Infobox saint name Saint Evodius birth date death date c. 69 AD feast day May 6 Roman Catholic Church br September 7 Eastern Orthodox Church venerated in Roman Catholic Church , Eastern Orthodox Church image imagesize caption birth place death place Antioch titles Bishop beatified date beatified place beatified by canonized date canonized place canonized by attributes Bishop patronage major shrine suppressed date issues prayer prayer attrib Saint Evodius d. ca. 69 is a saint in the Christianity Christian Church and one of the first identifiable Christians. Very little is known of the life of St. Evodius. However, he was a paganism pagan who converted to Christianity due to the apostolic work of Saint Peter . In the Book of Acts , one of the first communities to receive evangelism were the Jew s and pagans of Antioch . The city was opulent and cosmopolitan, and there were both Hellenization Hellenized Jews and pagans influenced by monotheism . The term Christian was coined for these Gentile mainly Syriacs Syrian and Greek people Greek converts, and St. Peter became the bishop of Antioch and led the church there. Evodius succeeded Peter the Apostle as bishop of Antioch when Peter left Antioch for Ancient Rome Rome . St. Evodius was List of Patriarchs of Antioch bishop of Antioch until 69 AD , and was succeeded by Ignatius of Antioch St. Ignatius of Antioch . It is more likely that St. Evodius died of natural causes, in office, than that he was martyr ed. As one of the first pagans to come to the new church, he is venerated in both the Roman Catholic Church of the east and Orthodox Church es of the East as a saint. His feast day in the Roman Catholic Church is May 6 and in the Orthodox Church it is September 7. External links Eastern Christianity CathEncy wstitle Evodius s start succession box title List of Patriarchs of Antioch Bishop of Antioch before Saint Peter Peter I years 53 68 after St. Ignatius the Illuminator Ignatius I s end Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia ... more details
Syriac literature is literature written in the Syriac language , the classical Middle Aramaic language of Syriac Christianity . The majority of classical Syriac literature is of a Christianity Christian religious nature. The earliest Christian literature in Classical Syriac was biblical translation, the Peshitta and the Diatessaron . The 4th century is considered to be the golden age of Syriac literature. The two giants of this period are Aphrahat , writing homilies for the church in Persia , and Ephrem the Syrian , writing hymn s, poetry and prose for the church just within the Roman Empire . The next two centuries, which are in many ways a continuation of the golden age, sees important Syriac poets and theologians Jacob of Serugh , Narsai , Philoxenus of Mabbog , Babai the Great , Isaac of Nineveh and Jacob of Edessa . The advent and spread of Islam throughout the Middle East generally proved to be good for Syriac culture. The process of hellenization of Syriac, which was prominent in the sixth and seventh centuries, slowed and ceased. Syriac entered a silver age from around the ninth century. The works of this period were more encyclopaedic and scholastic, and include the biblical commentators Ishodad of Merv and Jacob Bar Salibi Dionysius bar Salibi . Crowning the silver age of Syriac literature is the thirteenth century polymath Bar Hebraeus . The conversion of the Mongols to Islam began a period of retreat and hardship for Syriac culture. However, there has been a continuous stream of Syriac literature from the fourteenth century through to the present day. This has included the flourishing of literature from the various colloquial Neo Aramaic languages spoken by Christians. This Neo Syriac literature bears a dual tradition it continues the traditions of the Syriac literature of the past, and it incorporates a converging stream of the less homogeneous spoken language. The first such flourishing of Neo Syriac was the seventeenth century literature of the School ... more details
