File Groundglass stopper.jpg thumb Groundglass stoppers. Groundglass is glass whose surface has been ... matte finish. Groundglass surfaces have many applications, ranging from mere ornamentation ... In photography , a sheet of groundglass is used for the manual focus optics focusing in some camera ... of groundglass at the Cardinal point optics Focal points and planes focal plane to focus the scene ... is taken, the groundglass viewer is inserted in the back of the camera, and the lens opened to its widest aperture . This projects the scene on the groundglass upside down and backwards. The photographer ... the image of the old time photographer with his head stuck under a large black cloth. A groundglass ... camera. In motion picture cameras, the groundglass is a small, usually removable piece of transparent glass that sits between the rotary disc shutter and the viewfinder. The groundglass usually contains ... , or any other important information. Because the groundglass is positioned between the mirror shutter ... of that aspect ratio, but also for the groundglass to be properly aligned in the camera so that the markings ... Groundglass is widely used as a weather and heat proof light diffuser in ambient lighting, namely on glass .... Chemistry Groundglass surfaces are often found on the glass equipment of chemistry chemical laboratory ... by groundglass joint s, matching pairs of cone geometry conical or sphere geometry spherical surfaces that have been ground to a precise shape. Flasks and test tube s often have a small groundglass label area on the side. Pencil writing on groundglass is largely inert, rub proof and waterproof, but can be easily erased. Technical optics Microscopes often include a groundglass diffusing element ..., thus softening the edges for safer handling. See also Focusing screen Groundglass joint s Groundglass hepatocyte External links http www.panavision.com ground glass.php Ground glasses available from Panavision http www.xs4all.nl lommen9 focus index.html Groundglass focusing with the Speed ... more details
Image Groundglass hepatocytes high mag cropped 2.jpg thumb right 350px Micrograph showing groundglass hepatocytes . H&E stain . In liver pathology , a groundglass hepatocyte , abbreviated GGH , is a liver parenchyma l cell biology cell with a flat hazy and uniformly dull appearing cytoplasm on light microscopy . The cytoplasm s granular homogeneous eosinophilic staining is caused by the presence of HBsAg . The appearance is classically associated with abundant hepatitis B antigen in the endoplasmic reticulum , but may also be drug induced. ref name pmid1162516 Cite journal last1 Cohen first1 C title Groundglass hepatocytes journal S Afr Med J volume 49 issue 34 pages 1401 3 month Aug year 1975 doi pmid 1162516 ref ref name pmid18505413 Cite journal last1 Su first1 IJ last2 Wang first2 HC last3 Wu first3 HC last4 Huang first4 WY title Groundglass hepatocytes contain pre S mutants and represent preneoplastic lesions in chronic hepatitis B virus infection journal J Gastroenterol Hepatol volume 23 issue 8 Pt 1 pages 1169 74 month Aug year 2008 doi 10.1111 j.1440 1746.2008.05348.x pmid 18505413 ref In the context of hepatitis B, GGHs are only seen in chronic infections, i.e. they are not seen ... first3 C last4 Popper first4 H title Cytoplasmic hepatitis B antigen in groundglass hepatocytes ... ref Types of groundglass hepatocytes Several different types of GGHs are recognized ref name pmid14633616 ... N last5 Lei first5 HY last6 Su first6 IJ title Different Types of GroundGlass Hepatocytes in Chronic ... Additional images gallery Image Groundglass hepatocytes high mag cropped.jpg Micrograph showing groundglass hepatocytes . H&E stain . Image Groundglass hepatocytes high mag.jpg Micrograph showing groundglass hepatocytes . H&E stain . Image Groundglass hepatocytes intermed mag.jpg Micrograph showing groundglass hepatocytes . H&E stain . gallery References reflist 2 External links http www.pathology.med.ohio state.edu paxit deptbase Paxit Images 10534 PAXIT052.JPG Image of groundglass ... more details
glass joint open.jpg right thumb A 45 50 groundglass joint between an Erlenmeyer flask and a Condenser laboratory Allihn condenser condenser . Image Groundglass joint closed.jpg right thumb The same joint, closed. Groundglass joints are used in laboratories to quickly and easily fit leak tight ... , and oil bubbler with groundglass joints may be rapidly fitted together to reflux a reaction ... inner spaces of the glassware components, groundglass joints are hollow on the inside and open at the ends, except for stoppers. History Crude versions of conically tapered groundglass joints have ..., groundglass joints can be precisely ground to a reproducible taper or shape. They are made to join ... joint with the groundglass surface facing outward and the other would have an outer or female joint of a correspondingly fitting taper with the groundglass surface facing inward. Joint types Two general types of groundglass joints are fairly commonly used joints which are slightly conically tapered ... Taper Symbol.svg frame right Standard Taper symbol The conically tapered groundglass joints ... of the inner joint. sup if possible mark on picture sup The second number represents the groundglass ... Glass Joints.PNG frame center Conically tapered groundglass joints. Inner male joint shown on the left and outer female joint shown on the right. Groundglass surfaces are shown with gray shading. By assembling ... glass surface on the outside, which fits inside of the socket, where the groundglass surface ... joints Image Ball and socket groundglass joints.PNG frame center Groundglass ball left and socket right joints. The groundglass surfaces are shown with gray shading. By putting them together in the direction of the arrows, they can be joined, with some grease applied to the groundglass surfaces ..., groundglass adapters may be available or made to place in between to connect them. Special clips ... one or more conically tapered groundglass joint openings or necks . Conventionally, these joints ... more details
