taxobox regnum Plant ae unranked divisio Angiosperms unranked classis Eudicots unranked ordo Rosids ordo Fagales familia Casuarinaceae genus Gymnostoma species G. sumatranum binomial Gymnostoma sumatranum binomial authority Jungh. ex Willem Hendrik de Vriese de Vriese L.A.S.Johnson Gymnostoma sumatranum and the other members of this family are characterized by drooping equisetoid meaning to look like Equisetum twigs, are evergreen , and monoecious or dioecious. The roots have nitrogen fixing nodules. The foliage of this tropical angiosperm tree looks like that of gymnosperm pine trees which typically grow in temperate climates. Casuarina equisetifolia the most well known member of Casuarinaceae is typified by its equisetoid appearance, whilst G. sumatranum is characterised more by its multiple rounded umbrella shaped crowns. The stems are angular or tetrahedal in cross section 2 . The stomata are not restricted to sunken grooves, 2 . The female inflorescences are borne terminally 2 . Habitat In Malaysia, G. sumatranum is known as Rhu Bukit bukit in Malaysian means hill . The other common Casuarinaceae she oak species in Malaysia is Casuarina equisetifolia known as Rhu laut laut in Malaysian means sea and typically it grows along the seashore on sandy substrates. In Sarawak it is a protected species 5 . G. sumatranum typically grows further inland. However when occurring in coastal regions, it provides good indication that the soil is dry and out of the littoral and inundation zone since G. sumatranum will not normally tolerate sandy or boggy soil. References Dilcher, D. L. et al. . 1990 Evolution of the CASUARINACEAE morphological comparisons of some extant species. American journal of Botany. 77 3 338 355. 1990. P. S. Green, Klaus Kubitzki, E. G tz, K. U. Kramer. 1990 The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. Published by springer. 404 pages Jane N. Prider and David C. Christophel Distributional ecology of Gymnostoma australianum Casuarinaceae , a putative palaeo ... more details
taxobox name Casuarinaceae image Equisetoid twigs.jpg image caption Common Ironwood Casuarina equisetifolia regnum Plant ae unranked divisio Angiosperms unranked classis Eudicots unranked ordo Rosids ordo Fagales familia Casuarinaceae familia authority Robert Brown botanist R.Br. in Matthew Flinders Flinders subdivision ranks Genus Genera subdivision Allocasuarina br Casuarina br Ceuthostoma br Gymnostoma Casuarinaceae is a family biology family of dicot yledonous flowering plant s placed in the order Fagales , consisting of 3 or 4 genera and approximately 70 species of trees and shrubs native to the Old World tropics Indo Malaysia , Australia , and the Pacific Islands . At one time, all of the species were placed in the genus Casuarina , but these were split in 1982 into the genera Allocasuarina , Casuarina , Ceuthostoma , and Gymnostoma . Somewhat controversial at the time, the monophyly of these genera was later supported in a 2003 molecular study of the family. ref cite journal author Steane, Dorothy A. Wilson, Karen L. Hill, Robert S. title Using mat K sequence data to unravel the phylogeny of Casuarinaceae journal Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution volume 28 year 2003 pages 47 59 url http eprints.utas.edu.au 3490 1 Acr664.pdf fulltext doi 10.1016 S1055 7903 03 00028 9 pmid 12801471 accessdate 12 November 2010 ref In the Wettstein system , this family was the only one placed in the order Verticillatae. Likewise, in the Engler system Engler , Cronquist system Cronquist and Kubitzki system Kubitzki systems, Casuarinaceae was the only family placed in the order Casuarinales. Members of this family are characterized by drooping equisetoid meaning looking like Equisetum twigs, are evergreen , and monoecious or dioecious . The roots have Nitrogen fixation Biological nitrogen fixation nitrogen fixing nodules that contain the soil actinomycete Frankia . The most widely used common name for Casuarinaceae species is sheoak or she oak a comparison of the timber quality ... more details
