Refimprove date December 2009 Image DVD RW Spindle.jpg thumb right A Spindle disc packaging spindle with discs of the DVD RW format Optical disc authoring DVD RW is a physical format for rewritable DVD s and can hold up to 4.7 Gigabyte GB . DVD RW was created by the DVD RW Alliance , an industry consortium of drive and disc manufacturers. Additionally, DVD RW supports a method of writing called lossless linking , which makes it suitable for random access and improves compatibility with DVD player s. ref name toms http www.tomshardware.com reviews dvd burner test,586 2.html ref DVD RW must be formatted before recording by a DVD recorder. The rewritable DVD RW standard was formalized earlier than the non rewritable DVD R the opposite was true with the DVD formats . Although credit for developing the standard is often attributed unilaterally to Philips , it was finalized in 1997 by the DVD RW Alliance . It was then abandoned until 2001, when it was heavily revised in particular, the capacity increased from 2.8 GB to 4.7GB . Fact date November 2010 Technical details The recording layer in DVD RW and DVD RW discs is a phase change metal alloy often GeSbTe whose crystal line phase matter phase and amorphous solid amorphous phase have different reflectivity . The states can be switched depending on the power of the writing laser, so data can be written, read, erased and re written. DVD R and DVD R discs use an organic dye. The capacity of a single layer disc is approximated as 4.7 10 sup 9 sup bytes. In actuality, the disc is laid out with 2295104 sectors of 2048 byte s each which comes to 4,700,372,992 bytes, 4,590,208 kibibyte kibibytes KiB, binary kilobytes , 4482.625 mebibyte mebibytes MiB, binary megabytes , or 4.377563476 gibibyte gibibytes GiB, binary gigabytes . The DVD RW format is divergent from the DVD RW format. Hybrid drives that can handle both, often labeled DVD R DVD RW , are very popular since there is not a single standard for recordable DVDs. There are a ... more details
The TCP window scale option is an option to increase the Transmission Control Protocol TCP receive window size above its maximum value of 65,535 bytes. This TCP option, along with several others, is defined in IETF RFC 1323 which deals with long fat network Long Fat Networks , or LFN. In fact, the throughput of a communication is limited by two windows the congestion window and the receive window. The first one tries not to exceed the capacity of the network congestion control and the second one tries not to exceed the capacity of the receiver to process data flow control . The receiver may be overwhelmed by data if for example it is very busy such as a Web server . Each TCP segment contains the current value of the receive window. If for example a sender receives an ack which acknowledges byte 4000 and specifies a receive window of 10000 bytes , the sender will not send packets after byte 14000, even if the congestion window allows it. Theory The TCP window scale option is needed for efficient transfer of data when the bandwidth delay product is greater than 64K. For instance, if a Digital Signal 1 T1 transmission line of 1.5Mbits second was used over a satellite link with a 513 millisecond round trip time RTT , the bandwidth delay product is 1500000 0.513 769,500 bits or 96,188 bytes. Using a maximum buffer size of 64K only allows the buffer to be filled to 65535 96188 68 of the theoretical maximum speed of 1.5Mbits second, or 1.02 Mbit s. By using the window scale option, files can be transferred at nearly 1.5Mbit second utilizing nearly all of the available bandwidth. This option is also useful when sending large files greater than 64KB over slow networks. By using the window scale option, the receive window size may be increased up to a maximum value of 1,073,725,440 bytes almost 1 Gibibyte . This is done by specifying a one byte shift count in the header options field. The true receive window size is left shifted by the value in shift count. A maximum value of ... more details
