merge to Glutamatedehydrogenase date October 2011 PBB geneid 2746 GLUD1 Glutamatedehydrogenase1 is a mitochondrial matrix enzyme , with a key role in the nitrogen and glutamate Glu metabolism and the energy homeostasis . GLUD1 is expressed at high levels in liver , brain , pancreas and kidney , but not in muscle . In the pancreatic cells, GLUD1 is thought to be involved in insulin secretion mechanisms. In nervous tissue, where Glu is present in concentrations higher than in the other tissues, GLUD1 appears to function in both the synthesis and the catabolism of Glu and perhaps in ammonia detoxification. Structure Image GLUD1 f1.png thumb right 500px The domain structure of GLUD1 br Each domain is colored differently span style font weight bold span style background color rgb 254,198,254 Glu BD span , span style background color rgb 170,226,254 NAD P BD span , span style background color rgb 198,254,198 antena span , span style background color rgb 254,254,170 the pivot helix span span . The allosteric regulators are shown as sphere models. This particular structure of GLUD1 is a combination ... T, Fang J, Wu J, Siuzdak G, Stanley CA title The structure of apo human glutamatedehydrogenase details ... activation of mammalian glutamatedehydrogenase and the evolution of regulation journal Biochemistry ... CA title Structures of bovine glutamatedehydrogenase complexes elucidate the mechanism of purine ... The structure of bovine glutamatedehydrogenase provides insights into the mechanism of allostery ... author George A, Bell JE title Effects of adenosine 5 diphosphate on bovine glutamatedehydrogenase ... Novel human glutamatedehydrogenase expressed in neural and testicular tissues and encoded by an X ... MeshName Glutamatedehydrogenase CH NH2 oxidoreductases The PBB Controls template provides controls ... greatly favors Glu formation over NH sub 4 sub sup sup Go 30 kJ.mol 1 formation. For this reason ... of GLUD1 allosteric regulatory mutations journal Biochem J. volume 363 issue Pt 1 pages ... more details
merge from Glutamatedehydrogenase1 date October 2011 enzyme Name glutamatedehydrogenase GLDH EC number 1.4.1.2 CAS number 9001 46 1 IUBMB EC number 1 4 1 2 GO code 0004352 image width caption enzyme Name glutamatedehydrogenase NAD P EC number 1.4.1.3 CAS number 9029 12 3 IUBMB EC number 1 4 1 3 GO code 0004353 image width caption enzyme Name glutamatedehydrogenase NADP EC number 1.4.1.4 CAS number 9029 11 2 IUBMB EC number 1 4 1 4 GO code 0004354 image width caption Glutamatedehydrogenase GLDH ... Guanosine diphosphate GDP Isozymes Humans express the following glutamatedehydrogenase isozyme s protein Name GLUD1 glutamatedehydrogenase1 caption image width HGNCid 4335 Symbol GLUD1 AltSymbols GLUD ... cycle . Typically, the ketoglutarate to glutamate reaction does not occur in mammals as glutamatedehydrogenase equilibrium favours the production of ammonia and ketoglutarate. Glutamatedehydrogenase ... year 1988 title Expression of the Escherichia coli glutamatedehydrogenase gene in the cyanobacterium ... coli GlutamateDehydrogenase Gene journal J. Biomed. Biotechnol. volume 2005 issue 2 pages ... Improved drought tolerance of transgenic Zea mays plants that express the glutamatedehydrogenase ... sup or NADP sup sup is a Cofactor biochemistry cofactor for the glutamatedehydrogenase reaction, producing ... A, Nowicki M, Kwinta J title Glutamatedehydrogenase of the germinating triticale seeds gene ... 5 pages 1981 ref Based on which cofactor is used, glutamatedehydrogenase enzymes are divided into the following ... dehydrogenase and glutamine synthetase . Glutamate plays the central role in mammalian and microbe ... dehydrogenase In humans, the activity of glutamatedehydrogenase is controlled through ADP ribose ... q Band 21.1 LocusSupplementaryData 24.3 protein Name GLUD2 glutamatedehydrogenase 2 caption image ... reactions References Reflist External links MeshName Glutamatedehydrogenase 1.4 enzyme stub CH NH2 ... enzymes required for urea synthesis, that converts glutamate to alpha Ketoglutaric acid ketoglutarate ... more details
enzyme Name saccharopine dehydrogenase NAD , L glutamate forming EC number 1.5.1.9 CAS number 37256 26 1 IUBMB EC number 1 5 1 9 GO code 0047131 image width caption In enzymology , a saccharopine dehydrogenase NAD , L glutamate forming EC number 1.5.1.9 is an enzyme that catalysis catalyzes the chemical reaction N sub 6 sub L 1,3 dicarboxypropyl L lysine NAD sup sup H sub 2 sub O math rightleftharpoons math L glutamate 2 aminoadipate 6 semialdehyde NADH H sup sup The 3 substrate biochemistry substrates of this enzyme are N6 L 1,3 dicarboxypropyl L lysine , nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide NAD sup sup , and water H sub 2 sub O , whereas its 4 product chemistry products are L glutamate , 2 aminoadipate 6 semialdehyde , nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide NADH , and hydrogen ion H sup sup . This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductase s, specifically those acting on the CH NH group of donors with NAD or NADP as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is N6 L 1,3 dicarboxypropyl L lysine NAD oxidoreductase L glutamate forming . Other names in common use include dehydrogenase, saccharopine nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, , glutamate forming , saccharopin dehydrogenase , NAD oxidoreductase L 2 aminoadipic delta semialdehyde and , glutamate forming , aminoadipic semialdehyde synthase , saccharopine dehydrogenase NAD , L glutamate forming , 6 N L 1,3 dicarboxypropyl L lysine NAD oxidoreductase , and L glutamate forming . This enzyme participates in lysine degradation . References reflist 1 cite journal author Hutzler J, Dancis J date 1968 title Conversion of lysine to saccharopine by human tissues journal Biochim. Biophys. Acta. volume 158 pages 62&ndash 9 pmid 4385118 issue 1 cite journal author Markovitz PJ, Chuang DT, Cox RP date 1984 title Familial hyperlysinemias. Purification and characterization of the bifunctional aminoadipic semialdehyde synthase with lysine ketoglutarate reductase and saccharopine dehydrogenase activities journal J. Biol. Chem. volume ... more details
