File hexaxialreference system.svg thumb 325px The hexaxialreferencesystem is a diagram that is used to determine the heart s electrical axis in the frontal plane. File Cabrera circle german.svg thumb Cabrera circle captions in German File Rapid Axis Vector.svg thumb Diagram showing how the polarity of the QRS complex in leads I, II, and III can be used to estimate the heart s electrical axis in the frontal plane. The hexaxialreferencesystem is a diagram based on the first six leads of the 12 lead electrocardiogram . It is used to help determine the heart s electrical axis in the frontal plane. ref DorlandsDict eight 000105297 hexaxialreferencesystem ref To use the hexaxialreferencesystem, locate the most isoelectric or equiphasic Clarify March 2010 date March 2010 lead I, II, III, aVR, aVL, or aVF on a diagnostic quality electrocardiogram ECG with proper lead placement. Then find the corresponding spoke on the hexaxialreferencesystem. The perpendicular spoke will point to the heart s electrical axis. To determine which numerical value should be used, observe the polarity of the perpendicular lead on the electrocardiogram ECG . Clarify March 2010 date March 2010 For example, if the most isoelectric or equiphasic lead is aVL, the perpendicular lead on the hexaxialreferencesystem is lead II. If lead II is positively deflected on the electrocardiogram ECG , the heart s electrical axis in the frontal plane will be approximately 60 . Normal axis 30 to 90 Left axis deviation 30 to 90 Right axis deviation 90 to 180 Extreme axis deviation 90 to 180 See also electrocardiogram References reflist Cardiovascular physiology Category Cardiology Category Electrophysiology medical stub de Cabrerakreis ... more details
Merge from SRID date March 2011 Unreferenced date December 2009 Geodesy A spatial referencesystem SRS or coordinate referencesystem CRS is a Coordinate system coordinate based local, regional or global system used to locate geographical entities. A spatial referencesystem defines a specific map projection , as well as transformations between different spatial reference systems. Spatial reference systems are defined by the Open Geospatial Consortium OGC s Simple feature access using well known text , and support has been implemented by several Technical standard standards based geographic information system s. Spatial reference systems can be referred to using a SRID integer , including EPSG codes defined by the International Association of Oil and Gas Producers . Some of systems in existence are Universal Transverse Mercator coordinate system British national grid referencesystem Hellenic Geodetic ReferenceSystem 1987 Irish grid referencesystem Irish Transverse Mercator Israeli Transverse Mercator Israeli Cassini Soldner Jordan Transverse Mercator Military grid referencesystem United States National Grid See also Geodesy Geographic information system Geographic information system GIS . External links URL http spatialreference.org A website that defines spatial reference systems, in a variety of formats. DEFAULTSORT Spatial Referencing System Category Cartography Category Geographic coordinate systems Category Geodesy Cartography stub ca Sistema de refer ncia espacial de Koordinatenreferenzsystem nl Geodetisch co rdinatensysteem ... more details
The National Spatial ReferenceSystem NSRS , which is managed by the National Geodetic Survey NGS , is a coordinate system that includes latitude , longitude , elevation and other values. The NSRS consists of a National Shoreline the National CORS, a system of Global Positioning System Continuously Operating Reference Stations and a network of over one million permanent survey markers. References cite web url http www.ngs.noaa.gov INFO OnePagers NSRS.html title The National Spatial ReferenceSystem cite web last Doyle first David R. url http www.ngs.noaa.gov PUBS LIB develop NSRS.html title DEVELOPMENT OF THE NATIONAL SPATIAL REFERENCESYSTEM references Category Geodesy Category National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Geodetic Survey ... more details
The International Terrestrial ReferenceSystem ITRS describes procedures for creating Terrestrial reference frame reference frame s suitable for use with measurements on or near the Earth s surface. This is done in much the same way that a physical standard might be described as a set of procedures for creating a realization of that standard. The ITRS defines a geocentric system of coordinates using the SI system of measurement. An International Terrestrial Reference Frame ITRF is a realization of the ITRS. New ITRF solutions are produced every few years, using the latest mathematical and surveying techniques to attempt to realize the ITRS as precisely as possible. Due to experimental error , any given ITRF will differ very slightly from any other realization of the ITRF. Also, the difference between the latest World Geodetic System WGS84 and the latest ITRF is only a few centimeters. ref http www.gmat.unsw.edu.au snap gps clynch pdfs coorddef.pdf ref Practical navigation systems are in general referenced to a specific ITRF solution, or to their own coordinate systems which are then referenced to an ITRF solution. The ITRS and ITRF solutions are maintained by the International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service IERS . See also International Celestial ReferenceSystem Terrestrial reference frame Geodetic system World Geodetic System References Reflist External links http itrf.ensg.ign.fr general.php What is ITRF? http www.iers.org nn 11216 SharedDocs Publikationen EN IERS Publications tn TechnNote36 tn36 031,templateId raw,property publicationFile.pdf tn36 031.pdf Terrestrial reference systems and frames chapter 4 of IERS Conventions 2010 astronomy stub Category Standards Category Geodesy de IERS Terrestrial ReferenceSystem fr Syst me International de R f rence Terrestre pt ITRS ru sv International Terrestrial ReferenceSystem zh ... more details
