hypothesis, stars form in massive and dense clouds of molecular hydrogen giant molecular cloud ...Star formation In cosmogony , the nebular hypothesis is the most widely accepted model explaining the formation ... . ref name Montmerle2006 The widely accepted modern variant of the nebular hypothesis is Solar ... years. ref name Montmerle2006 The formation of giant planet s is a more complicated process. It is thought ... over long distances during or after their formation. The Gas giant ice giants like Uranus and Neptune ... that the nebular hypothesis was first proposed in 1734 by Emanuel Swedenborg . ref name Swedenborg1734 ... of giant planet s is another unsolved problem. Current theories are unable to explain how their cores .... ref name Haisch2001 Another problem of giant planet formation is their migration. Some calculations ... Nebula a giant star forming cloud of gas and dust located 5,400 light years away in the constellation Sagittarius Star s are thought to form inside molecular cloud giant clouds of cold molecular hydrogen giant molecular cloud s roughly 300,000 times the mass of the Sun and 20 parsec ... of years, giant molecular clouds are prone to gravitational collapse collapse and fragmentation. ref ... Youdin2002 The favorite hypothesis is formation by the Jeans instability gravitational instability ... collapse , ref name Klahr2003 which can lead to rapid formation of gas giant planets and even brown ... P. title Rapid formation of outer giant planets by disk instability journal The Astrophysical Journal ... or, in other words, why they always appear to be at the brink of instability. ref name Raymond2006 Giant ... the brightest star in Piscis Austrinus constellation. Asymmetry of the disk may be caused by a giant planet or planets orbiting the star. The formation of giant planet s is an outstanding problem in the planetary ... for their formation exist. The first one is the disk instability model , where giant planets form ... promising one, because it can explain the formation of the giant planets in relatively low mass disks ... more details
A working hypothesis is a hypothesis that is provisionally accepted as a basis for further research ref Oxford Dictionary of Sports Science & Medicine . http www.answers.com topic working hypothesis Eprint via Answers.com. ref in the hope that a tenable theory will be produced, even if the hypothesis ultimately fails. ref name Century See in hypothesis , Century Dictionary Supplement , v. 1, 1909, New ... hypothesis ... Working hypothesis , a hypothesis suggested or supported in some measure by features ..., with the hope that, even should the hypothesis thus be overthrown, such research may lead to a tenable theory. ref Like all hypotheses, a working hypothesis is constructed as a statement of expectations ... 1 55938 888 9 ref History Use of the phrase working hypothesis goes back at least two centuries. ref ... for year printed as M,DCCC,V . ref Charles Sanders Peirce came to hold that an explanatory hypothesis ... point by the broader promise that the hypothesis holds for research. This idea of justifying a hypothesis as potentially fruitful at the level of research method , not merely as plausible at the level of logical conclusions , is essential for the idea of a working hypothesis, as later elaborated ... method, an explanatory hypothesis is judged and selected ref Peirce, C. S., Carnegie Application ... a scientific hypothesis. For it is not sufficient that a hypothesis should be a justifiable one. Any hypothesis which explains the facts is justified critically. But among justifiable hypotheses we ... Supplement definition of working hypothesis ref name Century reflects that perspective Peirce ... hypothesis in PEP UQ M s list of words in Peirce s charge http www.pep.uqam.ca listsofwords.pep?l H ... the phrase working hypothesis, but he once commented about a related kind of a hypothesis that it was a hypothesis, which like the working hypothesis of a scientific inquiry, we may not believe to be altogether ... used the concept of the working hypothesis as a pivotal feature in his theory of inquiry . Contrary ... more details
According to the Porter Hypothesis , strict environmental regulation s can induce efficiency and encourage innovations that help improve commercial competitiveness. The hypothesis was formulated by the economist Michael Porter in an article in 1995. The hypothesis suggests that strict environmental regulation triggers the discovery and introduction of cleaner technologies and environmental improvements, the innovation effect , making production processes and products more efficient. sup 1 sup The cost savings that can be achieved are sufficient to overcompensate for both the compliance costs directly attributed to new regulations and the innovation costs. In the first mover advantage , a company is able to exploit innovation by learning curve effects or patent ing and attains a dominating competitive position compared to companies in countries where environmental regulations were enforced much later. The Porter hypothesis has been applied to Registration, Evaluation and Authorization of Chemicals REACH . In one conclusion sup 2 sup , companies that adopt a cost leadership business strategy and have a relatively small product portfolio will fare better than companies that compete by product differentiation and have a larger number of chemicals that require regulation. Notes sup 1 sup Wagner, M. The Porter Hypothesis Revisited. A Literatur Review of Theoretical Model and Empirical Test. L neburg Centre for Sustainability Management, 2003, p.2 http www2.leuphana.de umanagement csm content nama downloads download publikationen 38 2downloadversion.pdf CSM L neburg sup 2 sup Chemicals Regulation and the Porter Hypothesis A Critical Review of the New European Chemicals Regulation Torsten Frohwein, Bernd Hansj rgens Journal of Business Chemistry January 2005 http www.wirtschaftschemie.de journal 20051 19 36.pdf open access publishing open access publication References Michael E. Porter and Claas van der Linde, Toward a New Conception of the Environment Competitiveness Relationship ... more details
