refimprove date January 2010 Glottochronology from Att. Greek tongue, language and time ..., glottochronology refers to it alone. ref Sheila Embleton HISTORICAL LINGUSITICS Mathematical concepts ... constant Divergence time The basic formula of glottochronology in its shortest form is math t frac ... 14 words from the 100 wordlist per millennium . Results Glottochronology was found to work in the case ... 439 2003 ref after their own words, have nothing to do with glottochronology . Discussion The concept of language change is old and its history is reviewed in Hymes 1973 and Wells 1973 . Glottochronology ... is given in Embleton 1986 and in McMahon and McMahon 2005 . Glottochronology has been controversial ... Starostin discussed above. clarify date November 2011 Since its original inception, glottochronology ... glottochronology did presume that language changes at a stable rate. Thus, in Bergsland & Vogt ... European people over the more popular Kurgan hypothesis . Modified glottochronology Somewhere in between the original concept of Swadesh and the rejection of glottochronology in its entirety lies the idea that glottochronology as a formal method of linguistic analysis becomes valid with the help ... . On the other hand, it shows that glottochronology can really only be used as a serious scientific ... on glottochronology at the time. These vary from Why linguists don t do dates to the one by Starostin ... can not be called glottochronology , by incorrectly confining this term to its original method. References references Bibliography Arndt, Walter W. 1959 . The performance of glottochronology in Germanic ... of glottochronology. Current Anthropology , 3 , 115&ndash 153. Brainerd, Barron 1970 . A Stochastic ... of Glottochronology. Language 38, 11&ndash 37. Crowley, Terry 1997 . An introduction to historical ... glottochronology . Word , 12 , 175&ndash 210. Haarmann, Harald. 1990 . Basic vocabulary and language contacts the disillusion of glottochronology. In Indogermanische Forschungen 95 7ff ... more details
Oldest language is a term used informally for various concepts referring to the emergence of language itself in human evolution origin of language proto language , a stage before the emergence of language proper mythical origins of language referring to a Proto World language , the hypothetical, most recent common ancestor of all the world s languages referring to the date of attestation in early writing writing epigraphy . see list of languages by first written accounts . The earliest attested languages from ca. 3000 BC are the Sumerian language Sumerian and the Egyptian language Egyptian languages. referring to the conservative nature of a given language low rate of language change , viz. old in the sense of has not changed much for a long time , see glottochronology historical linguistics See also Ancient language disambiguation disambig ... more details
Image Alexis Manaster Ramer 0660 Comp2x.jpg thumb right Alexis Manaster Ramer Alexis Manaster Ramer born 1956 is a Polish born American linguist PhD 1981, University of Chicago . He has published extensively on syntactic Linguistic typology typology esp. in relation to Indigenous Australian languages Australian , Eskimo , and Austronesian languages on phonology phonological theory and its relation to phenomena such as versification and speech errors on comparative linguistics and etymology Indo European , Uto Aztecan , Yiddish , on glottochronology and genetic classification of languages Nostratic , Altaic , Haida people Haida Nadene , Pakawan Coahuiltecan , Tonkawa Nadene on poetics Vedic period Vedic , Homeric scholarship Homeric , Yiddish literature medieval Yiddish and on the history of linguistics. Manaster Ramer is the founder of the Association for Computational Linguistics ACL special interest group on Mathematical linguistics SIGMOL and the organizer of the first Mathematics of Language conference. He is honored by a festschrift edited by Fabrice Cavoto, The Linguist s Linguist A Collection of Papers in Honour of Alexis Manaster Ramer , Munich LINCOM Europa, 2002. External links http molweb.org SIGMOL group home page Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata . NAME Manaster Ramer, Alexis ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION DATE OF BIRTH 1956 PLACE OF BIRTH DATE OF DEATH PLACE OF DEATH DEFAULTSORT Manaster Ramer, Alexis Category American linguists Category Polish linguists Category 1956 births Category Living people da Alexis Manaster Ramer pl Alexis Manaster Ramer ... more details
