A finite verb is a verb that is Inflection inflected for grammatical person person and for grammatical tense tense according to the rules and categories of the languages in which it occurs. Finite verbs can form independent clause s, which can stand on their own as complete Sentence linguistics sentence s. The finite forms of a verb are the forms where the verb shows tense, person or number. Non finite verb forms have no person or number, but some types can show tense. Finite verb forms include I go, she goes, he went Non finite verb forms include to go, going, gone Indo European languages In the Indo European language s such as English , only verbs in certain grammatical mood moods are finite. These include the indicative mood expressing a state of affairs e.g., The bulldozer demolished the restaurant, The leaves were yellow and stiff. the Imperative mood imperative mood giving a command e. g., Come here , Be a good boy the subjunctive mood typically used in dependent clauses e. g., It is required that he go to the back of the line. The indicative form would be goes . the optative mood expressing a wish or hope . Non existent as a mood in English. Verb forms that are non finite verb not finite include the infinitive the participle s e. g., The broken window... , The wheezing gentleman... the gerund e. g., I like swimming . the gerundive the supine It might seem that every grammatically complete sentence or clause must contain a finite verb. However, sentences lacking a finite verb were quite common in the old Indo European languages. The most important type of these are nominal sentence s. ref name Fortson citation last Fortson first Benjamin W. title Indo European Language and Culture publisher Blackwell Publishing year 2004 isbn 1 4051 0316 7 page 143 ref Another type are sentence fragment s described as phrase s or minor sentences. In Latin language Latin and some Romance languages , there are a few words that can be used to form sentences without verbs, such as ... more details
Refimprove date December 2010 Refimprove date December 2009 Sortie is a term for deployment or dispatch of one military unit, be it an aircraft , ship , or troops from a strongpoint. The sortie, whether by one or more aircraft or vessels, usually has a specific Military operation mission . The term has been adopted from the French past participle 3rd group verb, verbs ending in ir, with the gerund ending in ant, sortir , to leave or to go out with a specific purpose. Siege warfare In siege warfare , a sortie , or sudden issuing of troops against the enemy from a defensive position, can be launched against the besiegers by the defenders. If the sortie is through a sally port , either to sortie or to sally can be used. Military aviation In military aviation , it is used to indicate the total usages of individual machines, so that for example one mission involving six aircraft would tally six sorties. The use of the term for military aircraft originated in navy naval usage. In French language French , sortie literally means exit . It has come to mean a combat mission, starting when the aircraft takes off and ending on its return. Naval evacuations In naval terms it can also be used to describe a full scale Emergency evacuation evacuation of a fleet of ships, their accompanying aircraft and submarines from a posting in advance to avoid a natural disaster such as a hurricane . ref cite news url http www.navytimes.com news 2011 08 navy sorties dozens of ships ahead of irene 082511 title Navy sorties dozens of ships ahead of Irene Hurricane forecast to hit southern coast of North Carolina last McMichael first William date 25 August 2011 work Navy Times publisher Gannett Company accessdate 26 August 2011 ref Spaceflight In spaceflight, especially for NASA s Project Constellation Constellation Program , the term sortie has been used for a flight of the Orion spacecraft beyond the confluence of low Earth orbit , such as a flight to the Moon or to the Sun Earth L sub 2 sub Lag ... more details
