A heteromer is something that consists of different parts. Examples are Biology Spinal neuron s that pass over to the opposite side ref http medical dictionary.thefreedictionary.com heteromeric Medical dictionary ref Pharmacology Ligand gated ion channel s such as the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor and GABAA receptor GABA sub A sub receptor are composed of five subunits arranged around a central pore that opens to allow ions to pass through. There are a large number of different subunits available, which can come together in a wide variety of combinations to form different subtypes of the ion channel. ref name pmid17597586 cite journal author Gotti C, Moretti M, Gaimarri A, Zanardi A, Clementi F, Zoli M title Heterogeneity and complexity of native brain nicotinic receptors journal Biochemical Pharmacology volume 74 issue 8 pages 1102 11 year 2007 month October pmid 17597586 doi 10.1016 j.bcp.2007.05.023 url ref ref name pmid18723036 cite journal author Millar NS, Gotti C title Diversity of vertebrate nicotinic acetylcholine receptors journal Neuropharmacology volume 56 issue 1 pages 237 46 year 2009 month January pmid 18723036 doi 10.1016 j.neuropharm.2008.07.041 url ref ref name pmid19184647 cite journal author Collins AC, Salminen O, Marks MJ, Whiteaker P, Grady SR title The road to discovery of neuronal nicotinic cholinergic receptor subtypes journal Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology volume 192 issue 192 pages 85 112 year 2009 pmid 19184647 doi 10.1007 978 3 540 69248 5 4 url series Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology isbn 978 3 540 69246 1 ref Sometimes the channel can be made from only one type of subunit, such as the Alpha 7 nicotinic receptor 7 nicotinic receptor which is made up from five CHRNA7 7 subunits, and so is a http en.wiktionary.org wiki homomer homomer rather than a heteromer, but more commonly several different types of subunit will come together ... where three different receptors have come together to form a heteromer. ref name pmid18587404 cite ... more details
Dicdef Multiple issues prose May 2011 unreferenced October 2010 notability May 2011 Other uses Mer disambiguation Mer wiktionarypar mer mer and mer from Greek meros , part are affix es used in the following words. Chemistry or biochemistry Monomer Dimer Trimer Tetramer Pentamer Hexamer Heptamer Octamer Nonamer Decamer Dodecamer Oligomer Polymer Enantiomer Heteromer Homeomer Isomer Biology Merosity , a characteristic regarding the flower petals number in plants Metamery , a characteristic of segmented animals DEFAULTSORT mer Category suffixes Category prefixes de mer vocab stub chem stub ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 PBB geneid 11157 U6 snRNA associated Sm like protein LSm6 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the LSM6 gene . ref name pmid10369684 cite journal author Salgado Garrido J, Bragado Nilsson E, Kandels Lewis S, Seraphin B title Sm and Sm like proteins assemble in two related complexes of deep evolutionary origin journal EMBO J volume 18 issue 12 pages 3451 62 year 1999 month Aug pmid 10369684 pmc 1171424 doi 10.1093 emboj 18.12.3451 ref ref name pmid10523320 cite journal author Achsel T, Brahms H, Kastner B, Bachi A, Wilm M, Luhrmann R title A doughnut shaped heteromer of human Sm like proteins binds to the 3 end of U6 snRNA, thereby facilitating U4 U6 duplex formation in vitro journal EMBO J volume 18 issue 20 pages 5789 802 year 1999 month Dec pmid 10523320 pmc 1171645 doi 10.1093 emboj 18.20.5789 ref ref name entrez cite web title Entrez Gene LSM6 LSM6 homolog, U6 small nuclear RNA associated S. cerevisiae url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov sites entrez?Db gene&Cmd ShowDetailView&TermToSearch 11157 accessdate ref The PBB Summary template is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot. See Template PBB Controls to Stop updates. PBB Summary section title summary text Sm like proteins were identified in a variety of organisms based on sequence homology with the Sm protein family see SNRPD2 MIM 601061 . Sm like proteins contain the Sm sequence motif, which consists of 2 regions separated by a linker of variable length that folds as a loop. The Sm like proteins are thought to form a stable heteromer present in tri snRNP particles, which are important for pre mRNA splicing. supplied by OMIM ref name entrez References reflist Further reading refbegin 2 PBB Further reading citations cite journal author Friesen WJ, Dreyfuss G title Specific sequences of the Sm and Sm like Lsm proteins mediate their interaction with the spinal muscular atrophy disease gene product SMN journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 275 issue 34 pages 26370 5 year 2000 pmid 10851237 do ... more details