This article is about the technical specifications of various Creative MuVo series media players. The models listed here are organized by their release date with the older models at the top to the newer models at the bottom. All models use flash memory except the MuVo & the MuVo FM, which use Hard disk hard drive . Player Models MuVo Capacity 64 MB 64 mebibyte MiB 128 MB Power One AAA battery Interface USB 1.1 Notes Re released as MuVo Mix , below. LED indicator in leu of display. MuVo NX Capacity 128 MB 256 MB Power One AAA battery Interface USB 1.1 Notes First model with an LCD display. MuVo USB 2.0 Capacity 128 MB 512 MB 1 GB 1 gibibyte GiB Power One AAA battery Interface USB 2.0 Notes LED indicator in leu of display. File Usb mp3.jpg thumb Showing the USB connector MuVo TX Capacity 128 MB, 256 MB, 512 MB Power One AAA battery Interface USB 2.0 Notes Voice recorder. First model with USB 2.0. MuVo TX FM Capacity 128 MB, 256 MB, 512 MB, 1 GB Power One AAA battery Interface USB 2.0 Notes Voice recorder, FM radio MuVo V200 Capacity 128 MB, 256 MB, 512 MB, 1 GB Power One AAA battery Interface USB 2.0 Notes FM radio, voice recorder MuVo Sport C100 Capacity 128 MB, 256 MB Power One AAA battery Interface USB 2.0 Notes Splash proof, stopwatch functionality MuVo Slim Capacity 128 MB, 256 MB, 512 MB, 1 GB Power Removable lithium ion battery Interface USB 2.0 Notes FM radio, voice recorder MuVo XT Capacity 512 MB Power Removable lithium ion battery Interface USB 2.0 MuVo Capacity 1.5 GB, 4 GB Power Removable lithium ion battery Interface USB 2.0 MuVo FM Capacity 1.5 GB, 4 GB, 5 GB Power Removable lithium ion battery Interface USB 2.0 Notes FM radio, Integrated voice recorder with built in microphone MuVo Mix Capacity 256 MB, 512 MB, 1 GB Power One AAA battery Interface USB 2.0 Notes Shuffle feature MuVo Micro N200 Creative ZEN ZEN Nano Nano Plus ZEN Nano Nano Plus Capacity 128 MB, 256 MB, 512 MB, 1 GB Power One AAA battery Interface USB 2.0 Notes FM radio, voice recorder, li ... more details
Image FE41.jpg thumb The Current FE41 Sony VAIO FE series started in 2006 with the FE11 and ends in 2007 with the FE41. The FE series was designed as an entertainment notebook that is suitably portable. The FE series includes FE11, FE21, FE28, FE31, FE41 and FE48 models. They possess various types of a 15.4 1280x800 X Black screen either with one or two backlight lamps. It is not widely known that the type and quality of the LCD matrix has also widely varied. The FE11 and supposedly FE21 series has a rare type of a 72 TrueColor screen whose colour reproduction quality makes it suitable for graphics applications. FE31 series possesses a low quality screen whose colour reproduction is of the market average level at best. Some improvements have been made to the FE41 series screens, which have become better but do not reach the FE11 screen quality. It was superseded by the Sony VAIO FZ series http vaio.sony.co.uk view ShowProductCategory.action?site voe en GB cons&category VN FZ Series in July 2007. class wikitable FE Series Model Number Processor RAM Graphics Card Hard Drive OS Spec Level FE11 FE11H Intel Core Duo Processor T2300 1 GB 1 gibibyte GiB 533 MHz DDR2 nVidia GeForce Go 7400 256 MB 256 mebibyte MiB TurboCache 100 gigabyte GB Windows XP Media Centre Edition Entry Level FE11M Intel Core Duo Processor T2300 1 GB 533 MHz DDR2 nVidia GeForce Go 7400 256 MB TurboCache 100 GB Windows XP Media Centre Edition Mid range FE11S Intel Core Duo Processor T2400 1 GB 533 MHz DDR2 nVidia GeForce Go 7400 256 MB TurboCache 160 GB Windows XP Media Centre Edition High Spec FE21 FE21B Intel Core Duo Processor T2300 1 GB 533 MHz DDR2 nVidia GeForce Go 7400 256 MB TurboCache 80 GB Windows XP Media Centre Edition Basic Level FE21H Intel Core Duo Processor T2300 1 GB 533 MHz DDR2 nVidia GeForce Go 7400 256 MB TurboCache 100 GB Windows XP Media Centre Edition Entry Level FE21M Intel Core Duo Processor T2300 1 GB 533 MHz DDR2 nVidia GeForce Go 7600 128 MB 160 GB Windows XP Media Centre ... more details
refimprove date July 2011 Free space bitmaps are one method used to track allocated Disk sector sector s fact date July 2011 is it a fact that free space bitmap are never used for allocation units greater than a sector? by some file system s. While the most simplistic design is highly inefficient, advanced or hybrid implementations of free space bitmaps are used by some modern file systems. Example The simplest form of free space bitmap is a bit array , i.e. a block of bit s. In this example, a zero would indicate a free sector, while a one indicates a sector in use. Each sector would be of fixed size. For explanatory purposes, we will use a 4 gibibyte GiB hard drive with 4096 byte sectors, and assume the bitmap itself is stored elsewhere. The example disk would require 1,048,576 bits, one for each sector, or 128 kibibyte KiB . Increasing the size of