About the software the shoe brand Sketchers Unreferenced date February 2007 Sketcher was one of the earliest natural media raster graphics software applications. It was released in the early 1990s by Fractal Design Software for the Apple Inc. Apple Macintosh . This software simulated the behavior of various types of paper and art materials such as chalk, pastels, pencils and brushes. Even though color Macintoshes existed at the time, it ran in grayscale. A rationale for this may be that, while color support existed in the computer, large grayscale monitors were considerably less expensive than color ones, with color sometimes costing three times as much for an equivalent size display. Likewise, Sketcher sold for a lower price than Painter 99 vs. 299 Following Sketcher , Fractal Design added color support, new features, modified the interface somewhat and released Dabbler . Sketcher was discontinued shortly afterwards. See also List of raster graphics editors Comparison of raster graphics editors DEFAULTSORT Sketcher Software Category Raster graphics editors Mac software stub zh Sketcher ... more details
Unsourced image removed Image ndbig.jpg thumb Unsourced image removed Image ndfront.jpg thumb NeXTdimension ND was an accelerated 32 bit color board manufactured and sold by NeXT from 1990 that gave the NeXTcube color capabilities with PostScript . The NeXTBus, a NuBus like implementation card was a full size card for the NeXTcube, filling one of four slots, another one being filled with the main board itself. The NeXTdimension featured S Video input and output, RGB output, an Intel i860 64 bit RISC processor at 33MHz for Postscript acceleration, 8 32MB RAM main memory and 4MB Video RAM VRAM for a resolution of 1120 832 at 24 bit color plus 8 bit alpha channel. An onboard C Cube CL550 chip for MJPEG video compression was announced, but never shipped. A handful of engineering prototypes for the MJPEG daughterboard exist, but none actually function. A stripped down Mach kernel Mach kernel was used as the operating system for the card. Due to the supporting processor 32 bit color Display PostScript on the NeXTdimension was faster than 2 bit grayscale Display PostScript on the NeXTcube. Since the main board always included the grayscale video logic, adding a NeXTdimension allowed the simultaneous use of two monitors. List price for a NeXTdimension sold as an add on to the NeXTcube was US 3,995. External links http www.vamp.org next www.vamp.org next Site for ND owners, featuring ND mailing list, ND faq and more http www.nextcomputers.org NeXTComputers.org NeXT Computer Category NeXT fr NeXTdimension ... more details
Infobox Album See Wikipedia WikiProject Albums Name Deerhunter 7 Type EP Artist Deerhunter Cover DeerhunterTourSingle.jpg Released 2006 Recorded 2006 Genre Ambient music Ambient , Indie music Indie Length Label Rob s House Records small rhr022 small Producer Last album This album Next album Deerhunter 7 was a vinyl released by the band Deerhunter . It was distributed by Rob s House Records in 2006 as part of their vinyl series, which presents bands from Atlanta, Georgia . The 7 features the songs from Deerhunter Deerhunter s two previous splits, Adorno and Tree Spies from the Deerhunter Alphabets Split and Grayscale from the Deerhunter Hubcap City Split . The single was sold on tour and also distributed by Rob s House Records. 100 vinyl records were pressed, all of which sold out. ref cite web title rhr022 Deerhunter accessdate 2007 07 07 work Rob s House Records url http www.robshouserecords.com index.html ref Track listing Side A Grayscale 4 05 Side B Tree Spies 2 05 Adorno 4 36 References reflist Deerhunter 2000s indie rock album stub Category 2006 EPs Category Deerhunter albums ... more details
Infobox Mobile phone name Motorola i58sr image If you can make the image normaly sized feel free to include it here screen Grayscale ref name Phonescoop cite web url http www.phonescoop.com phones phone.php?p 110 title Motorola i55sr i58sr on Phonescoop.com accessdate 1 July 2010 ref exterior screen ringtone memory 250 names and numbers ref name Phonescoop size 5.25 in. x 2 in. x 1.25 in. 133mm x 51 mm x 31.8 mm ref name Phonescoop volume battery Lithium ion battery Lithium ion ref cite book title User guide url http nextelonline.nextel.com assets pdfs en support guides phones i58sr ug.pdf accessdate June 30, 2010 publisher Nextel page 9 chapter Battery ref weight 6.5 ounce oz 184 gram g ref name Phonescoop File Motorola i58sr.jpg right thumb 100px The Motorola i58sr is a Bar form Bar candybar style cell phone manufactured by Motorola . It was released in 2002. It has a grayscale screen. The phone was used by Nextel and SouthernLINC . ref name Phonescoop References references Motorola phones DEFAULTSORT Motorola I58sr Category Motorola mobile phones i58sr mobile stub electronics stub ... more details
