In computability theory computer science computability theory , the haltingproblem can be stated as follows .... Alan Turing proved in 1936 that a general algorithm to solve the haltingproblem for all possible program ... and program, what became known as a Turing machine the haltingproblem is Undecidable problem undecidable ... attributes the actual term haltingproblem to Martin Davis . ref This reference is way too long ... or termination . Turing s biographer Hodges does not have the word halting or words haltingproblem in his index. The earliest known use of the words haltingproblem is in a proof by Davis p. 70&ndash 71, Davis 1958 Theorem 2.2 There exists a Turing machine whose haltingproblem is recursively ... on page 382. Copeland 2004 states that The haltingproblem was so named and it appears, first stated ... of the haltingproblem History section above. ref Introduction The haltingproblem is a decision ... whether the program stops when run with that input. Importance and consequences The haltingproblem ... either. Often the new problem is reduced to solving the haltingproblem. For example, one such consequence of the haltingproblem s undecidability is that there cannot be a general algorithm that decides ... program halts, which is impossible, since the haltingproblem is undecidable. Rice s theorem generalizes the theorem that the haltingproblem is unsolvable. It states that any non trivial property ... have the same Turing degree as the haltingproblem. It is a normal number normal and transcendental ... that could solve the haltingproblem for a Turing machine amongst other things. It is also ... brain , and whether humans can solve the haltingproblem. ref B. Jack Copeland , Computation ... Blackwell, 2004, ISBN 0 631 22919 1, p. 15 ref Representing the haltingproblem as a set The conventional .... There are many equivalent formulations of the haltingproblem any set whose Turing degree equals that of the haltingproblem is such a formulation. Examples of such sets include i program i eventually ... more details
File Halting Site on Cappagh Road, Finglas geograph.org.uk 511090.jpg thumb Halting Site on Cappagh Road, Finglas A halting site or caravan site is a facility constructed for the accommodation of Irish Travellers wikt itinerant itinerants and other nomadic groups. They are common in Ireland , mainly on the periphery of towns, where they are maintained by local authorities , and include spaces to park travel trailer caravan s and vehicles, electricity and sanitary services, and space to graze horses. Halting sites are often controversial due to opposition from local residents. ref cite web url http www.iol.ie fcrg title Foxborough Concerned Residents Group publisher Foxborough Concerned Residents Group Lucan, Co. Dublin accessdate 2009 05 06 ref and anti social activity such as inter clan violence, illegal dumping, and general crime. ref cite news url http www.rte.ie news 2004 1019 travellers.html title Six arrested after halting site raids publisher RT accessdate 2009 05 06 date 2004 10 19 ref ref cite news url http www.irishtimes.com newspaper breaking 2009 0403 breaking60.htm title Garda seize weapons after feud on Dublin halting site publisher Irish Times accessdate 2009 05 06 date 2009 04 04 ref ref cite web url http www.irishnews.com break.asp?tbrk brk&par brk&catid 5834&subcatid 642&storyid 409077 title Man held after halting site drugs seizure publisher Irish News accessdate 2009 05 06 ref Halting Sites in Ireland St. Christopher s, Cappagh Road Finglas , Dublin , Republic of Ireland Ireland ref name Cappagh Road cite web url http www.herald.ie news courts officers forced to flee brawl 2143280.html title Cappagh Road ref Toppins Field Limerick , Republic of Ireland Ireland ref name Toppins Field cite web url http www.irishtimes.com newspaper features 2011 1128 1224308217459.html title Toppins Field ref References reflist Category Irish Traveller related controversies ireland stub ... more details
Infobox Book See Wikipedia WikiProject Novels or Wikipedia WikiProject Books name Halting State image image Halting State 1stEd .jpg 200px image caption Cover of first edition hardcover author Charles Stross cover artist country United Kingdom UK & United States US language English language English genre Science fiction publisher Orbit Books Orbit UK , Ace Books Ace US release date October 2, 2007 media type Print Hardcover pages 368 pp isbn 0 441 01498 4 dewey 823 .92 22 congress PR6119.T79 H36 2007 oclc 123232449 Halting State is a novel by Charles Stross , published in the United States on October 2, 2007 and in the UK in January, 2008. ref http www.antipope.org charlie blog static 2007 10 ahem.html Charlie s Diary Ahem Bot generated title ref Stross has said that it is a Thriller