the drive will proportionately increase the size of the bitmap, while multiplying the sector size will produce a proportionate reduction. When the operating system OS needs to write a file, it will scan the bitmap until it finds enough free locations to fit the file. If a 12 KiB file were stored on the example drive, three zero bits would be found, changed to ones, and the data would be written across the three sectors represented by those bits. If the file were subsequently truncated down to 8 KiB, the final sector s bit would be set back to zero, indicating that it is again available for use. Advantages unreferenced section date July 2011 Simple Each bit directly corresponds to a sector Fast random access allocation check Checking if a sector is free is as simple as checking the corresponding bit Fast deletion Data need not be overwritten on delete, clarification needed date July 2011 actual file data are never overwritten on delete except, maybe, filesystems with embedded security features. and some meta data but a bitmap itself must be also altered, so there is no advantage. flipping the correspo ... more details
infobox computer Caption An N130 running Ubuntu 9.10 Image Samsung N130 black Ubuntu 910.jpg Developer Samsung Type Subnotebook Netbook Display 10.1 25.7 cm 1024 600 LED backlit TFT LCD Connectivity 10 100 Megabit Mbit Ethernet br IEEE 802.11g 2003 802.11b g wireless LAN br 3 Universal Serial Bus USB 2.0 ports br 3 in 1 Flash Memory card reader Secure Digital SD , SDHC , MMC Media 160 Gibibyte GB 2.5 5400 rpm SATA HDD OS Windows XP or Windows 7 Input Computer keyboard Keyboard 91 full size br Touchpad camera 1.3 megapixel Camera Webcam built in Memory 1 Gigabyte GB DDR2 SDRAM Power 7.5 hours of battery life with standard 6 cell battery Processor 1.6 Gigahertz GHz Intel Atom N270 dimensions 26.38 18.55 2.85 centimeter cm weight 1.25 Kilogram kg 2.6 Pound mass lb including battery The Samsung N130 is a subnotebook netbook computer designed by Samsung . At the time of its introduction, it was noted for a good keyboard, large 6 cell battery as standard, giving a battery life of up to 7.5 hours ref cite news url http www.laptopmag.com review laptops samsung n130.aspx title Samsung s value netbook offers publisher www.laptopmag.com date 2009 12 03 accessdate 2010 01 03 ref a medium 160gb SATA hard disk drive and a release price of 349 United States dollar USD . Technical overview Processor and memory The Samsung N130 uses a 1.6 GHz Intel Atom N270 processor. The N130 has 1 Gigabyte GB of DDR2 SDRAM memory as standard. Internally, the N130 has one slot for memory accepting SO DIMM memory modules up to 2 GB. ref cite news url http www.laptopmag.com review laptops samsung n130.aspx title Samsung N130 Review publisher www.laptopmag.com date 2009 11 30 accessdate 2010 01 03 ref Display The screen is a non glossy display glossy LED backlit display and measures 10.1 inch es diagonally, and has a resolution of 1024 600 pixel s. An external VGA connector VGA output jack is included. Keyboard As with earlier models, the 83 key keyboard is 93 of the size of a full size ke ... more details
2 sup 32 sup 4,294,967,296 locations, or a 4 gibibyte GiB address space . In contrast ... 32 bit computer can address 2 sup 32 sup 4,294,967,296 bytes of memory, or 4 gibibyte s GiB . This seems ... more details
There are six different SCSI Read commands defined. Read 6 The Read 6 command is only 6 bytes long and is a legacy from early SCSI days. Its use is restricted to 21 bit Logical block addressing LBA s 1 Gibibyte GiB and 8 bit Transfer Length fields. It has been present since the SCSI History SASI 1979 specification. SCSI is built upon SASI, SCSI is almost backwards compatible, SASI must contained one READ command, Class Opcode also indicate this The SCSI CDB CDB structure is class wikitable bit&rarr br &darr byte width 50 7 width 50 6 width 50 5 width 50 4 width 50 3 width 50 2 width 50 1 width 50 0 0 colspan 8 style text align center Operation code 08h 1 colspan 3 style text align center LUN colspan 5 style text align center LBA 2 colspan 8 style text align center LBA 3 colspan 8 style text align center LBA 4 colspan 8 style text align center Transfer length 5 colspan 8 style text align center Control ref name autogenerated1982 cite web title Shugart NCR Joint proposal for American National Standards Institute ANSI standard system interface, Using SCSI History SASI as the working document url