and incommensurate magnetic superstructures. Magnetic ordering Geometrical frustration is an important ... spins in a tetrahedral arrangement Geometrical frustration is also possible if the spins are arranged ... to having an antiferromagnetic interaction between each pair of spins, so in this case there is no geometrical ... is the geometrical frustration with an ordered lattice structure and frustration of spin. The frustration ... without Lattice Another type of geometrical frustration arises from the propagation of a local order ... the icosahedron edge length math l math is slightly longer than the circumsphere radius math r ... with radius equal to the golden ratio math tau 1 surd 5 2 math if the edges are of unit length. The six ... and R. Mosseri, Geometrical Frustration , Cambridge Univ. Press 1999, reedited 2007 Sadoc JF, editor ..., P.l E. Lammert, P. Schiffer, and V. H. Crespi Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 217203 2007 DEFAULTSORT Geometrical ... more details
Orphan date December 2011 refimprove date November 2011 Geometrical acoustics or ray acoustics is the equivalent principle of geometrical optics applied in acoustics . ref name tfd Cite web url http encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com Geometric Acoustics title Geometric Acoustics publisher The Free Dictionary accessdate November 29, 2011 ref Geometrical acoustics, or ray optics, describes light propagation in terms of rays. The ray in geometric acoustics is an abstraction, or instrument, which can be used to approximately model how sound will propagate. Sound rays are defined to propagate in a rectilinear path as far as they travel in a Homogeneous media homogeneous medium . This is a simplification of sound that fails to account for sound effects such as diffraction and Interference wave propagation interference . It is an excellent approximation, however, when the wavelength is very small compared with the size of structures with which the sound interacts. Practical applications Practical applications of the methods of geometric acoustics are made in very different areas of acoustics. For example, in architectural acoustics the rectilinear properties of sound rays make it possible to determine reverberation time in a very simple way. The operation of fathometer s and hydrolocators is based on measurements of the time it takes for sound rays to travel to a reflecting object and back. The ray concept is used in designing sound focusing systems. An approximate theory for sound propagation in nonhomogeneous media such as the ocean and the atmosphere has been developed on the basis of the laws of geometric acoustics. The methods of geometric acoustics have a limited field of application because the ray concept itself is only valid for those cases where the amplitude and direction ... The concept of geometrical acoustics is widely used in software application s. Some software applications that use geometrical acoustics for their calculations are ODEON, Enhanced Acoustic Simulator ... more details
otheruses Image CIRCLE 1.svg thumb right Circle illustration In classical geometry , a radius of a circle or sphere is any line segment from its Centre geometry center to its perimeter . By extension, the radius ... name mwd1 http www.mathwords.com r radius of a circle or sphere.htm Definition of radius at mathwords.com. ... to its circumradius, the radius of its circumscribed circle or circumscribed sphere . In either case, the radius may be more than half the diameter, which is usually defined as the maximum distance between any two points of the figure. The inradius of a geometric figure is usually the radius of the largest circle or sphere contained in it. The inner radius of a ring, tube or other hollow object is the radius of its cavity. For regular polygons, the radius is the same as its circumradius. ref name ... apothem . In graph theory , the radius graph theory radius of a graph is the minimum over all vertices ... 08 08. ref The name comes from Latin radius , meaning ray but also the spoke of a chariot wheel. ref name radic http dictionary.reference.com browse Radius Definition of Radius at dictionary.reference.com. Accessed on 2009 08 08. ref The plural of radius can be either radii or the conventional English plural radiuses ref http www.merriam webster.com dictionary radius ref . The radius of the circle with perimeter circumference C is math r frac C 2 pi frac C tau . math Radius from area The radius of a circle with area A is math r sqrt frac A pi . math The radius is half the diameter. Pi radius squared Area Radius from three points To compute the radius of a circle going through three points ... for regular polygons These formulas assume a regular polygon with n sides. Radius from side The radius ... 8 & 1.3065630 & & 16 & 2.5629154 9 & 1.4619022 & & 17 & 2.7210956 end array math To add radius from area, inradius from outradius, outradius from inradius Formulas for hypercubes Radius from side The radius ... radius Bend radius Bohr radius Filling radius in Riemannian geometry Minimum railway curve radius ... more details
