111.PNG thumb none 170px Jan Klemens Branicki Hetmans of the Polish LithuanianCommonwealth were the highest ranking military officers, second only to the King, in the Polish LithuanianCommonwealth ... LithuanianCommonwealth. It could not be revoked unless treachery had been proven from 1585 . Hetmans were not paid for their job by the Royal Treasury. Field and Great Hetmans From the end of 16th century there were two hetmans in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and two hetmans in Crown of the Polish ... Bu awa Hetmans of Ukrainian Cossacks List of szlachta Offices in the Polish LithuanianCommonwealth References references Category Hetmans Category Lithuanian titles Category History of Belarus 1569 1795 Category History of Ukraine Category Military personnel of the Polish LithuanianCommonwealth ... and Great Hetmans accordingly. Contrary to Polish practice Lithuanian Field Hetman had full control ... LithuanianCommonwealth, their hetman status gave them no right to sit in either the Senate of the Republic ... of reconstruction of the Polish LithuanianCommonwealth from dual into triple state Polish Lithuanian ... in total four hetman titles Great Crown Hetman, Field Crown Hetman, Great Lithuanian Hetman and Field Lithuanian Hetman. During joint military operations of the Crown and Grand Duchy of Lithuania armies, the Crown Great Hetman usually was considered superior to others hetmans and served as commander ... Hetmans were usually in command of the professional and mobilised army and during peace stayed at the capital ... of the Commonwealth, and commanded all local forces against constant skirmishes and small invasions .... Lithuanian Field Hetman initially was called Court Hetman and commanded the guard of the Grand Duke ... and ataman s, who were chosen by hetmans for two year terms nomination and promotion of officers ... of all civilian personnel against the army and issuing compensation hetmans had certain competencies ... units often voluntarily pledged their obedience to hetmans. Hetmans had no control over the navy ... more details
, ref name Sochacki2007 was a political party that opposed reforms advocated in the Polish LithuanianCommonwealth by the Patriotic Party . ref name Storozynski2010 ref name Davies2005 274 The Hetmans ... the Polish LithuanianCommonwealth and assuring its independence from the Russian Empire . ref name WIEM The reforms, however, did not enjoy a unanimous support. The party The Hetmans Party ...This article is about the Hetmans Party in the Great Sejm period. You may also be looking for the Hetman Party 1764 1764 . File Franciszek Ksawery Branicki.jpg thumb 100px Hetman Franciszek Ksawery Branicki , with sons File Stanis aw Szcz sny Potocki.jpg thumb 100px Stanis aw Szcz sny Potocki , with sons File Seweryn Rzewuski 1.PNG thumb 100px Hetman Seweryn Rzewuski File Kazimierz Nestor Sapieha 1754 1798 .jpg thumb 100px Kazimierz Nestor Sapieha The Hetmans Party lang pl Stronnictwo hetma skie , ref name Kallas1990 also known as the Magnates Party Stronnictwo magnackie , ref name Samsonowicz1990 the Muscovite Party Stronnictwo moskiewskie , ref name Storozynski2010 ref name Handelsman1907 the Conservative ... hetman s commanders of Commonwealth military forces , represented the interests of conservative ... a century paralyzed the Commonwealth s government. ref name Carsten1961 The government was near ..., been increasingly involved in the Commonwealth politics, and the current situation meant it was paying significantly less attention to the Commonwealth politics. The Patriotic Party was established ... from the Russians. ref name Davies2005 403 The Russians wielded substantial influence in the Commonwealth, often by bribing Sejm parliament deputies, ensuring that the Commonwealth was unable ... Catherine II saw the Patriotic Party s reform attempts as a threat to Russian influence in the Commonwealth ... May , the hetmans and their supporters created the Targowica Confederation in defense of the traditional ... of the Commonwealth. References Reflist 2 refs ref name Carsten1961 cite book author Francis Ludwig ... more details