Image Neumonitis por hipersensibilidad 2.jpg right thumb 300px High resolution CT increase in density in areas of ground glass and air trapping in lower lobes in patients with hypersensitivity pneumonitis. In radiology , ground glass opacity GGO is a nonspecific finding on computed tomography CT scans that indicates a partial filling of air spaces by exudate or transudate , as well as interstitial thickening or partial collapse of lung alveoli. Possible Diseases The differential diagnosis of the many causes of GGO includes pulmonary edema , infections including cytomegalovirus and Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia , various noninfection interstitial lung disease s such as hypersensitivity pneumonitis , Hamman Rich syndrome , diffuse alveolar hemorrhage etc. ref cite web url http www.appliedradiology.com uploadedfiles Issues 1998 12 Articles v0027i12 00801363 main.pdf title Ground glass opacity on CT scanning of the chest What does it mean? last Jannette Collins, MD and Eric J. Stern, MD date 1998 publisher Applied Radiology accessdate 2012 02 01 ref References reflist External links http www.ajronline.org content 160 2 249.full.pdf Ground Glass Opacity of the Lung Parenchyma A Guide to Analysis with High Resolution CT Category Radiologic signs ru ... more details
about the material pp move indef Image Moldavite Besednice.jpg thumb Moldavite , a natural glass formed ... Cup from the 4th century A.D. Image Kosta window.jpg thumb Oldest mouth blown window glass in Sweden .... Glass is an Amorphous solid amorphous non crystal line solid material. Glasses are typically brittle and optically transparency and translucency transparent . The most familiar type of glass, used for centuries in window s and List of glassware drinking vessels , is soda lime glass , composed of about ... minor additives. Often, the term glass is used in a restricted sense to refer to this specific use. In science, however, the term glass is usually defined in a much wider sense, including ... a glass transition when heated towards the liquid state. In this wider sense, glasses can be made ... liquids, and polymers . For many applications Glass Bottles bottles , eyewear disambiguation eyewear polymer glasses acrylic glass , polycarbonate , polyethylene terephthalate are a lighter alternative to traditional silica glasses. Silicate glass Silica the chemical compound SiO sub 2 sub is a common fundamental constituent of glass. In nature, vitrification of quartz occurs when lightning strikes sand , forming hollow, branching rootlike structures called fulgurite . History Main History of glass The history of creating glass can be traced back to 3500 BCE in Mesopotamia . ref cite web url http www.glassonline.com infoserv history.html title Glass Online The History of Glass accessdate 2010 09 30 ref The term glass developed in the late Roman Empire . It was in the Roman glass making ... Ltd place Henley on Thames year 1972 isbn 0854291172 ref Glass ingredients Image Piasek kwarcowy.jpg left thumb Sand Quartz sand silica is the main raw material in commercial glass production While ... common due to its high glass transition temperature of over 1200 Celsius C 2192 Fahrenheit F . ref Cite journal author M. I. Ojovan journal JETP Letters title Glass Formation in Amorphous SiO2 ... more details
wiktionary groundGround may refer to Earth s surface Soil , a mixture of clay, sand and organic matter present on the surface of the Earth and serving as substrate for plant growth and micro organisms development Ground, in electrical engineering, something that is connected to the Earth or at the voltage defined as zero in the U.S., called ground in the UK, called earth Earthing system Ground electricity Ground and neutral Ground often grounds , in law , a rational motive, basis for a belief or conviction, for an action taken, such as a legal action or argument reason or cause Grounds for divorce Grounds for dismissal Common ground , in communication, people sharing some common understanding Coffee Coffee grounds , ground coffee beans Socially grounded argument in philosophy , arguments that take social conditions as their starting point Ground bass , in music, a bass part that continually repeats, while the melody and harmony over it change Ground tissue , one of the three types of tissue systems in a plant Ground term, in First order logic symbolic logic , a term with no variables Ground surface, often on metals, created by various grinding operations Stadium Football stadium Ground unit , a unit of area used in India Ground a drawing surface or a coating applied to a substrate for a drawing surface The Ground , a 2005 album by Norwegian jazz pianist Tord Gustavsen See also lookfrom intitle Grounding disambiguation Grounded disambiguation Earth disambiguation Grind disambiguation possible misspelling disambig de Gel nde Begriffskl rung fr Terrain ja pl Grunt uk ... more details