MLC , or the Multi Platform Language for Calculators , is an interpreted language meant to be programmed on many graphing calculator s. There are finished versions of MLC for the TI 86 and the Casio graphic calculators Algebra FX series Casio Algebra FX 2.0 . Also, MLC is in the works now for the TI 83 Plus and the Casio 9860 series Casio fx 9860G , and a version for the TI 89 , TI 92 Plus , and Voyage 200 is nearly complete. It is a faster, often more powerful, and cross platform alternative to TI BASIC or usually any BASIC that is implemented on graphing calculators , offering features such as grayscale , Sprite computer graphics sprites , and tilemapping . External links http bfr.tifreakware.net cgi bin mlc.cgi MLC Website http bfr.tifreakware.net mlcdoc MLC 68K Documentation http www.casiocalc.org ?showforum 18 MLC Casio Category Calculators fr Multi Platform Language for Calculators ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 File CIE1931xy blank.svg right thumb The CIE 1931 color space The CIE xy chromaticity diagram CIE xy chromaticity diagram . The spectral colors are the colors on the horseshoe shaped curve on the outside of the diagram. All other colors are not spectral the bottom straight line is the line of purples , while within the interior of the diagram are unsaturated colors that are various mixtures of a spectral color or a purple color with white , a grayscale color. White is in the central part of the interior of the diagram, since Additive colors when all colors of light are mixed together, they produce white . A spectral color is a color that is evoked by a single wavelength of light in the visible spectrum , or by a relatively narrow band of wavelengths. Every wavelength of light is perceived as a spectral color, in a continuous spectrum the colors of sufficiently close wavelengths are indistinguishable. The spectrum is often divided up into named colors, though any division is somewhat arbitrary the spectrum is continuous. Traditional colors include red , orange color orange , yellow , green , blue , and violet color violet . The division used by Isaac Newton Newton , in his Color theory The color wheel color wheel , was Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue, Indigo and Violet a mnemonic for this order is Roy G. Biv . In modern divisions of the spectrum, indigo is often omitted as simply a tone of blue or violet. Non spectral colors Among some of the colors that are not spectral colors are Grayscale achromatic colors, such as white , Gray color gray , and black Any color obtained by mixing a gray scale color and yet another color either spectral one or not spectral , such as pink , which is a mixture of a red dish color and white. Purple colors, which in color theory also include magenta colors, Rose color rose colors, and other colors on the line of purples , which are various mixtures of violet and red light. See also Imaginar ... more details
Notability date September 2010 Infobox software name Bitkinex caption screenshot Deleted image removed Image bitkinex.jpg developer Barad Dur LLC latest release version 3.2.3 operating system Microsoft Windows genre FTP client license Freeware website http www.bitkinex.com Overview BitKinex is a multiprotocol FTP client , supporting File Transfer Protocol FTP , SSH File Transfer Protocol SFTP , HTTP WebDAV . The FTP features on one click commands list, multipart download and multi thread browse. The WebDAV client features messenger like user interface, fast multithreaded and multipart downloads, server to server transfers and SSL. Development BitKinex was originally a freeware named morgul, with the same logo but in grayscale, featuring on suspendable ftp upload. The latest version is being distributed under the freeware license. DEFAULTSORT Bitkinex Category FTP clients Network software stub ... more details
The Sony CLI PEG SL10 is a Personal digital assistant made by Sony. It ran Palm OS 4.1 Image CLIESL10.jpg thumb A Clie PEG SL10 Specifications Palm OS 4.1 CPU Motorola DragonBall VZ 33MHz Input devices Touchscreen, Graffiti, Jog Dial with back button Memory 8MB Display 320 X 320, 4 bit grayscale External connectors PEG SL SJ T connector, Mini USB Expansion Memory Stick Wireless Infrared Batteries 2 AAA Color Silver w black face Form factor similar to Palm III Size Weight 3.6 oz , Dimensions 4.1 x 2.9 x 0.7 in smaller than a Palm IIIc and slightly smaller but thicker than a TX handheld Palm TX External links Wireless stub Sony CLI devices Category Sony CLI SL10 ... more details