In chemistry , an oligomer is a molecule that consists of a few monomer units , or oligos, is Greek for a few , in contrast to a polymer that, at least in principle, consists of an unlimited number of monomers. ref http goldbook.iupac.org O04286.html IUPAC Goldbook Oligomer molecule ref Dimer chemistry Dimer s, Trimer chemistry trimer s, and tetramer s are oligomers. Many oils are oligomeric, such as Liquid paraffin medicinal liquid paraffin . Plasticizers are oligomeric ester s widely used to soften thermoplastics such as polyvinyl chloride PVC . They may be made from monomer s by linking them together, or by separation from the higher fractions of crude oil . Polybutene is an oligomeric oil used to make putty . Greek prefixes are often used to designate the number of monomer units in the oligomer, for example a tetramer being composed of four units and a hexamer of six. In biochemistry , the term oligomer is used for short, single stranded nucleic acid fragments, such as deoxyribonucleic acid DNA or ribonucleic acid RNA , or similar fragments of analogs of nucleic acids such as peptide nucleic acid or Morpholino s. Such oligos are used in hybridisation molecular biology hybridization experiments bound to glass slides or nylon membranes , as probes for in situ hybridization or in antisense experiments such as gene knockdown s. It can also refer to a protein complex made of two or more Protein subunit subunit s. In this case, a complex made of several different protein subunits is called a hetero oligomer or heteromer . When only one type of protein subunit is used in the complex, it is called a homo oligomer or homomer. Oligomerization is a chemical process that converts monomers to a finite degree of polymerization . The actual figure is a matter of debate, often a value between 10 and 100. Citation needed date July 2010 When an oligomer forms as a result of chain transfer the oligomer is called a telomer and the process telomerization . ref IUPAC Gold Book ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 PBB geneid 25804 U6 snRNA associated Sm like protein LSm4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the LSM4 gene . ref name pmid10369684 cite journal author Salgado Garrido J, Bragado Nilsson E, Kandels Lewis S, Seraphin B title Sm and Sm like proteins assemble in two related complexes of deep evolutionary origin journal EMBO J volume 18 issue 12 pages 3451 62 year 1999 month Aug pmid 10369684 pmc 1171424 doi 10.1093 emboj 18.12.3451 ref ref name pmid10523320 cite journal author Achsel T, Brahms H, Kastner B, Bachi A, Wilm M, Luhrmann R title A doughnut shaped heteromer of human Sm like proteins binds to the 3 end of U6 snRNA, thereby facilitating U4 U6 duplex formation in vitro journal EMBO J volume 18 issue 20 pages 5789 802 year 1999 month Dec pmid 10523320 pmc 1171645 doi 10.1093 emboj 18.20.5789 ref ref name entrez cite web title Entrez Gene LSM4 LSM4 homolog, U6 small nuclear RNA associated S. cerevisiae url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov sites entrez?Db gene&Cmd ShowDetailView&TermToSearch 25804 accessdate ref The PBB Summary template is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot. See Template PBB Controls to Stop updates. PBB Summary section title summary text Sm like proteins were identified in a variety of organisms based on sequence homology with the Sm protein family see SNRPD2 MIM 601061 . Sm like proteins contain the Sm sequence motif, which consists of 2 regions separated by a linker of variable length that folds as a loop. The Sm like proteins are thought to form a stable heteromer present in tri snRNP particles, which are important for pre mRNA splicing. supplied by OMIM ref name entrez References reflist Further reading refbegin 2 PBB Further reading citations cite journal author Singer J, Roberts Ems J, Luthardt FW, Riggs AD title Methylation of DNA in mouse