In paleoanthropology , the hunting hypothesis is the hypothesis that human evolution was primarily influenced by the activity of hunting for relatively large and fast animals, and that the activity of hunting distinguished human ancestors from other primate s. While it is undisputed that early humans were hunters, the importance of this fact for the final steps in the emergence of the Homo genus Homo genus out of earlier Australopithecines , with its bipedalism and production of stone tool s from about 2.5 million years ago , and eventually also control of fire from about 1.5 million years ago , are emphasized in the hunting hypothesis , and de emphasized in scenarios that stress the omnivore status of humans as their recipe for success, and social interaction , including mating behaviour as essential in the emergence of language and culture. Advocates of the hunting hypothesis tend to believe that tool use and toolmaking essential to effective hunting were an extremely important part of human evolution, and trace the origin of language and prehistoric religion religion to a hunting context. See also Acheulean Behavioral modernity Homo ergaster Homo Necans , an award winning book whose title translates as Man the Killer Hunter gatherer Killer ape theory Oldowan References Robert Ardrey , The Hunting Hypothesis A Personal Inquiry into the Evolutionary Sources of Order and Disorder , Atheneum, New York 1970 External links http encarta.msn.com encyclopedia 761566394 12 Human Evolution.html Human Evolution MSN Encarta BOT GENERATED TITLE http www.webcitation.org 5kwr6JAob Archived 2009 10 31 and http www.mnh.si.edu anthro humanorigins faq Encarta culture.htm Discussion of the hunting hypothesis from Encarta http www.indiana.edu origins teach P380 P380hominid.html anthropology stub Prehistoric technology Category Anthropology Category Human evolution ja ro Ipoteza v n torii ... more details
Indo European The Armenian hypothesis of the Proto Indo European language Proto Indo European Urheimat , based on the Glottalic theory suggests that the Proto Indo European language was spoken during the 4th millennium BC in the Armenian Highland or Aryan Highland . It is an Indo Hittite model and does not include the Anatolian languages in its scenario. The phonological peculiarities proposed in the Glottalic theory would be best preserved in the Armenian language and the Germanic languages , the former assuming the role of the dialect which remained in situ , implied to be particularly archaic in spite of its late attestation. The Proto Greek language would be practically equivalent to Mycenaean Greek and date to the 17th century BC, closely associating Greek migration to Greece with the Indo Aryan migration to India at about the same time viz., Indo European expansion at the transition to the Late Bronze Age , including the possibility of Indo European Kassites . The Armenian hypothesis argues for the latest possible date of Proto Indo European sans Anatolian , roughly a millennium later than the mainstream Kurgan hypothesis . In this, it figures as an opposite to the Anatolian hypothesis , in spite of the geographical proximity of the respective suggested Urheimaten , diverging from the timeframe suggested there by as much as three millennia. See also Graeco Armeno Aryan Armeno Aryan References Tamaz V. Gamkrelidze T. V. Gamkrelidze and Vyacheslav Vsevolodovich Ivanov V. V. Ivanov , The Early History of Indo European Languages , Scientific American, March 1990 I.M. Diakonoff, The Prehistory of the Armenian People 1984 . Robert Drews , The Coming of the Greeks 1988 , argues for late Greek arrival in the framework of the Armenian hypothesis. Martiros Kavoukjian , Armenia, Subartu, and Sumer the Indo European homeland and ancient Mesopotamia , trans. N. Ouzounian, Montreal ... bg ru simple Armenian hypothesis tr Ermeni hipotezi ... more details
Orphan date October 2008 Inoculation hypothesis is defined as the idea that exposure to weak versions of a persuasive argument increases later resistance to that argument. To better explain this topic, in 1964 William McGuire came up with this Protecting a person s attitudes from persuasion is like inoculating the human body against disease . ref Kassin, S., Fein, S. & Markus, H. R. 2008 Social Psychology 7th ed. . Houghton Mifflin Boston. ref Inoculation hypothesis can be compared to an immunization . When the body is immunized against infection , a small dose of the particular strain is in the injection this helps the body build a resistance to the infection. Persuasion is closely related to inoculation hypothesis. Persuasion is a form of social influence. Persuasion guides people towards certain ideas or actions. According to Robert Cialdini , there are six weapons of influence when it comes to persuasion. They are, reciprocation, commitment and consistency, social proof, authority, liking, and scarcity. References references Category Arguments ... more details
