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Encyclopedia results for Geostrategy in Central Asia

Geostrategy in Central Asia





Encyclopedia results for Geostrategy in Central Asia

  1. Geostrategy in Central Asia

    original research date August 2008 refimprove date May 2008 Central Asia has long been a geostrategy ... geography Central Asia had both the advantage and disadvantage of a central location between four historical ... by railroads. As the Russian Empire expanded to the east, it would also push down into Central Asia ... weight of History of China Chinese empires continually pushed outward into Central Asia. The Han ..., the demographic and cultural influence of India was felt in Central Asia, notably ... seated along the Indus River would expand into Central Asia. India s ability to project power into Central ... between Hinduism Hindu India, and what would become a mostly Islam Muslim Central Asia. To the southwest, Middle Eastern powers have expanded into the southern areas of Central Asia usually, Uzbekistan ... parts of Central Asia Alexander the Great s Hellenistic civilization Hellenistic empire would extend into Central Asia two Arab Islamic empires would exert substantial influence throughout the region ... In terms of strategic geography , Central Asia has several important routes through Eurasia, which ... competition for domination of Central Asia, known in Britain as The Great Game , and in Russia as the Tournament ... for a push Northwest into Central Asia, while the Russian empire pushed into the region from the North ... never went to war with one another. The British feared that Russian control of Central Asia would ... geostrategy, outlined the geostrategic divisions of Eurasia in his 1900 piece The Problem of Asia .... Within this vast zone lie significant parts of Central Asia, including sections of what are now Tibet ... which made it both unstable and ripe for conquest. Even today, Central Asia is politically weak ... encompasses all of Central Asia, with the addition of large parts of Iran, and Russia as well. The Geographic .... The Pivot s projection into Central Asia is defined on one side by the Caspian Sea and Caucasus ... Russia. This triangular projection south into Central Asia was part of an area inaccessible ...   more details



  1. Geostrategy

    geostrategy United States geostrategy Geostrategy by region Geostrategy in Central Asia Geostrategy in East Asia Geostrategy in Europe Geostrategy by topic Oil geostrategy Naval geostrategy Space geostrategy ... of geostrategy, respectively, in their works The Problem of Asia and The Geographical Pivot of History .... In 1900, Mahan s book The Problem of Asia was published. In this volume he laid out the first geostrategy ... a central position on the continent, and a wedge shaped projection into Central Asia , bounded ... balancing pressure against Russia in Central Asia. Britain s predominance in Egypt , China , Australia ... Geostrategy , a subfield of geopolitics , is a type of foreign policy guided principally by geography ... strategy strategies , geostrategy is concerned with matching means to ends ref name strategy1 ... military, political, economic, and cultural engagement. Geostrategy can function normatively ... , military geography , and strategic geography . Geostrategy is most closely related to strategic geography. Especially following World War II , some scholars divide geostrategy into two school of thought ... divided into two main schools the organic state branch and the geostrategy branch... last Tyner first ... the organic state theory and geostrategy. last Russell first Greg year 2006 title Theodore Roosevelt ... of geostrategy have asserted that it is a pseudoscience pseudoscientific gloss used by dominant ... geostrategy Academics, theorists, and practitioners of geopolitics have agreed upon no standard definition for geostrategy. Most all definitions, however, emphasize the merger of strategy strategic ..., geostrategy involves comprehensive planning, assigning means for achieving national goals or securing ... Gyorgy first Andrew year 1943 month November title The Geopolitics of War Total War and Geostrategy ... shaping rather than being shaped. A geostrategy is about securing access to certain trade routes .... James Rogers and Luis Sim n, Think Again European Geostrategy ref name geostrategy cite web url http ...   more details



  1. Central Asia

    extinct. Geostrategy Main Geostrategy in Central Asia Central Asia has long been a strategic location ...Infobox bodyclass geogra above Central Asia image File Central Asia orthographic projection .svg 200px Map of Central Asia label1 Area data1 convert 4003400 km2 sqmi 0 abbr on ref The area figure is based on the combined areas of five countries in Central Asia. ref label2 Population data2 64,746,854 ref The population figure is the combined populations of 5 countries in Central Asia last updated Mar ... data5 166 Billion label6 nowrap GDP per capita 2009 data6 2,700 Central Asia is the core region of the Asia ... of Central Asia include these five republics of the former Soviet Union Kazakhstan pop. 16.6 ... borders, it does have some important overall characteristics. For one, Central Asia has historically ... index.php?q Central Asia Steppe Nomads and Central Asia ref As a result, it has acted as a crossroads ... and early Islamic times, Central Asia was a predominantly Iranian peoples Iranian ref name ReferenceA Encyclop dia Iranica, CENTRAL ASIA The Islamic period up to the Mongols , C. Edmund Bosworth ... in Central Asia under the Umayyads and the establishment of Islam , in History of Civilizations of Central Asia , Vol. IV The Age of Achievement AD 750 to the End of the Fifteenth Century, Part ...&dq The Appearance of the Arabs in Central Asia under the Umayyads and the establishment of Islam&source ... role in the history of Central Asia. After expansion by Turkic peoples , Central Asia also ... , Kyrgyz people Kyrgyz and Uyghur people Uyghurs . Central Asia is sometimes referred to as Turkestan . From the 17th century, up to the end of the 20th century, most of Central Asia has been part ... ref ref http www.demoscope.ru weekly 2005 0191 analit05.php ref Definitions Image Central Asia borders4.png 260px thumb Three sets of possible boundaries for the region Image Central Asia world region2.png 326px thumb Central Asia s location as a region of the world The idea of Central Asia as a distinct ...   more details