Image Jose Francisco de Isla.jpg thumb right Jos Francisco de Isla Jos Francisco de Isla April 24, 1703 &ndash November 2, 1781 was a Spain Spanish Jesuit , ref CathEncy url http www.newadvent.org cathen 08189c.htm title Jos Francisco de Isla ref celebrated as a preacher and a humorist and satirist of the stamp of Cervantes . Early career He was born in Vidanes , Le n province Le n . His work Triunfo del amor y del la lealtad dia grande de Navarra was a subtly satirical depiction of the celebrations held at Pamplona to mark the visit of King Ferdinand VI . Initially, the book got an enthusiastic reception from some high ranking readers but a scandal broke out when on closer reading the real intent, biting and far from flattering, was revealed. De Isla was forced to leave his city and took up the life of an itinerant preacher , where he gained considerable popularity. It was during this time that his principal work, Friar Gerund , was composed and published, in two parts 1758 1770 originally under the name of his friend Don Francisco Lobon de Salazar, but de Isla s authorship of it was soon revealed. Historia del famoso predicador fray Gerundio de Campazas, alias Zotes , to cite the book s full name, depicted a peasant boy who rises to prominence as a preacher due to his smooth tongue. It constituted a biting satire on the charlatanism and bombast of the popular preaching friars of the day, as Don Quixote was on the false chivalry, and though in some ways overlong was seen as full of fresh humor. Later life The friars he satirised proved, however, too strong for de Isla. In 1760 the book was banned by the Inquisition , which forbade not only its publication but also any discussion or debate of its contents, and in 1767 its author was expelled from Spain. Nevertheless, the book continued to be published in numerous clandestine editions, and is now considered a masterpiece of Spanish literature. De Isla retired to Italy , and died at Bologna in extreme poverty. His ... more details
for the concept in criminal law Inchoate offense See also Inchoative verb Expert subject Linguistics date November 2008 Refimprove date December 2008 Inchoative aspect list of glossing abbreviations abbreviated sc inch or sc incho is a grammatical aspect , referring to the beginning of an action or state. ref cite web url http www.merriam webster.com dictionary inchoative work Merriam Webster s Online Dictionary title inchoative ref ref cite web url http www.sil.org linguistics GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms WhatIsInchoativeAspect.htm title What is inchoative aspect? publisher SIL International work Glossary of linguistic terms last Loos first Eugene E. coauthors Susan Anderson Dwight H. Day, Jr. Paul C. Jordan J. Douglas Wingate ref It can be found in conservative Indo European languages such as Latin language Latin and Lithuanian language Lithuanian , and also in Finnic languages . It should not be confused with the prospective aspect prospective ref cite web url http www.sil.org linguistics GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms WhatIsAProspective.htm title What is a prospective? publisher SIL International work Glossary of linguistic terms last Loos first Eugene E. coauthors Susan Anderson Dwight H. Day, Jr. Paul C. Jordan J. Douglas Wingate ref , which denotes actions that are about to start. The English language can approximate the inchoative aspect through the verbs to start or to get combined with a gerund. Some linguists prefer to use the term inchoative aspect to indicate change of state, and use the term ingressive aspect to indicate the starting of an action. Since inchoative is a grammatical aspect and not a grammatical tense tense , it can be combined with tenses to form present inchoative , past inchoative and future inchoative , all used in Lithuanian. In Russian language Russian , inchoatives are regularly derived from unidirectional imperfective verbs of motion by adding the prefix , e.g. to run to start running . Also cf. normal past tense pl ... more details