genre thriller set in the software houses that write MMORPG multiplayer games . ref http sfrevu.com php Review id.php?id 5071 SFRevu Review Bot generated title ref The plot centres around a bank robbery in a virtual world. ref http www.boingboing.net 2007 10 02 charlie strosss halt.html Charlie Stross s Halting State Heist novel about an MMORPG Boing Boing Bot generated title ref It features speculative technologies, including Specs and virtual server networks over mobile phones. The book is on its second printing in the United States. ref name Charles Stross 2007 10 12 http video.google.com videoplay?docid 1670032014558458068&hl en Charles Stross 2007 10 12 Bot generated title ref The novel was nominated for both the Hugo Award Hugo and Locus Awards in 2008. ref name WWE 2008 cite web url http ... fake faux email to supporting characters. A sequel to Halting State entitled Rule 34 novel Rule 34 previously ... Halting State was nominated for the both the Hugo and Locus Awards in 2008, ref name WWE 2008 ... External links http www.worldswithoutend.com novel.asp?ID 1039 Halting State at Worlds Without End http www.sfbrp.com archives 61 Audio review and discussion of Halting State at http www.sfbrp.com ... more details
No Problem may refer to No Problem Sonny Rollins album No Problem Sonny Rollins album , a 1981 album No Problem Fann Wong album No Problem Fann Wong album , a 2000 album No Problem TV series No Problem TV series , a British television series No Problem film No Problem film , a 2010 Bollywood film disambig it No problem ... more details
other uses A problem is an obstacle, impediment, difficulty or challenge, or any situation that invites ... or goal. A problem implies a desired outcome coupled with an apparent deficiency, doubt or inconsistency that prevents the outcome from taking place. Problem solving main Problem solving Every theoretical problem asks for an answer or solution. Trying to find a solution to a problem is known as problem solving . There are many standard techniques for problem solving, such as Proof by Contradiction ... Problem posed by Leonhard Euler . A problem is a gap between an actual and desired situation. The time it takes to solve a problem is a way of measuring complexity . ref cite book last first authorlink ... solution and are therefore classified as an open problem . See also List of unsolved problems ... to solve problems. Examples Mathematical problem is a question about mathematical objects and structures ... include Word problem mathematics education word problems at school level or deeper problems such as Four color theorem shading a map with only four colours . In society , a problem can refer to particular ..., and conversely diminished hostility and disruption. See also Wicked problem In business and engineering , a problem is a difference between actual conditions and those that are required or desired. Often, the causes of a problem are not known, in which case root cause analysis is employed to find the causes and identify corrective actions. In Chess problem chess , a problem is a puzzle ... Problem , regarding the Gospels relationship to each other. In academic discourse a problem is a challenge ... or idea. An optimization problem is finding the best solution from all feasible solutions. A good example of this type of problem is the travelling salesperson problem which is based on calculating the most efficient route between many places In computability theory a decision problem requires a simple yes or no answer. In rock climbing a problem is a series of Rock geology rock s that forces ... more details
Use dmy dates date January 2012 Image PHASR Rifle.jpg thumb 200px PHASR Rifle The personnel halting and stimulation response rifle PHASR is a prototype Non lethal force non lethal laser dazzler weapon dazzler developed by the U.S. United States Department of Defense Department of Defense . Its purpose is to temporarily disorient and blind a target. Blinding laser weapons have been tested in the past, but were banned under the 1995 UN Protocol on Blinding Laser Weapons , which the United States Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties acceded to on 21 January 2009. ref cite web url http www.unog.ch 80256ee600585943.nsf httpPages 3ce7cfc0aa4a7548c12571c00039cb0c?OpenDocument&ExpandSection 1 2C3 2C2 Section1 title United Nations Office at Geneva Disarmament STATES PARTIES AND SIGNATORIES. STATES NOT PARTIES publisher www.unog.ch accessdate 15 January 2009 ref The PHASR rifle, a low intensity laser, can skirt this regulation, as the blinding effect is apparently temporary. It also uses a two wavelength laser. The PHASR was developed at Kirtland Air Force Base , part of the Air Force Research Laboratory Air Force Research Laboratory