enzyme Name saccharopine dehydrogenase NADP , L glutamate forming EC number 1.5.1.10 CAS number 9033 55 0 IUBMB EC number 1 5 1 10 GO code 0004755 image width caption In enzymology , a saccharopine dehydrogenase NADP , L glutamate forming EC number 1.5.1.10 is an enzyme that catalysis catalyzes the chemical reaction N sub 6 sub L 1,3 dicarboxypropyl L lysine NADP sup sup H sub 2 sub O math rightleftharpoons math L glutamate L 2 aminoadipate 6 semialdehyde NADPH H sup sup The 3 substrate biochemistry substrates of this enzyme are N6 L 1,3 dicarboxypropyl L lysine , nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate NADP sup sup , and water H sub 2 sub O , whereas its 4 product chemistry products are L glutamate , L 2 aminoadipate 6 semialdehyde , nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate NADPH , and hydrogen ion H sup sup . This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductase s, specifically those acting on the CH NH group of donors with NAD or NADP as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is N6 L 1,3 dicarboxypropyl L lysine NADP oxidoreductase L glutamate forming . Other names in common use include saccharopine nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, , glutamate forming dehydrogenase , aminoadipic semialdehyde glutamic reductase , aminoadipate semialdehyde glutamate reductase , aminoadipic semialdehyde glutamate reductase , epsilon N L glutaryl 2 L lysine NAD P oxidoreductase , L 2 aminoadipate semialdehyde forming , saccharopine reductase , 6 N L 1,3 dicarboxypropyl L lysine NADP oxidoreductase , and L glutamate forming . This enzyme participates in lysine biosynthesis and lysine degradation . Structural studies As of late 2007, 3 tertiary structure structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with Protein Data Bank PDB accession codes PDB link 1E5L , PDB link 1E5Q , and PDB link 2AXQ . References reflist 1 cite journal author Jones EE, Broquist .... 3. Aminoadipic semialdehyde glutamate reductase journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 241 pages 3430&ndash ... more details
PBB geneid 2911 The glutamate receptor, metabotropic 1 , also known as GRM1 , is a human gene which encodes the metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 mGluR1 protein. ref name entrez cite web title Entrez Gene GRM1 glutamate receptor, metabotropic 1 url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov sites entrez?Db gene&Cmd ShowDetailView&TermToSearch ... C, Holzwarth JA, Galvan M, Pruss RM title Human metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 mRNA distribution ... name entrez Studies with knockout mice Mice lacking functional glutamate receptor 1 were reported in 1994 ... modulators of metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 1 interact with a site distinct from that of negative ... Neuroprotective effects of the selective type 1 metabotropic glutamate receptor antagonist YM 202074 ... metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 antagonist YM 230888 in chronic pain rodent models journal ... of a new, orally active and potent allosteric metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 antagonist, 4 1 ... Cloning and expression of a human metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 alpha enhanced coupling on co transfection ... glutamate receptor 1 mRNA distribution, chromosome localization and functional expression of two ... binding region of metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 1. journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 273 issue ... RS, et al. title Homer regulates the association of group 1 metabotropic glutamate receptors ..., Yuan JP, et al. title Homer binds a novel proline rich motif and links group 1 metabotropic glutamate ... K title Assignment of the gene GRM1 coding for metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 to human chromosome ... 140 is critical for metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 dimerization journal J. Biol. Chem. volume ...&issue 13&spage 2943 ref Function L glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system and activates both ligand gated ion channel ionotropic and Metabotropic glutamate receptor metabotropic glutamate receptor s. Glutamatergic neurotransmission is involved in most aspects ... glutamate receptors are a family of G protein coupled receptor s, that have been divided into 3 groups ... more details