Merge from blue pencil editing discuss Talk Non photo blue Merger proposal date March 2011 unreferenced date April 2007 sections date March 2012 Non photo blue or non repro blue is a common tool used in the graphic design and Printing print industry . It is a particular shade of blue that can not be detected by graphic arts cameras. This allows layout editors to write notes to the printer on the print flat the image that is to be photographed and sent to print which will not show in the final form. As well as this, it allows artists to lay down sketch drawing sketch lines without the need to erase after inking . As of late, with digital scanning and image manipulation, non photo blue fulfils its function in a different way. The artist can do his or her sketch and inking in the traditional method and scan the page. Most scanners will detect the light blue lines. However, shifting to grayscale greyscale and increasing the contrast vision contrast and brightness will cause the blue to disappear. Another common approach involves replacing the blue Channel digital image channel with another channel typically the red channel. The exact processes may differ depending on the scanner, settings and image editing software, but the concept remains the same. File NonPhotoBluevs.BluePen.jpg thumb left 1 Colour copy of non photo blue pencil. 2 Colour copy of blue pen. 3 Grayscale copy of non photo blue pencil. 4 Grayscale copy of blue pen. The difference between the non photo blue and Indian ink black ink is vast enough that digital image manipulation can separate the two easily. If a black and white bitmap setting is scanned in, the exposure or threshold number can be set high enough to detect the black ink or dark images being scanned, but low enough to leave out the non photo blue. On a threshold scale of 0 255, this number would be approximately 140. Only with a considerably high threshold setting will the blue be detected. However, a setting this high may greatly distort the ... more details
over set union Grayscale dilation In grayscale morphology, images are Function mathematics functions ... real number, and math infty math is an element smaller than any real number. Grayscale structuring ... x and the structuring function by b x , the grayscale dilation of f by b is given by math f oplus ... more details
complementary colors, along with a full 256 level grayscale. Gradients of RGB intermediate ... dot of ink , which it approximates to the printing logic. 2 bit Grayscale In a 2 bit color palette ... style none border 0 cellpadding 0 Image Grayscale 2bit palette sample image.png Image Grayscale ... Grayscale 2bit palette sample image gimp dithered.png File RGB 24bits palette color test chart 2 bit dithered.png It has black, white and two intermediate levels of gray as follows Image Grayscale 2bit ... br style clear both 4 bit Grayscale In a 4 bit color palette each pixel s value is represented ... 0 Image Grayscale 4bit palette sample image.png Image Grayscale 4bit palette color test chart.png 4 bit grayscale dithering does a fairly good job of reducing visible banding of the level changes style border style none border 0 cellpadding 0 File Grayscale 4bit palette sample image gimp dithered.png File RGB 24bits palette color test chart 4 bit gray dithered.png Image Grayscale 4bit palette.png ... 8 bit Grayscale style border style none border 0 cellpadding 0 Image Grayscale 8bits palette sample image.png Image Grayscale 8bits palette color test chart.png In a 8 bit color palette each pixel ... byte . Image Grayscale 8bits palette.png Most Image scanner scanner s can capture images in 8 bit grayscale, and image file format s like TIFF and JPEG natively support this monochrome palette size ... Bitmap Grayscale RGB Notes reflist External links and sources http html color codes.info HTML ... more details