Infobox language family name Modern South Arabian region Yemen , Oman familycolor Afro Asiatic fam2 Semitic languages Semitic fam3 South Semitic languages South Semitic child1 Bathari language Bathari child2 Harsusi language Harsusi child3 Hoby t language Hoby t child4 Mehri language Mehri child5 Shehri language Shehri child6 Soqotri language Soqotri The Modern South Arabian or Eastern South Semitic , Eastern South Arabian languages are spoken mainly by minority populations in the Arabian Peninsula in Yemen and Oman , which, together with the modern Ethiopian Semitic languages , form the South Semitic languages South Semitic branch . In his glottochronology based classification, A. Militarev presents the Modern South Arabian languages as a South Semitic branch opposed to a North Semitic branch that includes all the other Semitic languages. ref http www.krugosvet.ru articles 77 1007711 1007711a1.htm ref ref Militarev, Alexander, Once more about glottochronology and the comparative method the Omotic Afrasian case . Moscow, Russian State University for the Humanities. http starling.rinet.ru Texts fleming.pdf ref They are no longer considered to be descendants of the Old South Arabian language, as was once thought. They are known for their apparent archaic Semitic features, especially in their system of phonology for example, they preserve the Fricative consonant Lateral fricatives lateral fricative s of Proto Semitic . Mehri language Mehri is the largest with more than 70,000 speakers in Yemen , more than 50,000 in Oman , and about 15,000 farther afield due to emigration in Kuwait . Population total for all countries is 135,764 SIL 2000 . The Muslim ethnic group itself is called Mahra . Soqotri language Soqotri is another relatively numerous example, with speakers on the island of Socotra isolated from the pressures of Arabic on the Yemeni mainland. According to the 1990 census in Yemen , the number of speakers there was 57,000 including, perhaps, Soqotris living on th ... more details
of English Nominalizations The Basis of Glottochronology . Language, 29 1953 For a bibliography ... L. Vanek publisher Linguistic Research Inc. location Edmonton, Alberta, Canada year 1970 See also Glottochronology ... more details
lists and distance measures. See also Swadesh list Intercontinental Dictionary Series Glottochronology .... Gudschinsky, Sarah 1956 . The ABCs of lexicostatistics glottochronology . Hoijer, Harry 1956 . Lexicostatistics ... A simplified explanation of the difference between glottochronology and lexicostatistics ... more details
Cleanup date August 2009 Infobox language name Paipai nativename Akwa ala region Mexico speakers 300 ethnicity Paipai people familycolor American fam1 Yuman languages Yuman fam2 Core Yuman fam3 Pai ? iso3 ppi Paipai is the native language of the Paipai peoples. It is part of the Yuman languages Yuman language family. There are very few speakers left because most Paipai now live in Kumeyaay villages. It is believed that Paipai was separated from the Northern Pai languages many years ago. In oral tradition of most Yuman tribes, the people descended from Avikwame also known as Newberry Mt. and went were Kumat directed them. So at one time the Paipai might have been with the other tribes. The Paipai language was documented by Judith Jo l and Mauricio J. Mixco, who have published texts and studies of syntax. Paipai belongs to the Yuman languages Yuman language family, which may form part of the hypothetical Hokan languages Hokan linguistic phylum. Within the Yuman family, Paipai belongs to the Pai branch, which also includes the Upland Yuman language, dialects of which are spoken by the Yavapai people Yavapai , Hualapai Walapai , and Havasupai of western Arizona. The relationship between Paipai and Upland Yuman is very close some observers have suggested that Paipai and Yavapai are mutually intelligible i.e., that the Paipai and Upland Yumans spoke dialects of a single language , while other observers have claimed that they are not. The controversial technique of glottochronology suggests that the Pai branch of Yuman may have separated from the other two branches of Core Yuman River Yuman and Delta California Yuman about 1,000 1,700 years ago. Paipai may have separated from Upland Yuman 1,000 years ago or less. Languages of Mexico DEFAULTSORT Paipai Language Category Yuman Cochim languages Category Indigenous languages of the Southwestern United States Category Indigenous languages of the North American Southwest es Idioma paipai fr Paipai hr Akwa ala jezik ... more details