PBB geneid 57030 Vesicular glutamate transporter 1 VGLUT1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC17A7 gene . ref name pmid8632143 cite journal author Ni B, Du Y, Wu X, DeHoff BS, Rosteck PR Jr, Paul SM title Molecular cloning, expression, and chromosomal localization of a human brain specific Na dependent inorganic phosphate cotransporter journal J Neurochem volume 66 issue 6 pages 2227 38 year 1996 month Jul pmid 8632143 pmc doi ref ref name pmid10820226 cite journal author Aihara Y, Mashima H, Onda H, Hisano S, Kasuya H, Hori T, Yamada S, Tomura H, Yamada Y, Inoue I, Kojima I, Takeda J title Molecular cloning of a novel brain type Na dependent inorganic phosphate cotransporter journal J Neurochem volume 74 issue 6 pages 2622 5 year 2000 month Jun pmid 10820226 pmc doi ref ref name entrez cite web title Entrez Gene SLC17A7 solute carrier family 17 sodium dependent inorganic phosphate cotransporter , member 7 url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov sites entrez?Db gene&Cmd ShowDetailView&TermToSearch ... expression of vesicular glutamate transporter 1 and complexin II mRNAs in schizophrenia further evidence for a synaptic pathology affecting glutamate neurons. journal Schizophrenia Research volume ... author Alonso Nanclares L, De Felipe J title Vesicular glutamate transporter 1 immunostaining in the normal and epileptic human cerebral cortex. journal Neuroscience volume 134 issue 1 pages 59 68 year ..., Plamont MA, et al. title Interaction between the vesicular glutamate transporter type 1 and endophilin ... of synaptic vesicles and functions in glutamate transport. The protein shares 82 identity with the differentiation ... Bellocchio EE, Reimer RJ, Fremeau RT, Edwards RH title Uptake of glutamate into synaptic vesicles ..., Jahn R title Identification of a vesicular glutamate transporter that defines a glutamatergic phenotype ... of 21,243 full length human cDNAs. journal Nat. Genet. volume 36 issue 1 pages 40 ... glutamate transporters. journal Protein Sci. volume 16 issue 9 pages 1819 29 year 2007 pmid 17660252 ... more details
PBB geneid 3290 11 hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 is an NADPH dependent enzyme highly expressed .... ref name entrez cite web title Entrez Gene HSD11B1 hydroxysteroid 11 beta dehydrogenase1 url ... author Tomlinson JW title 11beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 a tissue specific regulator of glucocorticoid ... dehydrogenase type 1 in obesity journal Endocrine volume 29 issue 1 pages 101 8 year 2006 pmid 16622297 doi 10.1385 ENDO 29 1 101 cite journal author Tannin GM title The human gene for 11 beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. Structure, tissue distribution, and chromosomal localization journal J. Biol ... Immunohistochemical localization of type 1 11beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in human tissues journal ... express both 11beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 and type 2 genes journal Int. J. Mol. Med ... first6 GG cite journal author Mazzocchi G title 11beta Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase types 1 and 2 are up ... Type 1 Category EC 1.1.1 Category Human proteins 1.1.1 enzyme stub de 11beta Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase ... PC, Mune T, Agarwal AK title 11 beta Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and the syndrome of apparent mineralocorticoid excess. journal Endocr. Rev. volume 18 issue 1 pages 135 56 year 1997 pmid 9034789 doi ... of 11beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type I enzyme and reduced co factor NADPH. journal Endocr ... first8 PM cite journal author Odermatt A title Why is 11beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 facing the endoplasmic reticulum lumen? Physiological relevance of the membrane topology of 11beta HSD1 journal Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. volume 248 issue 1 2 pages 15 23 year 2006 pmid 16412558 doi 10.1016 ... hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase isoforms using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and localization ... issue 1 2 pages R7 12 year 1995 pmid 7545619 doi 10.1016 0303 7207 95 03546 J author separator , author2 ... beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase journal Nat. Genet. volume 10 issue 4 pages 394 9 year 1995 pmid ... Sequence at 1q32 q41 journal Genome Res. volume 10 issue 1 pages 81 94 year 2000 pmid 10645953 ... more details
Gene PDHA1 pyruvate dehydrogenase lipoamide alpha 1 url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov sites entrez?Db ... Pyruvate dehydrogenase lipoamide alpha 1 References reflist Further reading refbegin 2 PBB Further ... in the pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 alpha gene. journal Hum. Mutat. volume 1 issue 2 pages ...PBB geneid 5160 Pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 component subunit alpha, somatic form, mitochondrial is an enzyme ... text The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex is a nuclear encoded mitochondrial matrix multienzyme complex ... dehydrogenase DLD MIM 238331 E3 EC 1.8.1.4 . The E1 enzyme is a heterotetramer of 2 alpha ... M, Brown RM title Pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency. journal J. Med. Genet. volume 31 issue 11 ... dehydrogenase complex by PDKs. journal Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. volume 284 issue ... LL, Brown RM, et al. title X linked pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 alpha subunit deficiency in heterozygous ... AH, Naito E, et al. title Mutation of E1 alpha gene