No footnotes date May 2009 Image NIH citrus.jpg right thumb 350px Several kind of citrus , the most common hesperidium, cut open and ready to eat. A hesperidium plural hesperidia is a modified fruit with a tough, leathery rind. The peel contains volatile oil glands in pits. The fleshy interior is composed of separate sections, called Gynoecium carpels , filled with fluid filled vesicles that are actually specialized hair cells. The outer ovary wall becomes the thick spongy layer, while the inner ovary wall becomes very juicy with several seeds. orange fruit Oranges and other citrus fruits are common examples. Unlike most other berry berries , the rind of hesperidia is generally not eaten with the fruit because it is tough and bitter. A common exception is the kumquat , which is consumed entirely. The outermost, pigmented layer of rind contains essential oil s and is known as the flavedo . When scraped off and used as a culinary ingredient it is called Zest ingredient zest . The inner rind known as pith or albedo of the citron or lemon is candied in sugar and called succade . Linnaeus gave the name Hesperide to an order biology order containing the genus Citrus, in allusion to the golden apple s of the Hesperides . See also Portal Food Wiktionary Fruit anatomy Peel fruit References Commons category cite book last Bailey first L. H. first2 E. Z. last2 Bailey year 1976 title Hortus edition Third publisher Macmillan location New York page 275 isbn 0025054708 fruits Category rutaceae category fruit morphology Fruit stub Rutaceae stub ar an Hesperidio zh min nan Kam k ca Hesperidi cs Hesperidium de Hesperidium et Pomerantsvili es Hesperidio it Esperidio lt Citrinvaisis pt Hesper dio ru zh ... more details
italic title taxobox name Triphasia image image caption Triphasia trifolia foliage and fruit regnum Plantae unranked divisio Angiosperms unranked classis Eudicots unranked ordo Rosids ordo Sapindales familia Rutaceae subfamilia Aurantioideae tribus Citreae genus Triphasia genus authority Jo o de Loureiro Lour. subdivision ranks Species subdivision See text Triphasia is a small genus of three species in the family Rutaceae , related to Citrus . The genus is native to southeastern Asia and New Guinea . ref name grin Germplasm Resources Information Network http www.ars grin.gov cgi bin npgs html splist.pl?12397 Triphasia ref ref name rhs Huxley, A, ed. 1992 . New RHS Dictionary of Gardening 3 697. Macmillan ISBN 0 333 47494 5. ref They are evergreen shrub s growing to 1 3 m tall, with trifoliate leaves. The flower s are fragrant, white, with three to five petals. The fruit is an edible red hesperidium similar to a small Citrus fruit. ref name rhs ref name pfaf Plants for a Future http www.pfaf.org database plants.php?Triphasia trifolia Triphasia trifolia ref Species Triphasia brassii C.T.White Swingle. New Guinea . Triphasia grandifolia Merr. Philippines . Triphasia trifolia Burm.f. P.Wils. Malaysia . References References Category Rutaceae es Triphasia la Triphasia pt Triphasia ... more details
cross section description.png right thumb 250px A schematic picture of an orange fruit orange hesperidium ... throughout. In a hesperidium such as a citrus fruit, the mesocarp is also referred to as albedo ... commons category Fruits Fruit anatomy Peel fruit Hesperidium the common citrus berry . Gynoecium ... more details
Image Chocolate coated citrus peel 01.jpg thumb right 180px Chocolate coated citrus rind. Image Banana partially peeled .jpg thumb right 180px A banana with peel partly removed partially peeled . The peel is the yellow outer skin . Peel , also known as rind or skin , is the outer protective layer of a fruit or vegetable which could be peeled off. The rind is usually the Botany botanical exocarp , but the term exocarp does also include the hard cases of nut fruit nuts , which are not named peels since they are not peeled off by hand or peeler, but rather shells because of their hardness. A fruit with a thick peel, such as a citrus fruit, is called a hesperidium . In hesperidiums, the inner layer also called wiktionary albedo albedo or, among non botanists, pith ref cite web title pith url http www.askoxford.com concise oed pith work Compact Oxford English Dictionary ref is peeled off together with the flavedo outer layer also called zest , and together they are called the peel. The zest and albedo, respectively, are the exocarp and the mesocarp . The juicy layer inside the peel containing the seeds is the endocarp . Uses Depending on the thickness and taste, fruit peel