Wiktionary attributive noun In grammar , a noun adjunct or attributive noun or noun premodifier is a noun that grammatical modifier modifies another noun and is optional meaning that it can be removed without changing the grammar of the Sentence linguistics sentence it is a noun functioning as an adjective . For example, in the phrase chicken soup the noun adjunct chicken modifies the noun soup . It is irrelevant whether the resulting compound noun is spelled in one or two parts. Field is a noun adjunct in both field player and fieldhouse . ref http www.bartleby.com 68 41 4141.html ref Related concepts Adjectival noun noun Adjectival noun is a term that was formerly synonymous with noun adjunct but is now usually used to mean an adjective used as a noun i.e., the opposite process, as in the Irish, meaning Irish people . adjectival noun Japanese Japanese adjectival nouns behave similarly to English noun adjuctions. English Noun adjuncts were traditionally mostly singular e.g., trouser press except when there were lexical restrictions e.g., arms race , but there is a recent trend towards more use of plural ones, especially in UK English. Many of these can also be and or were originally interpreted and spelled as plural possessives e.g., chemicals agency , writers conference , Rangers hockey game , ref http www.chicagomanualofstyle.org CMS FAQ PossessivesandAttributives PossessivesandAttributives07.html ref but they are now often written without the apostrophe, although this is criticised by some authorities. ref http grammar.ccc.commnet.edu GRAMMAR compounds.htm ref Fowler s Modern English Usage states in the section POSSESSIVE PUZZLES 6. Five years imprisonment, Three weeks holiday, etc. Years and weeks may be treated as possessives and given an apostrophe or as adjectival nouns without one. The former is perhaps better, as to conform to what is inevitable in the singular a year s imprisonment, a fortnight s holiday. See also Adjective Adjunct grammar Compound noun G ... more details
Refimprove date March 2010 Wiktionary In grammar , deverbal nouns are noun s derived from verb s or verb phrases it is a form of nominalization forming a noun . This can be found in the English language but also in many other languages. An example from English is the word construct Verb IPA k n st kt or IPA k n st kt &mdash to build to form. Noun IPA k nst kt or IPA k nst kt &mdash something constructed from parts. Russian language Russian also has several types of deverbals in its verbal declension conjugation paradigms. Definition Verbal noun s VNs and de verbal nouns DVNs are both nouns formed from verbs formally, lexicalized nouns derived from or cognate to verbs , but are distinguished syntactic word classes. DVNs differ functionally from VNs in that DVNs operate as autonomous common nouns, ref Cite book publisher John Benjamins Publishing Company isbn 9027238073, 9789027238078 last Jaggar first Philip J. title Hausa year 2001 page http books.google.com books?id jN8j2d5F4U8C&pg PA285 p. 285 Chapter 8 Verbal Nouns, Deverbal Nouns, and Infinitives ref while VNs retain verbal characteristics. For example, gerund s are verbals, not deverbals compare Fencing is fun. verbal an activity replaceable by the infinitive to fence The white fencing contributes to the neighborhood character deverbal a common noun, replaceable by other nouns like bench Semantic types of deverbals Deverbals may be categorized semantically according to what facet of the process that the verb refers to is reified construed as a thing . ref Cite book publisher Oxford University Press isbn 0198299826, 9780198299820 last Taylor first John R. title Possessives in English date 2001 01 18 page http books.google.com books?id A1l4L8L BokC&pg PA242 p. 242 Section 9.3 Semantic Structure of Deverbal Nouns ref For example Agent nouns invader, singer the agent of the action. Patient nouns draftee the object of the action. Result nouns dent, bruise Manner nouns walk, as in She has a funny walk. Ability ... more details