also Bulawa Hetmans of Polish LithuanianCommonwealth Kosh otaman History of Cossacks Zaporizhian ... Cossack Army lang uk of the Polish LithuanianCommonwealth ... reduced within the Polish LithuanianCommonwealth Cossacks Krempski, Hetman of Zaporizhia, was elected ... in the Polish LithuanianCommonwealth Petro Konashevych Sahaidachny led successful campaigns ... Cossacks units their leaders were unofficially referred to as hetmans, however officially the title ... regional hetmans across the Dnieper Ukraine , who usually were starostas or voivodes. The first widely ... districts . The commanders of Zaporozhian Host the Kosh often considered as hetmans in fact carried ..., the Cossack Hetmanate . Cossack hetmans had very broad powers and acted as supreme military commanders ... powers of Cossack Hetmans were gradually diminished in 18th century, and finally abolished by Catherine ... a pysar of Karaimovych. Dmytro Hunia 1638 , leader in Zaporizhia Hetmans Bohdan Khmelnytsky 1648 1657 ... Encyclopedia of Ukraine Hetmans of Ukraine DEFAULTSORT Cossacks, Hetmans Of Ukrainian Category Hetmans of Ukrainian Cossacks Category History of Poland 1569 1795 Category History of Ukraine Category Titles of national or ethnic leadership Hetmans of Ukrainian Cossacks Category Ukraine related lists fr Liste des hetmans Ukrainiens it Atamano dei Cosacchi ja pl Lista hetman w ... more details
under King Harald Fairhair . Polish LithuanianCommonwealth Main Rzeczpospolita Republic is still an alternative translation of the traditional name of the Polish LithuanianCommonwealth ... system of the Polish LithuanianCommonwealth. Britain The Commonwealth of England was the official ... Mariana Islands Polish LithuanianCommonwealth http www.commonwealth.pl Commonwealth of Diverse Cultures ...About Commonwealth the term the Commonwealth of Nations often referred to as simply the CommonwealthCommonwealth of Nations other uses Commonwealth is a traditional English term for a political community ... recently it has been used for fraternal associations of some sovereign nations. Most notably, the Commonwealth ... referred to as simply the Commonwealth . Etymology The England English noun commonwealth in the sense ... Commonwealth journal Oxford English Dictionary publisher dictionary.oed.com date 1989, 2nd ed. accessdate ... of commonwealth expanded from its original sense of public welfare or commonweal to mean ... things were done, and better managed ... under a Commonwealth than under a King. Pepys, Diary 1667 citation title Commonwealth journal Oxford English Dictionary publisher dictionary.oed.com date 1989 ... 153&hilite 50045157 ref Historic usage Iceland The Icelandic Commonwealth or the Icelandic Free State ... referred as Golden Liberty Nobles Commonwealth 1505 1795, i.e. before the union . In contemporary political doctrine of Polish LithuanianCommonwealth , our state is a Republic Commonwealth under presidency of the King. The commonwealth introduced a doctrine of religious tolerance see Warsaw Confederation ... of the reign. The foundation stones of the Commonwealth also called the Golden Freedoms used ... , a military organisation of the citizens for the attainment of common political aims. A commonwealth ... and successor Richard Cromwell Richard . From 1653 to 1659, although still legally known as a Commonwealth ... by historians as the Protectorate. The Commonwealth of England formed the first republic in the Anglosphere ... more details
Commonwealth College can refer to several institutions. Association of Commonwealth Universities in the Commonwealth of Nations In the United States Commonwealth College Arkansas Columbia Pacific University , formerly known as Columbia Commonwealth University, in California University of Massachusetts Amherst Commonwealth Honors College Commonwealth Honors College at the University of Massachusetts Amherst Commonwealth System of Higher Education in Pennsylvania Pennsylvania State University Commonwealth Campus Commonwealth Campus of the Pennsylvania State University The Commonwealth Medical College Commonwealth Medical College in Pennsylvania Virginia Commonwealth University school disambiguation ... more details
Commonwealth Building can refer to different buildings in the United States Commonwealth Building Portland, Oregon Commonwealth Building Louisville , Kentucky demolished Commonwealth Building Pittsburgh disambig ... more details
This article is about the network of organisations affiliated to the Commonwealth of Nations . The term Commonwealth Family is also used to refer poetically to the Commonwealth of Nations. The Commonwealth Family is a network of Voluntary association associations , organisation s, and Charitable organization charities affiliated to the Commonwealth of Nations . ref name Commonwealth Family cite web url http www.thecommonwealth.org Internal 151814 commonwealth family title Commonwealth Family accessdate 2007 07 29 date publisher Commonwealth Secretariat ref Although associated with the Commonwealth, they are not fully a part of it, and membership is on a voluntary basis from within the membership