Lam. small Gymnostoma deplancheanum small Miq. L.A.S.Johnson small as C. deplancheana small Miq. small Gymnostoma nodiflorum small Thunb. L.A.S.Johnson small as C. angulata small J.Poiss. small or C. nodiflora small Thunb. small Gymnostoma papuanum small S. Moore L.A.S.Johnson small as C. papuana small S.Moore small Gymnostoma rumphianum small Miq. L.A.S.Johnson small as C. rumphiana small Miq. small Gymnostoma sumatranum small Jungh. ex de Vriese L.A.S.Johnson small as C. sumatrana small Jungh ... more details
taxobox name Fagales image Buchenwald 1.jpg image caption Fagus sylvatica regnum Plant ae unranked divisio Angiosperms unranked classis Eudicots unranked ordo Rosids ordo Fagales subdivision ranks Families subdivision See text. The Fagales are an order biology order of flowering plant s, including some of the best known tree s. The order name is derived from genus Fagus , beech es. They belong among the rosid group of dicotyledon s. The families and genera currently included are as follows Betulaceae birch family Betula , Alnus , Carpinus , Corylus , Ostrya , Ostryopsis Casuarinaceae she oak family Casuarina , Gymnostoma , Ceuthostoma , Allocasuarina Fagaceae beech family Beech Fagus , Quercus , Castanea genus Castanea , Castanopsis , Chrysolepis , Formanodendron , Lithocarpus , Trigonobalanus , Colombobalanus Juglandaceae walnut family Juglans , Pterocarya , Carya , Cyclocarya , Alfaroa , Engelhardia , Oreomunnea , Platycarya , Rhoiptelea Myricaceae bayberry family Myrica , Canacomyrica , Comptonia Nothofagus Nothofagaceae southern beech family Nothofagus subgenera Fuscospora , Brassospora and Lophozonia Ticodendron Ticodendraceae ticodendron family Ticodendron The older Cronquist system only included four families Betulaceae, Corylaceae, Fagaceae, Ticodendraceae Corylaceae now being included within Betulaceae this arrangement is followed by, for example, the World checklist of selected plant families see external link below . The other families were split into three different orders, placed among the Hamamelidae . The Casuarinales comprised the single family Casuarinaceae, the Juglandales comprised the Juglandaceae and Rhoipteleaceae, and the Myricales comprised the remaining forms plus Balanops . The change is due to studies suggesting the Myricales, so defined, are paraphyletic to the other two groups. External links http www.mobot.org MOBOT Research APweb orders fagalesweb.htm Missouri Botanical Gardens Fagales http www.kew.org wcb aboutfag.html WCSP World chec ... more details
Sundaland heath forest , also known as Kerangas forest , is a type of tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests tropical moist forest found on the island of Borneo , which is divided between Brunei , Indonesia , and Malaysia , as well as on the Indonesian islands of Belitung and Bangka Island Bangka , which lie to the west of Borneo. Setting The word Kerangas , which means land which cannot grow rice , came from the Iban language . Heath forest s occur on acidic sandy soils that are the result of the area s siliceous parent rocks. Permanently waterlogged heath forests are known as kerapah forests. The sandy soil of the heath forest are often lacking in nutrients it is generally considered that nitrogen is the nutrient which is most lacking for plant growth in these forests. This is in contrast to many other lowland rain forests where phosphorus is considered to be lacking. A more recent hypothesis, proposed by Proctor 1999 , is that these forests are growing on soils which are highly acidic, such that hydrogen ion toxicity prevents the growth of non adapted species. Flora The Sundaland heath forests are distinct from the surrounding Borneo lowland rain forest s in species composition, structure, texture, and color. The heath forests have a low, uniform canopy, with thick underbrush and rich growth of moss and epiphyte s. Many tree and plant species in the nutrient deprived heath forests have developed unconventional ways to get their nutrients. Some tree species Gymnostoma nobile , for example utilise rhizobia nitrogen fixing bacteria in their root nodules. Myrmecophyte s, including Myrmecodia spp. and Hydnophytum spp., are tree species that develop symbiotic associations with ants to get their nutrients. Other plants, including pitcher plant s Nepenthes spp. , sundew s Drosera ssp. , and bladderwort Utricularia ssp. , are carnivorous, trapping and digesting insects. The heath forests are characterized by many plants of Australasia ecozone Australasian origin ... more details