in a female patient with pyruvate dehydrogenase ... W, Vamos E, Liebaers I title Pyruvate dehydrogenase PDH deficiency caused by a 21 base pair insertion ... Characterization of the mutations in three patients with pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 alpha deficiency ... sequence of the gene encoding the human pyruvate dehydrogenase alpha subunit. journal Gene volume ... dehydrogenase E1 alpha subunit caused by a frame shift. journal Am. J. Hum. Genet. volume 44 issue ... chromosome localization of the functional gene for the E1 alpha subunit of the human pyruvate dehydrogenase ... organization of the gene for the E1 alpha subunit of the human pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. journal ... Ho L, Wexler ID, Liu TC, et al. title Characterization of cDNAs encoding human pyruvate dehydrogenase ... dehydrogenase complex. journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 263 issue 4 pages 1991 5 year 1988 ... dehydrogenase complex. Isolation of cDNA clones for the E1 alpha subunit, sequence analysis, and characterization ... encoding alpha and beta subunits of human pyruvate dehydrogenase. journal Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci ... more details
PBB geneid 4694 NADH dehydrogenase ubiquinone 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NDUFA1 gene . ref name pmid8938439 cite journal author Zhuchenko O, Wehnert M, Bailey J, Sun ZS, Lee CC title Isolation, mapping, and genomic structure of an X linked gene for a subunit of human mitochondrial complex I journal Genomics volume 37 issue 3 pages 281 8 year 1997 month Mar pmid 8938439 pmc doi 10.1006 geno.1996.0561 ref ref name entrez cite web title Entrez Gene NDUFA1 NADH dehydrogenase ubiquinone 1 alpha subcomplex, 1, 7.5kDa url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov sites entrez?Db gene&Cmd ShowDetailView&TermToSearch 4694 accessdate ref Function The human NDUFA1 gene codes for an essential component of NADH dehydrogenase complex I of the electron transport chain respiratory chain , which transfers electrons from nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide NADH to ubiquinone . It has been noted that the N terminus N terminal hydrophobic domain has the potential to be folded into an alpha helix spanning the inner mitochondrion mitochondrial membrane with a C terminus C terminal hydrophilic domain interacting with globular subunits of complex I. The highly conserved sequence conserved two domain structure suggests that this feature is critical for the protein function and might act as an anchor for the NADH ubiquinone oxidoreductase complex at the inner mitochondrial membrane. However, the NDUFA1 peptide is one of about 31 components of the hydrophobic protein HP fraction of complex I which is involved in proton translocation. Thus the NDUFA1 peptide may also participate in that function. ref name entrez References reflist Further reading refbegin 2 cite journal author Smeitink J, van den Heuvel L title Human mitochondrial complex I in health and disease. journal ... al. title NDUFA 1 is not a nuclear modifier gene in Leber hereditary optic neuropathy. journal Neurology ... with mitochondrial encephalomyopathy. journal Ann. Neurol. volume 61 issue 1 pages 73 83 year 2007 ... more details
PBB geneid 1728 NAD P H dehydrogenase quinone 1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the NQO1 gene . ref name pmid2843525 cite journal author Jaiswal AK, McBride OW, Adesnik M, Nebert DW title Human .... ref cite web title Entrez Gene NQO1 NAD P H dehydrogenase, quinone 1 url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov ... Interactions NAD P H dehydrogenase quinone 1 has been shown to Protein protein interaction interact ... yes update citations yes DEFAULTSORT Nad P H Dehydrogenase Quinone 1 Category EC 1.6.5 Category ... P H dehydrogenase quinone family and encodes a cytoplasmic 2 electron reductase. This FAD binding ... with human NAD P H quinone oxidoreductase 1 journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 277 issue 16 pages 14060 ... mRNAs with oligoribonucleotides journal Gene volume 138 issue 1 2 pages 171 4 year 1994 pmid ... cDNA library journal Gene volume 200 issue 1 2 pages 149 56 year 1997 pmid 9373149 doi 10.1016 S0378 ... 84 issue 3 pages 755 69 year 1998 pmid 9579781 doi 10.1016 S0306 4522 97 00524 1 cite journal author ... of individuals with a polymorphism in NAD P H quinone oxidoreductase 1 NQO1 to benzene toxicity journal ... No linkage of P187S polymorphism in NAD P H quinone oxidoreductase NQO1 DIA4 and type 1 diabetes ... Study Group of Diabetes in Childhood journal Hum. Mutat. volume 14 issue 1 pages 67 70 year 1999 pmid 10447260 doi 10.1002 SICI 1098 1004 1999 14 1 67 AID HUMU8 3.0.CO 2 5 cite journal author Eliasson ... with the cytotoxic prodrug 5 aziridin 1 yl 2,4 dinitrobenzamide CB1954 journal J. Med. Chem ... glutathione S transferase M1 and quinone oxidoreductase 1 and 2 journal Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun ... author Siegel D, Ryder J, Ross D title NAD P H quinone oxidoreductase 1 expression in human bone marrow endothelial cells journal Toxicol. Lett. volume 125 issue 1 3 pages 93 8 year 2001 pmid 11701227 ... of the molecular chaperone Hsp70 with human NAD P H quinone oxidoreductase 1 journal J. Biol ... oxidoreductase 1 in human cancer cells journal Cancer Res. volume 62 issue 5 pages 1420 4 year ... more details