of the Commonwealth. They are designed to advance the principles and policies of the Commonwealth itself. In some cases, such as Sight Savers International and the English Speaking Union , they operate outside the Commonwealth, but are still considered a part of the Commonwealth Family, as they still operate predominantly within the Commonwealth. ref name Commonwealth Family List of organisations Member organisations of the Commonwealth Family include Association of Commonwealth Universities Commonwealth Broadcasting Association Commonwealth Business Council Commonwealth Foundation Commonwealth Games Federation Commonwealth of Learning Commonwealth Local Government Forum Commonwealth Parliamentary Association Commonwealth War Graves Commission English Speaking Union mainlist List of organisations in the Commonwealth Family Footnotes reflist Commonwealth of Nations topics Category Commonwealth Family poli org stub ... more details
wiktionary commonwealthCommonwealth is a term meaning a political community. Commonwealth or Common Wealth may also refer to Commonwealth race , term for a person of black race living in England Commonwealth of Nations or the Commonwealth, an organisation of the United Kingdom and mostly former colonies Commonwealth book Commonwealth book , by Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri Commonwealth novel Commonwealth novel , 2008 novel by Joey Goebel The Commonwealth periodical , a publication of the London branch of the Christian Social Union Church of England Commonwealth The Commonwealth , a fictional political organization from TV show, Andromeda. Commonwealth song Commonwealth song , bootleg song by the Beatles Commonwealth creative studio , run by Daniel Desure and Serge Kirsanov Commonwealth U.S. state , title adopted by four U.S. states Commonwealth of Massachusetts Commonwealth of Pennsylvania Commonwealth of Kentucky Commonwealth of Virginia Commonwealth U.S. insular area , a type of U.S. territory HMS Commonwealth HMS Commonwealth , battleship in the Royal Navy from 1905 to 1921 Commonwealth School , an independent high school in Boston, Massachusetts Commonwealth Secondary School , a secondary school in Singapore Commonwealth, Wisconsin , a town Commonwealth community , Wisconsin , an unincorporated community Commonwealth Saga , a science fiction series by Peter F. Hamilton See also Commonwealth of Australia , the country Commonwealth Parliament , the legislative branch of government of Australia Commonwealth of England , the republican government ruling England, and later Ireland and Scotland, between 1649 and 1660 Commonwealth of Independent States , an organisation of former Soviet states Commonwealth of the Philippines , the political designation of the Philippines from 1935 to 1946 when the country was a semi independent self governing commonwealth of the United States Icelandic Commonwealth , a country in Europe, between 930 and 1262 Polish LithuanianCommonwealth ... more details
Commonwealth Stadium may refer to Commonwealth Stadium Edmonton , in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada Commonwealth Stadium Kentucky , on the campus of the University of Kentucky in Lexington, Kentucky, USA disambig fr Commonwealth Stadium it Commonwealth Stadium ja sv Commonwealth Stadium ... more details
Secretary of the Commonwealth is a variant of Secretary of State U.S. state government Secretary of State in three U.S. state governments. It may refer to Secretary of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts Secretary of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania Secretary of the Commonwealth of Virginia Secretary of the Commonwealth in the United Kingdom is also a commonly disused term to refer to the Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs . The term Commonwealth Secretariat refers to the head office of the Commonwealth of Nations . disambig Category State secretaries of state of the United States ... more details
Commonwealth Party may refer to Commonwealth Party Gibraltar , a defunct political party in Gibraltar Commonwealth Party New South Wales , a defunct political party in Australia Common Wealth Party , a defunct political party in the United Kingdom Party for the Commonwealth of Canada , a defunct political party in Canada, often referred to as the Commonwealth Party disambig ... more details
Commonwealth Avenue is an Street name avenue which may refer to in Australia Commonwealth Avenue, Canberra in the Philippines Commonwealth Avenue, Quezon City in Singapore Commonwealth Avenue, Singapore in the United States by state Commonwealth Avenue, Boston , Massachusetts Commonwealth Avenue Historic District Newton, Massachusetts , listed on the National Register of Historic Places NRHP Commonwealth Avenue Historic District North Attleborough, Massachusetts , listed on the NRHP Roadindex ... more details