infobox song Name Threw It on the Ground Artist The Lonely Island Cover Album Turtleneck & Chain Released Start date 2009 10 3 Format Music download Digital download Recorded 2009 Genre Comedy hip hop br Electro music Electro br Dubstep Length 2 44 Label Universal Republic Records Writer Andy Samberg , Akiva Schaffer , Jorma Taccone Producer prev Watch Me Do Me Classy Skit 2 next Japan track no 15 prev no 14 next no 16 On the Ground album version known as Threw It on the Ground is a song sung by the band The Lonely Island from their second studio album Turtleneck & Chain , and an SNL Digital Shorts SNL Digital Short which aired on Saturday Night Live on October 3, 2009. Andy Samberg is the lone member of the band who appears in the video. He plays a character who is absurdly cynical and disillusioned with life, and possibly in some sort of quarter life crisis , walking down a city street and throwing things he is given on the ground. ref http www.imdb.com title tt0072562 episodes ref Celebrity appearances Elijah Wood and Ryan Reynolds both appear in the music video for On the Ground . Reynolds ... video on the ground ref They are two Hollywood phonies in the video. Plot The video ... the drink and throws it on the ground. The scene changes to another location with a hot dog stand . The hot ... dog man can t buy him. He then takes the hot dog and throws it on the ground. In the next scene ... and also this ain t my dad, this is a cell phone He then takes the phone and throws it on the ground ... the kid that what do you want me to do with it? Eat it? and then throws the cake on the ground after saying happy birthday to the ground . He then throws the rest of the cake on the ground too. In the next scene, Samberg is shown throwing several random objects on the ground. He then says in a deranged ... links http www.thelonelyisland.com video on the ground On The Ground The Lonely Island DEFAULTSORT On The Ground Category The Lonely Island songs Category 2010 singles Category Saturday Night Live sketches ... more details
Infobox Album Name To The Ground Type Album Artist Kerfuffle Commented out because image was deleted Cover Kerfuffle Links.jpg Released 7th July, 2008 Recorded December 2007 January 2008 Cover To the ground cover.jpg Genre Folk music Folk Length 48 07 Label RootBeat Records Producer Kerfuffle & Andrew Bell Reviews Last album Links album Links br 2006 This album To The Ground br 2008 Next album Lighten The Dark A Midwinter Album br 2009 To The Ground is the fourth album by folk band Kerfuffle . Track listing Track listing writing credits no total length 48 07 title1 Katie Shaw writer1 length1 3 43 title2 Dr Letcher s Favourite writer2 length2 5 05 title3 Down By The Greenwood Side writer3 length3 5 05 title4 Rondo writer4 length4 5 58 title5 Arise Arise writer5 length5 1 23 title6 Castleton Carol writer6 length6 5 49 title7 Betty Corrigall s Lament writer7 length7 5 13 title8 The Trip writer8 length8 4 18 title9 The Snows writer9 length9 4 00 title10 Two Sisters writer10 length10 3 39 title11 Bonaparte s Retreat writer11 length11 1 13 title12 The Rogue s March writer12 length12 2 41 Personnel Sam Sweeney fiddle , viola , cajon , drums , bagpipes , vocals Hannah James Accordion , vocals Jamie Roberts Guitar , vocals , mandola , ukulele Tom Sweeney Bass Guitar , vocals Dr Andy Lectcher bagpipes on Dr Letcher s Favourite references DEFAULTSORT To The Ground Category 2008 albums Category Kerfuffle albums 2000s folk album stub ... more details
Infobox Album See Wikipedia WikiProject Albums Name The Ground Type Album Artist Tord Gustavsen Trio Cover The Ground Tord Gustavsen Trio coverart.jpg Released January 31, 2005 Recorded January 2004 br small Rainbow Studio, Oslo Genre Jazz Length 63 05 Label ECM Records ECM br small ECM 1892 Producer Manfred Eicher Chronology Tord Gustavsen Last album Changing Places album Changing Places br 2003 This album The Ground br 2004 Next album Being There Tord Gustavsen album Being There br 2005 The Ground is an album by Norwegian jazz pianist and composer Tord Gustavsen recorded in 2004 and released on the ECM Records ECM label. ref name ECM discography http www.ecmrecords.com Catalogue ECM 1800 1892.php ECM discography accessed October 18, 2011 ref Reception The Allmusic review by Michael G. Nastos awarded the album 3 stars stating Gustavsen, while playing laid back, pristine, pretty, and serene music, is far from challenging convention or pushing the envelope. Conversely, his personal voice is fully realized. Time will tell whether this style finds a worldwide audience, moves away from this type of contemporary texture music, or takes the approach he has established to any more extreme measures, even softer or more forceful . ref name Allmusic Nastos, M. G. http www.allmusic.com album the ground r731946 review Allmusic Review accessed October 18, 2011 ref Album ratings rev1 Allmusic rev1Score rating 3.5 5 ref name Allmusic Track listing All compositions by Tord Gustavsen Tears Transforming 5 38 Being There 4 17 Twins 4 57 Curtains Aside 5 15 Colours of Mercy 6 09 Sentiment 5 35 Kneeling Down 5 48 Reach Out and Touch It 5 48 Edges of Happiness 3 07 Interlude 2 03 Token of Tango 4 12 The Ground 7 16 Personnel Tord Gustavsen piano Harald Johnsen double bass bass Jarle Vespestad drum kit drums References reflist Category ECM Records albums Category Tord Gustavsen albums Category 2005 albums Category Albums produced by Manfred Eicher DEFAULTSORT Ground, The ... more details