Jim Leisy, Jr., is a photographer, book editor and publisher. He was born in Dallas , Texas in 1950. He attended both Bethel College and Stanford University , and earned a BA history major art minor from Bethel College . He was editor of the Bethel Collegian. In 1972 he joined the University of Chicago Press as a photographer. He also worked as a freelance photographer and art editor for the Chicago Review. After two years he left UC Press to become a field representative and field editor for Addison Wesley Publishing Company, based in Philadelphia. In 1977, he was hired to acquire and edit college textbooks in the fields of chemistry and computer science for Brooks Cole Publishing Company Monterey CA . In 1978, the company was acquired by Thomson International. He rose through the executive ranks at Thomson and became a vice president of a company that specialized in publishing for information technology. In 1985, he left The Thomson Corporation to found Franklin, Beedle & Associates Incorporated to publish college level textbooks in the fields of computer science and information technology. Through Franklin, Beedle & Associates he has edited and published numerous textbooks that have become defacto standards, which include Carolyn Gillay s Saddleback College over 20 books on Microsoft DOS and Windows http webliminal.com Ernest Ackermann and Karen Hartman s University of Mary Washington USA State Department textbooks on the use of the Internet John Zelle s Wartburg College Python based computer science 1 textbook Paul Brians Washington State University Common Errors in English Usage and Mark Liberman University of Pennsylvania and Geoffrey Pullum s UC Santa Cruz Far from the Madding Gerund. Publications from his companies have earned numerous achievement awards and have been featured on Air America Radio , NPR , The Progressive , The New York Times , CNN , MSNBC , and nearly all major US newspapers. He is currently active in fields of publishing and photography thr ... more details
The word Khoresht lang fa is the Tehrani dialect term for Khoresh lang fa wikt in other Iranian dialects, and is alternately spelled Khorisht . It is a gerund form and a derivative of the verb xordan lang fa wikt to eat . It generally refers to different stews in Persian cuisine, and is typically served beside Pilaf polo a white rice dish . In Persian cuisines there are many different Khoreshts with many unique ingredients. Vegetarian Koreshts are not uncommon. Iranian stews use liberal amounts of saffron to give a distinctive and fragrant taste. The most popular Khoreshs are Gheimeh Khoresh Gheymeh , Ghormeh Sabzi Khoresh Ghormeh Sabzi and Khoresh Fesenjan Fesenjaan . These stews feature in Iraqi cuisine Mesopotamian cuisine also. Varieties Khoresh Bademjan Aubergine Stew including aubergines , boned leg of Lamb and mutton lamb , onions , turmeric , tomato paste and medium tomatoes Khoresh B mieh Okra Tomato Stew Stewing lamb or beef, okra , potatoes, onions, fresh Lime fruit lime juice and tomato paste Khoresh B mieh Lapeh Okra and Yello Split Pea Stew lamb or beef, yellow split peas , okra, onions, fresh lime juice, tomato paste and Advieh Khoresh Beh Quince Stew chunks of lamb are stewed with slices or cubes of tart quince , and yellow split peas this dish is always served with rice ref cite encyclopedia last Ramazani first Nesta encyclopedia Encyclopedia Iranica title Uses of the Fruit in Cooking url http www.iranica.com newsite articles v4f1 v4f1a050.html accessdate 2008 10 11 ref . Khoresh Esfenaj o lu Prune and Spinach Stew Khoresh Fesenj n or Fesenjun Pomegranate Stew including duck or chicken or beef meatballs, ground walnuts , onions, pomegranate juice, pomegranate paste, sugar Khoresh Q rch Edible mushroom Mushroom Stew Gheimeh Khoresh Gheimeh Split pea Lamb Stew including Stewing lamb or beef, Split peas, onions, potatoes, tomato paste and Black lime dried limes Ghormeh Sabzi Khoresh Ghormeh Sabzi Fresh Herb and Lamb Stew i ... more details
Adverbial participles are built out of a verb mostly with a suffix , and in most cases they play the role of a Sentence 28linguistics 29 Components of a sentence sentence element called adverbial in the grammar of some languages Russian grammar Russian ref name ruspar http www.alphadictionary.com rusgrammar particip.html The Russian Participles . Part of An Interactive On line Reference Grammar Russian by Dr. Robert Beard. ref and other Slavic languages , Hungarian grammar Hungarian , many Eskimo languages , e.g. Sireniki Eskimo language Sireniki ref name Men JazSirEsk Menovshchikov, G.A. Language of Sireniki Eskimos. Phonetics, morphology, texts and vocabulary. Russian