Summarize to Optics date June 2009 Geometrical optics , or ray optics , describes light Wave propagation propagation in terms of ray optics rays . The ray in geometric optics is an abstract object abstraction , or instrumentalism instrument , which can be used to approximately model how light will propagate. Light rays are defined to propagate in a rectilinear path as far as they travel in a homogeneous medium. Rays bend and may split in two at the wiktionary interface interface between two dissimilar optical medium media , may curve in a medium where the refractive index changes, and may be absorbed and reflected. Geometrical optics provides rules, which may depend on the color wavelength of the ray, for propagating these rays through an optical system. This is a significant simplification of optics that fails to account for optical effects such as diffraction and Interference wave propagation interference . It is an excellent approximation, however, when the wavelength is very small compared with the size of structures with which the light interacts. Geometric optics can be used to describe the geometrical aspects of Image imaging , including optical aberration s. Explanation Image Plane wave wavefronts 3D.svg thumb right As light travels through space, it oscillation oscillates in amplitude . In this image, each maximum amplitude crest physics crest is marked with a plane geometry plane to illustrate the wavefront . The ray optics ray is the arrow perpendicular to these parallel ... . ref Geometrical optics is often simplified by making the paraxial approximation , or small angle ... cite book first John E. last Greivenkamp year 2004 title Field Guide to Geometrical Optics publisher ... to geometrical imperfections and due to the changing index of refraction for different wavelengths ... date June 2009 The author neglected to define his variables.. As a mathematical study, geometrical ... sense. References reflist External links Category Geometrical optics Category Article Feedback 5 bg ... more details
Other uses Radius disambiguation IPstack Remote Authentication Dial In User Service RADIUS is a networking ... AAA protocol AAA management for computers to connect and use a network service. RADIUS was developed ... and History of RADIUS publisher Interlink Networks author John Vollbrecht year 2006 accessdate 2009 04 15 ref Because of the broad support and the ubiquitous nature of the RADIUS protocol ... web url http i.techrepublic.com.com downloads PDF SolutionBase RADIUS deployment scenarios.pdf title SolutionBase RADIUS deployment scenarios publisher TechRepublic author Brien Posey date 2006 08 31 accessdate 2009 04 15 ref RADIUS is a client server protocol that runs in the Application Layer application ... have a RADIUS client component that communicates with the RADIUS server. The RADIUS server is usually ... en US tech tk59 technologies tech note09186a00800945cc.shtml title How Does RADIUS Work? publisher Cisco author date 2006 01 19 accessdate 2009 04 15 ref RADIUS serves three functions to authenticate ... for certain network services and to account for usage of those services. AAA RADIUS servers use the AAA ... characteristics in RADIUS are described in RFC 2865 while Accounting is described by RFC ... web form. In turn, the RAS sends a RADIUS Access Request message to the RADIUS server, requesting authorization to grant access via the RADIUS protocol. ref RFC 2865 Remote Authentication Dial In User Service RADIUS ref This request includes access credentials, typically in the form of username ... regarding the user s physical point of attachment to the RAS. The RADIUS server checks ... service access privileges. Historically, RADIUS servers checked the user s information against a locally stored flat file database. Modern RADIUS servers can do this, or can refer to external sources .... File Drawing RADIUS 1812.svg thumb right 350px RADIUS Authentication and Authorization Flow The RADIUS server then returns one of three responses to the NAS 1 Access Reject, 2 Access Challenge ... more details