File FrostedGlassWindow.JPG thumb Frosted glass windows used in a restroom File WLA brooklynmuseum Westward Ho frosted glass.jpg thumb James Gillinder & Sons 1860 ca. 1935 . Westward Ho Compote, ca. 1875. Pressed colorless and frosted glass. Brooklyn Museum Frosted glass is produced by the sandblasting or acid etching of clear sheet glass . It has the effect of rendering the glass translucent by scattering of light during transmission, thus Visual Appearance blurring images while still transmitting light. Applications To obtain visual privacy while admitting light. Decorative patterns may be imposed upon otherwise plain glass by using wax or other resist to retain Transparency optics transparent areas. Frosted glass in light bulb s is used for evenly distributing the light from the bulb s filament across its surface area. To distribute light uniformly in a photographic contact printer . To create an airtight seal in tubes. The frosted glass effect can also be achieved by the application of vinyl film, used as a sort of stencil on the glass surface. Photo resist , or photo resistant film is also available, which can be produced to mask off the area surrounding a decorative design, or logo on the glass surface. A similar effect may also be accomplished with the use of canned frosted glass sprays. See also Groundglass References Reflist DEFAULTSORT Frosted Glass Category Glass coating and surface modification Category Glass types glass material stub ar es Vidrio esmerilado ... more details
Refimprove auto yes date December 2009 Glass tubes or glass tubing are hollow pieces of borosilicate or flint glass flint glass used primarily as laboratory glassware . Glass tubing is commercially available in various thicknesses and lengths. Glass tubing is frequently attached to Stopper plug rubber stopper s. In the past, scientists constructed their own laboratory apparatus prior to the ubiquity of interchangeable groundglass joint s. Today, commercially available parts connected by groundglass joints are preferred where specialized glassware are required, they are made to measure using commercially available glass tubes by specialist glassblower s. For example, a Schlenk line is made of two large glass tubes, connected by stopcocks and smaller glass tubes, which are further connected to plastic hoses. Modifying Although modifying glass tubing is no longer an essential laboratory technique , many are still familiar with the basic methods. A glass cutter is used to break pieces of glass tubing into smaller pieces. Freshly cut edges are Flame polishing flame polished before use to remove the rough edge. Glass tubing can be bent by heating evenly over a Bunsen burner Bunsen flame to red heat . Hose barb s can be added to tubing, giving a better grip and seal for attaching plastic or rubber tubing. ref cite book last Turpin first G. S. title Practical Inorganic Chemistry publisher Forgotten Books pages 29 32 url http books.google.com books?id 1HTOfyTaWgYC&printsec frontcover&dq practical inorganic chemistry&hl en&ei LyEMTduFJIWglAfjg8C0DA&sa X&oi book result&ct result&resnum 1&ved 0CCkQ6AEwAA v onepage&q&f false ref References Reflist Laboratory equipment DEFAULTSORT Glass Tube Category Laboratory glassware chemistry stub Glass stub he sr ... more details
Duncan Glass Company s Georgian pattern on a pitcher in ruby red Elegant Glass is high quality glassware ... stores and given as wedding gifts ref name dep v eleg Elegant Glass is Not Depression Glass Just Glass Online. Designer Glassware, Vintage Art Glass, Depression Glass & Collectible Glass Just Glass ... collectibles elegant glass is not depression glass.html . ref . When new, Elegant Glass would cost more than its oft confused counterpart, Depression glass , because it was at least partially ... Glass was an alternative to fine china. Most of the Elegant Glassware manufacturers closed by the end ... Glass was at least partially hand made during production ref Depression Glass, Elegant Glass and Depression Glass Manufacturers Just Glass Online. Designer Glassware, Vintage Art Glass, Depression Glass & Collectible Glass Just Glass Online. Stephen Thornton Internet Consulting Services. Web. 7 January 2010. http www.justglass online.com depression glass depression glass elegant glass and depression glass manufacturers.html ref . Elegant Glass manufacturers produced vibrant colors that varied far more than Depression Glass ref name dep v eleg . Shades of red, blue, green, amber, yellow, smoke ... a look at a piece of cobalt Elegant Glass and place is along side a piece of cobalt Depression Glass. The intensity of the former piece is quite evident. Pressed Elegant Glass was fire polished to get rid of the flaws in the glass. The normal flaws found in pressed glass straw marks, raised seams, etc. were removed. The base of bowls, platters, etc. was ground so it would sit evenly on a table. Many patterns of Elegant Glass were embellished with acid etching, cutting, enamel decoration, gold encrustation, platinum and gold trim ref name dep v eleg . Sale and marketing Elegant Glass was sold ... expensive. Many consumers purchased Elegant Glass and placed it on display, only using it for very special