  1. Central Asia plus Japan

    race Asia Times Online ref See also Foreign relations of Japan Geostrategy in Central Asia ...The Central Asia plus Japan dialogue is a political initiative between Japan and the Central Asia n nations ... for cooperation, thereby elevating relations between Japan and Central Asia to a new level . ref name DEC http www.mofa.go.jp region europe dialogue joint0408.pdf Joint Statement Central Asia Japan ... Press Release Central Asia plus Japan Dialogue Foreign Ministers Meeting Foreign Ministry of Japan ... Central Asian relations, intra regional cooperation within Central Asia, and cooperation ... and Central Asia with respect to both regional issues and issues having international dimensions. The joint ... reconfirmed the significance of the Central Asia plus Japan Dialogue, and to promote concrete ... announce 2005 3 0304 2.html Central Asia plus Japan Dialogue Senior Officials Meeting Foreign ... . ref name TOYKO http www.mofa.go.jp region europe dialogue action0606.html Central Asia plus ... name INT http www.mofa.go.jp announce event 2007 1 0124 3.html Second Central Asia plus Japan Intellectual ... the Central Asia plus Japan dialogue is part of its Silk Road diplomacy , a term used for Japan s current Central Asia policy. ref name DEC This policy has two distinct goals to further enhance bilateral relationships in the region, and to promote regional dialogue. The Central Asia plus Japan ... for Japan s renewed interest in Central Asia ref name ASO http www.mofa.go.jp region europe speech0606.html Central Asia as a Corridor of Peace and Stability Foreign Ministry of Japan ref Given the growing regional influence of Islamic fundamentalism , Japan wants to help Central Asia not be a weak link in the chain of international order Central Asia s significant amounts of natural resources are too ... states Japan has an important and growing influence in Central Asia Aso also said, Japan at this juncture ... that the Central Asia plus Japan dialogue, along with the development of bilateral relations between ...   more details



  1. Central Asia Counternarcotics Initiative

    The Central Asia Counternarcotics Initiative is an American proposed plan to tackle illegal drugs trafficking in Central Asia. ref name solashRussiaSaidToBlock cite web url http www.rferl.org content russia reportedly blocks us plan central asia opium drugs narcotics afghanistan 24488075.html title Russia Said To Block U.S. Drug Plan Amid Wariness Over Central Asian Influence work Radio Free Europe Radio Liberty date 18 March 2012 accessdate 18 March 2012 author Solash, Richard ref Criticism Critics of the scheme have arged that it is an attempt by America to increase its influence in Central Asia. ref name solashRussiaSaidToBlock See also Illegal drug trafficking in Central Asia References references Category Illegal drug trade International law stub Law enforcement stub Criminal law stub ...   more details



  1. Mountains of Central Asia

    South of the northern low lands is a great belt of mountains and plateaus. The Pamir plateau in central Asia forms mountainous chains running out in different directions. The mountain chains of the Himalayas, Karakoram and Kunlun run towards the east. The plateau of Tibet, enclosed by the Himalayas and Kunlun, is the largest and highest plateau of the world. Mount Everest in the Himalayas is the highest peak in the world. The vast cool desert of Gobi is in this region. The Mountains of Central Asia is a biodiversity hotspot designated by Conservation International which covers several montane and wikt alpine alpine ecoregion s of Central Asia, including those of the Pamir Mountains Pamir and Tian Shan ranges, and extending across portions of Afghanistan , China , Kazakhstan , Kyrgyzstan , Tajikistan , and Uzbekistan . The hotspot encompasses several habitat types, including montane grasslands and shrublands , temperate coniferous forests , and alpine tundra . The ecoregions in the hotspot include Alai Western Tien Shan steppe Gissaro Alai open woodlands Pamir alpine desert and tundra Tian Shan montane steppe and meadows Tian Shan montane conifer forests External links http www.biodiversityhotspots.org xp Hotspots central asia Mountains of Central Asia Conservation International http www.centralasiatravel.com mountains central asia.html Mountains Central Asia Tien Shan Mountains Kyrgyzstan Pamir Category Biodiversity hotspots Category Palearctic ecozone ecoregion stub eo Centraziaj Montaroj ...   more details