Wikt Radius of curvature may refer to Radius of curvature mathematics Radius of curvature optics Radius of curvature applications , in geodesy and materials science The reciprocal of the curvature , in differential geometry Radius , for a sphere lingo The radius of the osculating circle in differential geometry of curves Minimum railway curve radius disambiguation ... more details
Geometrical optical illusions are visual illusions , also optical illusions , in which the geometrical properties of what is seen differ from those of the corresponding objects in the visual field. Geometrical properties In studying geometry one concentrates on the position of points and on the length, orientation and curvature of lines. Geometrical optical illusions then relate in the first instance to object characteristics as defined by geometry. Though vision is three dimensional, in many situations depth can be factored out and attention concentrated on a simple view of a two dimensional tablet with its x and y co ordinates. Illusions are in visual space Whereas their counterparts in the observer s object space are public and have measurable properties, the illusions themselves are private to the observer s human or animal experience. Nevertheless they are accessible to portrayal by verbal and other communication and even to measurement by psychophysics . A nulling technique is particularly useful in which a target is deliberately given an opposing deformation in an effort to cancel ... . When an illusion involves properties that fall within the purview of geometry it is geometrical ... figures to these illusions attests to their popularity. Examples of geometrical optical Illusions The easiest to explore are the geometrical optical illusions that show up in ordinary black and white ... contours . Explanations Explanations of geometrical optical illusion are based on one of two .... Some components of geometrical optical illusions can be ascribed to aberrations at that level. Even ... explanation of a geometrical optical illusion. Image PonzoType.png thumb left 120px Ponzo illusion in a purely schematic form and, below, with perspective clues However, almost all geometrical optical ... CQ, Purves D 2005 Perceiving geometry geometrical illusions explained by natural scene statistics Springer ... ref Westheimer, G. 2008 Geometrical optical illusions and the neural representation of space ... more details
Wiktionary radiusRadius is a straight line or distance from the center to the edge of a curve. It may also refer to In anatomy Radius bone , one of the two bones in a forearm In mathematics and technology Any of these can be called just radius in the respective contexd Radius graph theory , the minimum distance from a graph s node to the node that is farthest from it Radius of curvature , a measure of how gently a curve bends Bend radius , the minimum radius one can bend a pipe, tube, sheet, cable or hose without damage Turn radius , the minimum radius that a vehicle can negotiate a turn in Radius of convergence in calculus , the radius of the region where a complex power series converges Radius of gyration , the root mean square distance from a set of points or masses to a given center The radial coordinate in a Polar coordinate system 2D Cylindrical coordinate system 3D Spherical coordinate system 3D The inradius or circumradius of a shape As a name RADIUS , a network authentication protocol Radius computer , a computer hardware firm Radius music ensemble , a London music ensemble founded by Tim Benjamin Radius band , a band from Los Angeles, California Radius comics , a superhero in the Marvel Comics universe Radius Chrono Cross Radius Chrono Cross , a character in Chrono Cross See also Circle Ellipse Sphere Diameter disambiguation ca Radi cv da Radius flertydig de Radius Begriffskl rung fr Radius gl Raio it Radius he la Radius lt Spindulys nl Radius ja pl Promie ru sk Polomer tr Radius ... more details