Directorates Directed Energy Directorate in New Mexico . See also Veiling glare laser Directed energy weapon Dazzler weapon References references External links http www.newscientist.com article.ns?id dn8275 US military sets laser PHASRs to stun http laserdazzler.net LE Systems, Inc., manufacturer of the Laser Dazzler http www.af.mil news story.asp?storyID 123012699 Air Force News Release http www.un.org millennium law xxvi 18 19.htm Text of the UN Protocol on Blinding Laser Weapons http untreaty.un.org ENGLISH bible englishinternetbible partI chapterXXVI treaty3.asp List of countries participating in the UN Protocol on Blinding Laser Weapons http www.emag.cz phasr nechte se oslnit Description in Czech language Category Law enforcement equipment Category Military lasers Category Non lethal weapons es Rifle PHASR ... more details
are so called undecidable problem s, such as the haltingproblem for Turing machine s. Many abstract ...A mathematical problem is a problem that is amenable to being Representation mathematics represented , analyzed, and possibly solved, with the methods of mathematics . This can be a real world problem, such as computing the Orbit Planetary orbits orbit s of the planets in the solar system, or a problem of a more abstract nature, such as Hilbert s problems . It can also be a problem referring to the Foundations of mathematics nature of mathematics itself, such as Russell s Paradox . Real world problems Informal real world mathematical problems are questions related to a concrete setting, such as Adam has five apples and gives John three. How many has he left? . Such questions are usually more difficult to solve than regular mathematical exercises like 5 &minus 3 , even if one knows the mathematics required to solve the problem. Known as word problem mathematics education word problem s, they are used in mathematics education to teach students to connect real world situations to the abstract language of mathematics. In general, to use mathematics for solving a real world problem, the first step is to construct a mathematical model of the problem. This involves abstraction from the details of the problem, and the modeller has to be careful not to lose essential aspects in translating the original problem into a mathematical one. After the problem has been solved in the world of mathematics, the solution must be translated back into the context of the original problem. Abstract problems Abstract mathematical problems arise in all fields of mathematics. While mathematicians usually study them for their own sake, by doing so results may be obtained that find application outside the realm of mathematics. Theoretical physics has historically been, and remains, a rich ... Theorem , and the Poincar conjecture . See also List of unsolved problems in mathematics Problem solving ... more details
problem in computability theory In computability theory computer science computability theory , the haltingproblem is a decision problem which can be stated as follows Given a description of a computer .... Alan Turing proved in 1936 that a general algorithm running on a Turing machine that solves the haltingproblem for all possible program input pairs necessarily cannot exist. Hence, the haltingproblem is undecidable for Turing machines. Relationship with G del s incompleteness theorem The concept s raised by G del s incompleteness theorem s are very similar to those raised by the haltingproblem ... is an easy consequence of the undecidability of the haltingproblem. This weaker form differs from ... of the theorem can be proved from the undecidability of the haltingproblem as follows. Assume that we ... the haltingproblem. Since we know that there cannot be such an algorithm, it follows that the assumption ... problem is a decision problem for which it is impossible to construct a single algorithm that always leads to a correct yes or no answer. A decision problem is any arbitrary yes or no question on an infinite set of inputs. Because of this, it is traditional to define the decision problem equivalently as the set of inputs for which the problem returns yes . These inputs can be natural numbers .... Thus, a decision problem informally phrased in terms of a formal language is also equivalent to a set ... numbers. Formally, a decision problem is a subset of the natural numbers. The corresponding informal problem is that of deciding whether a given number is in the set. A decision problem A is called decidable or effectively solvable if A is a recursive set . A problem is called partially ... but to decision problem s, which are countably infinite sets of questions each requiring a yes or no answer. Such a problem is said to be undecidable if there is no computable function that correctly answers every question in the problem set. The connection between these two is that if a decision ... more details