  1. Central Asia Monitor

    Unreferenced date April 2008 Central Asia Monitor was in publication from 1992 to 2002. The journal focused on historical and current events in the five former Soviet Republics of Central Asia Kazakhstan , Kyrgyzstan , Tajikistan , Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan . Its founder and editor in chief was Valery Chalidze . Its primary editor was David Nalle . The bi monthly journal was published out of Fair Haven, Vermont and its now defunct url was www.chalidze.com cam.htm. Its ISSN was 1062 2314. Central Asia Monitor was an important publication for Central Asian Studies during the 1990s. It began publication one year after the Central Asian Republics gained independence. The top scholars in the field published their works in the journal and it helped revived Central Asian Studies, a field of study that had been in decline for the previous half century. Category Central Asian studies Category Area studies journals Category Asian history journals Category Publications established in 1992 Category Publications disestablished in 2002 humanities journal stub ...   more details



  1. Human rights in Central Asia

    The situation of human rights in Central Asia varies little between the region s countries, but are often reported to be a cause of concern among many outsider observers, governmental and non governmental organization non governmental . Some of the legacy of human rights in the region derives from its history as part of the Soviet Union. Regions See the following for more details on each country Human rights in Afghanistan Afghanistan Human rights in the People s Republic of China China Human rights in Kazakhstan Kazakhstan Human rights in Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyzstan Human rights in Mongolia Mongolia Human rights in Pakistan Pakistan Human rights in Russia Russia Human rights in Tajikistan Tajikistan Human rights in Turkmenistan Turkmenistan Human rights in Uzbekistan Uzbekistan See also Human rights in East Asia Human rights in Europe Human rights in the United Kingdom Human rights in the United States External links http www.nytimes.com 2005 12 04 politics 04democracy.html?pagewanted all Pro Democracy Groups Are Harassed in Central Asia New York Times . Dec. 3, 2005. http www.cahr.info index files page0019.htm World Observes International Mine Awareness and Assistance Day Central Asia Health Review . Apr. 5,2008 http www.cahr.info index files page0017.htm Record Breaking Winter Weather Hits Children in Tajikistan the Hardest Central Asia Health Review . Feb.17, 2008 http repository.library.georgetown.edu handle 10822 552518 New Directions Post Independence from the http repository.library.georgetown.edu handle 10822 552494 Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives Eng Rus http www.hrca.org.ru Human Rights in Central Asia http www.IPHRonline.org IPHR . The website of International Partnership for Human Rights IPHR contains a number of publications on current human rights issues in Central Asia. Humanrights stub Asia in topic Human rights in Category Human rights by region Category Central Asia ...   more details



  1. Sports in Central Asia

    The area of Central Asia has a wide variety of sports, many of which have close cultural ties to the countries involved. International Sports Football association football Football , the world s most popular sport ref http en.wikipedia.org wiki Association Football ref , is played in the majority of countries in Central Asia . The Asian Football Confederation or AFC is the governing body of Association Football in Asia, similar to UEFA in Europe and FIFA worldwide. ref http en.wikipedia.org wiki Asian Football Confederation ref The following countries all have organisations affiliated to the AFC Afghanistan Football Federation Afghanistan Bhutan Football Federation Bhutan Islamic Republic of Iran Football Federation Iran Football Federation of Kyrgyz Republic Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan National Football Federation Tajikistan Football Association of Turkmenistan Turkmenistan Uzbekistan Football Federation Uzbekistan ref http www.the afc.com eng nassoc zone.jsp 3 269 1.html ref Mongolian Football Federation Mongolia is considered East Asia on the Asian Football Confederation s website Domestic Sports Wrestling Though wrestling is an international and Olympic sports Olympic sport , there are many different variations in Central Asia. Mongolian wrestling has been practised in the country for many centuries . Khuresh is a form of wrestling that is popular in the region of Tuva in Siberia . References reflist 2 Category Central Asian culture Category Sport in Central Asia ...   more details



  1. Central Asia Insurance

    Orphan date February 2009 Infobox Company company name Asuransi Central Asia company type Private foundation 1958 location Slipi Jakarta, Indonesia key people Teddy Hailamsah industry general insurance num employees 1300 homepage http www.aca.co.id www.aca.co.id Central Asia Insurance is known as Asuransi Central Asia or ACA Asuransi , and is one of the five most important Indonesian insurance agencies, ref cite news title Winners of Superbrand awards are hoping for better future url http www.thejakartapost.com news 2005 10 06 winners superbrand awards are hoping better future.html work The Jakarta Post date 10 June 2005 accessdate 25 May 2009 ref with 36 branch office and 34 representative offices around Indonesia . The ACA company was established in 1956 with the name Oriental NV .On 5 August 1958 it was renamed PT. Asuransi Central Asia . The company has 1300 employees and grosses in the range of 958 million rupiah per year. References reflist External links http www.aca.co.id Company official website Category Insurance companies finance company stub ...   more details