Eras of the Halakha Jose ben Jochanan lang he , Yose ben Yochanan or Joseph ben Johanan was Nasi president of the Sanhedrin in the 2nd century BCE. He was a native of Jerusalem . He and Jose ben Joezer were the successors and, it is said, the disciples of Antigonus of Sokho ref Abot i. 4 5 ref , and the two together formed the first of a series of zugot duumvirates that transmitted the traditional law in each pair one, according to tradition, was a prince and a president nasi , and the other vice president, of the Sanhedrin Av Beth Din . ref Haggigah ii. 2 16a ref One of Jose s sayings was Let thy house be opened wide and let the needy be thy household and prolong not converse with woman . ref Abot i. 5 ref A disagreement between the two colleagues with regard to halakhic decisions gave rise to the formation of two different schools. Both men were opposed to Hellenization Hellenism , and both belonged to the Hasideans . Jose ben Joezer and Jose ben Johanan were the last of the eshkolot ref Rapoport, Erek Millin, p. 237 Sotah ix. 9 47a comp. Tosefta , Baba Kama . viii. 13 Jerusalem Talmud Yer. Sotah ix. 10. ref , or wise men from Hebrew Eshkolot , bunches of grapes , poet. abounding in wisdom ref http freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.com prohel names loew eskeles eskelesdes.html Eskeles Family Genealogy Bot generated title ref . succession preceded Unknown office Av Beth Din years c.155 BCE succeeded ? References references Resources http www.jewishencyclopedia.com view.jsp?artid 430&letter J&search Jose Schechter, Solomon and M. Seligsohn. Jose Joseph ben Johanan . Jewish Encyclopedia . Funk and Wagnalls, 1901 1906 which cites the following bibliography Frankel, Darke ha Mishnah, pp. pages 29 et seq. and following Gr tz, Gesch. 3rd ed. edition , ii. 274, iii. 3 idem same author , in Monatsschrift, xviii. 20 et seq. Heilprin, Seder ha Dorot, ii. Sch rer, Gesch. 3rd ed., ii. 202, 352, 357 Weiss, Dor, i. 103 et seq. Zugot DEFAULTSORT Jose Ben Yochanan Categor ... more details
Image Vaskidovich Ancient Greek gramar.jpg right thumb 150px Ancient Greek grammar by Emanuil Vaskidovich Emanuil Vaskidovich lang bg 1795 30 September 1875 was a Bulgaria n Bulgarian National Revival National Revival enlightener, the founder of the first Secularity secular school in the Bulgarian lands. ref name enc , , 2, 1978. ref ref name hist cite book last first coauthors title publisher , year 2003 location isbn 9844830679 oclc 62020465 language Bulgarian ref Vaskidovich was born under the name Manolaki Vaskidi in the city of Melnik, Bulgaria Melnik . He studied at the Greeks Greek school in his hometown and at the Greek high school on Chios island. Vaskidovich finished the Bey s Academy in Bucharest . In 1815, he founded the first Hellenization Hellenic Bulgarian school in the Bulgarian lands in the Danube Danubian town of Svishtov . He later organized the first school library in Bulgaria, to which he left his 800 volumes of literature. In 1832, Vaskidovich introduced the Bell Lancaster method to the Svishtov school, where grammar , arithmetic and geography were taught. Until 1845, he was the head teacher of Svishtov in that year, he was expelled under the pressure of the Grecomans Grecoman party in the town only to return back to his post between 1854 and 1863. In the interim, he worked as a teacher in Pleven . ref name enc ref name hist Vaskidovich aided Neofit Bozveli in his publishing of the pedagogical book Slavenobolgarskoe Detevodstvo in 1835. He was the author of 15 textbooks and books, as well as grammar of the Ancient Greek language . He was also an active public figure, representing the Svishtov municipality in Wallachia , Constantinople and Vienna . ref name enc ref name hist References reflist Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata . NAME Vaskidovich, Emanuil ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIP ... more details
The vestitor , Hellenization Hellenized as vest t r lang el was a lowly Byzantine Empire Byzantine palace position and rank. As their name suggests, the vestitores were originally officials of the imperial wardrobe Latin language Latin vestiarium , into Greek as vestiarion , and are first attested as such in the 6th century. ref harvnb Bury 1911 p 25 . ref By the 9th century, the title had also become an honorary dignity Greek , dia brabeiou axia , marked in the Kletorologion Kl torologion of 899 as the third lowest of the imperial hierarchy, coming between the silentiarios and the mandator mandat r both also classes of palace officials . Its distinctive insignia was a fiblatorium , a cloak fastened by a fibula brooch fibula brooch. ref harvnb Bury 1911 p 22 . ref According to the Kl torologion , together with the