Fractal Design was a US software company, originally known as Fractal Software and founded in 1985. ref name MarkZimmer cite web url http www.linkedin.com pub mark zimmer 9 235 57a title Mark Zimmer publisher Mark Zimmer accessdate 2010 09 13 ref It merged into MetaCreations in 1997 ref name MetaHistory cite web url http www.macworld.com article 15550 1999 12 15metacreations.html title MetaCreation s Puzzling Move publisher Stephen Beale, MacWorld.com, December 15, 1999 accessdate 2010 09 13 ref . It was initially known as Fractal Technology, and produced several best selling creative software packages for the PC and Macintosh platforms. Its initial success was Fractal Painter, a natural media drawing program released in 1990. It acquired Ray Dream Software in 1996. In 1997, it was merged into MetaCreations. The products in its portfolio were later sold off to other major software producers including Corel and Microsoft . Fractal Design s original products included Corel Painter Painter , a natural media painting program, currently available from Corel Poser , a 3D modeling program, currently available from Smith Micro Software Dabbler , a basic natural media program. Sketcher , a basic grayscale program. Detailer, a 3D painting program, later known as Painter 3D Fractal Design also purchased and released Creature House Expression from Creature House software. References reflist US software company stub Category Defunct software companies of the United States ... more details
Wikify date April 2010 An image analogy is a method of creating an image filter automatically from training data. In an image analogy process, the transformation between two images A and A is learned . Later, given a different image B, it s analogy image B can be generated based on the learned transformation. The image analogy method has been used to simulate many types of image filters Toy filters, such as blurring or embossing. Texture mapping Texture synthesis from an example texture. Super resolution, inferring a high resolution image from a low resolutinon source. Texture transfer, in which images are texturized with some arbitrary source texture. Artistic filters, in which various drawing and painting styles, including oil, pastel, and pen and ink rendering, are synthesized based on scanned real world examples. Texture by numbers, in which realistic scenes, composed of a variety of textures, are created using a simple painting interface. Image colorization, where color is automatically added to grayscale images. External links http mrl.nyu.edu projects image analogies Image Analogies at the New York University Media Research Lab Category Image processing ... more details
Wiktionarypar clean up for the baseball batting topic Cleanup hitter selfref For the Wikipedia article maintenance topic, see Wikipedia Cleanup . Clean up is a part of the workflow in the production of hand drawn animation , in which clean versions of the rough animation drawings are produced. The first drawings are called roughs or rough animation because they are often done in a very loose fashion. If the animation is successfully Pencil test animation pencil tested and approved by the director, clean versions of the drawing s have to be done. In larger studio s this task is given to the animator s assistant, or, in a more specialised setting, to a clean up artist. The artist doing the clean ups is responsible for the final line and finished look of the shot. Clean ups generally are done on a new sheet of paper. They can be done on the same sheet as the rough animation if this was done with a non copy blue pencil. This certain tone of blue will be invisible for photocopy ing machines or grayscale image scanner scanners , where the finished animation will be copied on cel s or transferred into a computer for further processing. External links http www.animationmeat.com notes featureanimation featureanimation.html Helpful Hints For CleanUp notes at AnimationMeat.com Category Animation techniques animation stub ... more details
Infobox Album See Wikipedia WikiProject Albums Name Deerhunter Hubcap City Split Type EP Artist Deerhunter Hubcap City Cover DeerhunterHubcap City.jpg Released 2006 br 2008 repress Recorded 2006 Genre Ambient music Ambient , Indie music Indie Length 9 40 Label Rob s House Records small rhr007 small Producer Last album This album Next album Deerhunter Hubcap City Split was a 7 vinyl, which featured music from Deerhunter and Hubcap City. It was released in 2006 on Rob s House Records . 300 were pressed on black gramophone record vinyl , all of which sold out. In 2008, the 7 was repressed, however only the Deerhunter song appears on the repress. The Deerhunter Hubcap City Split is the 7th in a series of releases by Rob s House Records specialising in bands from Atlanta, Georgia . Track listing Deerhunter Grayscale 4 05 Hubcap City li value 2 Mad House 5 35 External links http www.robshouserecords.com Rob s House Records Deerhunter 2000s indie rock album stub Category 2006 EPs Category Deerhunter albums Category Split EPs Category Hubcap City albums ... more details
