. On this view, if latitudinal gradients of species richness were determined solely by MDE, observed ... gradients of species richness, particularly for wide ranging species e.g. Jetz and Rahbek 2001, Koleff ... niche space. It does accept that many other factors may play a role in causing latitudinal gradients ..., Hillebrand 2004 performed an extensive meta analysis of nearly 600 latitudinal gradients from ..., R. K., and G. C. Hurtt. 1994. Nonbiological gradients in species richness and a spurious Rapoport ... effect and diversity gradients is there anything to learn. American Naturalist 166 E140 E143. Hawkins ... mid domain effect. Ecology Letters 9 149 159. Koleff, P., and K. J. Gaston. 2001. Latitudinal gradients ... E8. Pianka, E. R. 1966. Latitudinal gradients in species diversity a review of concepts. American ... Society of London Series B, 274 165 174. Rohde, K. 1992. Latitudinal gradients in species diversity ... does not explain latitudinal gradients in species diversity. Oikos, 79, 169 172. Romdal, T. S., R ... gradients we know more and less than we thought. Journal of Mammalogy 73 715 730. Rosenzweig, M. L. 2003. How to reject the area hypothesis of latitudinal gradients. Pages 87 106 in T. M. Blackburn ... model of latitudinal gradients of species richness with an empirical test for marsupials ... gradients of biodiversity pattern, process, scale and synthesis. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 34 ..., F. A., K. J. Gaston, and S. L. Chown. 2003. Mid domain models of species richness gradients assumptions ... latitudinal gradients in species Latitudinal gradients in species a Knol by Klaus Rohde , Professor ... more details
FeatureDetectionCompVisNavbox Histogram of Oriented Gradients HOG are feature descriptors used in computer vision and image processing for the purpose of object detection . The technique counts occurrences of gradient orientation in localized portions of an image. This method is similar to that of edge orientation histogram s, scale invariant feature transform descriptors, and shape context s, but differs in that it is computed on a dense grid of uniformly spaced cells and uses overlapping local contrast normalization for improved accuracy. Navneet Dalal and Bill Triggs , researchers for the French National Institute for Research in Computer Science and Control INRIA , first described Histogram of Oriented Gradient descriptors in their June 2005 paper to the Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition CVPR . In this work they focused their algorithm on the problem of pedestrian ... and shape within an image can be described by the distribution of intensity gradients or edge ... aceMedia files document wp7 2005 cvpr05 inria.pdf title Histograms of Oriented Gradients ... aceMedia files document wp7 2005 cvpr05 inria.pdf title Histograms of Oriented Gradients ... found that unsigned gradients used in conjunction with 9 histogram channels performed best in their human ... aceMedia files document wp7 2005 cvpr05 inria.pdf title Histograms of Oriented Gradients ... files document wp7 2005 cvpr05 inria.pdf title Histograms of Oriented Gradients for Human Detection ... of Oriented Gradients for Human Detection, pg. 6 ref SVM classifier The final step in object recognition ... 2005 cvpr05 inria.pdf title Histograms of Oriented Gradients for Human Detection, pg. 4 ref Deleted ... slides dalal.pdf title Object Detection using Histograms of Oriented Gradients ref Deleted image ... Detection using Infrared images and Histograms of Oriented Gradients ref At the IEEE Conference ... of Histograms of Oriented Gradients ref See also Corner detection Pedestrian detection Feature computer ... more details
Incomplete date January 2010 Steepest gradients on railways are a limiting factor determining how much a locomotive can haul upwards. Braking on the downhill leg is also a limiting factor. There have been various solutions to hauling rail mounted vehicles up or down inclines. These include simple rail adhesion, rack railways and cable inclines including rail mounted water tanks to carry barges . To help with braking on the descent, a non load bearing brake rail located between the running rails can be used, similar to the rail used in the Fell mountain railway system Fell system , e.g. by the Snaefell Mountain Railway on the Isle of Man. Tramways Light rail often have higher gradients than heavier railways. This is because all wheels usually are connected to engine power in order to give better acceleration. 5 is not uncommon on them. Metros and pure commuter railways often allow higher gradients, up to 4 for the same reason. High speed railways commonly allow 2.5 to 4 because the trains must be strong and have many wheels with power to be able to reach very high speeds. For freight trains, gradients should be as gentle as possible, preferably below 1.5 . Rack Steep gradients can be overcome by the use of rack equipment, however it is not practical to equip all locomotives with such equipment. The list below is of some of the steepest gradients on Rail adhesion adhesion railways . Examples In order of steepness . C Compensated for curvature 1 in 9 11 Cass Scenic Railway former logging railway West Virginia, USA 1 in 11 9 Allentown light rail line Pittsburgh, USA 1 in 14 7.14 Hopton Incline , Cromford and High Peak Railway , United Kingdom 1 in 14.1 7.1 Erzberg Railway , Austria 1 in 14.2 7.0 Bernina Railway Bernina Pass , Switzerland Sacramento Light Rail , Sacramento, California, USA 1 in 15.9 6.26 Alishan Forest Railway Taiwan. 