silentiarioi , the vest tores were under the command of the court official known as the epi tes katastaseos epi t s katastase s . The later De Ceremoniis of Emperor Constantine VII Porphyrogennetos r. 913 959 indicates that they assisted the praipositos in dressing the Byzantine emperor, while the chronicler Theophanes the Confessor calls them wardens of the imperial crown. ref name ODB harvnb Kazhdan 1991 p 2164 . ref From sigillographic evidence, in the 9th century the rank was held by senior provincial officials, i.e. protonotarios pr tonotarioi heads of the civil administration and kommerkiarios kommerkiarioi customs officials of the thema themes . The term last occurs in the 10th century. ref name ODB References reflist 2 Sources refbegin 2 cite book last Bury first John B. authorlink J. B. Bury title The Imperial Administrative System of the Ninth Century With a Revised Text of the Kletorologion of Philotheos year 1911 location London, United Kingdom publisher Oxford University Press url http books.google.com books?id ZoBDAAAAIAAJ ref harv cite book editor last Kazhdan editor first Alexander Petrovich editor link Alexander Kazhdan ... more details
Nikoulitzas Delphinas lang el Cref2 a was a 11th century Byzantine magnate and local lord of Larissa , in Thessaly . He took part in a revolt initiated by the Vlachs of Thessaly in 1066. He was the grandson of Nikulitsa , the governor of Servia, Greece Servia and archon of the Vlachs of Hellas theme Hellas . ref name S280 Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, page 280 ref The younger Nikoulitzas bore the rank of protospatharios , but is not known to have had any official position. ref Cheynet 1996 , p. 72 ref Nikoulitzas had his own fortress with a garrison of men, and was one of the most powerful lords of Thessaly. ref name 1066R 1066 Revolt in Thessaly ref The Vlachs and Slavs of the region started planning a revolt in 1065, prompted by the taxation increases and corruption in the same area. When Nikoulitzas heard this from his spies ref http books.google.com books?id AcA rteMakIC The Scottish review , Volume 29 , page 50 ref he went to Constantinople to warn the Emperor Constantine X Doukas , but the Emperor dismissed him and no measures were taken. ref name 1066R Upon returning to Larissa Nikoulitzas saw the growing movement and tried to talk the rebels out of it. They insisted on Nikoulitzas becoming their leader, as he had a fort and a private army. Nikoulitzas declined, as his two sons were in Constantinople, fearing they would come in harm s way. The rebels however forced Nikoulitzas to take a leadership position and the revolt began. ref name 1066R The revolt ended by negotiation, but the Emperor captured Nikoulitzas and imprisoned him in Amaseia , on the Black Sea coast of Asia Minor . ref name S280 His son in law was the writer Kekaumenos , whose Strategikon of Kekaumenos Strategikon is the only source on him and the revolt. ref name S280 ref Cheynet 1996 , pp. 168, 392 ref References Cnote2 Begin liststyle upper alpha Cnote2 a His first name is a hellenization of the Slavic Nikulica or Nikolica . Other variations of his surname are ... more details
File Christmas in Beirut.jpg thumb The Beirut city hall on Weygand Street Rue Weygand is a street in Beirut s Beirut Central District Central Business District . Originally, the street was named Rue Nouvelle as it was a new thoroughfare constructed as part of a modernization plan in 1915. ref Kassir, Debevoise, and Fisk. Beirut , page 281 ref Upon its completion, the street was renamed after Maxime Weygand , the High Commissioners of French mandated Syria and Lebanon High Commissioner of French mandated Syria and Lebanon who served from 19 April 1923 29 November 1924. Jean Lauffray, the French archeologist, revealed that Rue Weygand, followed the ancient Ancient Rome Roman , Decumanus Maximus decumanus . ref Mannheim, Ivan. Syria & Lebanon Handbook the Travel Guide , page ref ref Mannheim, Ivan. Syria & Lebanon Handbook the Travel Guide , page 45 ref While Roman and Byzantine mosaic floors have been found, the street predates the Roman Empire as archeological digs have also uncovered evidence that the street was a commercial hub even prior to the Hellenization of Phoenicia . ref Mannheim, Ivan. Syria & Lebanon Handbook the Travel Guide , page ref Prior to the war, the number 2 tram ran from Gare du Phare to