advert date March 2010 G7 Method , commonly referred to within the graphic arts industry as G7 . The G7 refers to g rayscale plus seven colours the four process printing or subtractive colors CMYK Cyan, Magenta, Yellow, Black and the three screen or additive colors RGB Red, Green, and Blue . It is a specification or methodology developed by the Print Properties and Colorimetrics Working Group of http www.idealliance.org IDEAlliance ref http www.idealliance.org industry resources branding media and color g7 ref for controlling colour reproduction through grayscale calibration. It is not specific to any particular printing process, and has been applied to offset lithography , flexography ref name flexography.org http www.flexography.org flexo article.cfm?ArticleID 221 ref , gravure , screen printing , and digital printing workflows. History G7 was first conceived and developed by the IDEAlliance GRACoL General Requirements and Applications for Commercial Offset Lithography Working Group ref http www.colorwiki.com wiki G7 ref . It was partially based on colour photography principles of utilizing gray in colour balance and exposure calibration ref name flexography.org . References Reflist External links http www.flexography.org flexo article.cfm?ArticleID 221 Applying G7 to Flexo http www.colorwiki.com wiki G7 ColorWiki G7 http g7expert.blogspot.com Printing to International Standards with G7 http www.bostonprintbuyers.com printtips 09 03 09.html Margie s Print Tips G7 What Is It and Why Should Print Customers Care? Category Printing Category Color color stub ... more details
The Laserjet 2300 Series was a line of grayscale laser printers sold by Hewlett Packard . The printer was aimed at small & medium business use. ref http h10010.www1.hp.com wwpc us en sm WF06a 18972 236251 236263 14638 f51 238800.html ref Variations The 2300 Series came in several configurations and variations ref http h20000.www2.hp.com bizsupport TechSupport ProductList.jsp?lang en&cc us&taskId 135&prodTypeId 18972&prodSeriesId 238800 ref LaserJet 2300 Standard model. LaserJet 2300d Able to perform automatic duplex printing . ref http h10010.www1.hp.com wwpc us en sm WF06b 18972 236251 236263 14638 f51 238800 238808 238809.html ref Laserjet 2300n Fitted with a 10 100 Ethernet port, for networking. ref http h10010.www1.hp.com wwpc us en sm WF06b 18972 236251 236263 14638 f51 238800 238805 238806.html ref Laserjet 2300dn Able to duplex automatically and was fitted with a 10 100 ethernet port. ref http h10010.www1.hp.com wwpc us en sm WF06b 18972 236251 236263 14638 f51 238800 238811 238812.html ref LaserJet 2300L A lower cost version with a lower print speed of 20 pages per minute. ref http h10010.www1.hp.com wwpc us en sm WF06b 18972 236251 236263 14638 f51 238800 238817 238818.html ref LaserJet 2300dtn A combination of the 2300d, 2300n, and with a third tray as standard. ref http h10010.www1.hp.com wwpc us en sm WF06b 18972 236251 236263 14638 f51 238800 238814 238815.html ref Reflist Category HP LaserJet printers 2300 series ... more details
File PageWriter2000X.JPG thumb 150px right PageWriter 2000x File PageWriterChargingBase.JPG thumb 150px PageWriter charging base with Ir port The Motorola PageWriter 2000 was the world s first smartpager . Featuring the 68000 based Motorola DragonBall processor, 1 MB of internal storage, a four color grayscale screen, IrDA transmitter receiver, and a full QWERTY keyboard the PageWriter represented a combination of both PDA and pager in one package. For wireless connectivity the PageWriter used SkyTel s ReFLEX paging network to send and receive messages to other pagers or to email addresses. The device shipped with a number of applications including messaging, contacts, calendar, and notepad all written in its proprietary FLEXScript programming language. Additional applications could be purchased and downloaded to the PageWriter from a PC through its charging dock. That dock connected via RS232 serial port to the PC and an IR port to the PageWriter. Email VClient The most notable of of the add on applications for the PageWriter was the Motorola developed Email VClient ref http www.frogfire.com frogfire archive motorola psd downloads vclient quickref.pdf ref . Debuted to the public at Lotusphere 98 in January of that year, this application allowed users for the first time to access their corporate email account remotely from their portable wireless device. Users could read, respond to, and create emails remotely while appearing to be interacting from their desktop. This application created the market for remote control of desktop email from a wireless device later popularized by the RIM BlackBerry . References reflist Category Pagers tech stub ... more details