taxobox name Seemannia image Gloxinia sp.2.jpg image caption Seemannia sylvatica regnum Plantae unranked divisio Angiosperms unranked classis Eudicots unranked ordo Asterids ordo Lamiales familia Gesneriaceae genus Seemannia genus authority Eduard August von Regel Regel subdivision ranks Species subdivision See text. Seemannia is a New World genus in the flowering plant family Gesneriaceae . There are four species in the genus, primarily found in the Andes Andean regions of South America . The name honors the German botanist Berthold Carl Seemann . Taxonomic history Seemannia was created in 1855 by Regel for the species Seemannia ternifolia now considered a synonym of S. sylvatica . In 1976 Seemannia was synonymized under the genus Gloxinia by gesneriad specialist Hans Wiehler but has more recently been revived following phylogenetic and morphological research on relationships of Gloxinia and related genera, which suggested that Wiehler s generic concept of Gloxinia was overly broad and polyphyletic . Although now recognized as a separate genus, Seemannia is closely related to Gloxinia and Hybrid biology hybrids between the two genera are fertile although the two genera are very distinct morphologically. Although all of the species occur in the Andes , Seemannia purpurascens is unusual in having a disjunct distribution , with populations in northern South America Guyana , French Guiana , and northern Brazil widely separated from Andean populations in southern Peru and Bolivia . Species Seemannia gymnostoma southern Peru, Bolivia, northern Argentina Seemannia nematanthodes Bolivia, northern Argentina Seemannia purpurascens southern Peru, Bolivia, Guyana, French Guiana, northern Brazil Seemannia sylvatica Peru, Bolivia, northern Argentina, Paraguay , southern Brazil References Roalson, E.H., J.K. Boggan, L.E., Skog, & E.A. Zimmer. 2005. Untangling the Gloxinieae Gesneriaceae . I. Phylogenetic patterns and generic boundaries inferred from nuclear, chloroplast, and morp ... more details
several species of plants. A notable example is the primitive She oak Gymnostoma australianum . This pine like tree is the only remaining species in the Gymnostoma group of plants in Australia ... more details
Actinorhizal plants are a group of angiosperms characterized by their ability to form a symbiosis with the nitrogen fixing actinobacteria Frankia . This association leads to the formation of nitrogen fixing root nodules. Classification Actinorhizal plants are dicotyledon s distributed among four angiosperm Order biology orders Fagales , Cucurbitales , Fabales and Rosales , 8 Family biology families and 24 Genus genera Betulaceae Alder Alnus Casuarinaceae Gymnostoma , Casuarina , Allocasuarina , Ceuthostoma Coriariaceae Coriaria Datiscaceae Datisca , Elaeagnaceae Eleagnus , Hippophae , Shepherdia Myricaceae Myrica , Comptonia Rhamnaceae Colletia , Discaria , Kenthrothammus , Retanilla , Talguenea , Trevoa , Ceanothus Rosaceae Dryas plant Dryas , Purshia , Cowania plant Cowania , Cercocarpus , Chamaebatia . ref name Harvnb Wall 2000 Harvnb Wall 2000 ref Actinorhizal species are trees or shrubs, except for the genus Datisca . Many are common plants in temperate regions like alder , Myrica bayberry , Comptonia sweetfern , Dryas plant Avens , mountain misery and Coriaria . Some Elaeagnus species and Sea buckthorn s produce edible fruit. In tropical regions, Casuarina s are widely cultivated, becoming invasive species in some areas like Casuarina glauca in Florida . Distribution and ecology Actinorhizal plants are found on all continents except for Antarctica . Their ability to form nitrogen fixing nodules confers a selective advantage in poor soils. Most actinorhizal plants are therefore pioneer species that colonize young soils where available nitrogen is scarce like moraine s, volcanic flows or sand dunes. ref name Schwintzer 1990 Harvnb Schwintzer Tjepkema 1990 ref Being among the first species to colonize these disturbed environments, actinorhizal shrubs and trees play a critical role, enriching the soil and enabling the establishment of other species in an ecological succession . ref name Harvnb Wall 2000 ref name Schwintzer 1990 Actinorhizal plants like alders are ... more details
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