enzyme Name Initiation specific alpha 1,6 mannosyltransferase EC number 2.4.1.232 CAS number 346003 17 6 IUBMB EC number 2 4 1 232 GO code image width caption In enzymology , an initiation specific alpha 1,6 mannosyltransferase EC number 2.4.1.232 is an enzyme that catalysis catalyzes the chemical reaction in which an alpha D mannose mannosyl residue is transferred from GDP mannose to a lipid linked oligosaccharide , being linked by an alpha 1,6 D mannosyl D mannose bond. This enzyme belongs to the family of glycosyltransferase s, specifically the hexosyltransferases. The systematic name of this enzyme class is GDP mannose oligosaccharide 1,6 alpha D mannosyltransferase . Other names in common use include alpha 1,6 mannosyltransferase , GDP mannose oligosaccharide 1,6 alpha D mannosyltransferase , GDP mannose glycolipid 1,6 alpha D mannosyltransferase , and glycolipid 6 alpha mannosyltransferase . This enzyme participates in high mannose type n glycan biosynthesis . References reflist 1 cite journal author Romero PA, Herscovics A date 1989 title Glycoprotein biosynthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae Characterization of alpha 1,6 mannosyltransferase which initiates outer chain formation journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 264 pages 1946&ndash 50 pmid 2644248 issue 4 cite journal author Reason AJ, Dell A, Romero PA, Herscovics A date 1991 title Specificity of the mannosyltransferase which initiates outer chain formation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae journal Glycobiology. volume 1 pages 387&ndash 91 pmid 1820199 doi 10.1093 glycob 1.4.387 issue 4 cite journal author Nakanishi Shindo Y, Nakayama K, Tanaka A, Toda Y, Jigami Y date 1993 title Structure of the N linked oligosaccharides that show the complete loss of alpha 1,6 polymannose outer chain from och1, och1 mnn1, and och1 mnn1 alg3 mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 268 pages 26338&ndash 45 pmid 8253757 issue 35 cite journal author Yamamoto K, Okamoto M, Yoko o T, Jigami Y date 2003 title Salt ... more details
PIM or Pim may refer to TOC right Computing Parallel inference machine, an intended fifth generation computer Personal information management , the study and practice of information management by individuals Personal information manager , a portable appliance PIM software , freeware archiving tool Platform independent model , a software engineering model Protocol Independent Multicast , a network routing protocol Processor in memory , a CPU and memory on the same integrated circuit Product information management Science Intermodulation Passive intermodulation Passive Intermodulation , a radio interference generating process Phosphatidylmyo inositol mannosides , a glycolipid component of the cell wall of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Principal indecomposable module , a special kind of module in representation theory First name Pim Balkestein born 1987 , Dutch football player Pim Doesburg born 1943 , Dutch football player Pim Fortuyn 1948 2002 , Dutch politician Pim Haselager born 1970 , Dutch scientist Pim Jacobs 1934 1996 , Dutch jazz pianist Joachim Johansson Pim Pim Johansson born 1982 , Swedish tennis player Pim Koopman 1953 2009 , Dutch musician Pim Ligthart born 1988 , Dutch cyclist Pim Mulier 1865 1954 , Dutch sportsperson Pim Nieuwenhuis born 1976 , Dutch sailor Pim van Boetzelaer van Oosterhout 1892 1986 , Dutch diplomat and politician Pim van de Meent born 1937 , Dutch football player Pim Verbeek born 1956 , Dutch football coach Pim Walsma born 1987 , Dutch baseball player Pim , nickname given to Otto Frank by Anne Frank Surname Bedford Clapperton Trevelyan Pim , 1826 1886 , Royal Navy officer Jonathan Pim 1806 1885 , Irish politician Jonathan Pim 1858 1949 , Irish lawyer and politician Joshua Pim 1869 1942 , Irish doctor and tennis player Fiction Pim Diffy, fictional character in the television series Phil of the Future Places Pimhill , England Pim Island , Canada Pim River , Russia Pondok Indah Mall , Indonesia Other uses Penalty ice hockey Penalties in minu ... more details