Rue de Damas via Rue Weygand. ref http www.flickr.com photos 26601689 N02 5497070749 ref Rue Weygand is a one way street that runs east west, beginning at Boulevard George Haddad and turning into Rue Georges Picot that cuts through the Jewish quarter of Wadi Abu Jamil . ref Kassir, Debevoise, and Fisk. Beirut , page 285 ref The Municipality of Beirut is located on the street along with exclusive designer shops and hotels, such as Le Gray. ref http www.campbellgrayhotels.com le gray beirut location.html?lang EN le gray beirut location ref The Beirut Souks are also located on Rue Weygand. In Literature The Arms of the Mantis by Robert Charles Sam Terrell was at that moment prowling the rooftop of a high rise building on the Rue Weygand . The Man in the Middle by Hu ... more details
but they would in turn contribute to the growing Hellenization of the Roman Republic itself. In Asia ... after Tylos, the islands of Bahrain were known as Awal . Hellenization See Hellenization The concept of Hellenization, meaning the spread of Greek culture, has long been controversial. Undoubtedly Greek ... himself pursued deliberate Hellenization policies, but the exact motives behind those policies .... Hellenization under the Successors File Ptolemy I Soter Louvre Ma849.jpg thumb 200px right ... this was ever a deliberate policy. Furthermore, such Hellenization was accompanied by the opposite ... religion Hellenization References reflist 2 Sources Green, Peter. Alexander The Great and the Hellenistic ... more details
, 1979. Jews, Greeks, and Barbarians Aspects of the Hellenization of Judaism in the Pre Christian Period .... The Hellenization of Judea in the First Century after Christ. London SCM Press, 1989. The Four Gospels ... more details
Dionysius Thrax lang grc 170 BC 90 BC was a Hellenization Hellenistic Philologist grammarian and a pupil of Aristarchus of Samothrace . His place of origin was not Thrace as the epithet Thrax denotes, but probably Alexandria. He lived and worked in this city but later taught at Rhodes around 144BC . The first extant grammar of Greek language Greek , Art of Grammar T khn grammatik , Greek language Greek lang grc is attributed to him but many scholars today doubt that the work really belongs solely to him due to the difference between the technical approach of most of the work and the more literary approach similar to the 2nd century s Alexandrian tradition of the first few sections. It concerns itself primarily with a morphology linguistics morphological description of Greek, lacking any treatment of syntax . The work was translated into Armenian language Armenian and Syriac in the early Christian era. Thrax defines grammar at the beginning of the T khn as the practical knowledge of the general usages of poet s and prose writers. Thus Thrax, like contemporary Alexandrian scholars who edited Attic Greek and Homer Homeric texts , was concerned with facilitating the teaching of classic Greek literature to an audience who spoke Koine Greek. ref There are extensive scholia to the Techne, which have been edited by A. Hilgard in 1901 Scholia in Dionysii Thracis Artem Grammaticam, recensuit et apparatum criticum indicesque adiecit Alfredus Hilgard, Lipsiae in aedibus B.G. Teubneri 1901. The collections of scholia are the following Prolegomena Vossiana p.1 Commentarius Melampodis seu Diomedis p. 10 Commentarius Heliodori p. 67 Scholiorum collectio Vaticana p. 106 Scholiorum collectio Marciana p. 292 Scholiorum collectio Londinensis p. 442 Commentariolus Byzantinus pp. 565 586 . ref References Wikisourcelang el Dionysius Thrax Dionysius Thrax, http www.fh augsburg.de harsch graeca Chronologia S ante02 DionysiosThrax dio tec0.html ... more details
File KB Germany.svg thumb 300px The QWERTZ keyboard layout used in Germany and Austria. File KB Swiss.svg thumb 300px The QWERTZ keyboard layout used in Switzerland. File KB Slovene.svg thumb 300px The QWERTZ keyboard layout used in Serbia, Montenegro, Croatia, Slovenia and Bosnia Herzegovina. File KB Hungary.svg thumb 300px The QWERTZ keyboard layout used in Hungary. File QWERTZ swiss.jpg thumb QWERTZ keyboard of old Swiss typewriter FIle Cherry keyboard 105 keys.jpg thumb 175px A computer QWERTZ keyboard File BlackBerry Torch QWERTZ Keyboard.jpg thumb BlackBerry Torch QWERTZ Keyboard The QWERTZ or QWERTZU Alphanumeric keyboard keyboard is a widely used computer and typewriter