early embryos, teratocarcinoma cells and adult tissues of mouse and rabbit journal Nucleic Acids Res. volume 7 issue 8 pages 2369 85 year 1980 pmid 523320 doi 10.1093 na ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 PBB geneid 51690 U6 snRNA associated Sm like protein LSm7 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the LSM7 gene . ref name pmid10523320 cite journal author Achsel T, Brahms H, Kastner B, Bachi A, Wilm M, Luhrmann R title A doughnut shaped heteromer of human Sm like proteins binds to the 3 end of U6 snRNA, thereby facilitating U4 U6 duplex formation in vitro journal EMBO J volume 18 issue 20 pages 5789 802 year 1999 month Dec pmid 10523320 pmc 1171645 doi 10.1093 emboj 18.20.5789 ref ref name pmid12515382 cite journal author Ingelfinger D, Arndt Jovin DJ, Luhrmann R, Achsel T title The human LSm1 7 proteins colocalize with the mRNA degrading enzymes Dcp1 2 and Xrnl in distinct cytoplasmic foci journal RNA volume 8 issue 12 pages 1489 501 year 2003 month Jan pmid 12515382 pmc 1370355 doi ref ref name entrez The PBB Summary template is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot. See Template PBB Controls to Stop updates. PBB Summary section title summary text Sm like proteins were identified in a variety of organisms based on sequence homology with the Sm protein family see SNRPD2 MIM 601061 . Sm like proteins contain the Sm sequence motif, which consists of 2 regions separated by a linker of variable length that folds as a loop. The Sm like proteins are thought to form a stable heteromer present in tri snRNP particles, which are important for pre mRNA splicing. supplied by OMIM ref name entrez cite web title Entrez Gene LSM7 LSM7 homolog, U6 small nuclear RNA associated S. cerevisiae url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov sites entrez?Db gene&Cmd ShowDetailView&TermToSearch 51690 accessdate ref Interactions LSM7 has been shown to Protein protein interaction interact with TACC1 ref name pmid14603251 cite journal last Conte first Nathalie authorlink coauthors Delaval B n dicte, Ginestier Christophe, Ferrand Alexia, Isnardon Daniel, Larroque Christian, Prigent Claude, S raphin Bertrand, Jacquemier Jocelyne, Birnbaum Daniel year 2003 month Nov. title T ... more details
PBB geneid 57819 U6 snRNA associated Sm like protein LSm2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the LSM2 gene . ref name pmid10523320 cite journal author Achsel T, Brahms H, Kastner B, Bachi A, Wilm M, Luhrmann R title A doughnut shaped heteromer of human Sm like proteins binds to the 3 end of U6 snRNA, thereby facilitating U4 U6 duplex formation in vitro journal EMBO J volume 18 issue 20 pages 5789 802 year 1999 month Dec pmid 10523320 pmc 1171645 doi 10.1093 emboj 18.20.5789 ref ref name pmid8428774 cite journal author Olavesen MG, Snoek M, Campbell RD title Localization of a new gene adjacent to the HSP70 genes in human and mouse MHCs journal Immunogenetics volume 37 issue 5 pages 394 6 year 1993 month Mar pmid 8428774 pmc doi 10.1007 BF00216806 ref ref name entrez cite web title Entrez Gene LSM2 LSM2 homolog, U6 small nuclear RNA associated S. cerevisiae url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov sites entrez?Db gene&Cmd ShowDetailView&TermToSearch 57819 accessdate ref The PBB Summary template is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot. See Template PBB Controls to Stop updates. PBB Summary section title summary text Sm like proteins were identified in a variety of organisms based on sequence homology with the Sm protein family see SNRPD2 MIM 601061 . Sm like proteins contain the Sm sequence motif, which consists of 2 regions separated by a linker of variable length that folds as a loop. The Sm like proteins are thought to form a stable heteromer present in tri snRNP particles, which are important for pre mRNA splicing. supplied by OMIM ref name entrez Interactions LSM2 has been shown to Protein protein interaction interact with DDX20 , ref name pmid10601333 cite journal last Charroux first B authorlink coauthors Pellizzoni L, Perkinson R A, Shevchenko A, Mann M, Dreyfuss G year 1999 month Dec. title Gemin3 A novel DEAD box protein that interacts with SMN, the spinal muscular atrophy gene product, and is a component of gems journal J. Cell Biol. volume 147 issue 6 pa ... more details