Glycosylphosphatidylinositol Audio GPI pronunciation.ogg pronunciation GPI anchor is a glycolipid that can be attached to the C terminus of a protein during posttranslational modification . It is composed of a phosphatidylinositol group linked through a carbohydrate containing linker glucosamine and mannose glycosidically bound to the inositol residue and via an ethanolamine phosphate EtNP bridge to the C terminal amino acid of a mature protein. The two fatty acids within the hydrophobic phosphatidyl inositol group anchor the protein to the Biological membrane cell membrane . Glypiated GPI linked proteins contain a signal peptide , thus directing them into the endoplasmic reticulum ER . The C terminus is composed of hydrophobic amino acids that stay inserted in the ER membrane. The hydrophobic end is then cleaved off and replaced by the GPI anchor. As the protein processes through the secretory pathway , it is transferred via vesicles to the Golgi apparatus and finally to the extracellular space where it remains attached to the exterior leaflet of the cell membrane . Since the glypiation is the sole means of attachment of such proteins to the membrane, cleavage of the group by phospholipases will result in controlled release of the protein from the membrane. The latter mechanism is used in vitro i.e., the membrane proteins released from the membranes in the enzymatic assay are glypiated protein. Phospholipase C PLC is an enzyme that is known to cleave the phospho glycerol bond found in GPI anchored proteins. Treatment with PLC will cause release of GPI linked proteins from the outer cell membrane. The T cell marker Thy 1 and acetylcholinesterase , as well as both intestinal and placental alkaline phosphatases, are known to be GPI linked and are released by treatment with PLC. GPI linked proteins are thought to be preferentially located in lipid raft s, suggesting a high level of organization within plasma membrane microdomains. GPI anchor synthesis deficiencies Defects ... more details
Unreferenced date August 2007 Heterocysts are specialized nitrogen fixation nitrogen fixing cells formed by some filamentous cyanobacteria , such as Nostoc punctiforme , Cylindrospermum stagnale and Anabaena Anabaena sphaerica , during nitrogen starvation. They fix nitrogen from dinitrogen N sub 2 sub in the air using the enzyme nitrogenase , in order to provide the cells in the filament with nitrogen for biosynthesis. Nitrogenase is inactivated by oxygen, so the heterocyst must create a microanaerobic environment. The heterocysts unique structure and physiology require a global change in gene expression . For example, heterocysts produce three additional cell wall s, including one of glycolipid that forms a hydrophobic barrier to oxygen produce nitrogenase and other proteins involved in nitrogen fixation degrade photosystem II , which produces oxygen up regulate glycolysis glycolytic enzymes produce proteins that scavenge any remaining oxygen contain polar plugs composed of cyanophycin which slows down cell to cell diffusion Cyanobacteria usually obtain a fixed carbon carbohydrate by photosynthesis . The lack of photosystem II prevents heterocysts from photosynthesizing, so the vegetative cells provide them with carbohydrate s, which is thought to be sucrose . The fixed carbon and nitrogen sources are exchanged through channels between the cells in the filament. Heterocysts maintain photosystem I, allowing them to generate Adenosine triphosphate ATP by light reactions cyclic photophosphorylation . Single heterocysts develop about every 9 15 cells, producing a one dimensional pattern along the filament. The interval between heterocysts remains approximately constant even though the cells in the filament are dividing. The bacterial filament can be seen as a multicellular organism with two distinct yet interdependent cell types. Such behavior is highly unusual in prokaryote s and may have been the first example of multicellular patterning in evolution . Once a heteroc ... more details