  1. Terrorism in Central Asia

    Terrorism in Central Asia is largely a cross border phenomenon. The source of most terrorists and terrorist organizations that operate in Central Asia is Afghanistan due to the former presence of the Taliban , and the Ferghana Valley due to the Tajik Civil War . sup 1 sup China The Government of the People s Republic of China Chinese and Politics of Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyz governments increased security ... expressed concern that international terrorists were traveling through Xinjiang and Central Asia ... for Europe and Eurasia, testified on the threat of terrorism in Central Asia before the U.S. House of Representatives subcommittee on the Middle East and Central Asia on 29 October 2003. Jones said the greatest threats to the Central Asia n states are the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan , which she ... challenge in Central Asia RadioFreeEurope RadioLiberty ref Negroponte testimony John Negroponte ... and corruption that tend to characterize these regimes in Central Asia provide fertile soil for the development of radical Islamic sentiment and movements, and raise the questions about the Central ... morenews showmorestory.asp?slug US warns of instability in Central Asia&id 99306 US warns of instability in Central Asia NDTV ref Afghanistan and Pakistan terrorist training Russian Foreign Minister ... trained in Pakistan and Afghanistan for carrying out attacks in Central Asia and Russia. Pakistani ... Terrorism in Pakistan References Vitaly V. Naumkin. Radical Islam in Central Asia , Between Pen and Rifle ... 0C&pg PA237&lpg PA237&dq Central Asia Jihad&sig fuDt0BNRqh5k4qvX9AfsdMVPi58 PPP1,M1 The New Great Game Blood and Oil in Central Asia , Grove Press, 2004, ISBN 0 8021 4172 2 Ahmed Rashid . Jihad The Rise of Militant Islam in Central Asia , Yale University, 2002, ISBN 0 300 09345 4 reflist External links http commdocs.house.gov committees intlrel hfa90361.000 hfa90361 0f.htm Category Terrorism in Central Asia Category Wars involving the Taliban ...   more details



  1. Islamic Movement of Central Asia

    The Islamic Movement of Central Asia IMCA is an Islamist organization affiliated with Al Qaeda , headed by Tohir Yo ldosh , that has operated in Central Asia since its formation on 16 September 2002. Its objective is to create a pan Central Asia n Islamist theocracy . ref name FORMATION http www.atimes.com atimes Central Asia DI19Ag01.html Moscow on alert for Muslim militancy Asia Times ref IMCA members include Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyz , Tajikistan Tajik , Uzbekistan Uzbek , Chechnya Chechen , and Uyghur people Uyghur militants. ref name FORMATION Kyrgyz Defense Minister Esen Topoyev said there were several hundred Islamic militants and terrorist bases in Badakhshan Province , Afghanistan , and 1,500 terrorists in Paktia Province , as recently as September 2002. ref name FORMATION Yo ldosh is also the leader of the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan , the Uzbek division of the IMCA. The IMCA plans to first establish a theocracy in Uzbekistan , before spilling into Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan . The group then plans to cover the rest of the region, including Xinjiang . Fact date February 2007 Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness Canada has linked the IMCA to al Qaeda . Fact date February 2007 See also Terrorism in Kazakhstan Islamic Movement of Tajikistan Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan References reflist islam org stub paramilitary org stub Category Terrorism in Central Asia Category Islamist groups Category Jihadist organizations ...   more details



  1. Demography of Central Asia

    Image Central Asia Ethnic en.svg thumb right 250px The ethnolinguistic patchwork of Central Asia in later soviet times 1992 Central Asia is a diverse land with many ethnic groups, languages, religions and tribes. This article discusses all of the above, and includes the demographics of the nations of the five ... considered part of the region, is included, then Central Asia has a total population of about 90 million as of 2010. ref https www.cia.gov library publications the world factbook ref Although most central ... Ismaili Islam , Tengriism , and Syriac Christianity , Buddhism in Central Asia Buddhism was introduced to Central Asia over 2,200 years ago, and Zoroastrianism , over 2,500 years ago. ref http www.duke.edu jds17 zoroast.html ref Ethnic groups in Central Asia ref https www.cia.gov library publications the world factbook ref Below is information on the demographics of ethnic groups in Central Asia class wikitable sortable Ethnic Group Center of population in Central Asia Total roughly estimated population in Central Asia Uzbek people Uzbek Uzbekistan 27,000,000 30,000,000 Tajik people Tajik ... 35,000 Other native groups in central Asia NA NA Others Various Eurasian groups Kazakhstan? NA Religions in Central Asia ref https www.cia.gov library publications the world factbook ref class wikitable sortable Religion Total roughly estimated Population in Central Asia Center of Population in Central Asia Eastern Christianity 7,000,000 Northern Kazakhstan Western Christianity 510,000 Kazakhstan Judaism 27,500 Uzbekistan Shia Islam 4,000,000 Central Afghanistan Sunni Islam 28,000,000 Southern Central Asia Most dense in Afghanistan Atheism and Irreligion 2,500,000 ? Millions only Citation ... Pakistan 12,500,000 Hazara people Hazara Central Afghanistan 3,500,000 Baloch people Baloch ... Pakistan 250,000 Aimak Central and Northwest Afghanistan 1,500,000 Nuristani Far eastern and northern ... Zoroastrianism 10,000 Historically Northern Afghanistan Works Cited reflist Category Central Asian ...   more details