1 in 16.4 Hunsruckbahn between Boppard ... and Manchester Railway , 1830 typical very gentle gradients away from Rainhill cable haulage not needed ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 An environmental gradient is a gradual change in abiotic factors through space or time . Environmental gradients can be related to factors such as altitude, temperature, depth, ocean proximity and soil humidity. Species Abundance ecology abundance s usually change along environmental gradients in a more or less predictive way. However, the species abundance along an envronmental gradient is not only determined by the abiotic factor but, also by the change in the biotic interaction s along the environmental gradient. At an ecotone , species Abundance ecology abundance s change relatively quick compared to the environmental gradient. The species distribution along environmental gradients has been studied intensively due to large databases of species presence data e.g. Global Biodiversity Information Facility GBIF Environmental Gradients are linked to Connectivity and natural disturbance when considering river systems. A river restoration scheme must consider all of these factors before undertaking a program as these three factors are what leads to a larger biodiversity. Each species are not found in every type of habitat or in every part of the world. Within the environment there are multiple factors which affects organisms. The organisms in the polar region can not survive the climate at the equator. See also Biome , cline biology , thermocline . DEFAULTSORT Environmental Gradient Ecology stub Category Ecology ... more details
Gradient analysis is an empirical analytical method used in plant community ecology to relate the abundances of various species in a plant community to various environmental gradients by Ordination statistics ordination or by Weighted mean weighted averaging . These gradients are usually Variable mathematics variables that are important in plant species distributions, and include temperature, water availability, light, and soil nutrients, or their closely correlated surrogates. References Mike Palmer, http ordination.okstate.edu Ordination Methods for Ecologists Botany Department of Oklahoma State University. Retrieved 15 August 2010. ecology stub modelling ecosystems expanded other Category Community ecology ... more details
LGS may refer to Education Schools Lahore Grammar School Lanark Grammar School Langley Grammar School Larne Grammar School Leeds Grammar School Leicester Grammar School Limavady Grammar School Loughborough Grammar School , one of the Loughborough Endowed Schools Other Liselere Ge i S nav , the old name for OKS Turkey OKS Entertainment Looking Glass Studios , a defunct computer game company La Grande Sophie , a French singer songwriter Science Laser guide star , an adaptive optics instrument used in Astronomy Leaky gut syndrome , an intestinal dysfunction LGS Innovations, a division of Bell Labs 2000s Bell Labs Latitudinal gradients in species diversity Latitudinal Gradients in Species diversity disambiguation de LGS fr LGS ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Orphan date December 2009 Reverse diffusion refers to a situation where the transport of particles atom s or molecule s in a medium occurs towards regions of lower concentration gradients, opposite to that observed during diffusion . This phenomenon occurs during phase matter phase separation and is described by the Cahn Hilliard equation . Reverse diffusion also refers to when water is forced from an region of lower concentration to high. DEFAULTSORT Reverse Diffusion Category Diffusion Physics stub cs Reverzn osm za ... more details
primarysources date December 2008 Decomposed Subsonic is the alter ego of musician Hartmut Wessling . He performs Microhouse minimal house that uses White noise static , and found noises to create a variety of different sounds. While some tracks are very ambient soundscapes with little to no percussion, a number of them are very dance floor oriented, with vocals, Roland TB 303 acid basslines and hard, innovative rhythms. The first album, Blaue L wen German for blue lions , released in 2000 , represents a more ambient, sampling music sampled sound, while the second LP, Gradients 2002 , is more accessible, with more vocals, more hooks and less experimentation. Discography Blaue L wen LP Gradients LP I Never Say EP Atlantic View Single Wild Nights EP External links Discogs artist Category German musical groups Germany band stub ... more details