GPI may refer to Alpha GPI , a Brazilian submachine gun. cole internationale primaire de Greenfield Park Greenfield Park International , a primary school in Greenfield Park, Quebec Greenfield Park , Quebec , Canada . Gas Petroleum&Properties Investments, LLC. Limited Liability Company, Oil Trading and Investment Consulting, Premium Real Estate Brokers based in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. Gemini Planet Imager , an instrument being built to directly image extrasolar planet s Gender Parity Index , a measure that reflects females level of access to education compared to that of males access. General paresis of the insane , a now rare neuropsychiatric disorder affecting the brain and central nervous system General Purpose Interface , Standard contact closure format used in broadcast level post production equipment, allowing computer based editing equipment to synchronously start at the same time. GPIO General Purpose Input Genuine Progress Indicator , a concept economics that has been suggested as a replacement metric for gross domestic product Glacier Park International Airport , a public airport serving Flathead County, Montana Glass Packaging Institute , a trade association for the U.S. glass container industry Global Partnership Initiative , an initiative of the United Nations Human Settlement Programme UN HABITAT . Global Peace Index , an index for the relative position of nations and regions peacefulness Global Poverty Initiative , a student group at Massachusetts Institute of Technology focused on alleviating worldwide poverty that hosted the Inaugural Millennium Campus Network Conference in April 2008. Global Protection & Intelligence, Inc. Private Public Figure, Executive, Diplomatic protective service based in Los Angeles, California USA. Internal globus pallidus , a part of the basal ganglia . Glucose 6 phosphate isomerase Glucose Phosphate Isomerase , an enzyme Glycophosphatidylinositol , a glycolipid that can be attached to the C terminus of a protein duri ... more details
italic title Taxobox color lightgrey name Mycobacterium canettii regnum Bacterium Bacteria phylum Actinobacteria ordo Actinomycetales subordo Corynebacterineae familia Mycobacterium Mycobacteriaceae genus Mycobacterium species M. canettii binomial Mycobacterium canettii binomial authority D van Soolingen, et al., 1997 Mycobacterium canettii , a novel pathogenic taxon of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex MTBC , was first reported in 1969 by the French microbiologist Georges Canetti from which the organism has been named. It formed smooth and shiny colonies, which is highly exceptional for the MTBC. It was described in detail in 1997 by D van Soolingen, et al. in International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology, 47, 1236 1245 owing to the isolation of a new strain from a 2 year old Somali patient with lymphadenitis. It did not differ from Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the biochemical tests and in its 16S rRNA sequence. It had shorter generation time than clinical isolates of M. tuberculosis and presented a unique, characteristic phenolic glycolipid and lipo oligosaccharide. In 1998, Pfyffer described abdominal lymphatic TB in a 56 year old Swiss man who lived in Kenya with HIV infection. Tuberculosis caused by M. canettii appears to be an emerging disease in the Horn of Africa. ref cite journal pages 1013 9 doi 10.1111 j.1469 0691.2010.03347.x title Clinical characteristics of the smooth tubercle bacilli Mycobacterium canettii infection suggest the existence of an environmental reservoir year 2011 last1 Koeck first1 J. L. last2 Fabre first2 M. last3 Simon first3 F. last4 Daff first4 M. last5 Garnotel first5 . last6 Matan first6 A. B. last7 G r me first7 P. last8 Bernatas first8 J. J. last9 Buisson first9 Y. journal Clinical Microbiology and Infection volume 17 issue 7 pmid 20831613 ref ref cite journal pages 1165 73 doi 10.1016 j.meegid.2010.07.016 title Molecular characteristics of Mycobacterium canettii the smooth Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacilli year 2010 ... more details