Image Bendradius.svg thumb 350px Bend radius Bend radius , which is measured to the inside curvature , is the minimum radius one can bend a pipe material pipe , tubing material tube , Sheet metal sheet , cable or hose tubing hose without kinking it, damaging it, or shortening its life. The smaller the bend radius, the greater is the material flexibility as the radius of curvature applications radius of curvature decreases , the curvature increases . The diagram below illustrates a cable with a seven centimeter bend radius. The minimum bend radius is the radius below which an object such as a cable should not be bent. Fiber optics The minimum bend radius is of particular importance in the handling of fiber optic cable s, which are often used in telecommunications . The minimum bending radius will vary with different cable designs. The manufacturer should specify the minimum radius to which the cable may safely be bent during installation, and for the long term. The former is somewhat shorter than the latter. The minimum bend radius is in general also a function of tensile stresses, e.g., during installation, while being bent around a sheave while the fiber or cable is under tension. If no minimum bend radius is specified, one is usually safe in assuming a minimum long term low stress radius not less than 15 times the cable diameter. Beside mechanical destruction, another reason why one should avoid excessive bending of fiber optic cables is to minimize microbending and macrobending losses. Microbending causes light attenuation induced by deformation of the fiber while macrobending causes the leakage of light through the fiber cladding and this is more likely to happen where the fiber is excessively bent. Microbending is explained better at photonics.com http www.photonics.com directory dictionary lookup.asp?url lookup&entrynum 3235&letter m Other applications Strain gauge s also have a minimum bending radius. This radius is the radius below which the strain gauge will malfunction ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 A blast radius is the distance from the source that will be affected when an explosion occurs. A blast radius is often associated with, but not limited to, bomb s, Land mine mines , explosive projectiles 40 mm grenade propelled grenades , and other weapons with an explosive charge. For instance, a 2000 pound Mk 84 bomb has a blast radius of 400 yards 365 metres . DEFAULTSORT Blast Radius Category Explosive weapons Explosive stub ... more details
orphan date February 2009 Radius Gold Inc. TSXV RDU is a Canada Canadian junior exploration company. Sources http www.radiusgold.com Radius Gold Company Homepage Category Gold mining companies Canada company stub ... more details
Italic title Taxobox name Vexillum radius image image caption regnum Animal ia phylum Mollusca classis Gastropoda unranked superfamilia clade Caenogastropoda br clade Hypsogastropoda br clade Neogastropoda superfamilia Muricoidea familia Costellariidae subfamilia genus Vexillum gastropod Vexillum subgenus Costellaria species V. radius binomial Vexillum radius binomial authority Reeve, 1845 synonyms ref synonyms Vexillum radius is a species of small sea snail , marine gastropod mollusk in the family biology family Costellariidae , the ribbed miters. ref name WoRMS WRMS species 416754 Vexillum radius Reeve, 1845 24 April 2010 ref Description Empty section date April 2010 Distribution Empty section date April 2010 References reflist External links Use dmy dates date January 2011 DEFAULTSORT Vexillum Radius Category Vexillum radius Category Animals described in 1845 Costellariidae stub vi Vexillum radius ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 The Stokes radius , Stokes Einstein radius , or hydrodynamic radius R sub H sub , named after George Gabriel Stokes is the radius of a hard sphere that diffuses at the same rate as the molecule. This is subtly different to the effective radius of a hydrated molecule in solution. Rather it The behavior of this sphere includes hydration and shape effects. Since most molecules are not perfectly spherical, the Stokes radius is smaller than the effective radius or the rotational radius . A more extended molecule will have a larger Stokes radius compared to a more compact molecule of the same molecular weight. In liquids where there are considerable interactions between solute and solvent molecule, the Stokes radius of a perfect sphere is proportional to frictional coefficient f and inverse proportional to viscosity as follows ref cite web title What is the hydrodynamic radius url http ecoserver.imbb.forth.gr pdf hydrodynamic radius.pdf publisher Institute for Molecular Biology and Biotechnology accessdate 15 February 2012 ref math R H frac k BT 6 pi eta D . math where, math k B math is the Boltzmann constant in J K sup 1 sup , math D math is the diffusion coefficient in m sup 2 sup s sup 1 sup and math T math is the temperature in kelvin s. The frictional coefficient is determined by the size and shape of the molecule under consideration. See also Capillary electrophoresis Hydrodynamic radius Dynamic light scattering Stokes law Equivalent spherical diameter References Reflist Category Fluid dynamics DEFAULTSORT Stokes Radius Chem stub bs Stokesov radijus de Hydrodynamischer Radius ... more details