The Escalation Hypothesis is a theory put forward by Geerat J. Vermeij . It states that organisms are in constant conflict with one another and therefore devote lots of resources to thwarting the adaptations evolution brings to all competing organisms as time advances. This is in contrast to adaptations evolution may bring that are unrelated to competition with other organisms such as adapting to ecological niches based upon other factors such as geology and climate. Vermeij s extensive work with the characteristics of marine gastropod fossils informed his development of thoughts on escalation. One prediction of the Escalation Hypothesis is that individual species having fewer adaptations that enable them to compete with other life forms are more likely to survive a mass extinction event such as one of Extinction Event Major extinction events The Big Five . This is because there is more flexibility to fit into new ecological niches that arduous adaptations such as heavy shells or energy consuming venom production would hinder. External links http palaios.sepmonline.org cgi content extract 18 2 83 The Escalation Hypothesis One Long Argument Category Evolutionary biology ... more details
Hypothesis Theory is a psychological theory of learning developed during the 1960s and 1970s. Experimental Framework In the basic experimental framework, the subject is presented with a series of multidimensional stimuli, and provided feedback about the class of the stimulus on each trial. Two class problems are typical. The framework is thus in many ways similar to that of concept learning . In contrast to earlier association type theories, the Hypothesis Theory argues that subjects solve this problem i.e., learn the correct response for each stimulus , by testing a series of hypotheses about the relation of the cue values stimulus features to the class. For example, a candidate hypothesis for stimuli that vary along the three dimensions of shape, color, and size might be math mathbf Shape square, mathbf Color blue, mathbf Size small Longrightarrow mathbf Class good math Because the subject is proposed to learn through the successive testing of hypotheses, the rate of learning should be highly dependent on the order in which hypotheses are tested, and on the particular hypotheses which are available to the learner. It is conceivable that a given learner may not be able to formulate the hypothesis that would correctly classify the stimuli. It is argued that as a result of feature, Hypothesis theory can account for instances of poor learning that occur in some cases even when the statistical associational strength is high Harvnb Levine 1971 . Formal Theories The process by which a subject is proposed to go about forming such rules or hypothesis has been the topic of formal probabilistic modeling, a discussion of which can be found in the references. Status of Research Hypothesis theory has fallen out of favor along with many other rule based models in the wake of prototype ... correct learning PAC learning References cite journal last Levine first Marvin title Hypothesis ... A Cognitive Theory of Learning Research on Hypothesis Testing publisher John Wiley & Sons year 1975 ... more details
The sequence hypothesis was first formally proposed in a review On Protein Synthesis by Francis Crick in 1958. It states that the sequence of bases in the genetic material DNA or RNA determines the sequence of amino acid s for which that segment of nucleic acid codes, and this amino acid sequence determines the three dimensional structure into which the protein folds. The three dimensional structure of a protein is required for a protein to be functional. This hypothesis then lays the essential link between information stored and inherited in nucleic acids to the chemical processes which enable life to exist. Or, as Crick put it in 1958 ..In its simplest form it the Sequence Hypothesis assumes that the specificity of a piece of nucleic acid is expressed solely by the sequence of its base pair bases , and that this sequence is a simple code for the amino acid sequence of a particular protein. This hypothesis appears to be rather widely held. Its virtue is that it unites several remarkable pairs of generalisations the central biochemical importance of proteins and the dominating role of genes , and in particular of their nucleic acid the linearity of protein molecules considered covalently and the genetic linearity within the functional gene the simplicity of the composition of protein molecules and the simplicity of the nucleic acids. This description is further amplified in the article and, in discussing how a protein folds up into its three dimensional structure, Crick suggested that the folding is simply a function of the order of the amino acids in the protein. See also Central dogma Category Nucleic acids Category Biology theories ... more details