Academy of Sciences Academy of Sciences of the USSR , Moscow Leningrad, 1964. Original data . . . , , . . . , 1964 ref . It can usually be translated into English by using an appropriate adverbial clause . ref name adjcl Ernest De Witt Burton Moods and Tenses of New Testament Greek. http www.dabar.org BurtonMoodsTenses PARTICIPLE ADJECTIVE.html The adjective participle . Paragraph http www.dabar.org BurtonMoodsTenses PARTICIPLE ADJECTIVE.html 428 428 . ref Some descriptive grammars treat them as a distinct lexical category , others avoid that and use a more minimalistic approach. ref cite book last . Kiss first Katalin authorlink coauthors Kiefer Ferenc Sipt r P ter editor others title j magyar nyelvtan origdate origyear origmonth url format accessdate edition 3. kiad s series date year 2003 month publisher Osiris Kiad location Budapest language Hungarian isbn oclc doi id pages chapter chapterurl quote ref Because the above languages have also adjectival participle , the word participle is meant often for both lexical categories. ref name ruspar Notes reflist See also Transgressive linguistics Non finite verb Participle Gerund Adjectival participle lexical categories ... more details
Infobox Greek Dimos name Livanates name local image map periph Central Greece periphunit Phthiotis municipality Lokroi municipality Lokroi municunit Dafnousia pop community 3023 population as of 2001 area elevation 5 lat deg 38 lat min 43 lon deg 23 lon min 03 postal code area code licence mayor website image skyline caption skyline party since Livanates lang el is a seaside town population in 2001 3,023 in Phthiotis , central Greece . It is located 68km southeast of Lamia city Lamia and it was the seat of the municipality of Dafnousia . History Kynos , an ancient settlement site, can be found at the edge of the town.The medieval settlement was established by Arvanites . Livanates has been attested since 1540 as an Albanians Albanian settlement. ref cite book last1 i ek first1 Kemal last2 G y n first2 Nejat title Pax Ottomana studies in memoriam Prof. Dr. Nejat G y n url http books.google.com books?id I41pAAAAMAAJ&q which are inhabitated by Albanians in 1506, paid tax per d n m. as in 1540 Livanates, also an Albanian village&dq which are inhabitated by Albanians in 1506, p year 2001 publisher Yeni T rkiye isbn 9080440965 page 173 ref The Arvanitic dialect spoken in Livanates has some unique features that differentiate it from the other Arvanitic dialects. ref cite book title Anthropological linguistics url http books.google.com books?ei tWaTTJujFcPNswbZ5Kn4CQ&ct result&id WeBpAAAAIAAJ&dq livanates 2B albanian&q The gerund as an object complement is not allowed by the Greek syntax and has not been part of the Tosk Albanian vernacular. ... Only one community has been found E2 80 94 the village of Livanates, in the northeastern extreme of the search anchor volume 25 year 1983 publisher Anthropology Department, Indiana University page 301 ref ref cite book last Beeler first Madison title American Indian and Indoeuropean studies papers in honor of Madison S. Beeler url http books.google.com books?ei VWiTTL24N4rIswaOsfT5CQ&ct result&id mwmDAAAAIAAJ&dq liva ... more details
Gone Fishin is a song written by Nick Kenny poet Nick and Charles Kenny and recorded by Bing Crosby and Louis Armstrong in 1951. ref Cite document url http nl.newsbank.com nl search we Archives?p product SL&p theme sl&p action search&p maxdocs 200&p topdoc 1&p text direct 0 111360CC54D14CC8&p field direct 0 document id&p perpage 10&p sort YMD date D&s trackval GooglePM author Karen S. Welborn publisher St. Louis Post Dispatch date April 19, 2006 title Gone fishin instead of just a wishin postscript Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it or change its value to . for the cite to end in a . , as necessary. inconsistent citations ref ref Cite document url http nl.newsbank.com nl search we Archives?p product AC&p theme ac&p action search&p maxdocs 200&p topdoc 1&p text direct 0 0F718528D8287923&p field direct 0 document id&p perpage 10&p sort YMD date D&s trackval GooglePM publisher The Press of Atlantic City title Quite a Character author Jim McElhatton date Nov 3, 2002 