http www.t10.org ftp t10 drafts sasi sasir0C.pdf accessdate 2010 02 09 1982 01 29 t10.org ref ref name autogenerated1987 cite web title Proposal for CD ROM cd rom in SCSI 2 url http www.t10.org ftp x3t9.2 document.87 87 106r0.txt 1987 06 30 t10.org ref Read 10 The Read 10 also called read extended in 1987 command was introduced to cope with 32 bit Logical block addressing LBA s 2048 Gibibyte GiB and uses a 16 bit Transfer Length field. It also included three performance related enhancements. Disable Page Out DPO allows the SCSI initiator initiator to warn the SCSI target target that the data being read is unlikely to be requested again soon and so is not worth keeping in the target s data cache. Force Unit Access FUA tells the target to fetch the data from the media surface and to not use a cached copy. The RelAdr bit is used to indicate that the LBA value is relative only used ... more details
orphan date December 2008 NOTOC This article details a comparison of audio recording media. see Gramophone record class wikitable Format Type Typical length Cylinders Analog around 2 4 minutes 78 record Analog around 3 5 minutes per side 45 record Analog often around 4 minutes Extended play EP 7 minutes per side, up to 6 per side, in some cases even a few minutes longer. LP album LP record Analog typically 15 25 minutes per side 30 minutes per side for classical & spoken word , although 45 minutes is possible with tight groove spacing and no spacing between tracks. Audio cassette Analog usually 30 C 60 or 45 C 90 minutes per side, 60 C 120 minutes per side have also been sold although the tape is more prone to stretching or breaking. 8 track cartridge 8 Track Analog up to 100 minutes, often 45 to 80 rowspan 2 Compact disc rowspan 2 Digital Earlier discs up to 74 minutes or up to 650 Megabyte MB of data files Later discs up to 80 minutes or up to 700 Megabyte MB of data files CD R Recordable discs Digital Up to 99 minutes, though unlikely to be reliable after 90 minutes due to mistracking Reel to Reel Analog 1.5 hours both sides if recorded at 7.5 inches per second ips on a standard 1800 ft reel. Professionals record at 30 ips on 3600 ft reels that will fit 22.5 minutes one side only . A 3600 ft reel can hold up to 48 hours if recorded in mono 4 sides at 15 16 ips. rowspan 2 Minidisc rowspan 2 Digital Earlier discs 74 minutes up to 296 minutes, dependent upon compression used. Later discs 80 minutes up to 320 minutes, dependent upon compression used. rowspan 2 Hi MD rowspan 2 Digital Up to 13 hours on a standard 80 minute MiniDisc. Up to 45 hours on a 1Gb Hi MD MiniDisc Digital audio player Digital Roughly 186 hours of playback per 10 Gibibyte GiB , assuming an average bitrate of 128 kbit s. Roughly 372 hours with 64 kbit s and roughly 74 hours with 320 kbit s. DVD Digital around 8.5 hours per layer 4.7 Gb , with a maximum of two layers per side, ... more details
infobox computer Photo File Samsung NC10.jpg 200px Caption An NC10 displaying the Wikipedia main page Developer Samsung Type Subnotebook Netbook Display 10.2 25.9 cm 1024x600 LED backlit TFT LCD Connectivity 10 100 Megabit Mbit Ethernet br IEEE 802.11g 2003 802.11b g wireless LAN br Bluetooth 2.0 EDR standard configuration br 3 Universal Serial Bus USB 2.0 ports br 3 in 1 Flash Memory card reader Secure Digital SD , SDHC , MMC Media 160 Gibibyte GB 2.5 SATA HDD OS Windows XP Input Computer keyboard Keyboard 93 full size, anti bacterial br Touchpad br Microphone camera 1.3 megapixel Camera Webcam built in Memory 1 Gigabyte GB Power 7.5 hours of battery life with standard 6 cell battery Processor 1.6 Gigahertz GHz Intel Atom N270 dimensions 26.1 18.5 3.0 cm weight 1.33 Kilogram kg 2.8 Pound mass lb including battery The Samsung NC10 is a subnotebook Netbook computer designed by Samsung . At the time of its introduction 2008 , it was noted for its combination of a 10.2 screen and large 6 cell battery as standard, giving a battery life of up to 7.5 hours ref cite news url http blog.laptopmag.com samsung nc10s battery life over 7 hours but at low brightness title Samsung NC10 Battery Life Test publisher www.laptopmag.com date 2008 10 30 accessdate 2008 11 06 ref , a large hard disk drive and a release price of 499 United States dollar USD 299 Pound sterling GBP . Technical overview Processor and memory The Samsung NC10 uses a 1.6 GHz Intel Atom N270 processor running at FSB frequency of 533 MHz, and includes 1 Gigabyte GB of DDR2 800 6400 memory as standard. North bridge chipset is Intel 945G Core Core 2 mobile chipsets 945GSE and south bridge is Intel I O Controller Hub ICH7 ICH7 M . ref http www.samsung.com us support downloads NP NC10 KA01US ref ref http ark.intel.com Product.aspx?id 36331&code n270 ref NC10 may be equipped with DDR2 667 or 800 MHz, but 945GSE GMCH supports DDR2 400 533 MHz only, so there is no reason to install memory faster than 533 MHz DDR2 S ... more details