This is for org. est. in 2011. For the previous awards see Commonwealth Writers Prize Commonwealth Writers est. 2011 is an initiative by the Commonwealth Foundation to unearth, develop and promote the best new fiction from across the Commonwealth . It s flagship are two literary awards and a website. As one of the Commonwealth Foundation s culture programmes, Commonwealth Writers works in partnership with international literary organisations, the wider cultural industries and civil society to help writers develop their craft. Prizes The Commonwealth Book Prize is awarded for best first book. The Commonwealth Book Prize is open to writers who have had their first novel full length work of fiction published in the year of entry. Regional winners receive 2,500 and the overall winner receives 10,000. N.B. The Commonwealth Short Story Prize is awarded for the best piece of unpublished short fiction 2,000 5,000 words . Regional winners receive 1,000 and the overall winner receives 5,000. Both prizes are open to Commonwealth citizens aged 18 or over. Commonwealth Foundation Commonwealth Writers is part of the Culture programme of the Commonwealth Foundation. The Commonwealth Foundation is an intergovernmental organisation established in 1965, resourced by and reporting to Commonwealth governments, and guided by Commonwealth values and priorities. It aims is to strengthen civil society in the achievement of Commonwealth priorities democracy and good governance, respect for human rights and gender equality, poverty eradication and sustainable, people centred development, and to promote arts and culture. See also Commonwealth Book Prize Commonwealth Short Story Prize External links http www.commonwealthwriters.org Commonwealth Writers official site http www.commonwealthfoundation.com Commonwealth Foundation official site Category Commonwealth Writers awards Category Awards established in 2012 de Commonwealth Writers Prize hu Nemzetk z ss gi r k D ja sv Commonwealth Writers Prize ... more details
The name Bank of the Commonwealth represents any of the following Bank of the Commonwealth Kentucky , a historic site in Shepherdsville, Kentucky Shepherdsville , Kentucky Bank of the Commonwealth Michigan , a former financial institution headquartered in Detroit, Michigan acquired by Comerica in 1983 disambig ... more details
The Commonwealth Club may refer to Commonwealth Club, a private members club of the Royal Commonwealth Society Commonwealth Club of California , located in the San Francisco Bay Area, America s oldest public affairs forum, broadcast on some National Public Radio stations Commonwealth Club Australia , a private members club in Canberra founded by Frank Lukis The Commonwealth Club , a private gentlemen s club in downtown Richmond, Virginia See also Commonwealth Jazz Club , a 1965 music television miniseries co produced in Australia, Canada and the United Kingdom disambiguation ... more details
Infobox Company company name Commonwealth Aircraft Co. company logo company type Corporation foundation 1943 defunct key people industry General Aviation location Valley Stream, New York products num employees homepage Commonwealth Aircraft was a manufacturer of light aircraft in the United States in the period immediately after World War II for the Australian company of the same name, see Commonwealth Aircraft Corporation . Commonwealth Aircraft was formed in late 1942 on the acquisition of the assets of Rearwin Airplanes Rearwin Aircraft & Engines . Commonwealth continued producing the acquired Rearwin designs in the acquired Rearwin facilities in Kansas City, Kansas . In early 1946, Commonwealth took over Columbia Aircraft Corporation , and consolidated operations in Valley Stream, on Long Island . Commonwealth ceased production of aircraft in March 1947. Aircraft produced During World War II, Commonwealth participated in contract production of the eight place Waco CG 3 Waco CG 3A and thirteen place Waco CG 4 CG 4A USAAF troop carrying tactical gliders Commonwealth produced 100 of the CG 3A model, as well as a total of 1,470 of the CG 4A, third most among the sixteen companies involved in the program. Following the war, Commonwealth in 1946 began building the Commonwealth Skyranger Skyranger 185 , a model developed from Rearwin s Skyranger 175 and the only model certificated under Commonwealth . Aviation lists Category Defunct aircraft manufacturers of the United States Category Companies based in New York aero company stub ... more details