The Expectations Hypothesis of the term structure of interest rates also known as Term structure Yield Curve is the proposition that the long term rate is determined by the market s expectation for the short term rate plus a constant risk premium Sarno et al., 2007 . It has been found that the expectation hypothesis has been tested and rejected using a wide variety of interest rates, over a variety of time periods and monetary policy regimes Guidolin et al., 2008 . This analysis is supported in a study conducted by Sarno, where it is concluded that while conventional bivariate procedure provides mixed results, the more powerful testing procedures, for example expanded Vector Autoregression test, suggest rejection of the EH throughout the maturity spectrum examined. A common reason given for the failure of the EH is that the risk premium is not constant as the expectation hypothesis requires, but is time varying. However, research by Guidolin and Thornton 2008 suggest otherwise. It is postulated that the expectation hypothesis fails because short term interest rates are not predictable to any significant degree. While traditional term structure tests mostly indicate that expected future interest rates are ex post inefficient forecasts, Froot 1989 has an alternative take on it. At short maturities, the expectation hypothesis fails. At long maturities, however, changes in the yield curve reflect changes in expected future rates one for one. 1 i lt n 1 i st year 1 1 i st year 2 cdots 1 i st year n This hypothesis assumes that the various maturities are perfect substitutes and suggests that the shape of the yield curve depends on market participants expectations of future interest ..., D., & Valente, G. 2007 . The Empirical Failure of the Expectations Hypothesis of the Term Structure ..., D. 2008 . Predictions of Short Term Rates and the Expectations Hypothesis of the Term Structure ... for the Expectations Hypothesis of the Term Structure of Interest Rates. The Journal of Finance, XLIV ... more details
The synaptotropic hypothesis is a neurobiology neurobiological hypothesis of neuron al growth and synapse formation. The hypothesis was first formulated by J.E. Vaughn in 1988, ref name pmid2458630 cite journal doi 10.1002 syn.890020110 title Dendritic development and preferential growth into synaptogenic ... by glutamatergic synaptic input A review of the synaptotrophic hypothesis year 2008 last1 ... 1509 17 pmid 18202093 pmc 2375708 ref The synaptotropic hypothesis proposes that input from a presynaptic ..., the hypothesis predicts that growth will be directed into regions containing more presynaptic ... of synaptic transmission. ref name Cline Implications of the Hypothesis Branching Patterns in Spinal Cords support of hypothesis As described previously, the pattern of dendritic branching depends on the initial contact of filopodia with afferent axons. The hypothesis predicts that regions ... used the developing mouse spinal cord to test this hypothesis. A computer assisted three dimensional ... is consistent with predictions of the synaptotropic hypothesis of dendritic branching. ref name pmid2458630 ... function. The synaptotropic hypothesis implies that function drives form, since the appropriateness ... give evidence to either dissent with or support the synaptotropic hypothesis. Applications Imaging ... tenet of the synaptotropic hypothesis. Modifications of the Hypothesis Some interpret the synaptotropic hypothesis as saying that manipulations that increase synapse formation and maturation promote formation ... underlying synaptogeneis. A resulting modified version of the hypothesis has emerged in which ... This is a different way of viewing the synaptotropic hypothesis that still takes into account ... hypothesis would predict that cell adhesion molecules that are important in synapse formation would ... Evidence Evidence against the synaptotropic hypothesis comes from experiments with munc 18 knock out ..., such as Holly Cline, deny that the munc 18 knock out mice disprove the synaptotropic hypothesis ... more details
citations missing date September 2007 Image The Astonishing Hypothesis Cover .jpg thumb 150px right Cover The Astonishing Hypothesis ref cite book title The Astonishing Hypothesis The Scientific Search For The Soul publisher Scribner reprint edition year 1995 isbn 0 684 80158 2 ref is a 1994 book by scientist Francis Crick about consciousness . Crick, one of the co discoverers of the molecular structure of DNA in 1953, later became a theorist for neurobiology and the study of the brain . The Astonishing Hypothesis is mostly concerned with establishing a basis for scientific study of consciousness however, Crick places the study of consciousness within a larger social context. Human consciousness is central to human existence and so scientists find themselves approaching topics traditionally left to philosophy and religion . The Astonishing Hypothesis posits that a person s mental activities are entirely due to the behavior of nerve cell s, glial cell s, and the atom s, ion s, and molecule s that make them up and influence them. Crick claims that scientific study of the brain during the 20th century led to acceptance of consciousness, free will , and the human soul as subjects for scientific investigation. Public perceptions of science and the questions that scientists are willing to ask are strongly influenced by religion. Citation needed date July 2011 Crick had discussed the relationship between science and religion in his earlier book What Mad Pursuit . Crick s view of this relationship was that religions can be wrong about scientific matters and that part of what science does is to confront the errors that exist within religious traditions. For example, the idea of a mechanism ... of life by divinity divine intervention. Crick s subtitle for The Astonishing Hypothesis is The Scientific ... web title Francis Crick and the Astonishing Hypothesis url http www.consciousentities.com crick.htm ... Reflist Use dmy dates date July 2011 DEFAULTSORT Astonishing Hypothesis, The Category Consciousness ... more details
