www.expasy.org viralzone all by species 9.html Viralzone Hepadnaviridae Viruses Baltimore classification Category Pararetroviruses Category Article Feedback 5 ar ca Hepadnav rid de Hepadnaviridae es Hepadnaviridae fr Hepadnaviridae it Hepadnaviridae kk ja pl Hepadnawirusy pt Hepadnaviridae ro Hepadnaviridae ru Hepadnaviridae sv Hepadnavirus zh ... more details
Taxobox name Hepatitis B virus image image width image caption virus group VII ordo Unassigned familia Hepadnaviridae genus Orthohepadnavirus species Woodchuck hepatitis virus The Woodchuck hepatitis virus is a species of the genus Orthohepadnavirus . It is not a deadly virus. References Reflist DEFAULTSORT Woodchuck Hepatitis Virus Category Viral diseases Virus stub ... more details
Taxobox name Hepatitis B virus image Hepatitis B virus 1.jpg image width 160px image caption Transmission electron microscopy TEM micrograph showing hepatitis B virions virus group VII ordo Unassigned familia Hepadnaviridae genus Orthohepadnavirus type species Hepatitis B virus subdivision ranks Species subdivision nowrap Ground squirrel hepatitis virus br Hepatitis B virus br Woodchuck hepatitis virus br Woolly monkey hepatitis B virus Orthohepadnavirus is a genus of viruses belonging to the family Hepadnaviridae . References reflist External links http www.ictvdb.rothamsted.ac.uk ICTVdB 00.030.0.01.htm ICTVdB Virus Description 00.030.0.01. Orthohepadnavirus http www.expasy.org viralzone all by species 101.html Viralzone Orthohepadnavirus Category Pararetroviruses Virus stub ca Orthohepadnavirus ... more details
saved book title Common viral infections subtitle cover image cover color Common viral infections Infectious disease Virus Viral disease Adenoviridae Picornavirus Coxsackievirus Hepatitis A Poliovirus Rhinovirus Herpes simplex Varicella zoster virus Epstein Barr virus Cytomegalovirus Kaposi s sarcoma associated herpesvirus Hepadnaviridae Hepatitis B virus Flavivirus Flaviviridae Hepatitis C virus Yellow fever Dengue fever West Nile virus Retrovirus HIV Orthomyxoviridae Paramyxovirus Measles Mumps virus Human parainfluenza viruses Human respiratory syncytial virus Metapneumovirus Papillomaviridae Rhabdoviridae Rabies virus Togaviridae Rubella virus Parvoviridae Human bocavirus Parvovirus B19 Category Wikipedia books on biology Common Viral Infections Category Wikipedia books on health Common Viral Infections Category Wikipedia books on medicine Common Viral Infections ... more details
DsDNA RT viruses are the seventh group in the Virus classification Baltimore classification Baltimore virus classification . They are not considered as DNA viruses class I of Baltimore classification , but rather reverse transcribing viruses because they replicate through an RNA intermediate. It includes Hepadnaviridae and Caulimoviridae . The term pararetrovirus is also used for this group. ref name KhanDijkstra2002 cite book last1 Khan first1 Jawaid A. last2 Dijkstra first2 Jeanne title Plant viruses as molecular pathogens url http books.google.com books?id 0sAL2HVZBtgC&pg PA317 accessdate 5 August 2011 year 2002 publisher Psychology Press isbn 9781560228950 pages 317 ref The term was introduced in 1985. ref name pmid2835576 cite journal author Temin HM title Reverse transcription in the eukaryotic genome retroviruses, pararetroviruses, retrotransposons, and retrotranscripts journal Mol. Biol. Evol. volume 2 issue 6 pages 455 68 year 1985 month November pmid 2835576 doi url http mbe.oxfordjournals.org cgi pmidlookup?view long&pmid 2835576 ref References Reflist Category Pararetroviruses Retroviruses zh DNA ... more details