undecidable . The haltingproblem is an important undecidable decision problem for more examples ... can be known . See David Hilbert and HaltingProblem for more. Equivalence with function problems ...Image Decision Problem.svg thumb 200px A decision problem has only two possible outputs, yes or no or alternately ... problem is a question in some formal system with a yes or no answer, depending on the values of some input parameters. For example, the problem given two numbers x and y , does x evenly divide y ? is a decision problem. The answer can be either yes or no , and depends upon the values of x and y ... object or its membership in a set many of the important problems in mathematics are undecidable problem ... that are more complex than a simple yes or no . A corresponding function problem is given two numbers x and y , what is x divided by y ? . They are also related to optimization problem s, which are concerned with finding the best answer to a particular problem. A method for solving a decision problem given in the form of an algorithm is called a decision procedure for that problem. A decision procedure for the decision problem given two numbers x and y , does x evenly divide y ? would give the steps ... it is no . A decision problem which can be solved by an algorithm, such as this example, is called ... s needed by the most efficient algorithm for a certain problem. The field of recursion theory ... problems. As explained in the section decision problem Equivalence with function problems Equivalence with function problems below, there is no loss of generality. Definition A decision problem ... to define the decision problem equivalently as the set of inputs for which the problem returns ... finite set of symbols. The subset of strings for which the problem returns yes is a formal language ... problem can be defined as a subset of the natural numbers. Examples A classic example of a decidable decision problem is the set of prime numbers. It is possible to effectively decide whether a given ... more details
The term word problem has several meanings word problem mathematics education is a type of textbook problem designed to help students apply abstract mathematical concepts to real world situations word problem mathematics is a decision problem for algebraic identities in mathematics and computer science word problem for groups is the problem of recognizing the identity element in a finitely presented group word problem computability is a decision problem concerning formal languages mathdab ... more details
Unreferenced auto yes date December 2009 Problem finding means problem discovery. It is part of the larger problem process that includes problem shaping and problem solving . Problem finding requires intellectual vision and insight into what is missing. This involves the application of creativity . Finding a problem can, depending on the problem, be either much easier or much harder than solving the problem. An example of a problem that was much easier to find than to solve is Fermat s Last Theorem . The problem is simple, is it true that it is impossible to separate any power higher than the second into two like powers? Solving the problem took 357 years. 1.1 CPF creative problem finding and CSPF creative science problem finding were put forward by professor Hu Weiping,China. See also Portal Thinking div style moz column count 3 column count 3 Abductive reasoning Analogy Artificial intelligence Brainstorming Common sense Common sense reasoning Creative problem solving Cyc Deductive reasoning Divergent thinking Educational psychology Executive function Facilitation business Facilitation General Problem Solver General problem solver Inductive reasoning Innovation Intelligence amplification Inquiry Morphological Analysis Allen Newell Newell, Allen PDCA Portal thinking Problem Statement Herbert Simon Simon, Herbert Soar cognitive architecture Thought Transdisciplinary Studies TRIZ Troubleshooting Wicked problem div DEFAULTSORT Problem Finding Category Problem solving Sci stub it Problem solving ... more details
Wiktionary problem A problem is an obstacle which hinders the achievement of a particular goal, objective or purpose. Problem s or The Problem may also refer to Problems Aristotle Problems Aristotle , an Aristotelian or pseudo Aristotelian collection of problems in question and answer form The Problem play The Problem play , a play by A. R. Gurney In music The Problem album The Problem album , an album by Mathematics Problem arlo Akrobata song Problem arlo Akrobata song Problem , a song by Remy Zero from Villa Elaine Problems , a song by Against Me from Searching for a Former Clarity Problems , a song by AZ from 9 Lives AZ album 9 Lives Problems , a song by Ben Kweller from Freak Out, It s Ben Kweller Problems , a song by Bran Van 3000 from Glee Bran Van 3000 album Glee Problems , a song by The Everly Brothers Problems , a song by Sex Pistols from Never Mind the Bollocks, Here s the Sex Pistols See also Mathematical problem Chess problem Lookfrom Problem Intitle Problem disambig sl Problem razlo itev ... more details