A dehydrogenase also called DHO in the literature is an enzyme that oxidise s a substrate biochemistry substrate by a reduction reaction that transfers one or more hydride s H sup sup to an electron acceptor, usually Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide NAD sup sup NADP NADP sup sup or a Flavin group flavin coenzyme such as FAD or FMN . Examples aldehyde dehydrogenase acetaldehyde dehydrogenase alcohol dehydrogenaseglutamatedehydrogenase an enzyme that can convert glutamate to Ketoglutarate and vice versa . lactate dehydrogenase pyruvate dehydrogenase a common enzyme that feeds the Citric acid cycle TCA Cycle in converting Pyruvate to Acetyl CoA glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase involved in the pentose phosphate pathway glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate dehydrogenase involved in glycolysis sorbitol dehydrogenase TCA cycle examples isocitrate dehydrogenase alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenase succinate dehydrogenase malate dehydrogenase External links eMedicineDictionary Dehydrogenase Enzymes Category Oxidoreductases enzyme stub it Deidrogenasi de Dehydrogenasen es Deshidrogenasa fr D shydrog nase he ja pl Dehydrogenazy pt Desidrogenase ru sl Dehidrogenaza sv Dehydrogenas zh ... more details
Infobox protein family Symbol CI B14 5a Name CI B14 5a image width caption Pfam PF07347 Pfam clan InterPro IPR009947 SMART PROSITE MEROPS SCOP TCDB OPM family OPM protein CAZy CDD In molecular biology, the NADH dehydrogenase ubiquinone 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 7 family of proteins also known as NADH ubiquinone oxidoreductase subunit B14.5a or Complex I B14.5a form a part of NADH dehydrogenase complex I . ref name pmid9878551 cite journal author Loeffen JL, Triepels RH, van den Heuvel LP, Schuelke M, Buskens CA, Smeets RJ, Trijbels JM, Smeitink JA title cDNA of eight nuclear encoded subunits of NADH ubiquinone oxidoreductase human complex I cDNA characterization completed journal Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. volume 253 issue 2 pages 415 22 year 1998 month December pmid 9878551 doi 10.1006 bbrc.1998.9786 url ref In mammals , it is encoded by the NDUFA7 gene. References reflist InterPro content IPR009947 Category Protein families ... more details
enzyme Name glutamate 5 kinase EC number 2.7.2.11 CAS number 54596 30 4 IUBMB EC number 2 7 2 11 GO code 0004349 image width caption In enzymology , a glutamate 5 kinase EC number 2.7.2.11 is an enzyme that catalysis catalyzes the chemical reaction ATP L glutamate math rightleftharpoons math ADP L glutamate 5 phosphate Thus, the two substrate biochemistry substrates of this enzyme are adenosine triphosphate ATP and L glutamate , whereas its two product chemistry products are adenosine diphosphate ADP and L glutamate 5 phosphate . This enzyme belongs to the family of transferase s, specifically those transferring phosphorus containing groups phosphotransferase s with a carboxy group as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is ATP L glutamate 5 phosphotransferase . Other names in common use include ATP L glutamate 5 phosphotransferase , ATP gamma L glutamate phosphotransferase , gamma glutamate kinase , gamma glutamyl kinase , and glutamate kinase . This enzyme participates in urea cycle and metabolism of amino groups . Structural studies As of late 2007, 3 tertiary structure structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with Protein Data Bank PDB accession codes PDB link 2AKO , PDB link 2J5T , and PDB link 2J5V . References reflist 1 cite journal author Baich A date 1969 title Proline synthesis in Escherichia coli. A proline inhibitable glutamic acid kinase journal Biochim. Biophys. Acta. volume 192 pages 462&ndash 7 pmid 4904678 issue 3 enzyme stub Category EC 2.7.2 Category Enzymes of known structure ... more details
enzyme Name glutamate1 kinase EC number 2.7.2.13 CAS number 80700 24 9 IUBMB EC number 2 7 2 13 GO code 0047944 image width caption In enzymology , a glutamate1 kinase EC number 2.7.2.13 is an enzyme that catalysis catalyzes the chemical reaction ATP L glutamate math rightleftharpoons math ADP alpha L glutamyl phosphate Thus, the two substrate biochemistry substrates of this enzyme are adenosine triphosphate ATP and L glutamate , whereas its two product chemistry products are adenosine diphosphate ADP and alpha L glutamyl phosphate . This enzyme belongs to the family of transferase s, specifically those transferring phosphorus containing groups phosphotransferase s with a carboxy group as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is ATP L glutamate1 phosphotransferase . References reflist 1 cite journal author Wang W Y, Gough SP and Kannangara CG date 1981 title Biosynthesis of delta aminolevulinate in greening barley leaves. IV Isolation of three soluble enzymes required for the conversion of glutamate to delta aminolevulinate journal Carlsberg Res. Commun. volume 46 pages 243&ndash 257 doi 10.1007 BF02906501 issue 4 enzyme stub Category EC 2.7.2 Category Enzymes of unknown structure ... more details