no footnotes date December 2011 The hydrogen hypothesis is a model proposed by William F. Martin and Mikl s M ller in 1998 that describes a possible way in which the mitochondrion arose as an endosymbiont within a prokaryote an archaea , giving rise to a symbiosis symbiotic association of two cells from which the first Eukaryote eukaryotic cell could have arisen. According to the hydrogen hypothesis The host that acquired the mitochondrion was a prokaryote, a hydrogen dependent archaea, possibly similar in physiology to a modern methanogenic archaea which uses hydrogen and carbon dioxide to produce methane The future mitochondrion was a Facultative anaerobic facultatively anaerobic Eubacteria eubacterium which produced hydrogen and carbon dioxide as byproducts of anaerobic respiration A symbiotic relationship between the two started, based on the host s hydrogen dependence anaerobic syntrophy . The hypothesis differs from many alternative views within the endosymbiotic theory framework, which suggest that the first eukaryotic Cell biology cells evolved a nucleus but lacked mitochondria, the latter arising as a eukaryote engulfed a primitive bacterium that eventually became the mitochondrion. The hypothesis attaches evolution evolutionary significance to hydrogenosome s and provides a rationale for their common ancestry with mitochondria. Hydrogenosomes are anaerobic mitochondria that produce adenosine triphosphate ATP by, as a rule, converting pyruvate into hydrogen, carbon dioxide and acetate . Examples from modern biology are known where methanogens cluster around hydrogenosomes ... the common ancestry of mitochondria and hydrogenosomes. The hypothesis provides a straightforward ... that some eukaryotes never possessed mitochondria. The hydrogen hypothesis predicts that no primitively ... hypothesis, this specific prediction has been tested many times and found to be in agreement ... title The hydrogen hypothesis for the first eukaryote journal Nature year 1998 volume 392 pages 37 ... more details
The Distributional Hypothesis in linguistics is the theory that words that occur in the same contexts tend to have similar meanings. ref name Harris cite journal last1 Harris first1 Z. year 1954 title Distributional structure url journal Word volume 10 issue 23 pages 146 162 ref The underlying idea that a word is characterized by the company it keeps was popularized by J. R. Firth Firth . ref name Firth Firth, J.R. 1957 . A synopsis of linguistic theory 1930 1955. In Studies in Linguistic Analysis , pp. 1 32. Oxford Philological Society. Reprinted in F.R. Palmer ed. , Selected Papers of J.R. Firth 1952 1959 , London Longman 1968 . ref The Distributional Hypothesis is the basis for Statistical semantics Statistical Semantics . Although the Distributional Hypothesis originated in Linguistics, it is now receiving attention in Cognitive science Cognitive Science especially regarding the context of word use. ref name McDonald McDonald, S., and Ramscar, M. 2001 . http citeseerx.ist.psu.edu viewdoc download?doi 10.1.1.104.7535&rep rep1&type pdf Testing the distributional hypothesis The influence of context on judgements of semantic similarity . In Proceedings of the 23rd Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society , pages 611 616. ref In recent years, the distributional hypothesis has provided the basis for the theory of similarity based generalization in language learning the idea that children can figure out how to use words they ve rarely encountered before by generalizing about their use from distributions of similar words. ref name Yarlett Yarlett, D 2008 Language Learning Through Similarity Based Generalization, PhD Thesis, Stanford University. ref The distributional hypothesis suggests that the more semantically similar two words are, the more distributionally similar they will be in turn, and thus the more that they will tend to occur in similar linguistic contexts ... The distributional hypothesis References references DEFAULTSORT Distributional Hypothesis Category ... more details
Orphan date December 2010 Heliotropic Hypothesis is the process when social system s evolve toward the most positive Self image images they hold of themselves. ref name 4cm cite web last Cooperrider first authorlink coauthors title Positive image, positive action The affirmative basis of organizing work publisher date url http www.ignitebusiness.co.nz site ignite files Positive 20Image, 20Positive 20Action Cooperrider.pdf format doi accessdate 14 March 2010 ref References Reflist DEFAULTSORT Heliotropic Hypothesis Category Change management psychology stub ... more details
unreferenced date January 2011 The Easterlin hypothesis Easterlin 1969, 1973 states that the positive relationship between income and fertility is dependent on relative income. The hypothesis as formulated by Richard Easterlin presumes that material aspirations are determined by experiences rooted in family background. If income is high relative to aspirations, individuals will tend to have more children. If income is scarce relative to aspirations, they will be hesitant about having more children, since children compete for resources. Children are normal goods once this influence of family background is controlled. Category Fertility Category Demography Category Economics ... more details