Alfred Tarski asked the following mathematical questions For Tarski s problem about the elementary theory of free groups see free group . Tarski s circle squaring problem Tarski s plank problem Tarski s exponential function problem Tarski monster group Tarski s high school algebra problem mathdab ... more details
Wiktionary Problem child may refer to a child who is particularly difficult to raise or Child discipline educate , especially due to disruptive or antisocial behavior. Also may refer to In film and television Problem Child film Problem Child film , a 1990 American comedy, followed by two sequels Problem Child TV series Problem Child TV series , an animated series based on the films Problem Child , an List of Instant Star episodes Season 2 2006 Instant Star episode Problem Child , an List of Umineko no Naku Koro ni episodes ep22 Umineko no Naku Koro ni episode In music Problem Child The Damned song Problem Child The Damned song Problem Child , a The Beach Boys discography song by the Beach Boys Problem Child , a song by AC DC from Dirty Deeds Done Dirt Cheap Problem Child , a song by Glue Gun from The Scene Is Not for Sale Problem Child , a song by Roy Orbison from Roy Orbison at the Rock House Problem Child, a 1980s band featuring Louis Prima Jr In other uses Problem Child , a boat that set a List of vehicle speed records Watercraft speed record Problem Child , a visual arts exhibition that was exhibited at The Rooms in 2011 disambig ... more details
In mathematics, marriage problem can refer to the assignment problem the secretary problem the stable marriage problem disambig Short pages monitor This long comment was added to the page to prevent it being listed on Special Shortpages. It and the accompanying monitoring template were generated via Template Longcomment. Please do not remove the monitor template without removing the comment as well. ... more details
Notability date May 2009 A problem statement is a concise description of the issues that need to be addressed by a problem solving team and should be presented to them or created by them before they try to solve the problem. When bringing together a team to achieve a particular purpose provide them with a problem statement . A good problem statement should answer these questions What is the problem? This should explain why the team is needed. Who has the problem or who is the client customer? This should explain who needs the solution and who will decide the problem has been solved. What form can the resolution be? What is the scope and limitations in time, money, resources, technologies that can be used to solve the problem? Does the client want a white paper ? A web tool? A new feature for a product? A brainstorming on a topic? The primary purpose of a problem statement is to focus the attention of the problem solving team. However, if the focus of the problem is too narrow or the scope of the solution too limited the creativity and innovation of the solution can be stifling. In project management, the problem statement is part of the project charter. It lists what s essential about ... March 22, 2010 ref A research worthy problem statement is the description of an active challenge i.e. problem faced by researchers and or practitioners that does not have adequate solutions available ... foundation. The research worthy problem statement should address all six questions what, how, where, when, why, and who. On the other hand, a statement of the problem is one or two sentences claim that outlines the problem that the study addresses. The statement of the problem should briefly address the question What is the problem that the research will address? ref Ellis, T. J., & Levy, Y. in press . A framework of problem based research A guide for novice researchers. Informing Science Journal . ref References Reflist Category Problem solving ru ... more details