enzyme Name glycosylphosphatidylinositol diacylglycerol lyase EC number 4.6.1.14 CAS number 129070 68 4 IUBMB EC number 4 6 1 14 GO code 0047396 image width caption In enzymology , a glycosylphosphatidylinositol diacylglycerol lyase EC number 4.6.1.14 is an enzyme that catalysis catalyzes the chemical reaction 6 alpha D glucosaminyl 1 phosphatidyl 1D myo inositol math rightleftharpoons math 6 alpha D glucosaminyl 1D myo inositol 1,2 cyclic phosphate 1,2 diacyl sn glycerol Hence, this enzyme has one substrate biochemistry substrate , 6 alpha D glucosaminyl 1 phosphatidyl 1D myo inositol , and two product chemistry products , 6 alpha D glucosaminyl 1D myo inositol 1,2 cyclic phosphate and 1,2 diacyl sn glycerol . This enzyme belongs to the family of lyase s, specifically the class of phosphorus oxygen lyases. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 6 alpha D glucosaminyl 1 phosphatidyl 1D myo inositol 1,2 diacyl sn glycerol lyase 6 alpha D glucosaminyl 1D myo inositol 1,2 cyclic phosphate forming . Other names in common use include glycosyl phosphatidylinositol specific phospholipase C , GPI PLC , GPI specific phospholipase C , VSG lipase , glycosyl inositol phospholipid anchor hydrolyzing enzyme , glycosylphosphatidylinositol phospholipase C , glycosylphosphatidylinositol specific phospholipase C , variant surface glycoprotein phospholipase C , 6 alpha D glucosaminyl 1 phosphatidyl 1D myo inositol , and diacylglycerol lyase 1,2 cyclic phosphate forming . References reflist 1 cite journal author Hereld D, Krakow JL, Bangs JD, Hart GW, Englund PT date 1986 title A phospholipase C from Trypanosoma brucei which selectively cleaves the glycolipid on the variant surface glycoprotein journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 261 pages 13813&ndash 9 pmid 3759991 issue 29 cite journal author Carnall N, Webb H, Carrington M date 1997 title Mutagenesis study of the glycosylphosphatidylinositol phospholipase C of Trypanosoma brucei journal Mol. Biochem. Parasitol. volume 90 pages 423&nd ... more details
File Peanut Agglutinin complexed with Gal a 1,3 Gal. PDB entry 2dvd.png thumb right Peanut Agglutinin complexed with a di galactose. Protein Data Bank PDB entry 2dvd Peanut agglutinin PNA is plant lectin protein derived from the fruit s of Arachis hypogaea . Peanut agglutinin may also be referred to as Arachis hypogaea lectin . Lectins recognise and bind particular sugar sequences in carbohydrates peanut agglutinin binds the carbohydrate sequence Galactose Gal 1 3 N Acetylgalactosamine GalNAc . The name peanut agglutinin originates from its ability to stick together agglutinate cells, such as neuramidase treated erythrocytes ref name Medicago cite web publisher accessdate 2010 Mars 14 url http www.medicago.se sites default files pdf productsheets Arachis Hypogaea PNA v. 01.pdf title PNA specification sheet Medicago AB work ref , which have glycoprotein s or glycolipid s on their surface which include the Gal 1 3 GalNAc carbohydrate sequence. Structure Infobox protein family Symbol Lectin legB Name Legume lectin domain image PDB 1lem EBI.jpg width caption Structure of the monosaccharide binding site of lentil lectin. ref name pmid7696853 cite journal author Loris R, Casset F, Bouckaert J, et al. title The monosaccharide binding site of lentil lectin an X ray and molecular modelling study journal Glycoconj. J. volume 11 issue 6 pages 507 17 year 1994 month December pmid 7696853 doi url ref Pfam PF00139 Pfam clan CL0004 InterPro IPR001220 SMART PROSITE PDOC00278 MEROPS SCOP 1lem TCDB OPM family OPM protein PDB The protein is 273 amino acids in length with the 1st 23 residues acting and a signal peptide which is subsequently cleaved. It has a Uniprot acession of http www.uniprot.org uniprot P02872 P02872 . There are over 20 structures of this protein in the Protein Data Bank PDB which reveal and all beta sheet protein with a tetrameric quarternary structure. It is a member of the legume lectin Lectin legB Pfam PFAM family. http www.ebi.ac.uk pdbe searchResults.html? ... more details