is sometimes eaten as part of the fruit, such as with apple s. In some cases the peel is unpleasant or inedible, in which case it is removed and discarded, such as with banana s or grapefruit s. The peel of some fruits for example, pomegranates is high in tannin s and other polyphenol s, and is employed in the production of dye s. The peel of citrus fruit s is bitter and generally not eaten raw, but may be used in cooking, e.g. chenpi . The outermost, colored part of the peel is called the zest ingredient zest , which can be scraped off and used for its tangy flavor. The fleshy white part of the peel, bitter when raw in most species, is used as succade or is prepared with sugar to make marmalade or fruit soup . See also Fruit anatomy , describing the botanical terms of fruit and skin layers. Peeler Eth ... more details
italic title taxobox name Clymenia regnum Plantae unranked divisio Angiosperms unranked classis Eudicots unranked ordo Rosids ordo Sapindales familia Rutaceae subfamilia Aurantioideae tribus Citreae genus Clymenia genus authority Walter Tennyson Swingle Swingle & Ty zabur Tanaka Tanaka. subdivision ranks Species subdivision See text Clymenia is a small genus of flowering plant s in the family Rutaceae . The rare Clymenia polyandra , occasionally referred to by the archaic Citrus polyandra , is the lone known member of the genus. Cultivated locally for its sweet fruits on a handful of southwestern Pacific islands, clymenia was originally considered an obscure citrus hybrid. Botanist Ty zabur Tanaka noted that clymenia would hybridize with a few other citrus plants notably kumquat s , but otherwise was generally different from other citrus in many aspects of its appearance. In the 1960s, botanist Walter Swingle proposed that clymenia might belong to a genus of its own. Native to a handful of locations on Papua New Guinea and nearby islets, clymenia is far more tropical than true citrus, and even in subtropical parts of the United States , it can only be grown in a greenhouse. Specimens planted out in Riverside, California thrived in greenhouses, but perished when planted out in the arid climate. Swingle assumed that clymenia and citrus evolved from a single common ancestor. Clymenia forms a shrub or small tree, free of spines. Leaves feature a short, narrow petiole, which sets them apart from most other citrus, especially the papeda s native to the same general area. Clymenia fruits are a small hesperidium , very similar to a citrus fruit. Sweet and lemony in flavor, the tangerine sized fruits are highly segmented, with yellow pulp, and a leathery rind, similar to a true citrus fruit. They contain a large number of polyembryonic seeds. They are locally cultivated in indigenous villages, but have never been commercially cultivated. External links http www.plantnam ... more details
italic title taxobox name Triphasia brassii image image caption regnum Plantae unranked divisio Angiosperms unranked classis Eudicots unranked ordo Rosids ordo Sapindales familia Rutaceae genus Triphasia species T. brassii binomial Triphasia brassii binomial authority Walter Swingle Swingle Walter Swingle Swingle Commons category Triphasia brassii Triphasia brassii is a rare species of Triphasia in the family Rutaceae , native to New Guinea . All known specimens are from one general area. Triphasias are very close relatives of citrus. It is a very spiny evergreen shrub rarely a small tree growing to 2 m 6.5 ft tall. The leaf leaves are glossy dark green, each leaflet 2 4 3 4 to 1 1 2 in long and 1.5 2 cm 3 4 to 1 in wide. The flower s are white and strongly scented. The kumquat sized fruit is a red, edible hesperidium resembling a small Citrus fruit. The fruit is larger than the somewhat better known Triphasia trifolia limeberry . The fruit flesh is pulpy, with a flavor reminiscent of a slightly sweet lime. ref name rhs Huxley, A, ed. 1992 . New RHS Dictionary of Gardening 3 697. Macmillan ISBN 0 333 47494 5. ref ref name hear Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk http www.hear.org Pier species triphasia trifolia.htm Triphasia trifolia ref ref name pfaf Plants for a Future http www.pfaf.org database plants.php?Triphasia trifolia Triphasia trifolia ref Cultivation and uses Like its close relative the limeberry , T. brassii may have some unexplored potential as a fruit crop. Thus far, however, this potential has been limited due to the absence of domesticated variants, the lack of close scientific study, and the extreme rarity of the plant. References references Category Rutaceae Category Berries Category Tropical Fruit Rutaceae stub fruit stub id Kingkit ... more details