In scientific disciplines, a toy problem is a problem that is not of immediate scientific interest, yet is used as an expository device to illustrate a trait that may be shared by other, more complicated, instances of the problem, or as a way to explain a particular, more general, problem solving technique. For instance, while engineering a large system, the large problem is often broken down into many smaller toy problems which have been understood in good detail. Often these problems distill a few important aspects of complicated problems so that they can be studied in isolation. Toy problems are thus often very useful in providing intuition about specific phenomena in more complicated problems. See, for example Santa Fe Ant Trail problem Secretary problem Missionaries and cannibals problem Monkey and Banana problem N Queens problem Firing squad synchronization problem Category Mathematics education Category Information science math stub eo Luda problemo pt Problema amostra ... more details
Counting problem may refer to Enumeration Combinatorial enumeration Counting problem complexity disambig Long comment to avoid being listed on short pages ... more details
Hard problem may refer to Computational complexity theory Hard Hard problems in computational complexity theory The hard problem of consciousness explaining why we have qualitative phenomenal experiences disambig ... more details
The Robbins problem may mean either of the Robbins conjecture that all Robbins algebra s are Boolean algebras. Robbins problem of optimal stopping in probability theory. Mathematical disambiguation ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Problem shaping means revising a question so that the solution process can begin or continue. It is part of the larger problem process that includes problem finding and problem solving . Problem shaping or problem framing often involves the application of critical thinking . Algorithm ic approach to technical problems reformulation was introduced by G. S. Altshuller in ARIZ . See also div style moz column count 3 column count 3 Adaptive Reasoning Abductive reasoning Analogy Artificial intelligence Brainstorming Common sense Common sense reasoning Creative problem solving Cyc Deductive reasoning Divergent thinking Educational psychology Executive function Facilitation business Facilitation General Problem Solver General problem solver Inductive reasoning Innovation Intelligence amplification Inquiry Morphological Analysis Allen Newell Newell, Allen PDCA Portal thinking Problem Statement Herbert Simon Simon, Herbert Soar cognitive architecture Thought Transdisciplinary Studies TRIZ Troubleshooting Wicked problem div DEFAULTSORT Problem Shaping Category Problem solving Sci stub it Problem shaping ... more details
Isomorphism problem may refer to graph isomorphism problem group isomorphism problem mathdab Short pages monitor This long comment was added to the page to prevent it being listed on Special Shortpages. It and the accompanying monitoring template were generated via Template Longcomment. Please do not remove the monitor template without removing the comment as well. ... more details
unsourced date October 2010 The 1 center problem or minimax or minmax location problem is a classical combinatorial optimization problem in operations research of facilities location type. In its most general case the problem is stated as follows given a set of n demand points, a space of feasible locations of a facility and a function to calculate the transportation cost between a facility and any demand point, find a location of the facility which minimizes the maximum facility demand point transportation cost. The simple special case when the feasible locations and demand points are in the plane with Euclidean distance as transportation cost planar minmax Euclidean facility location problem, Euclidean 1 center problem in the plane, etc. , it is also known as the smallest circle problem . Its generalization to n dimensional Euclidean spaces is known as the smallest enclosing ball problem. A further generalization weighted Euclidean facility location is when the set of weights is assigned to demand points and the transportation cost is the sum of the products of distances by the corresponding weights. There are numerous particular cases of the problem, depending on the choice of the locations both of demand points and facilities, as well as the distance function. See also Minsum facility location 1 median problem , with geometric median being a special case Maxmin facility location obnoxious facility location k center problem k median problem Category Combinatorial optimization Category Operations research ... more details
In mathematics, Motz s problem is a problem which is widely employed as a benchmark for Mathematical singularity singularity problems to compare the effectiveness of numerical methods . The problem was first presented in 1947 by H. Motz in the paper The treatment of singularities of partial differential equations by relaxation methods . Category Partial differential equations Category Finite element method Mathanalysis stub ... more details
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