occasions ref name dep v eleg . Products Elegant glass patterns had a wide range of items ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 blockquote This article is about a structural feature. For the expression concerning limitations on advancement, see glass ceiling . For the 2004 Maritime album, see Glass Floor . blockquote Image Looking down from Tower.jpg thumb right 200px Looking through the Glass Floor of the Blackpool Tower in Lancashire , England . A glass floor is a Transparency optics transparent section of a floor , found most often in building s usually in the observation decks of tower s or boat s in order to facilitate viewing directly beneath where one is standing. Usually made of a reinforced glass , the most common use is as a tourism tourist attraction . Glass bottom boat s are popular for allowing a better view into the body of water water . Glass as a flooring material is used in both residential and commercial structures. Special hollow glass block s known as glass paver s are often used in combination with a metal Space frame frame . At 4000 feet 1219 m , the highest glass floor above ground is the novel outdoor application of the Grand Canyon Skywalk , operated by the Hualapai Indian tribe. The highest above ground level in a freestanding structure is in the CN Tower in Toronto , Ontario at 1122 feet 342 m . Picture gallery gallery Image Calgary Tower s Glass Floor.jpg Calgary Tower Image VIEW FROM CN TOWER..JPG CN Tower , Toronto Image CNTowerNastyFall.jpg CN Tower , Toronto Image Glassfloor.jpg Spinnaker Tower Image Ostankino glass floor.JPG Ostankino Tower , Moscow Image Tokyo Tower look down window.JPG Tokyo Tower , Tokyo gallery DEFAULTSORT Glass Floor Category Floors Category Glass architecture Element arch stub pt Piso de vidro ... more details
, and later gave its name to Darwin Crater , a probable impact crater , and the inferred source of the glass. Occurrence Fragments of Darwin glass are found scattered over a 410 km area. Such an area is called a strewn field . On slopes and flat ground between 250 and 500 m elevation, the glass ...Image Darwin glass.jpg thumb 250px right Assorted fragments of Darwin glass scale in mm Darwin glass is a natural glass found south of Queenstown, Tasmania Queenstown in West Coast, Tasmania . It takes ... than 500 m, the bedrock is directly exposed to the air, and Darwin glass occurs occasionally on the surface. In valleys below 220 m the Darwin glass is buried below peat and sediments. The glass occurs ... . Darwin glass is rare in the crater itself. In controlled excavations of gravel deposits the abundance of Darwin glass was found to vary from 0.3 to 47 kg m . The highest abundance was found about ... glass, or about 10000 m , occurs in this 50 km area. The amount of glass is large compared with the size of the crater. Preservation is helped by acid ground water which does not dissolve the glass, but this alone cannot explain the glass abundance. There is so much glass present that the glass ... Glass . KT Howard and PW Haines ref Nature The glass is light to dark green, white or black. The glass ... glass when composition is measured. Type 1 is normally white or green whereas type 2 is normally black to dark green. The dark glass contains less silica and more magnesium and iron than the light green glass. The dark glass is also enriched in chromium , nickel and cobalt . A possible explanation ... rock s, the type 2 glass also contains a component of extraterrestrial material from the meteorite ... In Darwin Impact Glass , 66th Annual Meteoritical Society Meeting 2003 ref Darwin glass has been ... Science 37, p 1555 2002 http argonlab.gl.ntu.edu.tw papers Lo MPS02.pdf paper ref Crater The glass .... References references External links Commons category Desert glass http www.meteorite times.com ... more details
Refimprove date January 2008 Architectural glass is glass that is used as a building material . It is most ..., including windows in the external walls. Glass is also used for internal partitions and as an architectural feature. When used in buildings, glass is often of a safety glass safety type , which include ... styles and glazing of every century from the 16th to the 20th included. Cast glass Cast glass windows ... and the most luxurious villas of Herculaneum and Pompeii. ref Glass Online http www.glassonline.com infoserv history.html A Brief History of Glass ref Crown glass File Window Glass 01 .JPG thumb The concentric arcs that distort some of these panes indicate they are crown glass, possibly of the 16th century. main Crown glass window One of the earliest methods of glass window manufacture was the crown glass method. Hot blown glass was cut open opposite the pipe, then rapidly spun on a table before it could cool. Centrifugal force shaped the hot globe of glass into a round, flat sheet. The sheet ... of a piece of crown glass, a thick remnant of the original blown bottle neck would remain ... the glass. The development of diapering diaper latticed windows was in part because three regular diamond shaped panes could be conveniently cut from a piece of Crown glass, with minimum waste and with minimum distortion. This method for manufacturing flat glass panels was very expensive and could not be used ... plate processes, but it is still used in traditional construction and restoration. Cylinder glass main Cylinder blown sheet Machine drawn cylinder sheet In this manufacturing process glass is blown .... The cut cylinder is then placed in an oven where the cylinder unrolls into a flat glass sheet. Drawn Sheet glass Fourcault process File DistortedGlass.wmg.jpg right thumb The uneven surface of old glass is visible in the reflection on this window pane. Drawn Sheet glass was made by dipping a leader into a vat of molten glass then pulling that leader straight up while a film of glass hardened just ... more details