The threshold hypothesis is a hypothesis concerning second language acquisition set forth in a study by Cummins 2000 that stated that a minimum threshold in language proficiency must be passed before a second language speaker can reap any benefits from language. It also states that, in order to gain proficiency in a second language, the learner must also have passed a certain and age appropriate level of competence in his or her first language. ref cite web url http www.naldic.org.uk ITTSEAL2 teaching SLA.cfm title Bilingual Language Acquisition author Charlotte Franson date 2 May 2009 work National Association for Language Development in the Curriculum NALDIC ITTSEAL website publisher National Association for Language Development in the Curriculum accessdate 13 January 2011 ref References reflist Category Language acquisition ... more details
About the hypothesis in set theory the assumption in fluid mechanics Fluid mechanics In mathematics , the continuum hypothesis abbreviated CH is a hypothesis , advanced by Georg Cantor in 1878, about the possible ... of the continuum hypothesis is the first of Hilbert s problems Hilbert s 23 problems presented ... in 1963 showed that the hypothesis can neither be disproved nor be Mathematical proof proved using ... ZF set theory is consistency consistent . The name of the hypothesis comes from the term continuum ... form a counterexample to the continuum hypothesis the integers form a proper subset of the rationals ... is less than that of the real numbers. Cantor proposed the continuum hypothesis as a possible solution to this question. The hypothesis states that the set of real numbers has minimal possible cardinality ... of the real numbers is math 2 aleph 0 math , the continuum hypothesis says that there is no set ... hypothesis is in turn equivalent to the equality math 2 aleph 0 aleph 1. , math There is also a generalization of the continuum hypothesis called the generalized continuum hypothesis GCH ... . math A consequence of the hypothesis is that every infinite subset of the real numbers either has ... of proof and disproof in ZFC Cantor believed the continuum hypothesis to be true and tried for many ... G del showed in 1940 earlier, deleted paragraph said 1939 which is right? that the continuum hypothesis ... this assumption is widely believed to be true. The continuum hypothesis was not the first ... numbering scheme expressing the consistency of ZFC that is independent of ZFC. The continuum hypothesis ... forcing in the 1960s. The continuum hypothesis is closely related to many statements in mathematical .... G del and Cohen s negative results are not universally accepted as disposing of the hypothesis, and Hilbert ... implications for the continuum hypothesis, although these axioms have not currently found wide acceptance ... 2011b wrote a critical commentary on Feferman s article. The generalized continuum hypothesis ... more details
The extraterrestrial hypothesis ETH is the hypothesis that some unidentified flying object s UFOs are best ... occupying physical spacecraft visiting Earth . Etymology Origins of the term extraterrestrial hypothesis ... books.google.com books?id u9bS1YhiSa4C&q 22extraterrestrial hypothesis 22&dq 22extraterrestrial hypothesis 22&hl en&ei CCBCTeHaMITGsAPDwuHgCg&sa X&oi book result&ct result&resnum 3&ved 0CDgQ6AEwAg ref In 1969 physicist Edward Condon defined the Extra terrestrial Hypothesis or ETH as the idea that some ... . Chronology Although ETH, as a unified and named hypothesis, is a comparatively new concept one which ... impact near Great Falls, Montana . The newspaper goes on to speculate Possibly, meteors could be used ... UFOs and ETH Extraterrestrial Hypothesis The 1947 U.S. flying saucer wave On June 24, 1947, at about ..., each believing slightly different variations of the hypothesis. The contactees of the early 1950s said ... and adversaries of a single theory, namely the extraterrestrial hypothesis ... this fixation on the ETH ... to incontrovertible proof of the extraterrestrial hypothesis. What I find scientifically dismaying ... hypothesis, the profoundly important implications of that possibility are going unconsidered ... hypothesis sufficiently takes into account the facts and, for the most part, only calls for present day science. It is the hypothesis of extraterrestrial visitors. http www.ufoevidence.org newsite files COMETA part2.pdf The report noted issues with formulating the extraterrestrial hypothesis, likening ... hypothesis, strong presumptions exist in its favour . The report also concludes that the studies ...? David Icke Dogon people Giorgio A. Tsoukalos Interdimensional hypothesis Murry Hope Psychosocial Hypothesis Robert K. G. Temple The Sirius Mystery Ufology The hostility hypothesis The UFO Hostility Hypothesis Zecharia Sitchin div col end References Reflist 2 Refbegin add references here Refend ... Hypothesis ETZH by Daniel Tarr http www.nicap.org papers zeiler eth.htm Formulation and Predictions ... more details