  1. Red Sticks (Central Asia)

    The Red Sticks were paramilitary organisation in Central Asia , formed by the Soviets to combat the basmachi rebels. The historian John Kunitz quotes a contemporary account when date November 2010 There are, we are told, sixty thousand Red Sticks in Tadjikistan . Most of them have no firearms, but they carry heavy cudgels, knives, and other weapons when they go out into the hills in search of the Basmachi . ref Joshua Kunitz. http books.google.com books?id hLHWSUYx GkC&pg PA253&dq 22Red Sticks 22 basmachi&hl en&ei zQ3wTKT CoG78gbnurj7Cw&sa X&oi book result&ct result&resnum 3&ved 0CC8Q6AEwAg v snippet&q red 20sticks&f false Dawn Over Samarkand The Rebirth of Central Asia . READ BOOKS, 2008. ISBN 140865816X, 9781408658161. Pg 253 ref References reflist Category History of Tajikistan Category Paramilitary organizations Category History of Central Asia paramilitary org stub ...   more details



  1. Agriculture in Central Asia

    Refimprove date March 2007 Agriculture in Central Asia provides a brief regional overview of agriculture in the five contiguous states of former Soviet Central Asia Kazakhstan , Kyrgyzstan , Tajikistan , Turkmenistan , and Uzbekistan . Two other countries that are sometimes classified as Central Asian Afghanistan and Mongolia are not included in this overview because of their substantially different background. The five Central Asian countries are highly agrarian, with 60 of the population living in rural areas and agriculture accounting for over 45 of total number of employed and nearly 25 of GDP on average. ref name babu Z. Lerman and I. Stanchin, Agrarian reforms in Turkmenistan , in S.C. Babu and S. Djalalov, eds., Policy Reform and Agriculture Development in Central Asia , Springer, New York, 2006, pp. 222 223, ISBN 0 387 29779 0, ISBN 978 0387 92779 8 ref Kazakhstan, with its strong energy sector, is less agrarian than the average Central Asian country, with agriculture accounting for only 8 of GDP but still 33 of total employment . It is closer in this respect to the core CIS countries of Russia , Ukraine , and Belarus , where agriculture contributes around 10 of GDP and agricultural employment averages 15 . Agricultural land in Central Asia is mostly desert and mountain pastures. Arable land suitable for crop production is around 20 of total agricultural land and as low ... land. ref name babu As a result, pasture based livestock production is more prominent in Central Asia than in the core CIS countries. By far the two most significant crops in Central Asia are cotton and wheat . Only Kazakhstan does not cultivate significant amounts of cotton. Central Asia is largely ... in Uzbekistan Agriculture in Afghanistan References reflist Asia topic Agriculture in Category Central Asia Category Economy of Central Asia Category Agriculture in Asia ... , pistachio s, and Nut fruit nuts . Animal husbandry constitutes a large part of Central Asian ...   more details



  1. Architecture of Central Asia

    Unreferenced date October 2008 The Architecture of Central Asia , which is generally considered as comprising Kazakhstan , Kyrgyzstan , Mongolia , Tajikistan , Turkmenistan , and Uzbekistan has been influenced by a diverse array of architectural traditions such as Russian architecture during the eras of tsarist and Soviet Union Soviet rule, Islamic architecture which came earlier, Persian architecture , and Chinese architecture . Timurid architecture File Registan DP.jpg thumb left 250px Registan is the ensemble of three madrasahs. Timurid architecture is the pinnacle of Islamic art in Central Asia . Spectacular and stately edifices erected by Timur and Timurid Dynasty his successors in Samarkand and Herat helped to disseminate the influence of the Ilkhanid school of art in India , thus giving rise to the celebrated Moghol school of architecture. Timurid architecture started with the Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasavi sanctuary of Ahmed Yasawi in present day Kazakhstan and culminated in Timur s mausoleum Gur e Amir in Samarkand . The style is largely derived from Persian architecture . Axial symmetry is a characteristic of all major Timurid structures, notably the Shah e Zendah in Samarkand and the mosque of Gowhar Shad in Meshed . Double dome s of various shapes abound, and the outsides are perfused with brilliant colors. br clear all Persian architecture Due to the long tradition of Persian influence in Central Asia, many significant buildings in the Persian tradition are located there. Examples of these include the Minaret of Jam . See also Architecture of Mongolia Khan Shatyry Category Central Asia Category Architecture by region Central Asia CAsia stub arch style stub ...   more details



  1. Freenet (Central Asia)

    This article describes national internet structures in Central Asia which are referred to as freenet . A separate article describes the decentralized censorship resistant peer to peer file sharing software known as Freenet . Please note that there is also a text based community computer network which offers limited Internet services, at little or no cost, and is known as a freenet. Several Internet networks in Central Asia , specifically, Kazakhstan , Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan are financed Citation needed date February 2011 by USAID and other USA governmental authorities and are called Freenet . In contrast with the decentralized censorship resistant peer to peer file sharing software called Freenet , which is specifically designed to be very censorship resistant, and in fact, to increase distribution of information in the case of censorship attempts, there is little information regarding the independence of the Central Asian networks from censorship by the operating authorities. Another Internet network, initiated by the UNDP , including support from USAID , was started in Armenia in 1997 and is also called Freenet . As of 2005 , users of Freenet in Armenia cannot access web pages on servers outside of Armenia. Apart from this restriction on website access, the degree of censorship on Freenet in Armenia is unknown. External links http www.freenet.kz Freenet USAID sponsored in Kazakhstan http www.freenet.kg Freenet USAID sponsored in Kyrgyzstan http www.freenet.uz Freenet USAID sponsored in Uzbekistan http www.freenet.am Freenet UNDP initiated in Armenia http unpan1.un.org intradoc groups public documents UNTC UNPAN018496.pdf document by UNDP Category Central Asia ...   more details