mechanical cellular stimuli via micropost array gradients journal Soft Matter date 1 January ... rigidity gradients for cells e.g., in biomaterials consists of altering the degree of cross ... issue 5 pages 1908 1913 doi 10.1021 la026403p ref Alternative substrate rigidity gradients include micropost array gradients , where the stiffness of individual microposts is increased in a single, designed ... array gradients journal Soft Matter date 1 January 2011 volume 7 issue 10 pages 4606 doi 10.1039 C1SM05163F ... more details
in the developing nervous system. It is known that gradients are critical for the guidance of growth ... done on soluble gradients however, little emphasis has been placed on gradients of substratum bound .... ref . Dodla and Bellamkonda, fabricated an anisotropic 3D agarose gel with gradients of coupled laminin 1 LN 1 . Concentration gradients of LN 1 were shown to promote faster neurite extension than the highest ... the gradients, but growth was faster at less steep gradients and was faster up the gradients than down the gradients ref name Anisotropic scaffolds facilitate enhanced neurite extension . See also ... more details
gradient moments are zero within one TR, i.e. gradients of opposite polarities cancel out, then there are no additional effects on the phase from gradients that is to say, SI of each voxels is the contributions ... more details
The hypothesis of effective evolutionary time ref name Latitudinal gradients 1992 K. Rohde Latitudinal gradients in species diversity the search for the primary cause, Oikos, 65, 514 527,1992. ref attempts to explain gradients, in particular latitudinal gradients, in species diversity. It was originally named time hypothesis . ref name Latitudinal gradients 1978a K. Rohde Latitudinal gradients in species diversity and their causes. I. A review of the hypotheses explaining the gradients. Biologisches Zentralblatt 97, 393 403, 1978a. ref ref name Latitudinal gradients 1978b K. Rohde Latitudinal gradients in species diversity and their causes. II. Marine parasitological evidence for a time hypothesis. Biologisches Zentralblatt 97, 405 418, 1978b. ref Background Low warm latitudes contain significantly more species than high cold latitudes. This has been shown for many animal and plant groups, although exceptions exist see latitudinal gradients in species diversity . An example of an exception is helminths of marine mammals, which have the greatest diversity in northern temperate seas, possibly ... evolutionary time offers a causal explanation of diversity gradients, although it is recognized that many ... of gradients in taxonomic diversity. Science 164, 947 949, 1969. ref That mutation rates are greater ... gradients 1992 All earlier approaches remained without basis without the assumption of vacant ... gradients in diversity, does not rely on the assumption that different latitudes or habitats generally ... of the habitat. But such factors, although not setting ceilings, may well modulate the gradients ... for latitudinal gradients proposed by Rohde. ref A.P. Allen, J.H. Brown, and J.F. Gillooly ... Energy gradients and the geographical distribution of local ant diversity. Oecologia 140, 407 ... left are a Red Queen effect or direct effects of thermal gradients including possibly an effect .... Depth gradients Species diversity in the deepsea has been largely underestimated until recently ... more details
gradients, claiming that altitudinal ranges are greatest at greater altitudes Stevens 1992 ref Stevens ... rule to altitude. American Naturalist 140, 893 911. ref , and to depth gradients in the oceans ... gradients in species diversity the search for the primary cause. Oikos 65, 514 527. ref ... teleosts and cannot explain latitudinal gradients in species richness. American Naturalist, 142, 1 16 ..., K. 1999 . Latitudinal gradients in species diversity and Rapoport s rule revisited a review of recent work, and what can parasites teach us about the causes of the gradients? Ecography, 22, 593 613 ... explainlatitudinal gradients in species diversity. Biodiversity Letters, 3, 10 13. ref . Computer ... and latitudinal diversity gradients no evidence for Rapoport s rule. Proceedings of the National ..., R. K., and G. C. Hurtt. 1994 . Nonbiological gradients in species richness and a spurious Rapoport ..., whereas older species have extended their ranges ref Rohde, K. 1998 . Latitudinal gradients in species ... more details
Multiple issues orphan September 2011 one source August 2011 expert August 2011 In Morse theory , a mathematical discipline, Jacobi sets provide a method of studying the relationship between two or more Morse function s. For two Morse functions, the Jacobi set is defined as the set of critical points of the restriction of one function to the level sets of the other function. ref name edelsbrunner cite journal last Edelsbrunner first Herbert coauthors John Harer year 2002 title Jacobi sets of multiple morse functions journal Foundations of Computational Mathematics publisher Cambridge University Press pages 37 57 ref The Jacobi set can also be defined as the set of points where the gradients of the two functions are parallel. If both the functions are generic, the Jacobi set is a smoothly embedded 1 