The CLAW hypothesis proposes a feedback feedback loop that operates between ocean ecosystem s and the Earth s climate . ref name CLAW87 cite journal doi 10.1038 326655a0 author Charlson, R. J., James Lovelock Lovelock, J. E. , Andreae, M. O. and Warren, S. G. title Oceanic phytoplankton, atmospheric sulphur, cloud albedo and climate journal Nature volume 326 issue 6114 pages 655 661 year 1987 url http www.nature.com nature journal v326 n6114 abs 326655a0.html bibcode 1987Natur.326..655C ref The hypothesis specifically proposes that particular phytoplankton that produce dimethyl sulfide are responsive ... feedback loop that acts to stabilise the temperature of the Earth s atmosphere . The CLAW hypothesis ... pubs crossref 1995 94JD02828.shtml bibcode 1995JGR...10011335A ref The CLAW hypothesis Image CLAW hypothesis graphic 1 AYool.png thumb 200px right Schematic diagram of the CLAW hypothesis Charlson et al. , 1987 ref name CLAW87 The hypothesis describes a feedback loop that begins with an increase ... counteracted and damping damped by the loop. As such, the CLAW hypothesis posits an example of planet planetary scale homeostasis or complex adaptive system , consistent with the Gaia hypothesis framed by one of the original authors of the CLAW hypothesis, James Lovelock. ref cite book ... publisher Oxford University Press isbn 0 19 286218 9 ref Some subsequent studies of the CLAW hypothesis ... content klu clim 1998 00000039 00000001 00164320 ref The Anti CLAW hypothesis Image CLAW hypothesis graphic 2 AYool.png thumb 200px right Schematic diagram of the anti CLAW hypothesis ... of providing negative feedback in the climate system, the components of the CLAW hypothesis ... of DMS. In a reverse of the CLAW hypothesis, this decline in DMS production will lead to a decrease ... to the right shows a summarising schematic diagram. Evidence for the anti CLAW hypothesis is constrained by similar uncertainties as those of the sulfur cycle feedback loop of the CLAW hypothesis. However ... more details
The Linder hypothesis is a economics conjecture about international trade patterns The more similar the demand structures of countries, the more they will trade with one another. Further, international trade will still occur between two countries having identical preferences and factor endowment s relying on Departmentalization specialization to create a comparative advantage in the production of Product differentiation differentiated goods between the two nations . Development of the theory The hypothesis was proposed by economist Staffan Burenstam Linder in 1961 ref An Essay on Trade and Transformation, Staffan Burenstam Linder, Stockholm Almqvist & Wicksell, 1961. ref as a possible resolution to the Leontief paradox , which questioned the empirical validity of the Heckscher Ohlin theory H O . H O predicts that patterns of international trade will be determined by the relative factor endowments of different nations. Those with relatively high levels of capital economics capital in relation to labour economics labor would be expected to produce capital intensive goods while those with an abundance of labor relative to immobile capital would be expected to produce labor intensive goods. H O and other theories of factor endowment based trade had dominated the field of international economics until Wassily Leontief Leontief performed a study empirically rejecting H O. In fact, Leontief found that the United States then the most capital abundant nation exported primarily labor intensive goods. Linder proposed an alternative theory of trade that was consistent with Leontief s findings. The Linder hypothesis presents a demand based theory of trade in contrast to the usual Supply ..., but differentiated goods. Empirical tests Examinations of the Linder hypothesis have observed a Linder effect consistent with the hypothesis. Econometric tests of the hypothesis usually proxy ... Introducing income distribution to the Linder hypothesis first1 Helena last1 Bohman first2 D sir e ... more details
The biophilia hypothesis suggests that there is an instinct ive bond between human being s and other living system s. E. O. Wilson Edward O. Wilson introduced and popularized the hypothesis in his book, Biophilia 1984 . ref cite book last Wilson first Edward O. title Biophilia year 1984 publisher Harvard University Press location Cambridge, Massachusetts Cambridge isbn 0 674 07442 4 ref He defines biophilia as the urge to affiliate with other forms of life . ref Kellert & Wilson 1995, p. 416. ref Love of living systems The term biophilia literally means love of life or living systems. It was first used by Erich Fromm to describe a Erich Fromm psychological orientation of being attracted to all that is alive and vital. ref cite book last Fromm first Erich title The Heart of Man year 1964 publisher Harper & Row ref Wilson uses the term in the same sense when he suggests that biophilia describes the connections that human beings subconsciously seek with the rest of life. He proposed the possibility that the deep affiliations humans have with nature are rooted in our biology. Unlike phobia s, which are the aversions and fears that people have of things in the natural world, philia s are the attractions and positive feelings that people have toward certain habitats, activities, and objects ... mammal face are far more appealing than those of the mature adults. The biophilia hypothesis suggests ... helps increase the survival rates of all mammals. Similarly, the hypothesis helps explain why ordinary ... life. Development The hypothesis has since been developed as part of theories of evolutionary psychology in the book The Biophilia Hypothesis edited by Stephen R. Kellert and Edward O. Wilson ref cite book last Kellert first Stephen R. ed. title The Biophilia Hypothesis publisher Island Press year ... O. Wilson s Biophilia Hypothesis wilderdom.com http www.canada.com vancouversun news westcoasthomes ... Biophilia Hypothesis Category Conservation Category Environmental psychology Category Evolutionary ... more details