The term Nobles Commonwealth can refer to History of Poland 1569 1795 Golden Liberty , the political system of that time in Poland disambig ... more details
HMAS Commonwealth was a former Royal Australian Navy administered shore base located in Kure, Hiroshima Kure , Japan . The base was previously run by the United Kingdom British as HMS Commonwealth, the base was renamed HMAS Commonwealth on 1 October 1948 until it ceased operation in June 1950, at which time the base was transferred to Japan ese control. References http www.bradprint.com.au bcof history.html BRIEF HISTORY OF AUSTRALIA S PARTICIPATION IN THE OCCUPATIONOF JAPAN 1945 1952 RAN Bases Category Royal Australian Navy bases Commonwealth ... more details
unreferenced date May 2009 Commonwealth, Singapore is a sub zone of the Queenstown, Singapore Queenstown district. Commonwealth is named after the Commonwealth of Nations . Commonwealth consists of HDB flats and has two primary schools and a secondary school in the area. External links http www.streetdirectory.com travel guide singapore singapore district 1043 commonwealth.php Singapore district Category Places in Singapore singapore stub ... more details
Infobox Commonwealth of Nations name Commonwealth Secretariat image Emblem of the Commonwealth of Nations.jpg image size 105px caption Seal type Primary Organ acronyms head Commonwealth Secretary General Secretary General of the Commonwealth of Nations 2008 present Kamalesh Sharma flag India status Active ... United Kingdom website http www.thecommonwealth.org www.thecommonwealth.org parent Commonwealth of Nations subsidiaries footnotes The Commonwealth Secretariat is the main intergovernmental agency and central institution of the Commonwealth of Nations . It is responsible for facilitating cooperation between members organising meetings, including the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting s CHOGM ... the decisions and policies of the Commonwealth. ref cite web url http www.thecommonwealth.org subhomepage 151087 title Commonwealth Secretariat accessdate 2007 07 27 publisher Commonwealth Secretariat ... royal palace that was given by Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom Queen Elizabeth II , Head of the Commonwealth ... many of the functions of the United Kingdom Government s Secretary of State for Commonwealth Relations Commonwealth Relations Office , as part of a major shake up of the organisation of the Commonwealth ... organisation, the Commonwealth Foundation was founded to foster non governmental relations and the promotion of the Commonwealth Family network of civil societies. ref name Canada and the creation of the Commonwealth Secretariat cite journal doi 10.2307 40203725 last McIntyre first W. David authorlink W. David McIntyre year 1998 month October title Canada and the creation of the Commonwealth .... ref name Canada and the creation of the Commonwealth Secretariat The creation of the Secretariat ... the tide of expansion of Commonwealth membership to prevent the dilution of their traditional power within the Commonwealth particularly after the admission of Cyprus . ref name Canada and the creation of the Commonwealth Secretariat This may have involved a dual tiered Commonwealth, requiring ... more details
About the London based organization the Pennsylvania think tank Commonwealth Foundation for Public Policy Alternatives Infobox Commonwealth of Nations name Commonwealth Foundation image CF logo Pos gif.png image size 250px caption Logo of the Commonwealth Foundation type intergovernmental organisation Intergovernmental Organisation acronyms FC head Kamalesh Sharma Commonwealth Secretary General Secretary General of the Commonwealth of Nations status Active established 1964 headquarters Marlborough ... www.commonwealthfoundation.com parent Commonwealth of Nations subsidiaries footnotes The Commonwealth Foundation is an intergovernmental organisation that was established by the Commonwealth Heads of Government in 1965, the same year as its sister organisation, the Commonwealth Secretariat ... for the use of these Commonwealth institutions by Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II , Head of the Commonwealth . Structure and Governance History The Commonwealth Foundation, along with its sister organisation, the Commonwealth Secretariat was conceived at the 1964 Conference of Commonwealth Prime Minister s. The idea of a Commonwealth Secretariat was first floated by President Nkrumah of Ghana and the concept of