computing the likelihood of observed genotype data given a Pedigree chart pedigree . It is appropriate for relatively small pedigrees and a large number of markers. It is used in the analysis of genetic linkage . ref name Lander and Green 1987 Lander, E.S. and Green, P. 1987 http www.pnas.org content 84 8 2363.full.pdf Construction of multilocus genetic linkage maps in humans , Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences , 84 8 , 2363&ndash 2367 ref ref name Abecasis 2005 Abecasis, G.R., Wigginton, J.E. 2005 http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov pmc articles PMC1271385 Handling Marker Marker Linkage Disequilibrium Pedigree Analysis with Clustered Markers , Am J Hum Genet. , 77 5 , 754&ndash 767. ref See also Elston Stewart algorithm References references Category Genetic epidemiology Category Statistical genetics Category Genetic linkage analysis Category Statistical algorithms genetics stub statistics stub ... more details
Gene redundancy is the existence of several genes in the genome of an organism that perform the same role to some extent. This is the case for many sets of paralogous genes. When an individual gene in such a set is disrupted by mutation or targeted gene knockout knockout , there can be little effect on phenotype as a result of gene redundancy, whereas the effect is large for double or triple gene knockouts. ref cite journal author P rez P rez JM, Candela H, Micol JL title Understanding synergy in genetic interactions journal Trends Genet. volume 25 issue 8 pages 368 76 year 2009 month August pmid 19665253 doi 10.1016 j.tig.2009.06.004 ref References reflist Further reading cite journal author Lehner B title Modelling genotype phenotype relationships and human disease with genetic interaction networks journal J Exp Biol volume 210 pages 1559 66 year 2007 pmid 17449820 doi 10.1242 jeb.002311 url http jeb.biologists.org cgi content full 210 9 1559 issue 9 DEFAULTSORT Gene Redundancy Category Genetics genetics stub ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Taxobox color khaki name Spironucleus salmonicida image domain Eukaryota phylum Metamonad a ordo Diplomonad ida familia Hexamitidae genus Spironucleus species S. salmonicida binomial Spironucleus salmonicida binomial authority J rgensen, 2006 ref cite journal author J rgensen A, Sterud E title The marine pathogenic genotype of Spironucleus barkhanus from farmed salmonids redescribed as Spironucleus salmonicida n. sp journal J Eukaryot Microbiol volume 53 issue 6 pages 531 41 year 2006 pmid 17123418 doi 10.1111 j.1550 7408.2006.00144.x ref Spironucleus salmonicida is a species of fish parasite . The species creates foul smelling, pus filled abscesses in muscles and internal organs of aquarium fish . In the late 1980s when the disease was first reported, it was believed to be caused by Spironucleus barkhanus . Anders J rgensen was the person that found out what species really caused the disease. References Reflist External links http www.sciencedaily.com releases 2008 02 080211132056.htm Science Daily Category Fish diseases parasite stub ... more details
italic title Taxobox fossil range Upper Triassic Mid Jurassic image Cenoceras NT.jpg image width 250px image caption Restoration regnum Animal ia phylum Mollusca classis Cephalopoda subclassis Nautiloidea ordo Nautilida superfamilia Nautilaceae familia Nautilidae genus Cenoceras genus authority Hyatt, 1884 The genus Cenoceras is a member of the Nautilidae , which in turn makes up part of the superfamily Nautilaceae . Cenoceras is variable in form, depending on species ranges from evolute to involute, compressed lenticular to globose with rounded to flattened venter and flanks. The suture generally has shallow ventral and lateral lobes. The location of the siphuncle is variable, but never at an extreme ventral or dorsal position K mmel 1964, K449 . Cenoceras , described by Hyatt in 1884, has a range from the Upper Triassic to the Middle Jurassic. The genotype is Cenoceras intermedius Sowerby . References K mmel, B. 1964, Nauiloidea Nautilida, in The Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part K, Nautiloidea Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press. Category Nautiloids ... more details
italic title Taxobox fossil range L Permian regnum Animalia phylum Mollusca classis Cephalopoda subclassis Nautiloidea ordo Nautilida superfamilia Tainocerataceae familia Tainoceratidae genus Cooperoceras genus authority Miller 1945 Cooperoceras is a genus of the Tainoceratidae , which is part of the Tainocerataceae , characterized by and evolute shell with an open, perforate, umbilicus, sinuous ribs at maturity, and recurved hollow spines along the ventro lateral shoulders. The flanks and venter are flattened, the flanks converge on the dorsum, the venter has a shallow median groove. The suture is with rounded ventral and lateral lobes. The siphuncle is small, tubular, and subcentral. Kummel 1964, K413 Cooperoceras , known from the Lower Permian of N America and Europe Urals , was named by Miller in 1945. The genotype is Cooperoceras texanum . The phylogenetic relationships of Cooperoceras are unclear. References Kummel,B. 1964, Nauiloidea Nautilida, in The Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part K, Nautiloidea Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press. Category Nautiloids ... more details
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