about the helmet used in tropical and subtropical climates pith helmet the slaughtering technique pithing Image Elder pith.jpg 250px right thumb Elderberry shoot cut longitudinally to show the broad, solid pith rough textured, white inside the wood smooth, yellow tinged . Scale in mm. Image Walnut pith.jpg 250px right thumb Walnut shoot cut longitudinally to show the chambered pith found in this genus. Scale in mm. Image Taxus wood.jpg 250px right thumb The tiny centre dark spot about 1 mm diameter in this Taxaceae yew wood is the pith Pith , or medulla , is a tissue in the Plant stem stem s of vascular plant s. Pith is composed of soft, spongy parenchyma cells, which store and transport nutrients throughout the plant. In eudicot s, pith is located in the center of the stem. In monocot s, it extends also into flowering stems and roots. The pith is encircled by a ring of xylem outside followed by a ring of phloem . While new pith growth is usually white or pale in color, as the tissue ages it commonly darkens to a deeper brown color. In tree s pith is generally present in young growth, but in the trunk and older branches the pith often gets replaced in great part by xylem . In some plants, the pith in the middle of the stem may dry out and disintegrate, resulting in a hollow stem. A few plants, such as walnut s, have distinctive chambered pith with numerous short cavities See image at bottom right . The cells in the peripheral parts of the pith may, in some plants, develop to be different from cells in the rest of the pith. This layer of cells is then called the perimedullary region of the pithamus . An example of this can be observed in Hedera helix , a species of ivy . The term pith is also used to refer to the pale, spongy inner layer of the rind more properly called mesocarp or albedo of citrus fruits such as oranges and other hesperidium hesperidia . The word comes from the Old English word pi a , meaning substance, akin to Middle Dutch pitt , meaning the pit of ... more details
italic title taxobox name Triphasia trifolia image image caption Foliage and fruit regnum Plantae unranked divisio Angiosperms unranked classis Eudicots unranked ordo Rosids ordo Sapindales familia Rutaceae genus Triphasia species T. trifolia binomial Triphasia trifolia binomial authority Nicolaas Laurens Burman Burm.f. Percy Wilson botanist P.Wils. Commons category Triphasia trifolia Triphasia trifolia syn. Limonia trifolia Burm. f., Triphasia aurantiola Lour. also called limeberry , lime berry , or limoncitong kastila is a species of Triphasia in the family Rutaceae , native to tropical southeastern Asia in Malaysia , the Philippines and possibly elsewhere. ref name rhs Huxley, A, ed. 1992 . New RHS Dictionary of Gardening 3 697. Macmillan ISBN 0 333 47494 5. ref ref name hear Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk http www.hear.org Pier species triphasia trifolia.htm Triphasia trifolia ref Triphasias are very close relatives of citrus. It is a spiny evergreen shrub rarely a small tree growing to 3 m tall. The leaf leaves are trifoliate, glossy dark green, each leaflet 2 4 cm long and 1.5 2 cm broad. The flower s are white, with three petals 10 13 mm long and 4 mm broad. The fruit is a red, edible hesperidium 10 15 mm diameter, similar to a small Citrus fruit. The fruit flesh is pulpy, with a flavor reminiscent of a slightly sweet lime. ref name rhs ref name hear ref name pfaf Plants for a Future http www.pfaf.org database plants.php?Triphasia trifolia Triphasia trifolia ref Cultivation and uses It is grown for its edible fruit, and has been widely introduced to other subtropical to tropical regions of the world it has become naturalisation biology naturalized on a number of islands in the tropical Pacific Ocean . ref name hear It has also been noted as a potential invasive in several Indian Ocean archipelagos, and along the United States Gulf Coast from Florida to Texas . The Limeberry has gained some popularity as a bonsai plant. More tropica ... more details