Unreferenced date February 2009 Expert subject Glass date February 2009 Glass of antimony , vitrum antimonii , is a transparent glass created from a preparation of antimony, historically used as an emetic . It was created using crude antimony , ground and calcined by a vehement fire, in an earthen crucible , until it no longer fumed, indicating that its sulfur was evaporated. The remaining substance calx was then Glass transition vitrified in a wind furnace , upon which it became transparent, ruddy, and shining. ref cite journal title Werner s Bereitung des Vitrum antimonii im Gro en year 1838 volume 67 issue CXVIII pages 446 448 author Anyonymus url http dingler.culture.hu berlin.de article pj067 ar067118 ref It has been considered the strongest emetic of any preparation of antimony. Yet, if dissolved in spirit of urine , it ceased to be either emetic or catharsis cathartic . See also antimonial antimonial cup References Reflist Category Emetics Category Glass types pharma stub glass material stub ... more details
Definitions of art glass can be as complex and contentious as definitions of what constitutes art and will inevitably include many refinements and exceptions. On the one hand art glass is not quite of the size, uniqueness and scope to be considered as art unlike glass art but on the other, was designed ... than for any possible or originally intended use. Art glass has been almost exclusively intended ... work. However this last distinction today is becoming moot as glass artists strive to produce works of ever increasing distinction whether commissioned or not. At its broadest level art glass can most easily be defined in opposition to glass for utilitarian purposes where the usability is more ... and hospitality industries, as well as glass packaging, scientific, industrial, and architectural glass are the mundane products against which art glass is to be compared and contrasted. Terminology Manufacturing techniques There are many techniques used to produce art glass such as hot ... casting can be done by ladling molten glass into molds that have been created by pressing shapes into sand, carved graphite or detailed plaster silica molds. Kiln casting Kiln casting glass involves heating chunks or powdered glass in a kiln until they become liquid and flow into a waiting mold below it in the kiln. Hot sculpted Glass can also be sculpted while molten on the end of a punty rod with hand tools either as a solid mass or on a blowpipe as part of a blown object. Moulded glass Moulded glass, which is also known by collectors as pressed glass , is usually made by machine, but can be done by hand. Blown glass Glassblowing is historically the most used technique for creating art glass , and is still favoured by most of today s studio glass artists. This is because of the artist s intimacy ... color through a wide range of techniques. Colored glass can be gathered out of a crucible, clear glass can be rolled in powdered colored glass to coat the outside of a bubble, it can be rolled in chips ... more details
steel knives. They were molded in tempered glass with ground edges. ref http www.glassmessages.com index.php?topic 4445.0 DUR X GLASS FRUIT AND CAKE KNIFE ref ref http www.pressglas pavillon.de besteck 04267.html Besteck Knife Fork And Spun ref Modern use Modern glass knives were once the blade ...Refimprove date May 2011 A glass knife is a knife with a blade composed of glass . The cutting edge of a glass knife is formed from a fracture line, and is extremely sharp. Glass knives were used in antiquity ... electron microscope electron microscopy , glass knives are used to make the ultrathin sections needed ... than glass, but they are extremely expensive. History Beginning in the Stone Age , glass knives and other ... , natural volcanic glass, were also commonly used. From the 1920s through the 1940s, Dur X glass ... makes it impossible to obtain a continuous edge with the sharpness of broken glass. The advent of diamond ..., quickly relegated glass knives to a second rate status. However, some labs still use glass knives because ... a glass knife to cut the block which contains the sample to near the location of the specimen to be examined then the glass knife is replaced by a diamond blade for the actual ultrathin sectioning ..., this practice of facing with a glass knife brings the risk of glass shards becoming embedded in the sample ... need to document how glass can damage diamond . Obsidian can be used to make very sharp knives Obsidian ... and very easily broken if not used with care. Manufacture Glass knives can be produced by hand using ... repeatable results. The glass used typically starts out as convert 1 in mm adj mid wide strips of convert 1 4 in mm adj mid thick plate glass, which is cut into convert 1 in cm squares. The glass square is then scored across the diagonal with a steel or tungsten carbide glass cutting wheel to determine .... In popular culture Glass knives are the weapon of choice of the antagonist Dmitri Raven Ravinoff ... thin at the edges. References refs DEFAULTSORT Glass Knife Category Microscopy Category Knives Category ... more details