Taxobox name Duck hepatitis B virus image image width image caption virus group VII ordo Unassigned familia Hepadnaviridae genus Avihepadnavirus species Duck hepatitis B virus Duck Hepatitis B virus , abbreviated DHBV , is part of the Avihepadnavirus genus of the Hepadnaviridae , and is the causal agent of duck hepatitis B. DHBV is a small DNA virus with a diameter of 40 45 nm. The viral envelope is made up from host cell lipid, with viral surface antigens DHBsAg . The icosahedral nucleocapsid within, is composed of the virus core antigen DHBcAg and surrounds the DNA genome and viral polymerase. The viral genome is a circular double stranded DNA molecule about 3000 base pairs long. The genome has three overlapping open reading frames or ORFs C ORF encoding the core antigen and pre core protein which are processed and secreted as DHBcAg S ORF codes for the surface antigen DHBsAg P ORF encoding the viral polymerase. On binding and viral entry entry of the virus to the host cell, the genome is transported to the nucleus to be transcribed. Novel viral RNA is then transferred to the cytoplasm for translation and subsequent protein synthesis. The Duck Hepatitis B virus has provided a basis for the use of vaccines and prophylactic treatments for individuals at high risk of human Hepatitis B virus HBV . ref cite journal title Immune responses to duck hepatitis B virus infection. author Jilbert AR, Kotlarski I last first authorlink coauthors date 2000 Mar Apr year month work publisher National Center for Biotechnology Information volume 24 issue 2 3 pages 285 302 doi 10.1016 S0145 305X 99 00079 8 pmid 10717294 journal Developmental and comparative immunology ref The virus has also provided as a useful animal model in the absence of one from the HBV. ref cite journal title The earliest steps in hepatitis B virus infection. author Cooper A, Paran N, Shaul Y last first authorlink coauthors date 2003 07 11 year month work publisher National Center for Biotechnology Informat ... more details
Taxobox name Avihepadnavirus image image width image caption virus group VII ordo Unassigned familia Hepadnaviridae genus Avihepadnavirus type species Duck hepatitis B virus subdivision ranks Species subdivision Duck hepatitis B virus br Heron hepatitis B virus br Ross Goose hepatitis B virus br Snow goose hepatitis B virus br Stork hepatitis B virus br Crane hepatitis B virus br Avihepadnavirus , is the second genus of the Hepadnaviridae family, the first genus being the Orthohepadnavirus es. The evihepadnavirus or equivalently, the avian hepadnavirus, consist of viruses which exclusively infect birds. This distinguishes from the orthohepadnaviruses, which only affect mammal s. Even though the overall genome structure is similar in the two genuses, the similarities in the sequences are minimal. ref name identification The type species of this genus is the duck hepatitis B virus DHBV . Other species within the genus include heron hepatitis B virus HHBV , snow goose hepatitis B virus SGHBV , Ross Goose hepatitis B virus RGHBV , stork hepatitis B virus SHBV and crane hepatitis B virus CHBV . Infection with the virus is restricted to the species from which the virus has been isolated, or to closely related species. ref name identification cite journal last1 Guo first1 Haitao last2 Mason first2 William year 2005 title Identification and Characterization of Avihepadnaviruses Isolated from Exotic Anseriformes Maintained in Captivity journal Journal of Virology volume 79 issue 5 pages 2729 2742 publisher American Society for Microbiology doi 10.1128 JVI.79.5.2729 2742.2005 url http jvi.asm.org content 79 5 2729.full accessdate 10 March 2012 ref External links Jilbert AR, Kotlarski I. Immune responses to duck hepatitis B virus infection. Dev Comp Immunol. 2000 Mar Apr 24 2 3 285 302. http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov entrez query.fcgi?cmd Retrieve&db pubmed&dopt Abstract&list uids 10717294&query hl 1&itool pubmed DocSum http www.expasy.org viralzone all by species 102.html Viralzon ... more details