enzyme Name lactosylceramide 1,3 N acetyl beta D glucosaminyltransferase EC number 2.4.1.206 CAS number 83682 80 8 IUBMB EC number 2 4 1 206 GO code 0047256 image width caption In enzymology , a lactosylceramide 1,3 N anning beta D glrofelucosaminyltlolferase EC number 2.4.1.206 is an enzyme that catalysis catalyzes the chemical reaction UDP N acetyl D glucosamine D galactosyl 1,4 beta D glucosylceramide math rightleftharpoons math UDP N acetyl D glucosaminyl 1,3 beta D galactosyl 1,4 beta D glucosylceramide Thus, the two substrate biochemistry substrates of this enzyme are UDP N acetyl D glucosamine and D galactosyl 1,4 beta D glucosylceramide , whereas its 3 product chemistry products are uridine diphosphate UDP , N acetyl D glucosaminyl 1,3 beta D galactosyl 1,4 beta D , and glucosylceramide . This enzyme belongs to the family of glycosyltransferase s, specifically the hexosyltransferases. The systematic name of this enzyme class is UDP N acetyl D glucosamine D galactosyl 1,4 beta D glucosylceramide beta 1,3 acetylglucosaminyltransferase . Other names in common use include LA2 synthase , beta1 3 N acetylglucosaminyltransferase , uridine diphosphoacetylglucosamine lactosylceramide , beta acetylglucosaminyltransferase , and lactosylceramide beta acetylglucosaminyltransferase . This enzyme participates in 3 metabolism metabolic pathways glycosphingolipid biosynthesis lactoseries , glycosphingolipid biosynthesis neo lactoseries , and glycan structures biosynthesis 2 . References reflist 1 cite journal author HS, Bigner DD, Svennerholm L date 1991 title Glycolipids and glycosyltransferases in permanent cell lines established from human medulloblastomas journal Biochim. Biophys. Acta. volume 1081 pages 253&ndash 61 pmid 1825612 issue 3 cite journal author Holmes EH, Hakomori S, Ostrander GK date 1987 title Synthesis of type 1 and 2 lacto series glycolipid antigens in human colonic adenocarcinoma and derived cell lines is due to activation of a normally unexpressed beta ... more details
Drugbox verifiedrevid 443517603 IUPAC name trimethyl 2 4,5,6,7 tetrachloro 2 methyl isoindolin 2 ium 2 yl ethyl ammonium dichloride image Chlorisondamine.png Clinical data tradename pregnancy category legal status routes of administration Pharmacokinetic data bioavailability protein bound metabolism elimination half life excretion Identifiers CAS number 7701 62 4 ATC prefix none ATC suffix PubChem 6244 ChemSpiderID Ref chemspidercite correct chemspider ChemSpiderID 6008 UNII Ref fdacite correct FDA UNII JD3M24F66I Chemical data C 14 H 20 Cl 6 N 2 molecular weight 429.04 g mol smiles Cl . Cl .Clc1c2c c Cl c Cl c1Cl C N C2 C CC N C C C InChI 1 C14H20Cl4N2.2ClH c1 19 2,3 5 6 20 4 7 9 10 8 20 12 16 14 18 13 17 11 9 15 h5 8H2,1 4H3 2 1H q 2 p 2 InChIKey DXXUGBPKQDTBQW NUQVWONBAH StdInChI Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChI 1S C14H20Cl4N2 c1 19 2,3 5 6 20 4 7 9 10 8 20 12 16 14 18 13 17 11 9 15 h5 8H2,1 4H3 q 2 StdInChIKey Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChIKey IXWDUZLHWJKVPX UHFFFAOYSA N Chlorisondamine is a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor nicotinic antagonist antagonist that produces both neuronal and ganglionic blockade. Chlorisondamine has been shown to form noncovalent complexes with various biomolecules including sphingomyelin and other associated glycolipid s. ref Woods, A. S. Moyer, S. C. Wang, H. Y. J. Wise, R. A., Interaction of chlorisondamine with the neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. Journal of Proteome Research 2003, 2 2 , 207 212. ref ref Jackson, S. N. Wang, H. Y. J. Woods, A. S., Direct tissue analysis of phospholipids in rat brain using MALDI TOFMS and MALDI ion mobility TOFMS. Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry 2005, 16 2 , 133 138. ref ref Woods, A. S. Ugarov, M. Egan, T. Koomen, J. Gillig, K. J. Fuhrer, K. Gonin, M. Schultz, J. A., Lipid peptide nucleotide separation with MALDI ion mobility TOF MS. Analytical Chemistry 2004, 76 8 , 2187 2195. ref References Reflist 2 Cholinergics Category Quaternary ammon ... more details