. At this point the clean cut edge of the glass panel may be ground to remove the sharp edges or the arris ...cleanup date April 2012 Essay like date April 2012 Image Glass cutter.jpg thumb 300px Glass cutter, showing ... A glass cutter is a hand tool used to make a shallow score in one side of the surface of flat glass that is to be broken in two pieces. The scoring encourages the glass to break along the score, and not in an undesired direction. Regular, annealed glass annealed glass is broken apart this way, but not Tempered glass tempered glass, since it shatters, rather than making clean breaks into two ... steel or tungsten carbide . The wheel is slightly smaller than the diameter of a pencil. Some glass .... The wheel of the glass cutter is the all important part. The ordinary type is made of very high grade tool steel, carefully ground, balanced and axeled. When properly lubricated and maintained ... in parting the glass after use of the glass cutter. In the middle ages glass was cut with a tool ... point was drawn along the moistened surface of the glass causing it to snap apart. The fracture was not very ... of Working With Glass last Beryle first Milton K. Beryle year 1968 publisher Oceana Books id lccn 6725903 pages 10, 11, 12 ref At the time the first steel wheel glass cutter was invented in 1869, glass manufacturers produced mostly plain flat glass which was used primarily for windows. Great progress has taken place over the years until now we have hard glass, soft glass, heat resisting glass, thick glass, thin glass, decorative glass and countless other varieties.With these many ... in the structural composition of the glass. This is accomplished by varying the degree of the bevel which produces a progressively sharper or duller cut. A soft glass such as plate glass requires a dull cutting while the harder glass requires a sharper wheel. There is a reason for the difference ... as it rolls over the glass has a bearing on the penetration, and there is a ratio between ... more details
. The rod was subsequently allowed to cool as the glass slowly Annealing glass annealed and was eventually removed from the center of the vessel, after which the core material was scraped out. Glass shapes for inlay s were also often created in moulds. Much early glass production, however, relied on grinding techniques borrowed from stone working. This meant that the glass was ground and carved ... is ground and melted with the glass. Many of these coloring agents still exist today for a list of coloring ... from Olbia 2 retouched.jpg thumb Ancient Greece Ancient Greek glass amphora , Hellenistic period ... . Origins of glass making Naturally occurring glass , especially the volcanic glass obsidian , has ... suggests that the first true glass was made in coastal north Syria, Mesopotamia or Ancient Egypt . ref cite web url http www.glassonline.com infoserv history.html title Glass Online The History of Glass ... of well studied early glass is found there, although some of this is likely to have been imported. The earliest known glass objects, of the mid third millennium BCE, were beads, perhaps initially created ... faience faience , a pre glass vitreous material made by a process similar to glazing. ref True glazing over a ceramic body was not used until many centuries after the production of the first glass ... title Granulation and Glass Chronological and Stylistic Investigations at Selected Sites, ca. 2500 ... issue 290 pages 29 94 jstor 1357319 ref there was a rapid growth in glass making technology. Archaeological finds from this period include colored glass ingots , vessels often colored and shaped in imitation .... The alkali of Syrian and Egyptian glass was soda ash , sodium carbonate, which can be extracted ... were core wound , produced by winding a ductile rope of glass round a shaped core of sand and clay over a metal rod, then fusing it with repeated reheatings. Threads of thin glass of different colors ... By the 15th century BCE extensive glass production was occurring in Western Asia , Crete and Egypt ... more details
Crown glass is either of two kinds of glass Crown glass window was a type of hand blown window glass. Crown glass optics is a type of optical glass used in lenses. disambig nl Kroonglas ... more details
Glass melting might refer to Glass production Hot end Commercial glass melting using fossil fuel s Commercial electric glass melting Glass Glassmaking in the laboratory Glass melting in the laboratory disambig ... more details