In mathematics , the covering radius of a collection of points P in a metric space is the smallest r 0 such that spheres of radius r around the points P will completely cover the space. Example In the real plane, the set of all integer points i , j has a covering radius of math scriptstyle sqrt 2 2 math . Use in coding theory main Hamming bound Covering radius and packing radius In the theory of Error correcting code s, the metric space containing a block code C consists of strings of a fixed length, say n , taken over an alphabet of size q can be thought of as Coordinate vector vectors , with the Hamming metric . This space is denoted by math scriptstyle mathcal A q n math . The covering radius of the code C is the smallest value of r 0 such that the Union mathematics union of the spheres of radius r centered at the points of C the codewords is the entire space math scriptstyle mathcal A q n math . This value is related to the code s ability to correct errors. Category Geometric measurement Category Coding theory geometry stub ... more details
Infobox Company company name RADIUS company type Private Company Private foundation 1992 location Bethesda, Maryland Bethesda, MD key people Chris Vasiliou , Chief Executive Officer industry Business travel homepage http www.radiustravel.com www.radiustravel.com RADIUS is a privately held corporate travel management company with headquarters in Bethesda, Maryland. It is composed of 90 independent travel agencies operating in 80 countries and over 3,300 locations. ref http www.manta.com c mmny2vq radius travel RADIUS Company Profile ref The company has existed in its present form since 1992 as a result of a merger between two independent North American travel management companies. RADIUS managed 19 billion in annual sales in 2009. See also Business travel References Reflist External links http www.radiustravel.com RADIUS corporate site Category Travel agencies Category Travel and holiday companies of the United States de Radius Unternehmen ro Radius Travel ... more details
unsourced date April 2011 Infobox Company company name Radius Inc. company logo Commented out Image Radius ... Mike Boich br Matt Carter Radius Matt Carter br Alain Rossmann industry Computer hardware products Radius Accelerator , Radius Full Page Display , Radius Two Page Display , Radius GS C , Radius DirectColor , Radius QuickColor , Radius Pivot , PrecisionColor , Radius Thunder , RadiusTV , VideoVision , Radius Rocket num employees 237 revenue United States dollar US 308 million 1995 Radius was an American ... Carter Radius Matt Carter , Alain Rossmann and other members of the original Mac team specializing in Apple Macintosh Macintosh equipment. Their products ranged from processor upgrade cards Radius Accelerator bringing Motorola 68020 processors to earlier Macintosh systems graphics accelerators Radius ... multi processor systems Radius Rocket for 3D rendering and multiple OS sessions high end video adapters and monitors. History Image Radius Thunder IV GX 1600 1994 1 front.JPG thumb right 235px Radius Thunder IV GX 1600 NuBus graphics accelerator The first Radius product was the Radius Full .... The second Radius product was the Radius Accelerator, an add on card that quadrupled the speed of the Apple ... status removed Image Radius Pivot Display.jpg thumb left The Radius Pivot Display , a full page display ... s first unprofitable quarter several failed R&D projects a black eye from its bug ridden Radius Rocket ... s first acquisition was VideoFusion, as Radius sought a toehold in the world of video production software ..., Radius acquired rival SuperMac and shifted headquarters into the latter s building. The SuperMac acquisition netted Radius the Cinepak video compression CODEC , which was still supported by most ... Digital and its professional time code and video tape deck control software. In March 1995, Radius became the first licensed Macintosh clone vendor, and offered two new products the Radius System 100 and the Radius 81 110. In its final strategic direction, Radius licensed the brand name SuperMac to Umax ... more details