chembox verifiedrevid 438968987 ImageFile Monopotassium glutamate.png ImageSize 200px IUPACName Potassium 2 amino 5 hydroxy 5 oxopentanoate OtherNames Potassium glutamate E622 Glutamic acid potassium salt Section1 Chembox Identifiers ChemSpiderID Ref chemspidercite correct chemspider ChemSpiderID 13228 InChI 1 C5H9NO4.K c6 3 5 9 10 1 2 4 7 8 h3H,1 2,6H2, H,7,8 H,9,10 q 1 p 1 InChIKey HQEROMHPIOLGCB REWHXWOFAL StdInChI Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChI 1S C5H9NO4.K c6 3 5 9 10 1 2 4 7 8 h3H,1 2,6H2, H,7,8 H,9,10 q 1 p 1 StdInChIKey Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChIKey HQEROMHPIOLGCB UHFFFAOYSA M CASNo Ref cascite correct ?? CASNo 540778 10 7 PubChem 23669634 SMILES K .O C O C N CCC O O Section2 Chembox Properties C 5 H 8 K 1 N 1 O 4 Appearance Density MeltingPt BoilingPt Solubility Section3 Chembox Hazards MainHazards FlashPt Autoignition Monopotassium glutamate is a Compound chemistry compound with formula KC sub 5 sub H sub 8 sub NO sub 4 sub . It is a potassium acid salt of glutamic acid . It has the E number E622 and is used in foods as a flavor enhancer . It is a non sodium monosodium glutamate MSG alternative. DEFAULTSORT Monopotassium Glutamate Category Glutamates Category Potassium compounds Category Flavour enhancers Organic compound stub es Glutamato monopot sico fa fr Glutamate monopotassique ... more details
enzyme Name Glutamate Racemase EC number 5.1.1.3 CAS number 9024 08 2 IUBMB EC number 5 11 3 GO code 0008881 image width caption In enzymology, glutamate racemase MurI with a capital i EC number 5.1.1.3 is an enzyme that catalysis catalyzes the chemical reaction L glutamate math rightleftharpoons math D glutamate Hence, this enzyme RacE has one substrate biochemistry substrate , glutamic acid L glutamate , and one product chemistry product , D glutamate. This enzyme belongs to the family of isomerase ... participates in Glutamic acid Metabolism glutamate metabolism that is essential for cell wall biosynthesis ... S, Nagaraja V title Moonlighting function of glutamate racemase from Mycobacterium tuberculosis racemization ... mic.0.2008 020933 0 ref Glutamate racemase performs the additional function of gyrase inhibition ... pages 335 75 year 1991 pmid 1657531 doi 10.3109 10409239109114072 url issn ref Glutamate racemase MurI ... 1991 The ability of glutamate racemase and other proteins to serve two distinct functions is known ... activities. The enzyme glutamate racemase MurI is an example of a moonlighting protein, functioning ... title Structural basis for glutamate racemase inhibition journal J. Mol. Biol. volume 372 issue 2 pages ... residues 1 97 and 207 264 while the C terminus C terminal domain includes residues 98 206. ref name Kim 2007 This allows the enzyme to produce L isomer from D glutamate. Also, the N domain is composed ... conformational changes in Bacillus subtilis glutamate racemase and their implications for drug discovery ... 10.1016 j.str.2005.07.024 ref Function Bacterial wall synthesis Infobox nonhuman protein Name Glutamate ... NC 000913.2 GenLoc start 4163321 GenLoc end 4164436 Glutamate racemase is a bacterial enzyme that is encoded ... these cell walls by synthesizing D glutamate from L glutamate through racemization . ref name ... of glutamate racemase from Aquifex pyrophilus journal Nat. Struct. Biol. volume 6 issue 5 pages 422 6 year 1999 month May pmid 10331867 doi 10.1038 8223 ref D glutamate is a monomer of the peptidoglycan ... more details
br human Effect rowspan 2 align center 1 mGluR sub 1 sub Metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 GRM1 ...Image AMPA receptor.png right thumb 450px The AMPA receptor bound to a glutamate antagonist showing the amino ... thumb Glutamic acid Glutamate receptors are transmembrane receptor synaptic receptor s located primarily on the membranes of neuron al cells. Glutamate is one of the 20 amino acids used to assemble ... abundant in the nervous system . Glutamate receptors are responsible for the glutamate ... formation, learning, and regulation. Furthermore, glutamate receptors are implicated in the pathologies ... throughout the central nervous system. Function Glutamate is the most prominent neurotransmitter ... http www.bris.ac.uk Depts Synaptic info glutamate.html title Glutamate Receptors Structures and Functions ... 2009 12 07 ref Glutamate was initially discovered to be a neurotransmitter in insect studies in the early 1960s. The two primary glutamate receptors are named after agonist s that bind to them ... Aspartate . ref name bris One of the major functions of glutamate receptors appears to be the modulation ... metabotropic and ionotropic glutamate receptors have been shown to have an effect on synaptic plasticity ... of ionotropic glutamate receptor s on a postsynaptic cell may lead to long term potentiation ... issn ref ref name pmid8732537 cite journal author Aszt ly F, Gustafsson B title Ionotropic glutamate .... Neurobiol. volume 12 issue 1 pages 1 11 year 1996 month February pmid 8732537 doi 10.1007 BF02740744 url issn ref Additionally, metabotropic glutamate receptors may modulate synaptic plasticity by regulating ... journal author Weiler IJ, Greenough WT title Metabotropic glutamate receptors trigger postsynaptic protein ... August pmid 8102206 pmc 47097 doi 10.1073 pnas.90.15.7168 url issn ref Research shows that glutamate ... author Teichberg VI title Glial glutamate receptors likely actors in brain signaling journal FASEB J. volume 5 issue 15 pages 3086 91 year 1991 month December pmid 1660422 doi url issn ref These glutamate ... more details