manifold. Definition Consider two generic Morse functions math f, g M to R math defined on a smooth math d math manifold, then the Jacobi set math J math of math f math and math g math is math J cl x in M mid x mbox is critical point of f t math , where, for a regular value math t in R math , let math g 1 t math be the level set of math g math . The restriction of math f math to the level set math f t g 1 to R math is a Morse function. Alternatively, the Jacobi set is the collection of points where the gradients of the functions align with each other or one of the gradients vanish cite? , for some math lambda in R math , math J x in M mid nabla f x lambda nabla g x 0 mbox or lambda nabla f x nabla g x 0 . math Equivalently, the Jacobi set can be described as the collection of critical points of the family of functions math f lambda g math , for some math lambda in R math , math J x in M mid x mbox is a critical point of f lambda g mbox or lambda f g . math References reflist Category Morse theory ... more details
Haptotaxis is the directional motility or outgrowth of cells, e.g. in the case of axonal outgrowth, usually up a gradient of cellular adhesion sites or substrate bound chemoattractants. These gradients are naturally present in the extracellular matrix ECM of the body during processes such as angiogenesis or artificially present in biomaterials where gradients are established by altering the concentration of adhesion sites on a polymer substrate. ref cite journal author McCarthy JB, Palm SL, Furcht LT. title Migration by haptotaxis of a Schwann cell tumor line to the basement membrane glycoprotein laminin journal J Cell Biol year 1983 volume 97 pages 772 7 doi 10.1083 jcb.97.3.772 pmid 6885918 issue 3 pmc 2112555 ref ref cite journal author Cattaruzza S, Perris R. title Proteoglycan control of cell movement during wound healing and cancer spreading journal Matrix Biol year 2005 volume 24 pages 400 17 doi 10.1016 j.matbio.2005.06.005 pmid 16055321 issue 6 ref Image Haptotaxis en.png center 350 px div style text align center border none Haptotaxis div References reflist External links http ctelab.berkeley.edu research migration.htm Cellular Migration University of California, Berkeley, 2003. Cell and Tissue Engineering website. Category Cell movement Cell biology stub de Haptotaxis es Haptotaxis it Aptotassi hu Haptotaxis ... more details
Baxenden railway station served the village of Baxenden in Hyndburn . It was situated on the line from stnlnk Bury Bolton Street to stnlnk Accrington , which was opened in August 1848 by the East Lancashire Railway 1844 1859 East Lancashire Railway . The station gave its name to the nearby Baxenden Bank a two mile section towards Accrington that included gradients List of steepest gradients on adhesion railways as steep as 1 in 38 . In 1887 the Accrington Corporation Steam Tramways Company built a tramline from Accrington which terminated at the station. The station was closed to passengers in 1951, some fifteen years before the line serving it suffered a similar fate. Disused Rail Start rail line previous Accrington railway station Accrington next Haslingden railway station Haslingden route L&YR br col 964B00 end box coord 53.727036 2.340129 type railwaystation region GB display title Category Disused railway stations in Hyndburn Category Former Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway stations Category Railway stations opened in 1848 Category Railway stations closed in 1951 Lancashire struct stub NorthWestEngland railstation stub ... more details
In computer graphics, a color gradient sometimes called a color ramp or color progression specifies a range of position dependent color s, usually used to fill a region. ref cite book title SVG Essentials isbn 0596002238 last Eisenberg first J. David year 2002 publisher O Reilly Media pages 364 page 107 ref For example, many window managers allow the screen background to be specified as a gradient. The colors produced by a gradient vary continuously with position, producing smooth color transitions. Linear gradients File linear gradient.svg right A linear color gradient is specified by two points, and a color at each point. The colors along the line through those points are calculated using linear interpolation , then extended perpendicular to that line. In digital imaging systems, colors are typically interpolated in an RGB color space , often using gamma compression gamma compressed RGB color values, as opposed to linear. Circular gradients File radial gradient.svg right A circular gradient is specified as a circle that has one color and a focus the center of the circle that has another. Colors are calculated by linear interpolation based on distance from the focus. References reflist See also Wikibooks Colors Color gradient Image gradient Color banding Posterization Diffusion curve Category Computer graphics graphics software stub de Farbverlauf fr D grad de couleur nl Kleurengradi nt pl Gradient grafika ... more details