vocabulary under language change and the potential use of this fact for purposes of glottochronology ... to lexicostatistics and glottochronology. In C. Renfrew, A McMahon & L. Trask Eds , Time Depth in Historical Linguistics, Vol. 1, Chapt. 10 209 223 ref Usage in lexicostatistics and glottochronology ..., and in glottochronology to provide dates for branching points in the tree . ref Sheila Embleton ... of English Words Basic English Cognate Dolgopolsky list Glottochronology Historical linguistics Indo ... glottochronology . Word , 12 , 175 210. Hoijer, Harry. 1956 . Lexicostatistics ..., Morris, et al. 1972 . What is glottochronology? In M. Swadesh, Joel Sherzer Ed. The Origin and Diversification ... more details
V clav Bla ek born April 23, 1959 in Sokolov Sokolov District Sokolov , Czechoslovakia is a historical linguist . He is a professor at Masaryk University Brno , Czech Republic and also teaches at the University of West Bohemia Plze Pilsen , Czech Republic . His major interests include Indo European languages , Uralic languages , Altaic languages , Afro Asiatic languages Afroasiatic Hamito Semitic languages , Nostratic languages , Den Caucasian languages , and mathematical linguistics lexicostatistics and glottochronology . In his book Numerals Bla ek discusses words for number names numeral s in several language families of Eurasia and Africa Indo European, Uralic, Altaic, Kartvelian, Egyptian, Berber, Nubian, and Saharan , with briefer discussions of numerals in other languages around the world. References cite journal year 1989 title Lexica Nostratica Addenda et Corrigenda I journal Archiv Orient ln volume 57 issue 3 pages 201 210 cite journal year 1990 title Lexica Nostratica Addenda et Corrigenda II journal Archiv Orient ln volume 58 issue 3 pages 205 218 cite journal year 1995 author with John D. Bengtson title Lexica Dene Caucasica journal Central Asiatic Journal volume 39 issue 1 pages 11 50 cite journal year 1995 author with John D. Bengtson title Lexica Dene Caucasica journal Central Asiatic Journal volume 39 issue 2 pages 161 164 cite book year 1999 title Numerals Comparative etymological analyses of numerical systems and their implications location Brno publisher Masarykova Univerzita url http books.google.com books?id iUcnAQAAIAAJ cite journal year 2000 author with John D. Bengtson title Lexical Parallels Between Ainu and Austric, and Their Implications journal Archiv Orient ln volume 68 pages 237 258 cite journal year 2003 title Lexica Nostratica Addenda journal Mother Tongue issue 8 pages 11 22 cite web year 2005 url http www.phil.muni.cz linguistica art blazek bla 003.pdf title On the internal classification of Indo European languages survey Pers ... more details
the ancestor of Tocharian . Dating Glottochronology has been used by some linguists to attempt ... the finding was disputed. An alternative revision of glottochronology by Sergei Starostin allows ... more details
Proto Iroquoian is the name given to the hypothetical proto language of the Iroquoian languages . Floyd Lounsbury Lounsbury 1961 estimated from glottochronology a time depth of 3,500 to 3,800 for the split of South and North Iroquoian. At the time of first contact, speakers of Iroquoian languages were distributed from the Cherokee in the Allegheny Mountains northwards to the Tuscarora people Tuscarora and Nottoway near the modern Virginia and North Carolina borders, then further north to the Iroquois Five Nations in Upstate New York and the Huron and Neutral Nation Neutral in modern day Ontario . The Iroquoian languages are usually divided into two main groups Southern Iroquoian Cherokee and Northern Iroquoian all others based on the great differences in vocabulary and modern phonology. Northern Iroquoian is then further divided by Lounsbury and Marianne Mithun Mithun into Proto Tuscarora Nottoway and Lake Iroquoian, although Julian 2010 does not believe Lake Iroquoian to be a valid subgrouping. Isolated studies were done by Wallace Chafe Chafe 1977a , Michelson 1988 , and Rudes 1995 . There have also been several works of internal reconstruction for daughter languages, in particular with Seneca language Seneca and Mohawk language Mohawk . A preliminary full reconstruction of proto Iroquoian was not provided until Charles Julian s 2010 work. Phonology Proto Iroquoian as reconstructed shares the Iroquoian languages notable typological traits of small consonant inventories, complex consonant clusters, and a lack of labial consonant s. Vowels The reconstructed vowel inventory for Proto Iroquoian is class wikitable style text align center Front vowel Front Central vowel Central Back vowel Back Close vowel Close IPA i IPA i IPA u IPA u Mid vowel Mid IPA e IPA e IPA IPA IPA o IPA o IPA IPA Open vowel Open IPA a IPA a Like later Iroquoian languages, Proto Iroquoian is distinguished in having nasal vowels ... more details