Otheruses Radius disambiguation Infobox Bone Name Radius joint Latin GraySubject 52 GrayPage 219 Image ... left and palm up right . Radius is 1 Articulations MeshName Radius MeshNumber A02.835.232.087.090.700 DorlandsPre DorlandsSuf The Radius is one of the two large bone s of the forearm , the other being ... bone, Prism geometry prism shaped and slightly curved longitudinally. The radius articulates ... bone in the human leg lower leg is the tibia . The word radius is Latin language Latin for ray . In the context of the radius bone, a ray can be thought of rotating around an axis line extending diagonally ... is the major contributor to the elbow joint, the radius primarily contributes to the wrist joint ..., CA edition 5th year 2008 page 188 ref The radius is named so because the radius bone acts like the radius of a circle . The ulna acts as the center point to the circle because when the arm is rotated the ulna does not move. The radius bone acts like the radius of a circle because it rotates around the ulna and the far end, known as the styloid process of the radius, is the distance from the ulna center of the circle to the edge of the radius the circle . Shape The radius has a body and two extremities. The upper extremity of radius upper extremity of the radius consists of a somewhat cylindrical ... of radius body of the radius is self explanatory, and the lower extremity of radius lower extremity of the radius is roughly quadrilateral in shape, with articular surfaces for the ulna , scaphoid and lunate bone s. The distal end of the radius forms a palpable point called the Radial styloid process ... of the body of the radius to attach the radius to the ulna. ref Citation last Clemente first ... fracture types of the radius include Essex Lopresti fracture a fracture of the Head of radius ... Textbook of Orthopaedics online ref Distal radius fracture Galeazzi fracture a fracture of the radius with dislocation of the distal radioulnar joint Colles fracture a distal fracture of the radius with dorsal ... more details
File MV 22B combat radius in Iraq compared with CH 46E combat radius.svg thumb Combat radius of the Bell Boeing V 22 Osprey in Iraq, contrasted with the smaller combat radius of the CH 46E Combat radius refers to the distance from an airbase that a warplane can reach, patrol there for a set amount of time and return to base with minimal fuel left, thus completing a combat mission. For a given aircraft, its combat radius varies according to whether or not it carries external drop tanks , the level altitude of the combat mission, and the amount and weight of Aircraft ordnance ordnance it is carrying An aircraft with drop tanks will have a greater combat radius than the same one without, due to the extra amount of fuel carried. An aircraft engaged in a low level lo combat mission will have a smaller combat radius than the same one engaged in a high level hi mission, due to higher fuel consumption at lower altitudes higher atmospheric pressure density of air air density . An aircraft with more and heavier ordnance will have a smaller combat radius than the same one with less and lighter ordnance, due to higher fuel consumption at heavier weights. The combat radius of an aircraft is often given with its mission profile without aerial refueling in air refueling . For example The F 16 Fighting Falcon s combat radius is 550 km 340 mi on a hi lo hi mission with six 450 kg 1,000 lb bombs. The F A 18 Hornet has a combat radius of 537 km 330 mi on a hi lo lo hi mission. Combat radius is always smaller than Range aircraft maximum range , the distance which the aircraft can fly the farthest with maximum payload and without refueling, or ferry range , the distance the aircraft can fly the farthest with drop tanks, no ordnance and without refueling. See also Range aircraft Mil aviation stub Category Military aviation ca Radi de combat es Radio de combate it Raggio d azione lt Veikimo spindulys aviacija ... more details
Alexandra Mary Theodora Lex Radius 3 July 1942, Amsterdam is a retired Dutch ballerina. Radius had her debut in 1957 at the Netherlands Ballet of Sonia Gaskell . There, in 1959, she met Han Ebbelaar , who would become her husband and lifelong dancing partner. Radius and Ebbelaar were soloists at the Dutch National Ballet , the Nederlands Dans Theater and, between 1968 and 1970, the American Ballet Theater . Radius danced in classical pieces, but also in contemporary choreographies like those by Rudi van Dantzig and Hans van Manen . Her other regular dancing partners were Rudolf Nureyev , Henny Jurri ns and Alan Land . In 1990, she stopped performing ballet at the age of 48, on which occasion she was awarded the Medal of Honor for Art and Science of the Order of the House of Orange . The Alexandra Radius