taxobox name Aurantioideae image Swinglea glutinosa Blanco1.124.png image width 200px image caption Tabog Swinglea glutinosa , Citreae regnum Plantae unranked divisio Angiosperms unranked classis Eudicots unranked ordo Rosids ordo Sapindales familia Rutaceae subfamilia Aurantioideae subfamilia authority subdivision ranks Tribe biology Tribe s subdivision Citreae br Clauseneae synonyms Citroideae Aurantioideae sometimes known as Citroideae is a subfamily within the rue and citrus family biology family Rutaceae . The subfamily s center of diversity is in the monsoon region of eastern Australasia , extending west through South Asia into Africa , and eastwards into Polynesia . ref name grantetal2000 Grant et al. 2000 ref Notable members are, for example, the Bael Aegle marmelos , citrus Citrus , Clausena and Curd Fruit Limonia acidissima trees which bear edible fruit, or the genus Murraya which includes the spice spicy Curry Tree M. koenigii and the ornamental Orange Jessamine M. paniculata . Description and systematics File Micromelum minutum fruit and foliage.jpg thumb right Micromelum minutum Clauseneae Aurantioideae are smallish tree s, large shrub s or rarely liana s. Their flowers are typically white and fragrant their fruit are very characteristic hesperidium hesperidia , usually of rounded shape and colored in green, yellowish or orange hues. ref name grantetal2000 The subfamily can be divided into two tribe biology tribe s, the ancestral Clauseneae and the more advanced Citreae . Several genera have been recently reassigned from the latter to the former, but the arrangement of subtribe s leaves much to be desired. The tribes, with subtribes listed in phylogenetic sequence and genera listed alphabetically, are ref Grant et al. 2000 , de Ara jo et al. 2003 ref div float left col begin width 70 col 1 of 2 Tribe Citreae Subtribe Triphasiinae Genus Luvunga small Buch. Ham. ex Wight & Arn. small Genus Merope plant Merope small M.Roem. small Genus Monanthocitrus Genus ... more details
cyborg named Lumiya . HesperidiumHesperidium is a luxurious resort near Coruscant . Palpatine ... on Hesperidium during their travels to the Coruscant system. ref name slavicsek1 Bill Slavicsek ... more details
Berries where the skin is hardened, Cucurbitaceae cucurbits Hesperidium Berries with a rind and a juicy ... class wikitable Types of fleshy fruits True berry Pepo Hesperidium Aggregate fruit Multiple fruit Accessory ... more details
are likewise very closely related, and bear hesperidium fruits, but are not considered part of the Citrus ... scented. The fruit is a hesperidium , a specialised berry, globose to elongated, 4 30 cm long ... more details
pp semi vandalism small yes expiry March 8, 2013 About the fruit confuse Lime fruit Pp move indef Taxobox name Lemon image P1030323.JPG image2 Lemon.jpg image caption regnum Plantae unranked divisio Angiosperms unranked classis Eudicots unranked ordo Rosids ordo Sapindales familia Rutaceae genus Citrus species C. hybrid name limon binomial Citrus limon binomial authority Carolus Linnaeus L. Nicolaas Laurens Burman Burm.f. The lemon is both a small evergreen tree Citrus hybrid name limon , often given as C. limon native to Asia, and the tree s ellipsoidal yellow hesperidium fruit . The fruit is used for culinary and non culinary purposes throughout the world primarily for its juice , though the pulp and peel fruit rind zest ingredient zest are also used, mainly in cooking and baking. Lemon juice is about 5 to 6 approximately 0.3 molarity M citric acid , which gives lemons a sour taste, and a pH of 2 3. Many lemon flavored drinks and foods are available, including lemonade and sherbet lemon s, as well as lemon and seasoning salt as a snack. The distinctive sour taste of lemon juice makes it a key ingredient in many dishes across the world. History Image Lemon ripening.JPG left thumb 200px Lemon in the process of ripening The exact origin of the lemon has remained a mystery, though it is widely presumed that lemons first grew in Southern India , northern Burma , and China . ref name Lemonade Wright, A. Clifford. http www.cliffordawright.com history lemonade.html History of Lemonade , CliffordAWright.com ref ref name lemon http www.limmi.it content view 78 156 lang,en The origins , limmi.it. ref In South and South East Asia, it was known for its antiseptic properties and it was used as an antidote for various poisons. Lemons entered Europe near southern Italy no later than the 1st century AD, during the time of Ancient Rome . However, they were not widely cultivated. It was later introduced to Persia and then to Iraq and Egypt around 700 AD. The lemon was first recorded ... more details
on 2011 10 02. ref The orange fruit is a hesperidium , a type of berry . ref name Bailey Bailey ... The fruit of a member of the genus Citrus is considered a hesperidium , a kind of modified berry ... more details
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