Multiple issues cleanup April 2009 unreferenced April 2009 orphan December 2010 lowercase Expand German cccDNA date August 2009 cccDNA covalently closed circular DNA is a special DNA structure that arises during the propagation of some virus es in the cell nucleus and may remain permanently there. It is a double stranded DNA that originates in a linear form that is ligated by means of DNA ligase to a covalent ly closed ring. In most cases, Transcription genetics transcription of viral DNA can occur from the circular form only. The cccDNA of viruses is also known as Plasmid episomal DNA or occasionally as a minichromosome . Die Existenz einer cccDNA w hrend der Vermehrung unterscheidet die nicht taxonomische Gruppe der echten Retroviren Orthoretroviren von den Pararetroviren . The existence of a cccDNA during the propagation differs not taxonomic group of real retroviruses retroviruses Ortho from the Pararetroviren. W hrend erstere die DNA Zwischenstufe mittels Ligation in das Genom der Zelle integrieren, verbleibt die DNA Stufe der Pararetroviren als episomale cccDNA im Nukleoplasma . While the former DNA Ligation via intermediate stage in the genome of the cell to integrate, remains the stage of DNA Pararetroviren as episomale cccDNA in Nukleoplasma. Die cccDNA wurde zuerst bei DNA Bakteriophagen beschrieben, 1 aber auch in bestimmten Zellkulturen gefunden, 2 bei denen sp ter eine Infektion mit DNA Viren Polyomaviren nachgewiesen wurde. The cccDNA was first in DNA bacteriophages described 1 but also found in certain cell cultures, 2 which later infection with DNA viruses Polyomaviren has been demonstrated. Die cccDNA ist typisch f r Mitglieder der Virusfamilien Caulimoviridae und Hepadnaviridae wie dem Hepatitis B Virus HBV . The cccDNA is typical for members of viral families Caulimoviridae and Hepadnaviridae, such as the hepatitis B virus HBV . Beim HBV entsteht die cccDNA aus einer an das Kapsid gebundenen linearen DNA nach Abspaltung der an die DNA gebundenen, ... more details
Taxobox name DHV I, DHV Ia, DHV II DHV III, and DHBV virus group iv familia Picornaviridae , Hepadnaviridae DHBV genus Enterovirus species Duck Hepatitis Virus I, Ia, II, III, and Duck Hepatitis B Virus Introduction Duck hepatitis is caused by the enteroviruses DHV 1 and DHV 3. It is a fatal disease of ducklings causing opisthotonus and hepatitis . DHV 1 is found worldwide and causes disease in young ducklings , usually 6 weeks of age and spreads rapidly within a flock. It is the most virulence virulent of the DHV species. DHV 3 has only been reported in the USA. Causing acute and fatal disease in ducklings, duck hepatitis virus , DHV 1, is a Picornavirus that is distributed all over the world having significant impact on the poultry industry. First being recorded in 1949 in Long Island, New York, it was not until 57 years later in 2006 that the full genome of the pathogen was determined. This genome is composed of 7691 nucleotides and encodes and polyprotein of 2250 amino acids ref Liu, G., Yanguez, E., & Chen, Z. L. 2011 . The duck hepatitis virus 5 UTR possesses HCVlike IRES activity that is independent of eIF4F complex and modulated by downstream coding sequences. Virology Journal , 8 147 , 1 11 ref . Duck hepatitis virus , DHV, type 1 DHV 1 , type 1a DHV 1a , type 2 DHV 2 , and type 3 DHV 3 are the four types of viruses that can cause disease in ducks. The pathology and pathogenicity between duck hepatitis virus type 1 and type 1a is, in essence, the same as one another ref Kim, M. C., Kwon, Y. K., Joh, S. J., Kwon, J. H., & Lindberg, A. M. 2008 . Differential diagnosis between type specific duck hepatitis virus type 1 DHV 1 and recent Korean DHV 1 like isolates using a multiplex polymerase chain reaction. Avian Pathology , 37 2 , 171 177 ref . Duck Hepatitis is a Class B disease listed by the World Organisation for Animal Health Office des International Epizooties . The disease is not considered a zoonosis . Duck hepatitis B virus , or DHBV, is a part of the Hepadnaviridae ... more details