Prize for rising young dance talent has been named after her. Literature Emmy Huf, Alexandra Radius. Han Ebbelaar. Dancing , J.M. Gottmer, Haarlem , 1979, ISBN 90 257 1209 6 Ine Rietstap, Alexandra Radius. Een danscarri re , J.M. Gottmer, Haarlem, 1982, ISBN 90 257 1576 1 Jessica Voeten, Springlevend 25 jaar Dansersfonds 79 Alexandra Radius en Han Ebbelaar , Amsterdam, 2005, ISBN 90 901908 0 5 Source http www.eenlevenlangtheater.nl alexandra 20radius Alexandra Radius at the Theaterencyclopedie website. Persondata NAME Radius, Alexandra ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION Ballet dancer DATE OF BIRTH 3 July 1942 PLACE OF BIRTH Amsterdam, Netherlands DATE OF DEATH PLACE OF DEATH DEFAULTSORT Radius, Alexandra Category 1942 births Category Living people Category Ballerinas Category Dutch ballet dancers Category People from Amsterdam nl Alexandra Radius ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Generalize date October 2009 Image Gray217.png thumb Figure 1 Plan of ossification of the radius. From three centers. Image Gray218.png thumb Figure 2 Epiphysial lines of radius in a young adult. Anterior aspect. The line of attachment of the articular capsule of the wrist joint is in blue. The radius is one of the two bone s in the forearm . The radius bone radius is ossified from three centers one for the body, and one for either extremity. That for the body makes its appearance near the center of the bone, during the eighth week of fetal life. About the end of year, ossification commences in the lower end and at the fifth year, in the upper end. The upper epiphysis fuses with the body at the age of seventeen or eighteen years, the lower about the age of twenty. An additional center sometimes found in the radial tuberosity, appears about the fourteenth or fifteenth year. Ossification DEFAULTSORT Ossification Of Radius Category Upper limb anatomy ... more details
Unreferenced date November 2006 About astronomy cloud drops Cloud drop effective radius The effective radius math R e math of a galaxy is the radius at which one half of the total light of the system is emitted interior to this radius. This assumes the galaxy is circular symmetry circularly symmetric . This is an important length scale in G rard de Vaucouleurs de Vaucouleurs math sqrt 4 R math law which is given as math I R I e cdot e 7.67 left sqrt 4 frac R R e 1 right math where math I e math is the surface brightness at math R R e math . Note that at math R 0 math , math I R 0 I e cdot e 7.67 approx 2000 cdot I e math Thus the central surface brightness is approximately math 2000 cdot I e math . DEFAULTSORT Effective Radius Category Physical quantities fr Rayon effectif pl Promie p wiat a ... more details
Other uses2 Moli re The Moli re radius is a characteristic constant of a material giving the scale of the transverse dimension of the fully contained Particle shower electromagnetic showers initiated by an incident high energy electron or photon . By definition, it is the radius of a cylinder containing on average 90 of the shower s energy deposition. It is related to the radiation length math X sub 0 by the following approximate relation math R sub small M small 0.0265 X sub 0 Z 1.2 , where math Z is the atomic number ref http rkb.home.cern.ch rkb PH14pp node115.html Moli re Radius ref . The Moli re radius is useful in experimental particle physics in the design of calorimeter particle physics calorimeters a smaller Moli re radius means better shower position resolution, and better shower separation due to a smaller degree shower overlaps. Moli re radii for typical materials used in calorimetry Caesium iodide 3.8 cm Liquid argon 10.1 cm Liquid krypton 4.7 cm References references Particle stub Category Particle physics fr Rayon de Moli re ... more details
bottom The scrub radius is the distance in front view between the kingpin automotive part king pin ... radius can be changed, this alters the width and offset of the tires on a vehicle. If the kingpin ... patch it is positive. The term scrub radius derives from the fact that either in the positive ... . Large positive values of scrub radius, 4 inches or 100 mm or so, were used in cars for many ... compact sports cars. If the scrub radius is small then the contact patch is spun in place when parking, which takes a lot more effort. The advantage of a small scrub radius is that the steering becomes less sensitive to braking inputs, in particular. An advantage of a negative scrub radius is that the geometry ... without any of the drawbacks of high positive caster