keyboard layout that is mostly used in Central Europe Central Europe . The name comes from the first six letters at the top left of the keyboard Q , W , E , R , T , and Z . The QWERTZ layout differs from the QWERTY layout in four major ways The positions of the Z and Y keys are switched, this change being made for two major reasons Z is a much more common letter than Y in German the latter rarely appears outside words whose spellings reflect either their Loan word importation from a foreign language or the Hellenization of an older German form under the Ludwig I of Bavaria Cultural legacy influence of Ludwig I of Bavaria . T and Z often appear next to each other in the German orthography , and placing the two keys next to each other minimizes the effort needed for typing the two characters in sequence cf. the use of a single block tz Typographic ligature ligature in many early mechanical printing press es using Fraktur script fraktur typefaces . Part of the keyboard is adapted to include Umlaut diacritic umlauted vowels , , . The placements of some special symbols and command keys are changed, some of special key inscriptions are changed from an abbreviation to a graphical symbol for example Caps Lock becomes a hollow arrow pointing down, Backspace becomes a left pointing arrow , and mo ... more details
Primary sources date January 2012 Gessius Florus was the Roman Empire Roman Procurator Roman procurator of Iudaea Province Judea from 64 until 66 . Born in Clazomenae , Florus was appointed to replace Lucceius Albinus as promagistrate procurator by the Roman Emperor Emperor Nero due to his wife s friendship with Nero s wife Poppaea Sabina Poppaea . He was noted for his public greed and injustice to the Jewish population, and is credited by Josephus as being the primary cause of the Great Jewish Revolt . ref name Anti 20.11.1 Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews , Book 20, Chapter 11, Section 1 ref Upon taking office in Caesarea , Florus began a practice of favoring the local Greek population of the city over the Jewish population. The local Greek population noticed Florus policies and took advantage of the circumstances to denigrate the local Jewish population. One notable instance of provocation occurred while the Jews were worshiping at their local synagogue and a Hellenization Hellenist sacrificed several birds on top of an earthenware container at the entrance of the synagogue, an act that rendered the building Ritual purification ritually unclean . In response to this action, the Jews sent a group of men to petition Florus for redress. Despite accepting a payment of eight talent weight talents to hear the case, Florus refused to listen to the complaints and instead had the petitioners imprisoned. ref name Wars 2.14.5 Josephus, The Wars of the Jews , Book 2, Chapter 14, Section 5 ref Florus further angered the Jewish population of his province by having seventeen talents removed from the treasury of the Herod s Temple Temple in Jerusalem , claiming the money was for the Emperor. In response to this action, the city fell into unrest and some of the Jewish population began to openly mock Florus by passing a basket around to collect money as if Florus was poor. ref name Wars 2.14.6 Josephus, The Wars of the Jews , Book 2, Chapter 14, Section 6 ref Florus reacted to th ... more details
Eras of the Halakha Yose ben Yoezer also spelt Jose ben Joezer was a rabbi of the early Maccabean period , possibly a disciple of Antigonus of Soko and member of the ascetic group known as the Hasid ans , though neither is certain. He belonged to a priestly family. With him and Jose ben Johanan of Jerusalem , his colleague, begins the period known in Jewish history as that of the zugot pairs , which ended with Hillel the Elder Hillel and Shammai . According to an old tradition, the member of the zugot mentioned first occupied the office of Nasi president of the Sanhedrin , while the one mentioned second served in the capacity of vice president. Yose belonged to the party of the asidim, and was a decided adversary of Hellenization Hellenism . To prevent Jews from settling beyond Judea he declared all heathen countries unclean . ref Shabbat tractate Shabbat 46a ref He declared also glass utensils Tumah unclean , probably because they were manufactured in heathen countries. In other respects, however, he was very liberal, and