the Commonwealth Foundation was proposed by Alec Douglas Home , the British Prime Minister. ref Conference of Commonwealth Prime Ministers, Final Communique London, 1964 . ref ... of locating the Foundation in London was dismissed on the basis that the Commonwealth Secretariat ... of the professional associations operating throughout the Commonwealth had offices in Britain. ref Chadwick J, 1982, The Unofficial Commonwealth The Story of the Commonwealth Foundation 1965 1980 pp51 52. ref In line with the Agreed memorandum on the Commonwealth Foundation ref Commonwealth Prime Ministers ... countries were represented by their London based High Commissioners. Whilst the Commonwealth Secretariat was established to support the political endeavours of the Commonwealth, the Foundation was brought ... more details
The Greenwood Commonwealth is a newspaper in Mississippi , serving Greenwood, Mississippi Greenwood . It began publication in 1896. ref http www.gwcommonwealth.com our newspaper about us About Us . The Greenwood Commonwealth . Retrieved on March 25, 2012. ref Its offices are in Greenwood. ref http www.gwcommonwealth.com our newspaper contact us Contact Us . The Greenwood Commonwealth . Retrieved on March 25, 2012. Physical Address 329 Hwy. 82 West, Greenwood, MS 38930 ref References reflist External links Portalbox Mississippi Journalism http www.gwcommonwealth.com The Greenwood Commonwealth DEFAULTSORT Greenwood Commonwealth, The Category Newspapers published in Mississippi Category Leflore County, Mississippi Category 1896 establishments in the United States Category Publications established in 1896 Mississippi newspaper stub ... more details
Infobox Political post post Head body the br Commonwealth insignia Personal flag of Queen Elizabeth II.svg ... VI of the United Kingdom George VI The Head of the Commonwealth heads the Commonwealth of Nations ... of the Commonwealth of Nations 54 sovereign state s. The position is currently occupied by the individual who serves as monarch of each of the Commonwealth realm s, but has no day to day involvement in the governance of those countries, or any other Commonwealth of Nations member state. The first Head of the Commonwealth was George VI of the United Kingdom King George VI , who was succeeded by the second and current Head of the Commonwealth, Elizabeth II Queen Elizabeth II . The office ... of the commonwealth ref ref http www.thecommonwealth.org Internal 180381 ref ref http www.thercs.org ... of the seven Commonwealth realms then existing except Pakistan , which gave formal recognition to the separateness ... Realms and Territories, Head of the Commonwealth . Use in different languages class wikitable width ... South Africa Chinese language Chinese Hong Kong small part of the Commonwealth until 1997 small French language French Chef du Commonwealth Cameroon , Canada , Seychelles , Vanuatu , United ... Maltese Kap tal Commonwealth Malta M ori language M ori Upoko o Nga Herenga ki Ingarangi lit. Leader of the links with England New Zealand Portuguese language Portuguese Chefe da Commonwealth Mozambique Position The role of the Head of the Commonwealth is recognised by its members as the symbol ... or Secretary General secretary general of any other international organisation, the Head of the Commonwealth is a symbol of the association, playing a very important role in shaping the Commonwealth. Elizabeth II serves as a leader , with assistants that play key roles like the Commonwealth Secretary General currently Kamalesh Sharma and Commonwealth Chairperson in Office currently Julia Gillard . The Head of the Commonwealth attends the biennial Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting CHOGM ... more details
File Antarctica Hiking the Commonwealth Glacier.jpg thumb The Commonwealth Glacier Commonwealth Glacier is a glacier which flows in a southeasterly direction and enters the northern side of Taylor Valley immediately west of Mount Coleman , in Victoria Land , Antarctica . It was charted by the British Antarctic Expedition, 1910 13 BrAE , under Robert Falcon Scott , and named by them for the Commonwealth of Australia , which made a financial grant to the BrAE and contributed two members to the Terra Nova Expedition Western geological parties Western Geological Party which explored this area. See also List of glaciers in the Antarctic References usgs gazetteer id 3002 coord 77 34 S 163 15 E display title type glacier source GNIS Category Glaciers of Victoria Land Category McMurdo Dry Valleys McMurdoDryValleys geo stub de Commonwealth Gletscher tr Commonwealth Buzulu ... more details
Encyclopedia
top