Cord factor refers to lipoarabinomannan, a molecule generated from trehalose dimycolate by virulent strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and closely related species. ref MeshName Cord factor ref ref name pmid18524936 cite journal author Welsh KJ, Abbott AN, Hwang SA, et al. title A role for tumour necrosis factor alpha, complement C5 and interleukin 6 in the initiation and development of the mycobacterial cord factor trehalose 6,6 dimycolate induced granulomatous response journal Microbiology Reading, Engl. volume 154 issue Pt 6 pages 1813 24 year 2008 month June pmid 18524936 doi 10.1099 mic.0.2008 016923 0 url http mic.sgmjournals.org cgi pmidlookup?view long&pmid 18524936 pmc 2556040 ref It is a surface glycolipid which blocks macrophage activation by IFN , induces secretion of TNF and causes Mycobacterium tuberculosis to form cords in vitro . This is the main virulence factor for the mycobacterium tuberculosis that makes it resistance to anti tuberculosis medications. See also Nocardia Cording mycobacterium Technical Note In vitro stimulation of macrophages Purified cord factor was used to stimulate either mouse RAW 264.7 cells or bone marrow derived macrophages. Cord factor was suspended at a concentration of 1 mg ml in isopropanol and sonicated in a bath sonicator model 3510 Branson Ultrasonic Corporation for 5 min. This suspension was then incubated at 60 C for 10 min. and sonication repeated. The resulting solution was layered onto 24 well tissue culture plates at the indicated concentrations and incubated at 37 C in order to ensure complete evaporation of the solvent. Control wells were layered with solvent without cord factor and incubated at 37 C. To this layer of cord factor, either RAW 264.7 cells or bone marrow derived macrophages were added at a concentration of 106 cells in 100 l of medium and incubated at 37 C for 24 hours before activation e.g. TNF production was measured in the supernatant. Alternatively, cord factor was suspended at a conc ... more details
File Werner Tochtermann Portrait.jpeg thumb 180px Werner Tochtermann 2008 Werner Tochtermann born in Pforzheim on May 30, 1934 is a German chemist and emeritus professor . From 1976 till his retirement in 1999 he was full professor of Organic Chemistry at the University of Kiel . His main areas of research were the chemistry of medium and large rings, the synthesis of cyclophane s, and the hetero quadricyclane heteropin rearrangement reaction rearrangement , e.g. for the Organic synthesis synthesis of oxepin s from furan s known as Prinzbach Tochtermann sequence ref L. W. Jenneskens, G. B. M. Kostermans, H. J. Ten Brink, W. H. De Wolf, F. Bickelhaupt, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1 , 1985 , 2119 2122. ref . Career From 1953 1960, he studied chemistry at the University of M nster Universities of M nster and University of Heidelberg Heidelberg , and completed his doctoral dissertation under the direction of the Nobel laureate Georg Wittig . Following a postdoctoral research postdoctoral period as assistant to his academic teacher, he started his own research on seven membered ring systems in 1962. In 1965, he was appointed Privatdozenten at the University of Heidelberg , and joined the faculty at the Darmstadt University of Technology in 1972. Since 1976 till his retirement in 1999 he has been a full professor at the University of Kiel working on the following areas New routes towards medium and large rings tailored synthesis of odorants ref W. Tochtermann, P. Kraft, Synlett 1996 , 1029 1035 incl. biographical sketch . ref Application of ultrasound in Organic Organic synthesis Synthesis Barbier reaction Barbier , Lemieux reaction Lemieux und Wittig reaction Organic synthesis Synthesis of unnatural carbohydrate analogs bridged deoxyfuranosids and furanose s, disaccharide s, nucleoside s, glycolipid s Stereoselective synthesis of perhydro azulene s lactaranes, tremulanes, merulanes Strained benzene derivatives cyclophane s and ansa compounds ref W. Tochtermann, G. Olsso ... more details