received the surname Sharaya one who permits for having rendered three liberal decisions on certain ritual questions ref Eduyot . viii. 4 Pesachim 15a ref The first Halakha halakic controversy known in the Talmud was that between Yose ben Yoezer and his colleague Yose ben Johanan. It arose over the question whether the laying of hands on the heads of the sacrifice s is permitted on feast days. ref Haggigah ii. 2 ref Yose ben Yoezer was distinguished for his piety, and is called the pious of the priesthood hasid shebi kchunnah . ref Haggigah ii. 7 ref He professed great veneration for scholars, one of his sayings being Let thy house be a meeting place for the wise powder thyself in the dust of their feet, and drink their words with eagerness ref Abot iv. 4 ref Yose was probably among the sixty pious men who, at the instigation of the high priest Alcimus , the son of his sister, were crucified by the Syrian general Bacchides general Bacchides I Mac ... more details
Merge Peuceti date August 2009 The Peucetii or Poedicli , according to Strabo ref Strabo, Geography VI.3 http penelope.uchicago.edu Thayer E Roman Texts Strabo 6C .html on line text . ref were a tribe who were living in Apulia , southern Italy , in the country behind Barion Latin Barium, modern Bari . They are traditionally one of the tribes of the Iapyges Iapygian civilization. ref Kathryn Lomas, Cities, states and ethnic identity in southeast Italy E. Herring and K. Lomas eds , The Emergences of State Identities in Italy in the First Millennium BC London, 2000 . ref They had three important towns Canosa di Puglia Canosa , Gravina in Puglia Silvium and Bitonto the present capital of Apulia Bari had not much importance. With increasing Hellenization their eponym ous ancestor, given the name Peucetis , was said by Dionysius of Halicarnassus ref Dionysius, Roman Antiquites , I.xi.3. ref to have been the son of the Arcadian Lycaon and brother of Oenotrus . Lycaon having divided Arcadia among his twenty two sons, Peucetios was inspired to seek better fortune abroad. This etiology etiological myth is considered by modern writers to suggest strongly that, as far as the Greeks were concerned, the Peucetii were culturally part, though an unimportant part, of Magna Graecia . Herodotus records an alternative tradition that sometime after the death of King Minos a large body of Cretans , all except the Polichnites and the Praisians, sailed for Sicania and besieged Camicus for a space of five years. Failing to take the city, and suffering from hunger, they departed Sicania and began the voyage homewards. A furious storm hit when they were at sea close to the shore of what later became Iapygia . The storm threw them upon the coast and broke all their vessels to pieces and so, as they saw no means of returning to Crete , they founded the town of Hyria and changed their name from Cretans to Iapyges Iapygians ref Herodotus 7.170. ref Strabo places them to the north of the Calabria ... more details
about the Biblical Figure the Patrick Wolf Single Damaris song the Peruvian Folk singer Damaris singer Damaris is a woman mentioned in the New Testament , living around 55 AD in Athens, Greece . As per the Acts of the Apostles 17 34 , she embraced the Christian faith following the speech of Paul of Tarsus , given in front of the Athenian Areopagus . She might have been of high social status because only such women were allowed to assist the Areopagus meetings. This may be the reason why her name has been especially recorded. ref Seventh Day Adventist Bible Dictionary , Review and Herald Publ.Assn, 1979 ref According to Christian tradition she was Dionysius the Areopagite s wife, and she is remembered to be his faithful assistant in organizing the incipient church when her husband became Bishop of Athens . Apparently, for Luke the Evangelist , having such elite citizens converted to the new faith was very important because it served as an example of depriving luxury and wealth to serve Christ . Name There is no universal consensus about the meaning of her name. Apparently it is the Hellenization of the Celt ic name Damara goddess Damara , the goddess of fertility. With the subsequent invasions of the Gauls to Asia Minor and their permanent establishment in the Galatia region, the intermixing of both Greeks Greek and Celt ic cultures may have given birth to the Graeco Celtic name Damaris . This was very common in the Hellenistic culture developed by Alexander the Great and his successors. Following this pattern, Artemis of Ephesus , which had previously been assimilated with an ancient local goddess of fertility ref P.Grimal, Dictionaire de la Mythologie Grecque et Romaine , Presses Universitaires de France, Paris, 1979 ref happens to be the exact parallel with the Celtic mythology Celtic deity . On the contrary, those who support the pure Hellenic origin of the name, state that it is the modern Hellenistic form or contraction of the classical name Damarete , ref http ... more details