  1. Islam in Central Asia

    in Central Asia . The Hanafi Madhab school of thought is the most popular. ref Naumkin, 38. ref Islam came to Central Asia in the early part of the 8th century as part of the Muslim conquest of Transoxiana ... from Central Asia, and several major Muslim empires, including the Timurid Empire and the Mughal Empire , originated in Central Asia. In the 20th century severe restrictions on religious practice were enacted by the Soviet Union in Soviet Central Asia and the People s Republic of China in Xinjiang ... Tang Dynasty for control of Central Asia was the turning point initiating mass conversion into Islam ... and 1870s, Russian Turkistan western Central Asia came under Russian control and was incorporated ... anyone other than the czar as their ruler. ref Brower, 116. ref Soviet Union Image Soviet Central Asia administrative divisions 1989.jpg thumb 250px Political map of Soviet Central Asia in 1989 While the practice of Islam was broadly tolerated by the Russian Empire during its rule over Central Asia ... to solidify their hold on Central Asia. During this time, the Bolsheviks cooperated with the Jadids ... of Central Asia into separate republics along ethnic lines in the 1920s and 30s. ref Khalid, 65 71. ref In 1926, the Soviet government decided it had consolidated control over Central Asia sufficiently ... to shut down mosques in Central Asia. This operation was not well documented, but existing accounts ..., 71 73. ref Despite these assaults, Islam in Central Asia survived Soviet rule in the following ... government was regulated by the Spiritual Administration of the Muslims of Central Asia and Kazakhstan ... in the late 1980s. Islam as practiced in Central Asia became much more varied in this short time ... in Central Asia consider it a threat and have outlawed it as a subversive group in the Central Asian ... stability in Central Asia in order to combat terrorism. ref name van Van Wie Davies, 1 5. ref ..., toppling President Askar Akaev. ref Khalid, 199. ref Overall, Islamic militancy in Central Asia ...   more details



  1. Clans in Central Asia

    Orphan date February 2009 Clans in Central Asia are political networks based on regional and tribal loyalties. Clans frequently control certain government departments, though there is fluidity between clan loyalty and membership in government agencies. ref name ANDIJAN http 216.109.125.130 search cache?p resignation Karimov andijan&ei UTF 8&fr yfp t 501&x wrt&u www.silkroadstudies.org new docs CEF Quarterly February 2007 Burnashev Chernykh.pdf&w resignation karimov andijan&d MPllo mdOfRN&icp 1&.intl us Changes in Uzbekistan s Military Policy after the Andijan Events Central Asia Caucasus Institute and Silk Road Studies Program ref The people of Central Asia self identified by their clans prior to Russia n expansion in the 19th century. Ethnic identity did not come into play until as late as the 1980s during glasnost . ref name IDENTITY http 216.109.125.130 search cache?p Ferghana clan&ei UTF 8&fr yfp t 501&x wrt&u www.indiana.edu 257Eworkshop seminars papers y673 spring 2003 eddings.pdf&w ferghana clan clans&d NTVDf mdOhfh&icp 1&.intl us Coping With Independence Expanding Factors of Conflict in the Ferghana Valley Indiana University ref Kyrgyzstan There are three wings, groups of clans, that control the Government of Kyrgyzstan . The Ong, the right , the Sol, the left, and the Ichkilik. There are seven clans in Sol, which is based in northern and western Kyrgyzstan, including the Buguu and Sarybagysh clans. The Buguu clan controlled the Kirgiz SSR until the Great Purge of the 1930s. Kyrgyz political leaders have come from the Sarybagysh clan since the rule of Stalin . In 1990 the clan used its influence to ensure Askar Akayev became the Secretary of the Kyrgyz Communist Party ... name STRONGMAN http www.atimes.com atimes Central Asia EC13Ag03.html Asia Times ref ref name ALLIANCE http ist socrates.berkeley.edu bsp publications 2003 06 naum.pdf Militant Islam in Central Asia ... DEFAULTSORT Clans In Central Asia Category Central Asia ...   more details