of lexicostatistics is glottochronology , initially developed in the 1950s, which proposed a mathematical ..., though later versions allow variance but still fail to achieve reliability. Glottochronology has ... analysis Contrastive linguistics Glottochronology Historical linguistics Intercontinental Dictionary ... more details
Infobox language family name Japonic region Japan family language isolate isolate or Altaic language Altaic see Japanese language classification familycolor Altaic child1 Japanese dialects Japanese child2 Ryukyuan languages Ryukyuan child3 ? Gaya language Gaya Kara map Japanese dialects en.png mapcaption The Japonic languages Contains Japanese text The Japonic languages are a language family that includes the Japanese language Japanese spoken on the main islands of Japan and the Ryukyuan languages spoken in the Ryukyu Islands . The family is widely accepted by linguist s, and the term Japonic languages was coined by Leon Serafim . ref Shimabukuro, Moriyo. 2007 . The Accentual History of the Japanese and Ryukyuan Languages a Reconstruction, p. 1. ref The common ancestral language is known as Proto Japonic . ref Miyake, Marc Hideo. 2008 . google books MkSDqluKPxsC Old Japanese a Phonetic Reconstruction. p. 66. page 66 ref The essential feature of this classification is that the first split in the family resulted in the separation of all dialects of Japanese from all varieties of Ryukyuan. According to Shiro Hattori , this separation occurred during the Yamato period 250 710 . ref Heinrich, Patrick. http www.sicri network.org ISIC1 j. 20ISIC1P 20Heinrich.pdf What leaves a mark should no longer stain Progressive erasure and reversing language shift activities in the Ryukyu Islands, First International Small Island Cultures Conference at Kagoshima University , Centre for the Pacific Islands, February 7 10, 2005 citing Shiro Hattori . 1954 Gengo nendaigaku sunawachi goi tokeigaku no hoho ni tsuite Concerning the Method of Glottochronology and Lexicostatistics , Gengo kenkyu Journal of the Linguistic Society of Japan , Vols. 26 27. ref Scholarly discussions about the origin of Japonic languages present an unresolved set of related issues. ref Blench, Roger M. 2008 . google books DWMHhfXxLaIC Archaeology and language, Vol. 2 , p. 201. page 201 ref The clearest connections s ... more details
language Latvian and Old Prussian developed. This model is supported by Glottochronology glottochronologic ... Glottochronology and problems of protolanguage reconstruction year 2003 class cs.CL ref although both ... 1000 BCE. ref cf. Harvcoltxt Novotn Bla ek 2007 with references. Classical glottochronology conducted ... in 1994 dates it to 1210 BCE, and recalibrated glottochronology conducted by Novotn & Bla ek dates ... more details
cleanup IPA date April 2012 Incubator code klb Main Page Infobox language name Kiliwa nativename states Mexico region Baja California speakers 28 date 1994 ethnicity Kiliwa people Kiliwa familycolor American fam1 Yuman Cochim languages Yuman Cochim iso3 klb Kiliwa in Kiliwa K olew aja is a Yuman languages Yuman language spoken in Baja California , in the far northwest of Mexico , by the Kiliwa people. It may form part of the hypothetical Hokan languages Hokan linguistic phylum. Kiliwa is the southernmost representative of the family, and the one that is most distinct from the remaining Yuman languages, which constitute Core Yuman. The Kiliwa s neighbors to the south, the Cochim , spoke a language or a family of languages that was probably closely related to but not within the Yuman family. Consequently, the Kiliwa lie at the historic center of gravity for the differentiation of Yuman from Cochim and of the Yuman branches from each other. The Kiliwa language was extensively studied by Mauricio J. Mixco, who published Kiliwa texts as well as a dictionary and studies of syntax. Linguistic prehistorians are not in agreement as to whether the Kiliwa s linguistic ancestors are most likely to have migrated into the Baja California peninsula from the north separately from the ancestors of the Cochim and the Core Yumans, or whether they became differentiated from those groups in place. The controversial technique of glottochronology suggests that the separation of Kiliwa from Core Yuman may have occurred about 2,000 3,000 years ago. As recently as the 1930s, it was reported that members of the native community universally spoke Kiliwa as their first language. At the start of the twenty first century, Kiliwa is still spoken a 2000 census reported 52 speakers. However, the language is considered to be in danger of extinction. Phonology Consonants p, t, c, k, kw, q, ? br v , s, SS , x, xw, hw br m, n, ny br r, l br rl br w, y Vowels i, u, ii, uu br a, aa Pitch Accents 1 H ... more details