For the 64 bit Windows XP for Itanium systems Windows XP 64 bit Edition Infobox OS name Windows XP Professional x64 Edition logo File Microsoft Windows XP Logo.svg 300px Windows XP logo screenshot caption developer Microsoft family Windows NT source model Shared source released start date and age 2005 April 25 df no ref name release date latest release version SP2 5.2.3790.3959 latest release date start date and age 2007 March 13 df no kernel type Hybrid kernel working state Current ui Graphical User Interface license Proprietary software Proprietary commercial software website URL http www.microsoft.com windowsxp 64bit default.mspx Windows XP float right Microsoft Windows XP Professional x64 Edition released on April 25, 2005 is an edition of Windows XP for x86 64 personal computers. It is designed to use the expanded 64 bit memory address space provided by the x86 64 architecture. ref name release date Cite news url http www.microsoft.com presspass press 2005 apr05 04 25Winx64LaunchPR.mspx title Microsoft Raises the Speed Limit with the Availability of 64 Bit Editions of Windows Server 2003 and Windows XP Professional work Microsoft News Center publisher Microsoft Corporation date April 25, 2005 accessdate January 12, 2011 location Redmond, Washington ref The primary benefit of moving to 64 bit is the increase in the maximum allocatable system computer storage memory RAM . Windows XP 32 bit is limited to a total of 4 gibibyte s , which is, by default, equally divided between Windows kernel and application usage. Using the 3GB switch in the boot.ini file forces Windows to limit the kernel to the upper 1 GB and provides up to 3 GB for applications . Windows XP Professional x64 Edition can support much more memory although the theoretical memory limit of a 64 bit computer is about 16 exbibyte s 16 billion Gibabytes , Windows XP x64 is limited to 128 GB of physical memory and 16 tebibyte of virtual memory . Microsoft claims this limit will be increased as ha ... more details
Infobox video game Status Closed developer Linden Lab Linden Research, Inc engine Proprietary Software Proprietary , free software free , and open source software br physics engine Physics Havok software Havok 4 br Audio FMOD released February 14, 2005 version 2.0.1.203797 April 21, 2010 platforms span Microsoft Windows Windows XP Windows XP SP2 and Windows XP Service Pack 3 SP3 Windows Vista Windows 7 Mac OS X v10.3 Mac OS X 10.4.11 or higher Linux i686 span media Download requirements span Minimum Broadband Internet access 512 mebibyte MiB Random access memory RAM 50 megabyte MB Hard disk HD space 1000 MB for disk buffer disk cache 800 Clock rate MHz x86 CPU or better Microsoft Windows Windows , Linux 1 GHz PowerPC G4 G4 Intel Core microarchitecture Core microprocessor or better Mac Graphics NVIDIA nVidia GeForce 6600 or better ATI Technologies ATI Radeon 8500 , Radeon 9250 or better span Recommended Broadband Internet access 1 gibibyte GiB Random access memory RAM 50 megabyte MB Hard disk HD space 1000 MB for disk cache 1.5 Clock rate GHz x86 CPU or better Windows XP , Linux 2 Clock rate GHz x86 CPU or better Windows Vista 1.25 GHz PowerPC G4 G4 microprocessor or better Mac Graphics NVIDIA nVidia GeForce 6800 or better ATI Technologies ATI Radeon X1700 , Radeon X1800 or better span input computer keyboard Keyboard , mouse computing Mouse , Gamepad but minimum movement, 3Dconnexion Space Navigator. website http teen.secondlife.com Teen Second Life was a version of Second Life reserved for teenagers, running on the so called Teen Grid. It was officially opened to the public on February 14, 2005 for people aged 13 17 to use Second Life , without entering false information to participate in Second Life reserved for people aged 18 and over . On January 1, 2006, Teen Second Life s operating hours were increased to 24 hours a day, whereas it was previously open only from noon to 10 pm Pacific Time. On August 14 ... more details
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