chembox Name Monosodium glutamate verifiedrevid 477163037 ImageFileL1 Monosodium glutamate.svg ImageSizeL1 120px ImageAltL1 Chemical composition of monosodium glutamate ImageFileR1 Monosodium glutamate spacefill.png ImageSizeR1 110px ImageAltR1 Structure of monosodium glutamate ImageFile2 Monosodium glutamate crystals.jpg ImageSize2 240px ImageAlt2 Crystalline monosodium glutamate IUPACName Sodium ... InChI 1 C5H9NO4.Na c6 3 5 9 10 1 2 4 7 8 h3H,1 2,6H2, H,7,8 H,9,10 q 1 p 1 t3 m0. s1 InChIKey ... 3 5 9 10 1 2 4 7 8 h3H,1 2,6H2, H,7,8 H,9,10 q 1 p 1 t3 m0. s1 StdInChIKey Ref stdinchicite correct ... number 205 538 1 ChemSpiderID Ref chemspidercite correct chemspider ChemSpiderID 76943 PubChem 85314 ... Monosodium glutamate , also known as sodium glutamate or MSG , is the sodium salt of glutamic ... 2012 01 30 ref The glutamate of MSG confers the same umami taste of glutamate from other foods ... Loliger J title Function and importance of Glutamate for Savory Foods journal Journal of Nutrition ... 0031 9384 91 90192 Q ref Trade names of monosodium glutamate include AJI NO MOTO , Vetsin , and Ac cent ... score rapidly falls with more than 1 g of MSG per 100 ml. ref name Umami cite book title Umami ... author Yamaguchi S, Takahashi C title Interactions of monosodium glutamate and sodium chloride on saltiness and palatability of a clear soup journal Journal of Food Science volume 49 issue 1 pages 82?85 year 1984 month January doi 10.1111 j.1365 2621.1984.tb13675.x ref Other salts of glutamate have ... as a flavor enhancer label 1 Safety of glutamic acid as a flavor enhancer MSG has been used safely ... cite journal author Walker R, Lupien JR title The safety evaluation of monosodium glutamate journal ... Freeman, M title Reconsidering the effects of monosodium glutamate A literature review journal Journal ... has grown on anecdotal grounds. In normal conditions, humans have the ability to metabolize glutamate ... Reactions to Monosodium Glutamate MSG journal Journal of Nutrition volume 126 issue 6 pages 1743 ... more details
Infobox protein family Symbol Glt symporter Name Glt symporter image width caption Pfam PF03616 Pfam clan CL0064 InterPro IPR004445 SMART PROSITE MEROPS SCOP TCDB 2.A.27 OPM family OPM protein CAZy CDD Sodium glutamate symporters glutamate permeases are transmembrane bacterial symporters that catalyse the sodium dependent uptake of extracellular glutamic acid glutamate . The protein is located in the inner Cell membrane membrane . References reflist InterPro content IPR004445 Category Protein families ... more details
enzyme Name glutamate decarboxylase EC number 4.1.1.15 CAS number 9024 58 2 IUBMB EC number 4 11 15 GO code 0004351 image width caption protein Name GAD1 Glutamic acid decarboxylase 1 caption GAD67 derivated from PDB 2okj image PDB GAD67.jpg width HGNCid 4092 Symbol GAD1 AltSymbols glutamate decarboxylase 1 br brain, 67kD GAD67 EntrezGene 2571 OMIM 605363 RefSeq NM 000817 UniProt Q99259 PDB ECnumber 4.1.1.15 Chromosome 2 Arm q Band 31 LocusSupplementaryData protein Name GAD2 glutamic acid decarboxylase 2 caption image width HGNCid 11284 Symbol GAD2 AltSymbols GAD65 EntrezGene 2572 OMIM 4093 RefSeq NM 001047 UniProt Q05329 PDB ECnumber 4.1.1.15 Chromosome 10 Arm p Band 11.23 LocusSupplementaryData Glutamate decarboxylase or glutamic acid decarboxylase GAD is an enzyme that catalyzes the decarboxylation of glutamate to GABA and CO sub 2 sub . GAD uses Pyridoxal phosphate PLP as a cofactor biochemistry cofactor . The reaction proceeds as follows HOOC CH sub 2 sub CH sub 2 sub CH NH sub 2 sub COOH CO sub 2 sub HOOC CH sub 2 sub CH sub 2 sub CH sub 2 sub NH sub 2 sub In mammals, GAD exists ... distinct glutamate decarboxylases journal Neuron volume 7 issue 1 pages 91 100 year 1991 pmid 2069816 ... in people who later develop type 1 diabetes mellitus or latent autoimmune diabetes . ref ..., Tobin AJ title Autoimmunity to two forms of glutamate decarboxylase in insulin dependent diabetes mellitus journal J. Clin. Invest. volume 89 issue 1 pages 283 92 year 1992 pmid 1370298 doi 10.1172 ... for 30 months in humans with type 1 diabetes. ref name pmid18843118 cite journal author Ludvigsson ... secretion in recent onset type 1 diabetes journal N. Engl. J. Med. volume 359 issue 18 pages 1909 ... completion of type 1 diabetes vaccine trial with long term efficacy demonstrated at 30 months ... implications of glutamate decarboxylase antibodies in stiff person and cerebellar ataxia ... Glutamate decarboxylase Glutamate decarboxylase http www.schizophreniaforum.org new detail.asp?id ... more details
enzyme Name glutamate 5 semialdehyde dehydrogenase EC number 1.2.1.41 CAS number 54596 29 1 IUBMB EC number 1 2 1 41 GO code 0004350 image width caption In enzymology , a glutamate 5 semialdehyde dehydrogenase EC number 1.2.1.41 is an enzyme that catalysis catalyzes the chemical reaction L glutamate 5 semialdehyde phosphate NADP sup sup math rightleftharpoons math L glutamyl 5 phosphate NADPH H sup sup The 3 substrate biochemistry substrates of this enzyme are L glutamate 5 semialdehyde , phosphate , and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate NADP sup sup , whereas its 3 product chemistry products are L glutamyl 5 phosphate , nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate NADPH , and hydrogen ion H sup sup . This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductase s, specifically those acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donor with NAD or NADP as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is L