Infobox rfam Name HBV RNA encapsidation signal epsilon image HBV Epsilon.jpg width caption Predicted secondary structure and sequence conservation of HBV epsilon Symbol HBV epsilon AltSymbols HBV Rfam RF01047 miRBase miRBase family RNA type Cis regulatory element Cis reg Tax domain Virus es GO GO 0019079 SO SO 0005836 CAS number EntrezGene HGNCid OMIM PDB RefSeq Chromosome Arm Band LocusSupplementaryData The HBV RNA encapsidation signal epsilon http rfam.sanger.ac.uk family?entry RF01047 HBV epsilon is an element essential for HBV virus replication. It is an RNA structure situated near the 5 end of the HBV pregenomic RNA. ref cite journal author Beck J, Nassal M title Hepatitis B virus replication journal World J. Gastroenterol. volume 13 issue 1 pages 48 64 year 2007 month January pmid 17206754 doi url http www.wjgnet.com 1007 9327 13 48.asp ref The structure consists of a lower stem, a bulge region, an upper stem and a tri loop. The structure was determined and refined through enzymatic probing and NMR spectroscopy . ref name Flodell cite journal author Flodell S, Schleucher J, Cromsigt J, Ippel H, Kidd Ljunggren K, Wijmenga S title The apical stem loop of the hepatitis B virus encapsidation signal folds into a stable tri loop with two underlying pyrimidine bulges journal Nucleic Acids Res. volume 30 issue 21 pages 4803 4811 year 2002 month November pmid 12409471 pmc 135823 doi 10.1093 nar gkf603 url http nar.oxfordjournals.org cgi pmidlookup?view long&pmid 12409471 ref The closure of the tri loop was not predicted by RNA structure prediction programs but observed in the NMR structure. The regions shown to be critical for encapsidation of the RNA in the viral lifecycle are the bulge, upper stem and tri loop which interact with the terminal protein domain of the HBV viral polymerase. ref cite journal author Kramvis A, Kew MC title Structure and function of the encapsidation signal of hepadnaviridae journal J. Viral Hepat. volume 5 issue 6 pages 357 367 year 1998 mo ... more details
as part of the Hepadnaviridae family, which contains two other genera, the Avihepadnavirus and a second .... ref cite web url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov ICTVdb Ictv fs hepad.htm title 00.030. Hepadnaviridae ... Structure Hepatitis B virus is a member of the Hepadnaviridae Hepadnavirus family . ref name ... more details
A pathogen lang el pathos , suffering, passion and gen s gen producer of or infectious agent in colloquial terms, a germ is a microorganism such as a virus , bacterium , prion , or fungus , that causes disease in its animal or plant Host biology host . ref http www.medterms.com script main art. ref ref http www.metapathogen.com ref There are several substrates including pathways wherein pathogens can invade a host the principal pathways have different episodic time frames, but soil contamination has the longest or most persistent potential for harboring a pathogen. Not all pathogens are negative. In entomology , pathogens are one of the Three P s predator s, pathogens, and parasitoids that serve as natural or introduced biological control s to suppress arthropod Pest organism pest populations. Types of pathogen Viral See Viral disease Pathogenic viruses are mainly those of the families of Adenoviridae , bacteria Picornaviridae , Herpesviridae , Hepadnaviridae , Flaviviridae , Retroviridae , Orthomyxoviridae , Paramyxoviridae , Papovaviridae , Polyomavirus , Rhabdoviridae , Togaviridae . Viruses typically range between 20 300 nanometers in length. ref http www.cdc.gov ncidod dvrd spb mnpages dispages ebola qa.htm ref Bacterial Main Pathogenic bacteria Although the vast majority of bacteria are harmless or beneficial, a few pathogenic bacteria can cause infectious diseases. Bacteria can often be killed by antibiotics because the cell wall in the outside is destroyed and then the DNA. They typically range between 1 and 5 micrometers in length. Fungal Main Pathogenic fungi Fungi comprise a eukaryotic kingdom of microbes that are usually Saprophyte saprophytes but can cause diseases in humans, animals and plants. Fungi are the most common cause of diseases in crops and other plants. The typical fungal spore size is 1 40 micrometer in length. Other parasites main Human parasites Some eukaryotic organisms, such as protists and helminths , cause disease. Prionic ... more details