File monogalactosyl diacylglycerol.png thumb right General chemical structure of a monogalactosyl diacylglycerol MGDG , a prevalent type of galactolipid. R sup 1 sup and R sup 2 sup are fatty chains. Galactolipids are a type of glycolipid whose sugar group is galactose . They re different from glycosphingolipids in that they do not have nitrogen in their composition. ref name NLM cite web url http www.ghr.nlm.nih.gov glossary galactolipids title Galactolipids date 21 December 2009 work Genetics Home Reference publisher U.S. National Library of Medicine accessdate 25 December 2009 ref They are the main part of plant membrane lipids where they substitute phospholipids to conserve phosphate for other essential processes. These chloroplast membrane s contain a high quantity of monogalactosyldiacylglycerol MGDG and digalactosyldiacylglycerol DGDG . They probably also assume a direct role in photosynthesis , as they have been found in the X ray crystallography X ray structures of photosynthetic complexes. ref Cite journal last D rmann first Peter authorlink coauthors Christoph Benning title Galactolipids rule in seed plants journal Trends in Plant Science volume 7 issue 3 pages 112 118 publisher location date 1 March 2002 url pmid 11906834 doi 10.1016 S1360 1385 01 02216 6 id ref The galactolipid galactocerebroside GalC and its sulfated derivative sulfatide is also in abundance present together with a small group of proteins in myelin , the membrane around the axon s in the nervous system of vertebrate s. ref Cite journal last Coet first Tomthy authorlink coauthors Kunihiko Suzukia, Brian Popkoa, Kunihiko Suzukib, Brian Popkoc, Kunihiko Suzukid and Brian Popko title New perspectives on the function of myelin galactolipids journal Trends in Neurosciences volume 21 issue 3 pages 126 130 publisher location date 1 March 1998 url pmid 9530920 doi 10.1016 S0166 2236 97 01178 8 id ref References reflist this reference requires a membership at Wiley Interscience. Please add the c ... more details
Merge from Heparan sulfate 2 O sulfotransferase Heparan sulfate 6 O sulfotransferase discuss Talk Carbohydrate sulfotransferase Merger proposal date May 2011 Pfam box Symbol Sulfotransfer 2 Name Sulfotransferase image width caption Pfam PF03567 InterPro IPR005331 SMART Prosite SCOP TCDB OPM family OPM protein PDB Carbohydrate sulfotransferases are sulfotransferase enzymes that transfer sulfate to carbohydrate groups in glycoprotein s and glycolipid s. These include Carbohydrate sulfotransferases 8 and 9, which transfer sulfate to position 4 of non reducing N acetylgalactosamine GalNAc residues in both N glycans and O glycans ref name PUB00033954 cite journal author Fukuda M, Hiraoka N, Hindsgaul O, Misra A, Belot F title R in both N and O glycans journal Glycobiology volume 11 issue 6 pages year 2001 pmid 11445554 doi 10.1093 glycob 11.6.495 ref . They function in the biosynthesis of glycoprotein hormones lutropin and thyrotropin, by mediating sulfation of their carbohydrate structures. Carbohydrate sulfotransferase 10, which transfers sulfate to position 3 of the terminal glucuronic acid in both protein and lipid linked oligosaccharides ref name PUB00033955 cite journal author Ong E, Fukuda M, Yeh JC, Ding Y, Hindsgaul O title Expression cloning of a human sulfotransferase that directs the synthesis of the HNK 1 glycan on the neural cell adhesion molecule and glycolipids journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 273 issue 9 pages year 1998 pmid 9478973 doi 10.1074 jbc.273.9.5190 ref . It directs the biosynthesis of the HNK 1 carbohydrate structure, a sulfated glucuronyl lactosaminyl residue carried by many neural recognition molecules, which is involved in cell interactions during ontogenetic development and in synaptic plasticity in the adult. Carbohydrate sulfotransferases 11 13, which catalyze the transfer of sulfate to position 4 of the GalNAc residue of chondroitin ref name PUB00033956 cite journal author Ong E, Fukuda M, Fukuda MN, Nakagawa H, Hiraoka N, Akama TO title M ... more details