Silentiarius , Hellenization Hellenized to silentiarios lang el and Anglicization Anglicized to silentiary , was the Latin language Latin title given to a class of courtiers in the Byzantine Empire Byzantine imperial court, responsible for order and silence lang la silentium in the Great Palace of Constantinople . In the middle Byzantine period 8th 11th centuries , it was transformed into an honorific court title. History and functions The title is first attested in an imperial edict dated to 326 or 328. ref name ODB harvnb Kazhdan 1991 p 1896 . ref The schola of the silentiarii was supervised by the praepositus sacri cubiculi and its members belonged to the jurisdiction of the magister officiorum . ref harvnb Bury 1911 p 24 . ref Their function in the palace was to keep order during imperial audiences and to call the meeting of the Byzantine emperor s council, the consistorium an act called silentium nuntiare . ref name Bury25 harvnb Bury 1911 p 25 . ref Four silentiarii were detailed to the service of the Byzantine empress. The silentiarii were chosen from the senatorial class, but freed from the usual obligations of this class. A class of honorary silentiarii , admittance into which could be purchased, also existed. ref name Bury25 By 437, the size of the actual schola had been set to thirty, with three decurio decuriones lang el placed in charge of it. ref name ODB Although initially low ranking, their proximity to the imperial person occasioned the elevation of the ordinary members to the rank of vir spectabilis in the 5th century and of the decuriones further to the rank of vir illustris in the 6th century. ref name ODB After the 6th century, the post became purely ceremonial. ref name ODB The title survived into the lists of offices of the 9th and 10th centuries as the second lowest among the honorific dignities reserved for the bearded men i.e. non Eunuch court official eunuchs . According to the Kletorologion of Philotheos , their distinctive ... more details
File Dimitar Dobrovich Portret na momiche.jpg right thumb Dimitar Dobrovich, Portrait of a girl c. 1850 Dimitar Georgiev Dobrovich lang bg 1816 2 March 1905 was the first academically trained Bulgarians Bulgarian painter and a participant in the revolutions of 1848 in the Italian states . ref name znam cite book title publisher , , language Bulgarian year 2002 chapter 1816 1905 isbn 9548104083 oclc 163361648 ref Biography Dobrovich was born in the Upper Thracian Plain northern Thracian city of Sliven , then part of the Ottoman Empire , to a frieze dealer and a rich stock breeder s daughter. In 1830, Dimitar left for Wallachia with his grandfather, where he lived in Ploie ti and Br ila , but he did not settle and returned to Sliven. ref name delo cite news url http www.sliven.net web sl delo br pdf 2005 SD69.pdf title last first . date 2005 09 20 publisher language Bulgarian accessdate 2009 08 30 ref In 1834 1837, he studied at the Phanar Greek Orthodox College in the imperial capital Istanbul , where he became an acquaintance of revolutionary Georgi Rakovski . Dobrovich continued his education in Athens , the capital of the Kingdom of Greece , where he attended a high school 1837 1840 . He was then tutored by French people French painter Pierre Bonirote before enrolling at the Greek National Technical University of Athens Technical School of Arts , where he was a student of Italians Italian painter Raffaello Ceccoli . It was at that time that Dobrovich started painting portraits under the Hellenization Hellenized name Demetrios Dobriadis . In 1848, Dobrovich moved to Rome to enroll at the Rome University of Fine Arts. In the same year, he took part in Giuseppe Garibaldi and Giuseppe Mazzini s uprising and fought actively for three months. ref name delo Dobrovich graduated from the academy five years later to become t ... more details