, a famous borosilicate glass type Borosilicate glass is a type of glass with the main glass forming ... C at 20 C , making them resistant to thermal shock , more so than any other common glass. Such glass ... glass is sold under such trade names as Pyrex and Simax. History Borosilicate glass was first ... Glass Chemistry Springer Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg GmbH & Co. K 2nd revised edition November ... Glass Works introduced Pyrex in 1915, the name became a synonym for borosilicate glass in the English speaking world. The European manufacturer of Pyrex, Arc International, uses borosilicate glass in its Pyrex glass kitchen products ref http www.arc international cookware.com en aboutus pyrex ... lime glass . ref cite web url http www.snopes.com food warnings pyrex.asp title Exploding Pyrex accessdate 2009 10 27 ref Thus Pyrex can refer to either soda lime glass or borosilicate glass when discussing kitchen glassware, while Pyrex, Bomex, Duran, TGI and Simax all refer to borosilicate glass when discussing laboratory glassware . Most borosilicate glass is colorless. Colored borosilicate, for the studio glass trade, was first widely brought onto the market in 1986 when Paul Trautman founded ... Henry Grimmett started Glass Alchemy and developed the first cadmium Crayon Colors and aventurine ... glass. Typically, the resulting glass composition is about 70 silica , 10 boron oxide , 8 sodium oxide ... than traditional glass Corning conducted a major revamp of their operations to make it , it is economical ... process Borosilicate glass is created by adding boron to the traditional glassmaker s frit of silicate sand , sodium carbonate soda , and ground lime. Since borosilicate glass melts at a higher temperature than ordinary silicate glass , some new techniques were required for industrial production ... characteristics Borosilicate glass has a very low thermal expansion coefficient 3.3 x 10 sup 6 sup ... glass. This reduces material stresses caused by temperature gradients which makes borosilicate ... more details
Image Large Glass Fishing Float with Net 1.JPG thumb 250px right A Japanese glass fishing float Glass floats , glass fishing floats , or Japanese glass fishing floats are popular collectors items. They were ... glass balls or cylinders containing air to give them buoyancy. These glass floats are no longer being ... manufactured. History Image Glass Float Small.JPG right 200px thumb Small glass float from southern tip of Taiwan Norway was the first country to start production and use of glass fishing floats around ... from Bergen, is credited for their invention. The glass float was developed through cooperation with one of the owners of the Hadeland Glassverk in Norway, Chr. Berg. The first time these modern glass ... versions of glass floats in use before that time. In the early 19th century, the Schimmelmanns Glassverk 1779 1832 produced dark brown and very thick, bottle glass floats. Floats from this production are found in the ground where this factory was located, but are unmarked. The earliest evidence of glass floats being used by fishermen comes from Norway in 1844 where small egg sized floats were used with fishing line and hooks. Around the same time, glass was also used to support fishing nets. By the 1940s, glass had replaced wood or cork throughout much of Europe, Russia, North American, and Japan. Japan started using the glass floats as early as 1910. Today, most of the remaining glass ... of the floats some made by Taiwan , Korea and China . Glass floats have since been replaced by aluminum, plastic, or Styrofoam. Manufacturing Image Mark 1.JPG thumb left 300px Mark of the Asahi Glass Company The earliest floats, including most Japanese glass fishing floats, were hand made by a glassblowing glassblower . Recycled glass, especially old sake bottles, was typically used and air bubbles in the glass are a result of the rapid recycling process. After being blown, floats were removed from the blowpipe and sealed with a button of melted glass before being placed in a cooling oven. This sealing ... more details
surface of the glass in a special glass paint which contains finely ground lead or copper filings, groundglass, gum arabic and a medium such as wine, vinegar or traditionally urine. The art of painting ... stains were introduced, most of them coloured by groundglass particles. They were a form of enamel .... The window includes the arms of France and Castile. The term stained glass can refer to coloured glass as a material or to works produced from it. Throughout its thousand year history, the term has ... traditionally made in flat panels and used as windows, the creations of modern stained glass artists ... the term stained glass to include domestic leadlight and objets d art created from lead came and copper ... glass is glass that has been coloured by adding Salt chemistry metallic salts during its manufacture. The coloured glass is crafted into stained glass windows in which small pieces of glass are arranged ... glass is also applied to windows in which the colours have been painted onto the glass and then fused to the glass in a kiln. Stained glass, as an art and a craft , requires the artistic skill to conceive ... the major form of pictorial art to have survived. In this context, the purpose of a stained glass ... light but rather to control it. For this reason stained glass windows have been described as illuminated .... Manufacture Glass production Glass factories were set up where there was a ready supply of silica, the essential material for glass manufacture. Silica requires very high heat to become molten ... substances lime added to rebuild the weakened network and make the glass more stable. Glass ... glass. Much modern red glass is produced using copper, which is less expensive than gold and gives a brighter, more vermilion shade of red. Glass colored while in the clay pot in the furnace is known as pot metal glass, as opposed to flashed glass . Cylinder glass or Muff Using a blow pipe, a gather glob of molten glass is taken from the pot heating in the furnace. The gather is formed to the correct ... more details
Encyclopedia
top