postscript Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it or change its value to . for the cite to end in a . , as necessary. inconsistent citations ref The song was later recorded by Pat Boone , Gene Autrey , The Manhattan Transfer and Arthur Godfrey with the Cherry Sisters . ref cite web title The Best Fishing Songs of All Time 15. Bing Crosby Louis Armstrong 1951 Gone Fishin work Outdoor Life publisher Bonnier Corp. date April 2010 url http www.outdoorlife.com photos gallery fishing 2010 04 best fishing songs all time accessdate 16 November 2011 ref The song title, and its usage within the lyrics, are an example of the use of the verb to go together with the gerund of a verb which is a leisure activity or, as in this case, the meaning of the verb as a leisure activity is understood. ref cite web last Salkie first Raphael title On Going work ing Forms and Nominalisations publisher University College London date 26 July 2010 url http www.ucl.ac.uk english usage projects verb phrase RecentChangesProgressive. ... more details
Infobox person name Pentti Aalto image alt caption birth name birth date Birth date 1917 07 22 birth place death date Death date and age 1998 11 30 1917 07 22 death place nationality Finnish other names known for occupation Linguist Pentti Aalto July 22, 1917 November 30, 1998 was a Finnish linguist who was the University of Helsinki Docent of Comparative Linguistics 1958 1980. Aalto was a student of G. J. Ramstedt . He defended his doctoral dissertation in 1949 in Helsinki. Aalto published on the Latin gerundive , the Latin gerund , the Greek language Greek infinitive , the history of the Finnish study of Oriental, classical, and modern languages. He edited Ramstedt s comparative Altaic grammar and completed an edition of the Mongolian language Mongolian version of the Pan carak and a collection of Latin sources of Northeast Asian peoples. Bibliography Aalto, Pentti. 1945 . Notes on methods of decipherment of unknown writings and languages . Helsinki Societas Orientalis Fennica. Aalto, Pentti. 1961 . Qutu tu Pan carak kemek Tabun Sakiyan neret Yeke K lgen sudur, in Umschrift, mit Facsimile der mongolischen Handschrift Leningr. MSZ. 130 herausgegeben . Wiesbaden Otto Harrassowitz. Aalto, Pentti. 1971 . Oriental studies in Finland 1828 1918 . Helsinki Societas Scientiarum Fennica. Aalto, Pentti. 1987 . Modern language studies in Finland 1828 1918 . Helsinki Societas Scientiarum Fennica. Aalto, Pentti. 1987 . Studies in Altaic and comparative philology . Helsinki The Finnish Oriental Society. Aalto, Pentti & Pekkanen, T. 1975 1980 . Latin sources on north eastern Eurasia 2 Vols . Wiesbaden Otto Harrassowitz. Cite journal last1 Hal n first1 H. year 1977 title Bibliography of Professor Pentti Aalto s publications 1938 1976 url journal Studia Orientalia volume 47 issue pages 287 311 Cite journal last1 Hal n first1 H. year 1987 title Bibliography of Professor Pentti Aalto s publications from 1977 to 1987, with additions to the previous list url journal Studia Orien ... more details
Image Grammatica Nebrissensis.JPG thumb 140px right Title page of Nebrija s Grammatica Unreferenced date March 2009 Gram tica de la lengua castellana Grammar of the Castilian Language , originally titled in Latin Grammatica Antonii Nebrissensis is a book written by Antonio de Nebrija and published in 1492 . It was the first work dedicated to the Spanish language and its rules. When it was presented to Isabella I of Castile Isabella of Castile at Salamanca in the year of its publication, the queen questioned what the merit of such a work might be Fray Hernando de Talavera , bishop of Avila, answered for the author in prophetic words blockquote After Your Highness has subjected barbarous peoples and nations of varied tongues, with conquest will come the need for them to accept the laws that the conqueror imposes on the conquered, and among them will be our language. ref Quoted by Henry Kamen at the outset of Empire how Spain became a world power, 1492 1763 , 2002. ref blockquote Contents Nebrija divided his study of the language into four books Orthography Prosody linguistics Prosody and syllable s Etymology and diction Syntax