Prout s hypothesis was an early 19th century attempt to explain the existence of the various chemical element s through a hypothesis regarding the internal structure of the atom . In 1815 ref William Prout 1815 . On the relation between the specific gravities of bodies in their gaseous state and the weights of their atoms. Annals of Philosophy , 6 321&ndash 330. http web.lemoyne.edu giunta PROUT.HTML Online reprint ref and 1816, ref William Prout 1816 . Correction of a mistake in the essay on the relation between the specific gravities of bodies in their gaseous state and the weights of their atoms. Annals of Philosophy , 7 111&ndash 13. http web.lemoyne.edu giunta PROUT.HTML prout2 Online reprint ref the England English chemist William Prout published two papers in which he observed that the atomic weight s that had been measured for the elements known at that time appeared to be whole multiples of the atomic weight of hydrogen . He then hypothesized that the hydrogen atom was the only ... first Leon title The God Particle year 1993 ref Prout s hypothesis was an influence on Ernest ... he named proton s. The discrepancy between Prout s hypothesis and the known variation of some atomic ... by the discovery of isotope s and the neutron . Prout s hypothesis was then found to be correct for atomic mass es of individual isotopes, to an accuracy not less than 99 . Influence Prout s hypothesis ... Turner in 1832, disproved the hypothesis. In particular the atomic weight of chlorine , which is 35.45 times that of hydrogen , could not at the time be explained in terms of Prout s hypothesis. Some ... surfaced. This resulted in the hypothesis that one quarter of a hydrogen atom was the common ... Viktor Shtrum, reflects on Prout s hypothesis about hydrogen being the origin of other elements ... cite journal author Benfey, O. Theodore title Prout s Hypothesis journal Journal of Chemical Education ..., Robert title The Chemical Basis for Prout s Hypothesis journal Journal of Chemical Education year ... more details
The Dahrendorf hypothesis is the name given to a hypothesis by the Germany German United Kingdom British political science political scientist Ralf Dahrendorf , which states that diversity is desirable in economic policies across time and space according to local needs. Dahrendorf argues that society societies are quite considerably different from each other, and that any one set of economic policies will not be equally well adapted to all societies e.g. the same policies will not work as well in poor, subsistence economies as they will in advanced industrial economies . The Dahrendorf hypothesis was developed in opposition to many traditional perspectives and theory theories in economics , most notably neoclassical economics , which implicitly or explicitly hold that one set of economic policies should be implemented globally and universally. In accordance with this belief, Dahrendorf said that, far from uniting Europe, the introduction of the Euro would ultimately divide it. References cite book title Ein neuer Dritter Weg? Reformpolitik am Ende des 20. Jahrhunderts last Dahrendorf first Ralf authorlink coauthors year 1999 series Beitr ge zur Ordnungstheorie und Ordnungspolitik volume 158 publisher Mohr Siebeck location T bingen isbn 3161471555 page pages url accessdate External links 1. http www.econ.cam.ac.uk cjeconf delegates schnellenbach.pdf Category Economic policy Category Economic theories econ stub polisci stub ... more details
In biogeography, particularly phytogeography , the nunatak hypothesis about the origin of a biota in formerly glaciated areas refers to the idea that some or many species have survived the inhospitable period on icefree land such as nunatak s. Its antithesis is the tabula rasa Biogeography tabula rasa hypothesis , which posits that all species have immigrated into completely denuded land after the retreat of glaciers. By the mid 20th Century, the nunatak hypothesis was widely accepted among biologists working on the floras of Greenland and Scandinavia ref http pages.unibas.ch botschoen pdf aegisdottir2004.pdf gisd ttir, Hafd s Hanna & rhallsd ttir, ra Ellen 2004 Theories on migration and history of the North Atlantic flora a review. J KULL No. 54 1 15 ref . However, while modern geology has established the presence of icefree areas during the last glacial maximum in both Greenland and Scandinavia , molecular techniques have revealed limited between region genetic differentiation in many Arctic taxon taxa , strongly suggesting a general capacity for long distance dispersal among polar organisms. This does not directly disprove glacial survival. But it makes it less necessary as an explanation. Moreover, populations that survived on icefree land have probably in most cases been genetically flooded by postglacial immigrants. References Reflist Category Biology Category Geography Category Prehistory of the Arctic Link GA no no Overvintringsteorien ... more details
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