Color depth Image Neighborhood watch bw.png frame right A photograph of a Neighborhood Watch sign in black and white binary A binary image is a digital image that has only two possible values for each pixel . ref name CoderSource cite news url http www.codersource.net csharp color image to binary.aspx title Conversion of a Color Image to a Binary Image publisher CoderSource.net date 2005 04 18 accessdate 2008 06 11 archiveurl http web.archive.org web 20080610170124 http www.codersource.net csharp color image to binary.aspx Bot retrieved archive archivedate 2008 06 10 ref Typically the two colors used for a binary image are black and white though any two colors can be used. ref name CoderSource The color used for the object s in the image is the foreground color while the rest of the image is the background color. ref name CoderSource In the document scanning industry this is often referred to as bi tonal. Binary images are also called bi level or two level . This means that each pixel is stored as a single bit 0 or 1 . The names black and white , B& W , monochrome or monochrome monochromatic are often used for this concept, but may also designate any images that have only one sample per pixel, such as Grayscale grayscale image s. In Adobe Photoshop Photoshop parlance, a binary image is the same as an image in Bitmap mode. Binary images often arise in digital image processing as mask image processing mask s or as the result of certain operations such as segmentation image processing segmentation , Thresholding image processing thresholding , and dither ing. Some input output devices, such as laser printer s, fax fax machine s, and bilevel Visual display unit computer display s, can only handle bilevel images. A binary image is usually stored in memory as a bitmap , a packed array of bits. A 640 480 image requires 37.5 Kibibyte KiB of storage. Because of the small size of the image files, fax machines and document management solutions usually use this format. Binar ... more details
A co occurrence matrix or co occurrence distribution less often co ccurrence matrix or co ccurrence distribution is a matrix mathematics matrix or Distribution mathematics distribution that is defined over an Digital image image to be the distribution of co occurring values at a given offset. Mathematically, a co occurrence matrix C is defined over an n x m image I , parameterized by an offset x, y , as math C Delta x, Delta y i,j sum p 1 n sum q 1 m begin cases 1, & mbox if I p,q i mbox and I p Delta x,q Delta y j 0, & mbox otherwise end cases math The value of the image originally referred to the grayscale value of the specified pixel . The value could be anything, from a binary numeral system binary on off value to 32 bit color and beyond. Note that 32 bit color will yield a math 2 32 times 2 32 math co occurrence matrix Really any matrix or pair of matrices can be used to generate a co occurrence matrix, though their main applicability has been in the measuring of Texture computer graphics texture in images, so the typical definition, as above, assumes that the matrix is in fact an image. It is also possible to define the matrix across two different images. Such a matrix can then be used for color mapping . Note that the x, y parameterization makes the co occurrence matrix sensitive to rotation. We choose one offset vector, so a rotation of the image not equal to 180 degrees will result in a different co occurrence distribution for the same rotated image. This is rarely desirable in the applications co occurrence matrices are used in, so the co occurrence matrix is often formed using a set of offsets sweeping through 180 degrees i.e. 0, 45, 90, and 135 degrees at the same distance to achieve a degree of rotational invariance . Aliases Co occurrence matrices have been referred to as GLCM Gray Level Co occurrence Matrices spatial dependence matrix Application to image analysis Whether considering the intensity or grayscale values of the image or various dimensio ... more details
unreferenced date January 2008 Pansharpening is a process of merging high resolution panchromatic and lower resolution multispectral imagery to create a single high resolution color image. Google Maps and nearly every map creating company use this technique to increase image quality. Pansharpening produces a high resolution color image from three, four or more low resolution multispectral satellite bands plus a corresponding high resolution panchromatic band Low res color bands High res grayscale band Hi res color image Such band combinations are commonly bundled in satellite data sets, for example Landsat 7, which includes six 30 m resolution multispectral bands, a 60 m thermal infrared band plus a 15 m resolution panchromatic band. SPOT , GeoEye and Digital Globe