Sulfoquinovosyl diacylglycerols , abbreviated SQDG , are a class of sulfur containing but phosphorus free lipid s sulfolipid s found in many photosynthetic organisms. Discovery, structure and chemical properties In 1959 A. A. Benson and coworkers discovered a new sulfur containing lipid in plants and identified it as sulfoquinovosyl diacylglycerol SQDG . ref cite journal author Benson et al. year 1959 title A sulfolipid in plants journal Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA volume 45 pages 1582 1587 url http www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov picrender.fcgi?artid 222763&blobtype pdf doi 10.1073 pnas.45.11.1582 pmid 16590547 last2 Daniel first2 H last3 Wiser first3 R issue 11 pmc 222763 ref The sulfolipid structure was defined as 1,2 di O acyl 3 O 6 deoxy 6 sulfo small D small glucopyranosyl sn glycerol SQDG . The distinctive feature of this substance is carbon bonded directly to sulfur as C SO sub 3 sub . Sulfonic acid s of this type are chemically stable and strong acids over a wide pH range. ref Barber and Gounaris, 1986 ref File Sulfoquinovosyl dipalmitoylglycerol.svg thumb left 400px Sulfoquinovosyl dipalmitoylglycerol, a common SQDG clear left Biological occurrence and functions SQDGs have been found in all photosynthetic plant s, algae , cyanobacteria , Purple sulfur bacteria purple sulfur and non sulfur bacteria and is localised in the thylakoid membranes , being the most saturated glycolipid . ref Janero, Barrnett, 1981 ref SQDGs have been found to be closely associated with certain membrane protein s. In some cases the electostratic interactions may be very strong, as suggested by the inability of saturated SQDG molecules associated with purified chloroplast CF0 CF1 ATPase to exchange with other acidic lipids. ref Pick et al., 1985 ref It was shown also that SQDGs protect CF1 against cold inactivation in the presence of some ATP. CF1 bound to membranes was found to be much more resistant to heat and cold than solubilised protein. Mitochondrion Mitochondrial coupling factor ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 An Endoglycosidase is an enzyme that releases oligosaccharide s from glycoprotein s or glycolipid s. Or it merely cleaves polysaccharide chains between residues that are not the terminal residue, although releasing oligosaccharides from conjugated protein and lipid molecules is more common. It breaks the glycosidic bonds between two sugar monomer in the polymer . It is different from exoglycosidase that it does not do so at the terminal residue. Hence, it is used to release long carbohydrates from conjugated molecules. If an exoglycosidase were used, every monomer in the polymer would have to be removed, one by one from the chain, taking a long time. An endoglycosidase cleaves, giving a polymeric product. PROTEIN x1 x2 x3 x4 x5 x6 x7 x8 x9 x10 x11 ... xn Mechanism Overview The mechanism is an enzymatic hydrolysis that requires two critical molecules a proton donor most likely an acid and a nucleophile most likely a base . 1 The Endoglycosidases mechanism has two forms an acid catalyzed protonation of the glycosidic oxygen yielding stereochemical retention at the anomeric carbon or an acid catalyzed protonation of the glycosidic oxygen with a concomitant attack of a water molecule activated by the base residue yielding a stereochemical inversion. 1 Both mechanisms exhibit the same distance between the proton donor and the glycosidic oxygen, situating the proton donor close enough to the glycosidic oxygen for hydrogen bonding. 1 It is the distance between the nucleophile and the anomeric carbon where the two mechanisms begin to diverge. Because the inversion mechanism must accommodate enough space for the water molecule, the nucleophile is situated further away from the anomeric carbon. In the inversion mechanism, this distance is only 5.5 angstroms but increases to 10 angstroms in the retention mechanism. Furthermore, the inversion mechanism was found to proceed through a single displacement mechanism involving an oxocarbenium ion like ... more details
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