  1. Central Asia-Caucasus Institute

    notability date November 2010 The Central Asia Caucasus Institute or CACI was founded by S. Frederick Starr , a research professor at Johns Hopkins University s School of Advanced International Studies . ref http www.isn.ethz.ch isn Communities and Partners Partners Detail ?lng en&id 29386 ref He has served as vice president of Tulane University and as president of Oberlin College 1983 1994 and the Aspen Institute . He has advised three U.S. presidents on Russian Eurasian affairs and chaired an external advisory panel on U.S. government sponsored research on the region, organized and co authored the first strategic assessment of Central Asia , the Caucasus and Afghanistan for the Joint Chiefs of Staff in 1999, and was involved in the drafting of recent U.S. legislation affecting the region. The Central Asia Caucasus Institute and the Silk Road Studies Program , which is housed within the Institute for Security and Development Policy , form a joint think tank with offices in Washington, D.C. and Stockholm . S. Frederick Starr serves as the chairman of the joint institute, which is affiliated with the Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies at Johns Hopkins University . ref http www.sais jhu.edu centers caci index.htm ref Its in house publications include the CACI Analyst , the China and Eurasia Forum Quarterly , and the Silk Road Paper series. References reflist Category Think tanks fr Institut Asie centrale Caucase ...   more details



  1. Bank Central Asia

    Infobox company name PT Bank Central Asia Tbk. logo Image BankCentralAsia logo.svg 150px Bank Central Asia type Public company Public br idx BBCA foundation Indonesia founder Sudono Salim 1955 location Jakarta , Indonesia key people Djohan Emir Setijoso small President Commission small , Jahja Setiatmadja small President Director small , Eugene Keith Gailbraith small Vice President Director small ref http www.mediaindonesia.com read 2011 05 12 225516 20 2 Jahja Setiaatmadja Jadi Dirut BCA ref products Retail Banking Consumer Banking br Commercial bank Corporate Banking br Credit Cards br Investment Banking br Mortgage loans br Private Banking industry Banking br Financial Services revenue profit Indonesian Rupiah Rp 12,823.46 billion Q3 2006 Citation needed date June 2008 net income profit Indonesian Rupiah Rp 3,121.47 billion Q3 2006 Citation needed date June 2008 homepage http www.klikbca.com default.html?langID 2 KlikBCA.com Bank Central Asia BCA idx BBCA is an Indonesia n bank founded on August 10, 1955. The Asian monetary crisis in 1997 had a tremendous impact on Indonesia s entire banking system. In particular, it affected BCA s cash flow and even threatened its survival. Panic rush forced the bank to seek assistance from the Indonesian government. The Indonesian Bank Restructuring Agency took over control of the bank in 1998. Somehow full recovery was accomplished later in the same year. In December 1998, third party funds were back at the pre crisis level. BCA s assets stood at Rp 67.93 trillion, as opposed to Rp 53.36 trillion in December 1997. Public confidence in BCA ... thumb Key BCA A vasco keypad as used by Bank Central Asia. Subsequently, BCA took a major step ... of Indonesia de Bank Central Asia id Bank Central Asia nl Bank Central Asia ...?OpenDocument ref History BCA officially founded on 21 February 1957 with name Bank Central Asia NV. Lots of things has traversed since the bank was founded, and perhaps the most significant ...   more details



  1. Buddhism in Central Asia

    of Buddhism in Central Asia the Encyclop dia Britannica writes, The spread of Buddhism into Central Asia is still not completely understood. However murky the details may be, it is clear that the trade ... to Central Asia and the maintenance, for many centuries, of a flourishing Buddhist culture ... , Parthia and Sogdia . From this base in Central Asia , they spread further in the 2nd century CE ... so that Mahayana eventually became the dominant form of Buddhism in most of Central Asia. The East ... in Central Asia during the two centuries before and after the common era. As local rulers and their people ... ref Early history of Buddhism in Central Asia When King Kanishka came to power in 78 AD in Central .... During the Kushan period, various religious systems were widespread in Central Asia. These were ... support in Central Asia, where Buddhism became widely practiced. According to Chinese chronicles Buddhism ... and central Asia ref ref http www.orexca.com religia.shtml About religion in Central Asia ref Buddhist percentage by country Here is the percentages of Buddhists in some nowaday Central Asia countries ... reflist Buddhism topics Asia in topic Buddhism in DEFAULTSORT Buddhism In Central Asia Category Buddhism by country Category Religion in Central Asia Category History of Buddhism Category Buddhism ... , 1st century. Image Central Asian Buddhist Monks.jpeg thumb left 170px Blue eyed Central Asian ... subcontinent and from there throughout Asia . In each new culture it reached, the Buddhist ..., three major forms survive one Sthavira, known as Theravada, in South East Asia , and two Mahayana ... and parts of South East Asia starting in about the 5th century. The Tibetan Buddhism Tibetan Mahayana ... The expansion of Buddhism throughout most of Asia was peaceful and occurred in several ways. Shakyamuni ... society of Gandhara in present day central Pakistan during the centuries following the 2nd ..., Buddhism soon took root, while in others, such as the Greek state and West Asia, there is no record ...   more details