because of SAI. Scrub radius The scrub radius ... turns. If these lines intersect at the road surface, a zero scrub radius would be present. When the intersection is below the surface of the road, this is positive scrub radius. Conversely, when the lines intersect above the road, negative scrub radius is present. The point where the steering axis line contacts the road is the fulcrum pivot point on which the tire is turned. Scrub radius is changed ... scrub radius to become more . Older cars tended to have very close to zero scrub radius but often on the side, newer cars with ABS all have negative scrub radius that s why all the newer cars have the wheels o s more inboard Squirm Squirm occurs when the scrub radius is at zero. When the pivot point ... MacPherson strut equipped vehicles usually have a negative scrub radius. Even though scrub radius in itself is not directly adjustable, it will be changed if the upper steering axis point ..., the resulting scrub radius difference is negligible. Negative scrub radius decreases torque steer ... radius. With this suspension, the scrub radius is not adjustable. The greater the scrub radius positive ... and side to side camber differences, the scrub radius will be changed and the handling and stability ... more details
Image semicircle.svg frame A turn with the turning radius being r . The turning radius or turning circle of a vehicle is the size of the smallest circle circular turn i.e. U turn maneuver U turn that the vehicle is capable of making. The term turning radius is a misnomer, since the size of a circle is actually its diameter , not its radius . The less ambiguous term turning circle is preferred. As an example, Motor Trend refers to a curb to curb turning circle of a 2008 Cadillac CTS as 35.5 feet. By contrast, theAutoChannel.com refers to turning radius of the same car as 35.5 feet. It is often used as a generalization generalized term rather than a number numerical figure . For example, a vehicle with a very small turning circle may be described as having a tight turning radius . Two different measurements can be quoted for a vehicle. A curb or curb to curb turning circle will show the distance traveled by the wheels. The wall or wall to wall turning circle will include an allowance for the width of the whole car, including the overhang of the bodywork. For example, a van may have been quoted as having a turning circle in meters of 12.1 C 12.4 W . It may be easier to imagine that on a road ... , that is the curb turning radius, but if you were moving the vehicle inside a building, the corners of the vehicle might hit the walls so you need to consider the wall to wall turning radius 12.4 ... is referred to as a 0 number zero turning radius vehicle, although whether or not the turning radius is actually nonexistent is unclear. Some camera dolly camera dollies used in the film industry ... giving them zero turning radius. Common uses Wheel ed vehicles Fixed wing aircraft Aeroplane s Watercraft See also Minimum railway curve radius U turn maneuver External links http grounds mag.com mag grounds maintenance zeroturn radius mowers index.html Grounds Maintenance Magazine Article about Zero Radius Lawn Mowers Category Vehicle technology Category Engineering concepts de Wendekreis Fahrzeug ... more details
Distinguish2 Radius of convexity a mathematical term refimprove date November 2009 class wikitable align right style margin top 0px margin right 0px margin left 10px background ffffff Image Gray214.png 180px Image Gray213.png 180px colspan 2 Bones of the Forearm . Left Anatomical terms of location Anterior and posterior Anterior view, Right Anatomical terms of location Anterior and posterior Posterior view. The Convexity of the radius or the convexity of the lateral surface of the radius refers to the Lateral lateral border of the Radius bone radius bone which curves outwards to be convex lateralward . The Pronator teres muscle is described as attaching Anatomical terms of location Proximal and distal distally to the middle of convexity of lateral surface of radius . ref name moore & agur cite book last Moore first Keith authorlink coauthors Anne Agur title Essential Clinical Anatomy Third Edition publisher Lippincott Williams & Wilkins year 2007 location USA pages 446 url doi id isbn 0 7817 6274 X ref It does this just below the Insertion anatomy insertion of the Supinator muscle . References div class references small references div Bones of upper extremity anatomy stub ... more details
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