A fifth book was dedicated to the teaching of Castilian as a foreign language . The book established ten parts of speech noun s, pronoun s, verb s, participle s, preposition s, adverb s, interjection s, Grammatical conjunction conjunctions , gerund s and supine s. Impact Works had previously been published on Latin language Latin usage, such as Lorenzo Valla s De Elegantiis Latinae Linguae 1471 , but Grammatica was the first book to focus on the study of the rules of a Western European language besides Latin. Following its publication, grammar came to be considered as the discipline concerned with the rules of language, until the advent of linguistics as a scientific discipline in the 19th century. Other grammars of the Spanish language followed Antonio de Nebrija, Reglas de ortograf a Rules of orthography , 1517 Juan de Vald s , Di logo de la L ... more details
Alentejan Portuguese is a dialect of Portuguese language Portuguese spoken in the Portuguese region of Alentejo , and in the Spanish municipalities of Olivenza and T liga where exists a subdialect which for several centuries 1297 to 1801 were part of Portugal . It is currently endangered language endangered . Characteristics Antepositon of the article grammar article before the possessive pronoun , as in Ladino language Ladino Regular use of the gerund in Present , as in Brazilian Portuguese Transformation of the vocalic group ou , into oi . Ex oitro Portuguese outro Paragoge in i , in the verb s in infinitive. Ex fazeri Portuguese fazer Absence of diphthong ei , transforming into e . Ex galinhero Portuguese galinheiro , Spanish gallinero Expand section date December 2009 Present situation The 2005 report of the Council of Europe s expert group on the implementation in Spain of the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages , 2005 ref http www.boe.es boe dias 2001 09 15 pdfs A34733 34749.pdf Carta Europea de las Lenguas Minoritarias o Regionales ref asked the Spanish government to furnish information about the situation of Oliventian Portuguese, and for measures for the protection and promotion of that language under the provisions of Article 7 of the Charter ref http www.coe.int t e legal affairs local and regional democracy regional or minority languages 2 monitoring 2.3 Committee of Experts 27 Reports Spain 1st report esp.pdf Aplicaci n de la Carta en Espa a. Ciclo inicial de control , 21 de septiembre de 2005, pg. 13. ref . However, in the report submitted by Spain in 2006, there are no references to Oliventian Portuguese ref http www.coe.int t e legal affairs local and regional democracy regional or minority languages 2 monitoring 2.2 States Reports Spain report2 ESP.pdf Segundo informe sobre la aplicaci n en Espa a de la Carta Europea de las Lenguas Minoritarias o Regionales 2006 ref . In the 2008 report the following paragraphs were listed ref http w ... more details
Infobox language name Pacaraos Quechua nativename states Peru speakers 250 date 1984 fam1 Quechua languages Quechua fam2 Central Quechua fam3 Yaru Quechua familycolor American iso3 qvp Pacaraos Quechua is a variety of Quechua languages Quechua spoken until the middle of the 20th century in the community of Pacaraos Pacaraos District in the Peru vian Lima Region in the Chancay valley up to 3000 m above sea level. The Quechua of Pacaraos was investigated by the Dutch linguist Willem F. H. Adelaar in 1970s, when it was still spoken by women in their sixties and older. Around the year 2000 there were possibly no active speakers left, but there are probably some people with passive knowledge who grew up with their grandparents. A peculiarity of Pacaraos Quechua is that it does not belong to any of the two main branches of the Quechua family Waywash and Wampuy . In contrast to other Quechua varieties, the Quechua of Pacaraos has phonemic word accent, which is either on the penultimate or the ultimate syllable. Like the Waywash varieties but in contrast to Wampuy, it distinguishes between short and long vowels. The first person of the verb and the possessive form for nouns is expressed by accent on the last syllable and addition of y, e.g. tarpuy to sow root tarpu tarp y I sow cf. Waywash