commercial data packages also commonly include both lower resolution multispectral bands and a single panchromatic band. One of the principal reasons for configuring satellite sensors this way is to keep satellite weight, cost, bandwidth and complexity down. Pan sharpening uses spatial information in the high resolution grayscale band and color information in the multispectral bands to create a high resolution color image, essentially increasing the resolution of the color information in the data set to match that of the panchromatic band. This is usually done by transforming the multispectral data from RGB color space RGB red green blue color space to an alternative color space containing an intensity vector for example HSL and HSV HSI or hue saturation intensity color space . The color information hue and saturation channels are re sampled to match the resolution of the panchromatic channel and then interpolated. The panchromatic channel is then substituted for the intensity channel and then the processed data is transformed back to RGB color space at the higher resolution . Other classes of pansharpening algorithms are based on transformation of the image data from the spatial domain to ... more details
multiple issues refimprove November 2007 context November 2007 notability November 2007 The PAM Portable Arbitrary Map ref http netpbm.sourceforge.net doc pam.html ref Graphics file format graphics format of the Netpbm package generalises all the features of the Netpbm format previous formats PBM, PGM and PPM and provides for extending them. As well as width, height and maximum value, which are found in the older formats, PAM defines two new attributes depth and tuple type. The depth attribute defines the number of channels in the image, such as 1 for greyscale images and 3 for RGB images. The tuple type attribute specifies what kind of image the PAM file represents, thus enabling it to stand for the older Netpbm formats, as well as to be extended to new uses. For example, an image with a tuple type of GRAYSCALE is equivalent to PGM portable graymap . Fundamental differences from the older formats The header for the PAM file format begins with P7, and unlike in the other formats ends in an explicit close ENDHDR. There is no plain human readable, ASCII based version of PAM. PAM files are always binary, and attempts to use the switch code plain code with Netpbm programs that produce PAM output results in an error message. For the black and white version of PAM depth 1, tuple type BLACKANDWHITE , corresponding to PBM, PAM uses one byte per pixel, instead of PBM s use of one bit per pixel packing eight pixels in one byte . Also, the value 1 in such a PAM image stands for white light on , as opposed to black in PBM ink on . Transparency All of the basic tuple types BLACKANDWHITE, GRAYSCALE, and RGB have a variant with an Alpha compositing opacity channel . The tuple type is created by appending ALPHA as a suffix to the base tuple type. For example tuple type RGB ALPHA with depth 4 serves for RGBA color space RGBA images, which previously required the use of a separate PGM image for the opacity channel. Extensions PAM s tuple type mechanism allows for many extensions. In ... more details
Image BeBook.jpg thumb The BEBOOK e book reader displaying the About screen The Hanlin is an e Reader, an electronic book e book reading device. The device, Hanlin v3, features a 6 15 cm , 4 level grayscale electrophoretic display E Ink Corporation E Ink material with a resolution of 600 800 pixel s 167 pixels per inch ppi . The Hanlin v5 Mini, features a 5 15 cm , 8 level grayscale electrophoretic display E Ink Corporation E Ink material with a resolution of 600 800 pixel s 200 pixels per inch ppi . The device runs a Linux based Operating system OS . The device is manufactured by the JinKe Electronic Company in China. It is rebranded by various OEM s and sold under the names Bebook, Walkbook, lBook, Iscriptum, Papyre, EZ Reader, Koobe and ECO Reader. The Hanlin eReader works best with EPUB , Rich Text Format RTF , FictionBook FB2 , and Mobipocket documents, because of their simplicity, interoperability, and low CPU processing requirements. These files also offer more zoom levels, and more options like search, landscape mode, and text to speech than with Portable Document Format PDF , DOC computing DOC , HTML , or text file TXT . It also uses JinKe s proprietary WOLF format file extension .wol . Specifications of Hanlin Models Hardware Size 184 x 120.5 x 9.9 mm Weight 210 g, battery included 160 gram for BeBook mini Screen 90 x 120 mm 3.54 x 4.72 inches 600x800 pixels black and white, 4 gray scale 166 Dots per inch dpi for Hanlin v3 and 8 gray scale 200 dpi for Hanlin v5 Daylight readable No backlight Portrait and landscape mode SDRAM memory 32 MB SD card supports Secure Digital SDIO SDIO v3 supports up to 4GB, v5 supports SDHC up to 16GB supports 32GB unofficially Connectivity USB 1.1 client only for Hanlin v3 and USB 2.0 for Hanlin v5 Software Operating system Linux Document formats PDF , Text file TXT , Rich Text Format RTF , DOC computing DOC , HTML Help , FB2 , HTML , WOL , DJVU , Microsoft Reader LIT , EPUB , PPT format PPT , Mobipocket . A ... more details