glutamate 5 semialdehyde NADP 5 oxidoreductase phosphorylating . Other names in common use include beta glutamylphosphate reductase , gamma glutamyl phosphate reductase , beta glutamylphosphate reductase , glutamate semialdehyde dehydrogenase , and glutamate gamma semialdehyde dehydrogenase . This enzyme participates in urea cycle and metabolism of amino groups . Structural studies As of late 2007, 3 tertiary structure structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with Protein Data Bank PDB accession codes PDB link 1O20 , PDB link 1VLU , and PDB link 2H5G . References reflist 1 cite journal author Baich A date 1971 title The biosynthesis of proline in Escherichia coli phosphate dependent glutamate semialdehyde dehydrogenase NADP , the second enzyme in the pathway journal Biochim. Biophys. Acta. volume 244 pages 129&ndash 34 pmid 4399189 issue 1 1.2 enzyme stub Category EC 1.2.1 Category NADPH dependent enzymes Category Enzymes of known structure it Glutammato 5 semialdeide deidrogenasi ja ... more details
enzyme Name methylglutamate dehydrogenase EC number 1.5.99.5 CAS number 37217 26 8 IUBMB EC number 1 5 99 5 GO code 0050099 image width caption In enzymology , a methylglutamate dehydrogenase EC number 1.5.99.5 is an enzyme that catalysis catalyzes the chemical reaction N methyl L glutamate acceptor H sub 2 sub O math rightleftharpoons math L glutamate formaldehyde reduced acceptor The 3 substrate biochemistry substrates of this enzyme are N methyl L glutamate , Electron acceptor acceptor , and water H sub 2 sub O , whereas its 3 product chemistry products are L glutamate , formaldehyde , and reduced acceptor . This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductase s, specifically those acting on the CH NH group of donors with other acceptors. The systematic name of this enzyme class is N methyl L glutamate acceptor oxidoreductase demethylating . Other names in common use include N methylglutamate dehydrogenase , and N methyl L glutamate acceptor oxidoreductase demethylating . This enzyme participates in methane metabolism . References reflist 1 cite journal author Hersh LB, Stark MJ, Worthen S, Fiero MK date 1972 title N methylglutamate dehydrogenase kinetic studies on the solubilized enzyme journal Arch. Biochem. Biophys. volume 150 pages 219&ndash 26 pmid 5028076 doi 10.1016 0003 9861 72 90029 X issue 1 1.5 enzyme stub Category EC 1.5.99 Category Enzymes of unknown structure it Metilglutammato deidrogenasi ja ... more details
chembox verifiedrevid 419209529 ImageFile ammonium glutamate.png ImageSize 200px IUPACName Azanium 4 amino 5 hydroxy 5 oxopentanoate OtherNames Ammonium glutamate Section1 Chembox Identifiers ChemSpiderID Ref chemspidercite correct chemspider ChemSpiderID 22622 InChI 1 C5H9NO4.H3N c6 3 5 9 10 1 2 4 7 8 h3H,1 2,6H2, H,7,8 H,9,10 1H3 InChIKey PHKGGXPMPXXISP UHFFFAOYAV StdInChI Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChI 1S C5H9NO4.H3N c6 3 5 9 10 1 2 4 7 8 h3H,1 2,6H2, H,7,8 H,9,10 1H3 StdInChIKey Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChIKey PHKGGXPMPXXISP UHFFFAOYSA N CASNo Ref cascite correct ?? CASNo 15673 81 1 PubChem 24200 SMILES O C O CCC N C O O. NH4 Section2 Chembox Properties C 5 H 12 N 2 O 4 Appearance Density MeltingPt BoilingPt Solubility Section3 Chembox Hazards MainHazards FlashPt Autoignition Monoammonium glutamate is a Compound chemistry compound with formula NH sub 4 sub C sub 5 sub H sub 8 sub NO sub 4 sub . It is an ammonium acid salt of glutamic acid . It has the E number E624 and is used as a flavor enhancer . DEFAULTSORT Monoammonium Glutamate Category Glutamates Category Ammonium compounds Organic compound stub es Glutamato de amonio fa ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Chembox verifiedrevid 399910648 ImageFile Disodium glutamate 2D skeletal.png ImageSize 200px IUPACName Disodium 2 aminopentanedioate OtherNames DSG Section1 Chembox Identifiers ChemSpiderID Ref chemspidercite correct chemspider ChemSpiderID 7969883 InChI 1 C5H9NO4.2Na c6 3 5 9 10 1 2 4 7 8 h3H,1 2,6H2, H,7,8 H,9,10 q 2 1 p 2 InChIKey PXEDJBXQKAGXNJ NUQVWONBAI SMILES1 Na . Na .O C O CCC N C O O StdInChI Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChI 1S C5H9NO4.2Na c6 3 5 9 10 1 2 4 7 8 h3H,1 2,6H2, H,7,8 H,9,10 q 2 1 p 2 StdInChIKey Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChIKey PXEDJBXQKAGXNJ UHFFFAOYSA L CASNo 142 47 2 PubChem 9794116 SMILES C CC O O C C O O N. Na . Na Section2 Chembox Properties Formula C sub 5 sub H sub 7 sub NNa sub 2 sub O sub 4 sub MolarMass 191.09 g mol Appearance white crystalline powder Odor practically odorless Density MeltingPt BoilingPtC 225 Boiling notes decomposes Solubility 73.9 g 100 mL 25 C SolubleOther sparingly soluble in alcohol pKa 6.8 Section3 Chembox Hazards MainHazards FlashPt Autoignition LD50 16600 mg.mg rat, oral Disodium glutamate , abbreviated DSG , Na sub 2 sub C sub 5 sub H sub 7 sub NO sub 4 sub is a sodium salt of glutamic acid . It used as a flavoring agent to impart a meat like flavor. Formation Disodium glutamate can be produced by neutralization chemistry neutralizing glutamic acid with two molar equivalent s of sodium hydroxide NaOH . See also Monosodium glutamate DEFAULTSORT Disodium Glutamate Category Glutamates Category Sodium compounds Category Umami enhancers Organic compound stub ar fa pt Glutamato diss dico zh ... more details
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