, and glottochronology , which extends lexicostatistics by computing divergence dates from the lexical ... and glottochronology. They have since been known as the Swadesh list s. Some scholars consider ... more details
Infobox language family name Caddoan region Great Plains , North America familycolor American family Caddoan child1 Northern child2 Southern map Caddoan langs.png mapcaption Caddoan languages iso5 cdd The Caddoan languages are a language family family of Native American languages . They are spoken by Native Americans in parts of the Great Plains of the central United States , from North Dakota south to Oklahoma . Family division Five languages belong to the Caddoan language family Caddo language Caddo small dialects Kadohadacho , Hasinai , Natchitoches people Natchitoches , Yatasi small Northern Caddoan Wichita language Wichita small dialects Wichita proper, Waco people Waco , Tawakoni small Pawnee Kitsai Kitsai language Kitsai also known as Kichai Pawnee Arikara language Arikara also known as Ree Pawnee language Pawnee small dialects South Bend, Skiri also known as Skidi or Wolf small The Kitsai language is now Extinct language extinct , as its members were absorbed in the 19th century into the Wichita tribe Wichita tribe. All of the other Caddoan languages are critically endangered Caddo language Caddo is now spoken by only 25 people, Pawnee language Pawnee by 20, Arikara language Arikara by three, and Wichita language Wichita by just one tribal elder, Doris McLemore . Caddo, Wichita, and Pawnee are spoken in Oklahoma by small numbers of tribal elders. Arikara is spoken on the Fort Berthold Reservation in North Dakota . Speakers of some of the languages were formerly more widespread the Caddo , for example, used to live in northeastern Texas , southwestern Arkansas , and northwestern Louisiana , as well as southeastern Oklahoma. The Pawnee people Pawnee formerly lived along the Platte River in what is now Nebraska . Pre history of Caddoan Glottochronology is a controversial method of reconstructing in broad detail the history of a language and its relationships. In the case of proto Caddoan it appears that it divided into two branches, Northern and Southern, more ... more details
Distinguish Okinawan Japanese Infobox language family name Ryukyuan altname Luchuan ethnicity Ryukyuan people familycolor Altaic states Japan region Ryukyu Islands Okinawa Prefecture , Amami Islands of Kagoshima Prefecture speakers 900,000 fam2 Japonic languages Japonic child1 Amami language Amami child2 Okinawan languages Okinawan child3 Miyako language Miyako child4 Yaeyama language Yaeyama child5 Yonaguni language Yonaguni File Billboards in Okinawan.jpg thumb Traffic safety slogan signs in Kin, Okinawa , written in Okinawan and Japanese. File Makishi First Public Market.JPG thumb A market sign in Naha, written in Okinawan red and Japanese blue . The Ryukyuan languages previously spelled Luchuan are spoken in the Ryukyu Islands , and make up a subgroup of the Japonic languages . The Ryukyuan languages and Japanese diverged not long before the first written evidences of Japanese appeared, that is to say, at some point before the 7th century . ref Heinrich, Patrick, http japanfocus.org Patrick Heinrich 1596 Language Loss and Revitalization in the Ryukyu Islands, Japan Focus, November 10, 2005 , http www.sicri network.org ISIC1 j. 20ISIC1P 20Heinrich.pdf What leaves a mark should no longer stain Progressive erasure and reversing language shift activities in the Ryukyu Islands, First International Small Island Cultures Conference at Kagoshima University , Centre for the Pacific Islands, February 7 10, 2005 citing Shiro Hattori . 1954 Gengo nendaigaku sunawachi goi tokeigaku no hoho ni tsuite Concerning the Method of Glottochronology and Lexicostatistics , Gengo kenkyu Journal of the Linguistic Society of Japan , Vols. 26 27. ref Current situation In Okinawa Island Okinawa , standard Japanese language Japanese is almost always used in formal situations. In informal situations, the de facto everyday language among Okinawans under the age of 60 is the Okinawa accented mainland Japanese called ja Uchinaa Yamatuguchi Okinawan Japanese , which is often ... more details
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