  1. Cinema of Central Asia

    Orphan date May 2011 Asian cinema The Cinema of Central Asia refers to the cinema of the five Central Asia n countries Kazakhstan , Kyrgyzstan , Tajikistan , Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan . Central Asian cinema can further be divided into three historical periods, Soviet Central Asia n film 1919 1987 , a New Wave of Central Asian film 1988 1992 , and the modern period of film of the independent Central Asian countries 1992 present . Cinema of Kazakhstan The cinema of Kazakhstan was recognized as a hub of Soviet documentaries and Eastern style romantics. Almaty ,Kazakhstan is the starting place of the Kazakh New Wave of perestroika era cinema see Rashid Nugmanov . The independent film in Kazakhstan now is characterized by historical epics, such as Sergei Dvortsevoy s Tulip . Cinema of Kyrgyzstan Early Kyrgyz film can be characterized by Russian language Soviet films, such as The First Teacher by Andrei Konchalovsky . Later Kyrgyz films, such as Beshkempir were filmed in the Kyrgyz language and dealt with themes of urban and rural differences in Kyrygyzstan. Cinema of Tajikistan Tajik cinema in the Soviet era was marked by propaganda and an emphasis on secularism. Since Tajikistan s independence, Tajik cinema has grown into its own. Because of the Tajik Civil War from 1992 1997, virtually all of Tajik cinema before the new millennium was made abroad. Drawing from cinematic traditions in the East, West, and South particularly from Iranian cinema , Tajik directors have been able to create influential films about the social and historical conditions of their land. Some major films include Bakhtyar Khudojnazarov s Kosh ba kosh . The cinema of Tajikistan is held back by a lack of government ... . See also Cinema of Asia Cinema of the Soviet Union Further reading 1. Ten Years Under the Winds of Different Ideologies Gulnara Abikeeva http www.kinokultura.com CA A2tenyears.html 2. Central Asian Films Jared Rapfogel http www.sensesofcinema.com 2003 feature articles central asian films 3. Young ...   more details



  1. University of Central Asia

    The University of Central Asia small http www.ucentralasia.org UCA small was founded in 2000 ... of UCA is to promote the Socioeconomics socio economic development of Central Asia s mountain ... Republic and Khorog, Tajikistan creating one of Central Asia s largest and most ambitious construction ... of Central Asia Bishkek office.jpg thumb University of Central Asia s temporary offices in Bishkek The University of Central Asia s three campus es are under construction in Tekeli , Kazakhstan Naryn ... Central Asia , particularly its mountain regions. The UCA Graduate School will consist of six ... the humanities and the study of the culture s of Central Asia into academic and other programmes ... of Central Asia musical traditions of Central Asia . The programme will support UCA s academic ... Music Initiative in Central Asia . Research The UCA Research Programme will focusing on addressing issues of Socioeconomics socio economic development and culture cultural preservation in Central Asia ... article.php?articleid 307 title Article University of Central Asia Founded by Aga Khan Foundation Central Asia Caucasus Institute, November 8, 2000 accessdate 2006 12 05 cite web url http www.mtnforum.org apmn 6,1,d.htm 9 title New Central Asian University accessdate 2006 12 05 See also Aga Khan Development ... University of Central Asia AKDN website http www.akdn.org news mountain.html Aga Khan Development Network in Mountain Areas coord missing Kazakhstan DEFAULTSORT Central Asia, University of Category ... of Central Asia es Universidad de Asia Central la Universitas Asiae Mediae ... of operations and planning at the Central Administration office in Bishkek , Kyrgyz Republic . Campuses ...   more details



  1. American University of Central Asia

    peacock date January 2010 Infobox University name American University of Central Asia image name American University of Central Asia.jpg motto Knowledge, Wisdom, Freedom established 1993 president Dr. Andrew Wachtel ref cite web url http auca.kg en about auca presidents office title AUCA website ref staff 120 students 1191 ref AUCA Registrar Office. Interview. January 20, 2010. ref city Bishkek country Kyrgyzstan campus Urban area Urban colors Blue and Yellow website http www.auca.kg logo Image AUCA ... in Naryn, see University of Central Asia . Image Auca.jpg thumb right 300px The American University of Central Asia The http www.auca.kg American University of Central Asia AUCA , formerly the Kyrgyz ... publisher American University of Central Asia date 2006 07 10 accessdate 2010 01 20 ref KAS experienced ... from 30 countries soon arrived for this new approach to education in Central Asia . In 2002, due to the University ... the University s regional significance the American University of Central Asia. ref name auca.kg Campus The main building of American University of Central Asia was initially constructed in 1930s and was used by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Kirghiz SSR , and by the Supreme ... http alumni.auca.kg en Official Alumni website http www.centralasiatravel.com Central Asia Travel Business started by Alumni coord missing Kyrgyzstan DEFAULTSORT American University Of Central Asia Category Universities in Kyrgyzstan Category Educational institutions established in 1997 Category ... While the university focuses on offering higher education opportunities to Central Asian students, its student body and faculty comes from all over Asia and other parts of the world. In March 2010 .... According to the USAID accreditation report, AUCA is the first higher education institution in Central Asia that functions according to the American model, with a credit hour system, an American style ... 01 22 ref History In 1991, as independence swept across Central Asian countries, the region advanced ...   more details




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