In mathematical morphology and digital image processing , a morphological gradient is the difference between the dilation morphology dilation and the erosion morphology erosion of a given image. It is an image where each pixel value typically non negative indicates the contrast intensity in the close neighborhood of that pixel. It is useful for edge detection and Segmentation image processing segmentation applications. Mathematical definition and types Let math f E mapsto R math be a grayscale image, mapping points from a Euclidean space or discrete grid E such as R sup 2 sup or Z sup 2 sup into the real line. Let math b x math be a grayscale structuring element . Usually, b is symmetry symmetric and has short support , e.g., math b x left begin array ll 0,& x leq 1, infty,& mbox otherwise end array right. math . Then, the morphological gradient of f is given by math G f f oplus b f ominus b math , where math oplus math and math ominus math denote the dilation and the erosion, respectively. An internal gradient is given by math G i f f f ominus b math , and an external gradient is given by math G e f f oplus b f math . The internal and external gradients are thinner than the gradient, but the gradient peaks are located on the edges, whereas the internal and external ones are located at each side of the edges. Notice that math G i G e G math . If math b 0 geq 0 math , then all the three gradients have non negative values at all pixels. References cite id serra82 Image Analysis and Mathematical Morphology by Jean Serra, ISBN 0126372403 1982 cite Image Analysis and Mathematical Morphology, Volume 2 Theoretical Advances by Jean Serra, ISBN 0 12 637241 1 1988 An Introduction to Morphological Image Processing by Edward R. Dougherty, ISBN 0 8194 0845 X 1992 External links http cmm.ensmp.fr beucher publi morph grad.pdf Morphological gradients , Centre de Morphologie Math matique, cole des Mines de Paris Category Mathematical morphology Category Digital geometry compu graph ... more details
In mathematical morphology and digital image processing , top hat transform is an operation that extracts small elements and details from given image s. There exist two types of top hat transform The white top hat transform is defined as the difference between the input image and its opening morphology opening by some structuring element The black top hat transform is defined dually as the difference between the closing morphology closing and the input image. Top hat transforms are used for various image processing tasks, such as feature extraction , background equalization , image enhancement , and others. Mathematical definitions Let math f E mapsto R math be a grayscale image, mapping points from an Euclidean space or discrete Lattice graph grid E such as R sup 2 sup or Z sup 2 sup into the real line. Let math b x math be a grayscale structuring element. Then, the white top hat transform of f is given by math T w f f f circ b math , where math circ math denotes the opening operation. The black top hat transform of f is given by math T b f f bullet b f math , where math bullet math is the closing operation. Properties The white top hat transform returns an image, containing those objects or elements of an input image that Are smaller than the structuring element i.e., places where the structuring element does not fit in , and are brighter than their surroundings. The black top hat returns an image, containing the objects or elements that Are smaller than the structuring element, and are darker than their surroundings. The size, or width, of the elements that are extracted by the top hat transforms can be controlled by the choice of the structuring element math b math . The bigger the latter, the larger the elements extracted. Both top hat transforms are images that contain only non negative values at all pixels. References cite id serra82 Image Analysis and Mathematical Morphology by Jean Serra, ISBN 0126372403 1982 cite Image Analysis and Mathematical Morphology, ... more details
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