tarpuu, Wampuy tarpuni tarpunki you sow tarpun he she sows . The vocabulary of Pacaraos Quechua corresponds in part with Southern Quechua e.g. kunan now , and partially with Waywash e.g. yarku to rise , akshu, potato . Furthermore there are many loanwords from Jaqaru or other Aymaran languages e.g. achara old , uni to hate , wilka sun . Some words of Pacaraos Quechua are unique, e.g. arapu to answer , chaqpa clothes , rapqa both . Pacaraos Quechua shares many suffixes with Waywash, e.g. aw in, on, at or piqta, piq from, out of . The accusative suffix kta has a long form kta and a short form k, the latter being combined with final stress. The negation suffix su chu is often shortened to s ... more details
participle , it is identical in form to the gerund the term present participle is sometimes used to include the gerund. The term gerund participle is also used. called variously the past ... , the project was successful. The present participle in English has the same form as the gerund , but the gerund ... does not include sleeping is a gerund and not a present participle. The past participle may be used ... Non finite verb Adjectival participle Adverbial participle Gerund Attributive verb lexical categories ... more details
center Gerund Gerundio colspan 7 amando align center Past participle Participio colspan 7 amado amado ... align center Gerund colspan 7 temiendo align center Past participle colspan 7 temido temido , temida ... colspan 7 partir align center Gerund colspan 7 partiendo align center Past participle colspan 7 partido ... Gerund colspan 7 siendo align center Past participle colspan 7 sido never used as adjective bgcolor ... finite colspan 7 bgcolor E0E0FF Form align center Infinitive colspan 7 estar align center Gerund colspan ... Non finite colspan 7 bgcolor E0E0FF Form align center Infinitive colspan 7 haber align center Gerund ... colspan 7 tener align center Gerund colspan 7 teniendo align center Past participle colspan 7 ... colspan 7 ir align center Gerund colspan 7 yendo align center Past participle colspan 7 ido ... center Infinitive colspan 7 conocer align center Gerund colspan 7 conociendo align center Past participle ... more details
Infinitive colspan 6 ser Past participle colspan 6 sido Gerund colspan 6 siendo Person yo t l nosotros ... gray colspan 7 Non finite Infinitive colspan 6 estar Past participle colspan 6 estado Gerund colspan ... ser Past participle colspan 6 sido Gerund colspan 6 sendo Person eu tu ele n s v s lang pt eles Personal ... colspan 6 estado Gerund colspan 6 estando Person eu tu ele n s v s lang pt eles Personal infinitive ... Infinitive colspan 6 ser sser Past participle colspan 6 estat sigut s t Gerund colspan 6 sent ... bgcolor gray colspan 7 Non finite Infinitive colspan 6 estar Past participle colspan 6 estat Gerund ... continuous form estar gerund, although some linguists think this is not a genuinely Catalan ... stare Gerund colspan 6 essendo Person io tu egli noi voi essi bgcolor gray colspan 7 Indicative ... 6 stare Past participle colspan 6 stato Gerund colspan 6 stando Person io tu egli noi voi essi bgcolor ... colspan 6 siri Past participle colspan 6 statu Gerund colspan 6 sennu Person eu tu iddhu nui vutri ... 90 bgcolor gray colspan 7 Non finite Infinitive colspan 6 stari Past participle colspan 6 statu Gerund ... been relegated to only a few common uses Stari is used in combination with the gerund to form the progressive ... estat, estada, s Gerund colspan 6 essent Person i u tu el nos vos els bgcolor gray colspan 7 Indicative ... bgcolor gray colspan 7 Non finite Infinitive colspan 6 tre Past participle colspan 6 t Gerund colspan ... 6 esser Past participle colspan 6 st Gerund colspan 6 essend siond Person jau ti el nus vus els bgcolor ... colspan 6 a fi, fire Past participle colspan 6 fost Gerund colspan 6 fiind Person eu tu el noi ... colspan 2 Future participle colspan 3 small STATVRVS small Gerund colspan 2 small STANDVM small ... more details
. That is, the embedded clause either has an infinitive verb or a gerund verb. For example Georgina expected to win the race infinitive Georgina remembered winning the race gerund However ... more details
Encyclopedia
top