month Jan. title Heteromer formation of delta2 glutamate receptors with AMPA or kainate receptors journal ... pnas.242603899 pmc 139241 cite journal author Kohda K, Kamiya Y, Matsuda S, et al. title Heteromer formation ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 PBB geneid 51691 U6 snRNA associated Sm like protein LSm8 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the LSM8 gene . ref name pmid10523320 cite journal author Achsel T, Brahms H, Kastner B, Bachi A, Wilm M, Luhrmann R title A doughnut shaped heteromer of human Sm like proteins binds to the 3 end of U6 snRNA, thereby facilitating U4 U6 duplex formation in vitro journal EMBO J volume 18 issue 20 pages 5789 802 year 1999 month Dec pmid 10523320 pmc 1171645 doi 10.1093 emboj 18.20.5789 ref ref name entrez cite web title Entrez Gene LSM8 LSM8 homolog, U6 small nuclear RNA associated S. cerevisiae url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov sites entrez?Db gene&Cmd ShowDetailView&TermToSearch 51691 accessdate ref The PBB Summary template is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot. See Template PBB Controls to Stop updates. PBB Summary section title summary text This gene is a member of the LSm family and encodes a protein with a closed barrel shape, made up of five anti parallel beta strands and an alpha helix. The protein partners with six paralogs to form a heteroheptameric ring which transiently binds RNAs and is involved in the general maturation of RNA in the nucleus. ref name entrez Interactions LSM8 has been shown to Protein protein interaction interact with LSM2 . ref name pmid15231747 cite journal last Lehner first Ben authorlink coauthors Sanderson Christopher M year 2004 month Jul. title A protein interaction framework for human mRNA degradation journal Genome Res. volume 14 issue 7 pages 1315 23 publisher location United States issn 1088 9051 pmid 15231747 doi 10.1101 gr.2122004 bibcode oclc id url language format accessdate laysummary laysource laydate quote pmc 442147 ref ref name pmid14667819 cite journal doi 10.1016 S0888 7543 03 00235 0 last Lehner first Ben authorlink coauthors Semple Jennifer I, Brown Stephanie E, Counsell Damian, Campbell R Duncan, Sanderson Christopher M year 2004 month Jan. title Analysis of a high throughput yeast two ... more details
Infobox protein Name T cell receptor alpha locus caption image width HGNCid 12027 Symbol TRA AltSymbols TCRA EntrezGene 6955 OMIM 186880 RefSeq UniProt PDB ECnumber Chromosome 14 Arm q Band 11.2 LocusSupplementaryData Infobox protein Name T cell receptor beta locus caption image width HGNCid 12155 Symbol TRB AltSymbols TCRB EntrezGene 6957 OMIM 186930 RefSeq UniProt PDB ECnumber Chromosome 7 Arm q Band 34 LocusSupplementaryData Image Antigen presentation.svg thumb Antigen presentation stimulates T cells to become either cytotoxic CD8 cells or helper CD4 cells. The T cell receptor or TCR is a molecule found on the surface of T lymphocytes or T cells ref name KindtGoldsby2007 cite book author1 Thomas J. Kindt author2 Richard A. Goldsby author3 Barbara Anne Osborne coauthors Janis Kuby title Kuby immunology url http books.google.com books?id oOsFf2WfE5wC&pg PA223 accessdate 28 November 2010 year 2007 publisher Macmillan isbn 9781429202114 pages 223 ref that is responsible for recognizing antigen s bound to major histocompatibility complex MHC molecules. The binding between TCR and antigen is of relatively low affinity and is degeneracy biology degenerate that is, many TCR recognize the same antigen and many antigens are recognized by the same TCR. The TCR is composed of two different protein chains that is, it is a heteromer hetero protein dimer dimer . In 95 of T cells, this consists of an alpha and beta chain, whereas in 5 of T cells this consists of gamma delta T cells gamma and delta chains. When the TCR engages with antigen and MHC, the T lymphocyte is activated through a series of biochemical events mediated by associated enzymes, co receptors, specialized accessory molecules, and activated or released transcription factors. Structural characteristics of the TCR TCR, which is anchored in the cell membrane, consists of two halves, which form a pair or protein dimer dimer of protein chains. The halves are called the alpha and beta fragments in T cel ... more details
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