Wiktionary Hog may refer to Animals Pig Other animals in the Suidae family, including Red River Hog Giant forest hog Other uses Harley Davidson , a motorcycle manufacturer Harley Owners Group The Hogs American football , the offensive line of the Washington Redskins Hogging and sagging , a nautical term Hogging sexual practice Higher order grammar Histogram of oriented gradients House of Guitars Arkansas Razorbacks , the sports teams of the University of Arkansas Frank Pa s Airport , IATA symbol HOG See also Server hog Water hog Pig disambiguation Boar disambiguation Swine disambiguation disambig de HOG it HOG pl HOG ... more details
SNOPT for Sparse Nonlinear OPTimizer is a software package for solving large scale Optimization mathematics optimization problems written by Philip Gill, Walter Murray and Michael Saunders. It is especially effective for nonlinear problems whose functions and gradients are expensive to evaluate. The functions should be smooth but need not be convex. See also SNOPT is supported in the AIMMS , AMPL , General Algebraic Modeling System GAMS , http sourceforge.net apps mediawiki pagmo index.php?title Main Page PaGMO PyGMO and TOMLAB modeling systems SNOPT is used as solver in ASTOS AeroSpace Trajectory Optimization and Software External links http www.sbsi sol optimize.com asp sol product snopt.htm SNOPT home page http www.sbsi sol optimize.com manuals SNOPT 20Manual.pdf SNOPT manual .pdf Category Numerical software Category Mathematical optimization software ... more details
Citations missing date November 2008 Maintenance of an organism is the collection of processes to stay alive, excluding production processes. The Dynamic Energy Budget theory delineates two classes Somatic maintenance . This comprises mainly the turnover of structural mass mainly proteins and the maintenance of concentration gradients of metabolites across membranes e.g., counteracting leakage . This is related to maintenance respiration . Maturity maintenance . This comprises the maintenance of defence systems such as the immune system , the preparation of the body for reproduction. The theory assumes that maturity maintenance costs can be reduced more easily during starvation than somatic maintenance costs. Under extreme starvation conditions, somatic maintenance costs are paid from structural mass, which causes shrinking.Some organism manage to switch to the turpor state under starvation conditions, and reduce their maintenance costs. DEFAULTSORT Maintenance Of An Organism Category Developmental biology ... more details
Multiple issues wikify March 2012 unreferenced January 2007 orphan November 2009 In fluid mechanics , external flow is such a flow that boundary layers develop freely, without constraints imposed by adjacent surfaces. Accordingly, there will always exist a region of the flow outside the boundary layer in which velocity, temperature, and or concentration gradients are negligible.It can be defined as the flow of a fluid around a body that is completely submerged in it. An example includes fluid motion over a flat plate inclined or parallel to the free stream velocity and flow over curved surfaces such as a sphere, cylinder, airfoil, or turbine blade,air flowing around an airplane and water flowing around the submarines. DEFAULTSORT External Flow Category Aerodynamics Category Fluid dynamics Fluiddynamics stub ... more details
orphan date June 2010 Caraculo is a town in south central Angola . Transport It is served by a Railway stations in Angola station on the southern line of Angolan Railways . Near this town the railway has been deviated from its original alignment to avoid steep gradients. In 2008, a concrete sleeper factory was being established at this town. See also Transport in Angola References reflist coord 15 1 51 S 12 39 42 E region AO type city display title Category Populated places in Angola Angola geo stub ... more details
Orphan date April 2012 One source date July 2010 Staufen is a protein product of a maternally expressed gene in Drosophila melanogaster that has been implicated in helping regulate genes important in determination of gradients that set up the anterior posterior axis such as bicoid and oskar . It is involved in targeting of the messenger RNA encoding these genes to the correct pole of the egg cell. ref Kelsey C. Martin, Anne Ephrussi 2009 Cell 136, 719 730. mRNA Localization Gene Expression in the Spatial Dimension. ref ref Bahram Houchmandzadeh, Eric Wieschaus, and Stanislas Leibler 2002 Nature 415, 798 802. Establishment of developmental precision and proportions in the early Drosophila embryo. ref references Category Proteins protein stub ... more details
of the gradients on either side. This can be done with a summit tunnel or a deep summit cutting ... Trials of 1829, locomotives proved capable of handling the short 1.6 km length of 1 in 100 gradients ... necessary to have very gentle gradients to reduce the need for strong brakes. Sudden changes in gradients .... The gentle 1 in 2000 gradients were made possible by very substantial earthworks and bridges. Cromford and High Peak Peak Railway The Cromford and High Peak Railway also opened in 1830 but had gradients ... more details
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