A human pathogen is a pathogen microbe or microorganism such as a virus , bacterium , prion , or fungus that causes disease in human s. The human physiological defense against common pathogens such as Pneumocystis is mainly the responsibility of the immune system with help by some of the body s normal Human microbiome flora and fauna . However, if the immune system or good microbiota are damaged in any way such as by chemotherapy , HIV human immunodeficiency virus HIV , or antibiotic s being taken to kill other pathogens , pathogenic bacteria that were being held at bay can proliferate and cause harm to the host. Such cases are called opportunistic infection . Some pathogens such as the bacterium Yersinia pestis , which may have caused the Black Plague , the Variola virus, and the Malaria protozoa have been responsible for massive numbers of casualties and have had numerous effects on afflicted groups. Of particular note in modern times is HIV, which is known to have infected several million humans globally, along with the Influenza virus. Today, while many medical advances have been made to safeguard against infection by pathogens, through the use of vaccination , antibiotics , and fungicide , pathogens continue to threaten human life. Social advances such as food safety , hygiene , and water treatment have reduced the threat from some pathogens. Types of pathogen Viral Further Viral disease Pathogenic viruses are mainly those of the families of Adenoviridae , bacteria Picornaviridae , Herpesviridae , Hepadnaviridae , Flaviviridae , Retroviridae , Orthomyxoviridae , Paramyxoviridae , Papovaviridae , Polyomavirus , Rhabdoviridae , Togaviridae . Some notable pathogenic viruses cause smallpox, influenza, mumps , measles , chickenpox , ebola , and rubella. Viruses typically range between 20 300 nanometers in length. ref http www.cdc.gov ncidod dvrd spb mnpages dispages ebola qa.htm ref Bacterial Main Pathogenic bacteria Although the vast majority of bacteria are harmle ... more details
The smallest organism s found on Earth can be determined according to various aspects of organism size including volume , mass , height , length , or genome size. Given the incomplete nature of Knowledge Scientific knowledge scientific knowledge , it is possible that the smallest organism is presently undiscovered. Furthermore, there is some debate over the Life definition of life , and what entities qualify as organisms consequently the smallest known organism microorganism is debatable. Multicellular organisms grow from a small number of cells thus, the smallest specimens of each species are usually the youngest ones, and nearly identical in size it is usually more relevant to compare adult sizes. Microorganisms Viruses Many Biology biologists consider virus es to be non living because they lack a cell biology cell ular structure and cannot metabolism metabolize by themselves, requiring a host cell to replicate and synthesise new products. A minority of scientists hold that because viruses do have genetic material and can employ the metabolism of their host, they can be considered organisms. The smallest RNA virus es in terms of genome size are small retrovirus es such as rous sarcoma virus with genomes of 3.5 Base pair kb and particle diameters of 80 1 E 9 m nm . The smallest double stranded DNA virus es are the Hepadnaviridae hepadnaviruses such as Hepatitis B , at 3.2 kb and 42 nm parvovirus es have smaller capsid s, at 18 26 nm, but larger genomes, at 5 kb. The smallest DNA bacteriophage is the Phi X174 phage , thought to be larger than Hepatitis B, at about 4 kb. ref http www iphicles.rcsb.org pdb lists pdb l 200012 msg00048.html ref It is important to consider other self replicating genetic elements such as satelliviruses, Viroid s and Ribozymes . The smallest virus known to man to this date, however, is the single stranded DNA virus Porcine circovirus type 1. It has a genome of only 1759 nucleotides. ref cite journal url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov ... more details
virus families, such as those belonging to the Hepadnaviridae , contain a genome that is partially ... , Metaviridae , Pseudoviridae or dsDNA Caulimoviridae , and Hepadnaviridae in their particles. Reverse ... type is HIV, which is a retrovirus. Examples of the second type are the Hepadnaviridae , which ... more details
Encyclopedia
top