Cubicularius , Hellenization Hellenized as koubikoularios lang el , was a title used for the eunuch Chamberlain office chamberlains of the imperial palace in the later Roman Empire and in the Byzantine Empire . The feminine version, used for the lady in waiting ladies in waiting of the empresses, was koubikoularia Greek . History The term derives from their service in the sacrum cubiculum , the emperor s sacred bedchamber . In the late Roman period, the cubicularii koubikoularioi were very numerous according to John Malalas , Empress Theodora 6th century Theodora s retinue numbered as many as 4,000 patrikios patrikioi and koubikoularioi . ref name ODB harvnb Kazhdan 1991 p 1154 . ref They were placed under the command of the praepositus sacri cubiculi and the primicerius sacri cubiculi , while the other palace servants came either under the castrensis sacri palatii or the magister officiorum . ref name Bury120 harvnb Bury 1911 p 120 . ref There were also special cubicularii koubikoularioi for the empress sometimes including female koubikoulariai , and the office was introduced into the Roman Catholic Church Roman Church as well, probably under Pope Leo I . ref name ODB In Byzantium, they played a very important role, holding senior palace offices such as parakoimomenos parakoim menos or the epi tes trapezes epi t s trapez s , but also served in posts in the central financial departments, as provincial administrators and sometimes even as generals. ref name ODB Gradually, in the 7th 8th centuries, the eunuchs of the imperial bedchamber proper in Greek known as the lang grc , basilikos koit n were separated from the other koubikoularioi and, distinguished as the koit nitai Greek lang grc , came under the authority of the parakoim menos . At the same time, the imperial wardrobe basilikon vestiarion and its officials also became a separate department under the protovestiarios pr tovestiarios . ref name ODB ref name ... more details
the period do not indicate any real link between Hellenization and the struggle for Jewish religious ... step and ordered their hellenization. The Seleucid kings, in line with Hellenistic kings in general .... The Jews who did undergo a process of Hellenization were a minority and this conversion was not forced ... more details
Hanif lang ar , transl ar DIN an f plural , transl ar DIN unaf is a term that refers to those who maintain the pure monotheism monothestic beliefs of the patriarch Abraham Ibrahim . More specifically, in Islam ic thought it refers to the people during the period known as the Jahiliya Age of Ignorance , who were seen to have rejected Shirk idolatry idolatry and retained some or all of the tenets of the religion of Ibrahim which was submission to God Arabic Allah in its purest form. ref name Hans Hans, pg.29 ref Etymology and History of the term The term is from the Arabic triliteral root transl ar DIN et n n n f f meaning to incline, to decline Lane 1893 from the Syriac root of the same meaning. The transl ar DIN an fiyyah is the law of Ibrahim the verb transl ar DIN ta annafa means to turn away from idolatry , with a secondary and subsequent meaning of to become circumcised . In the verse 3 27 of the Quran it has also been translated as upright person and outside the Quran as to incline towards a right state or tendency . ref name peters Peters, pg 122 124 ref It appears to have been used earlier by Jew s and Christian s in reference to pagan s and applied to followers of an old Hellenization Hellenized Syria Syro Arab ian religion and used to taunt early Muslims. ref name watt Watt, pg 117 119 ref Others maintained that they followed the ...religion of Ibrahim, the hanif, the Muslim... ref name watt It has been theorized by Watt that the verb al term Islam arising from the participle form of Muslim meaning surrendered to God may have only arisen as an identifying descriptor for the religion in the late Muhammad in Medina Medinan period . ref name watt However, the word Islam had been used in Quran by God himself in Sura 5, Ayat 3. List of hanifs refimprove section date November 2011 This is a minor list of those who submitted their whole selves to God in Islam God in the way of Islamic view of Abraham Abraham All the Prophets of Islam prophets of ... more details
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