The SK 42 referencesystem also known as the Feodosy Krasovsky Krasovsky Reference ellipsoid ellipsoid , is a coordinate system established in the Soviet Union in 1942 as Systema koordinat lang ru 1942 , and provides parameters which are linked to the geocentric Cartesian coordinate system PZ 90 . It was used in geodetic calculations, notably in military mapping and determining state borders. ref slide 11, Borodko ref Citations and notes reflist References references Borodko, Alexander, Topographic and geodetic provisions of the Russian Federation frontier delimitation and demarcation , Federal Agency of Geodesy and Cartography, International Symposium on Land and River Boundaries Demarcation and Maintenance in Support of Borderland Development, Bangkok , Thailand, 6&ndash 11 November 2006 DEFAULTSORT Sk 42 ReferenceSystem Category Coordinate systems Category Geodesy Category GPS Category Navigation Category Surveying cs Krasovsk ho elipsoid de Krassowski Ellipsoid ru ... more details
The International Celestial ReferenceSystem ICRS is the current standard celestial referencesystem adopted by the International Astronomical Union IAU . Its origin is at the Barycentric coordinates astronomy barycenter of the solar system , with axes that are intended to be fixed with respect to space. ICRS co ordinates are approximately the same as equatorial co ordinates the mean pole at J2000 .0 in the ICRS lies at 17.3 0.2 milliarcsecond mas in the direction 12 h and 5.1 0.2 mas in the direction 18 h. The mean equinox of J2000.0 is shifted from the ICRS right ascension origin by 78 10 mas direct rotation around the polar axis . See also International Celestial Reference Frame International Terrestrial ReferenceSystem Astronomy Astrometry References http www.usno.navy.mil USNO astronomical applications astronomical information center icrs narrative Good narrative description http www.usno.navy.mil USNO astronomical applications data services icrs links?searchterm ICRS ICRF Overview of ICRS and ICRF http www.iers.org MainDisp.csl?pid 46 25776 IERS Conventions 2003 defines ICRS and other related standards http www.iers.org MainDisp.csl?pid 96 107 General information on the ICRS http hpiers.obspm.fr icrs pc ICRS Product Center astronomy stub Category Celestial coordinate system Category Astrometry ca Sistema Internacional de Refer ncia Celeste de International Celestial ReferenceSystem fr International Celestial ReferenceSystem mk ja pt Sistema Internacional de Refer ncia Celeste ru uk zh ... more details
Unreferenced date September 2011 The SystemReference Document , or SRD , is a set of reference role playing game mechanics licensed under the Open Game License by Wizards of the Coast or WotC and based upon their Dungeons and Dragons role playing game . The SRD forms the basis of WotC s various d20 System role playing games , including the d20 System itself, d20 Modern and d20 Future . The SRD is also the basis for role playing games published by companies other than WotC these include Mutants & Masterminds , Arcana Evolved , Labyrinth Lord , and OSRIC , among others. Some other game systems such as FATE role playing game system FATE have also released their own mechanics under OGL licensed SystemReference Documents of their own however, this article discusses specifically the d20 System SRD. Formats The SRD is freely available from the WotC website as a series of Rich Text Format documents. It is also available from a variety of other sources which provide alternate formats and or additional ... SystemReference Document The 4th edition SystemReference Document presents a system much like the one ... Wizards of the Coast site for the SRD documents . d20 Category d20 System de SystemReference Document fr Document de r f rence du syst me it SystemReference Document ... races, classes, feats, skills, spells, magic items and monsters&mdash compatible with the d20 System ... in level, calculating experience, or anything else related to the topics forbidden by the d20 System ... to the terms of the Open Gaming License. Overview of the system The SRD presents a class based game system, which is to say that it presents a set of mechanics for describing archetypical characters ... as needed. It also presents a level based game system, which is to say that characters progress ... genre. However, there are limitations. Because of the focus on classes, adapting the system to highly ... s Handbook that are referenced in the SRD, and construct a game system from those elements ... more details
Geodesy The Irish grid referencesystem is a system of geographic grid reference s commonly used in Ireland both Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland . The Irish grid overlaps the British national grid referencesystem British grid . Usage In general, neither Ireland nor Great Britain uses latitude or longitude in describing internal geographic locations. Instead grid reference systems are in common usage. The national grid referencing system was devised by the Ordnance Survey , and is heavily used in their survey data, and in maps whether published by the Ordnance Survey of Ireland , the Ordnance Survey of Northern Ireland or commercial map producers based on those surveys. Additionally grid references are commonly quoted in other publications and data sources, such as guide books ... m Notes reflist References cite web first Derek last Leahy title Irish Grid ReferenceSystem url http www.osi.ie en alist reference information.aspx?article 42177d93 831a 4c6c 8ebf cef57b55cd93 work ... ogheragh Nerin ru simple Irish national grid referencesystem ... Survey of Ireland has implemented a new coordinate system for Ireland called Irish Transverse Mercator , or ITM, which will initially run in parallel with the existing Irish grid system. In both ... a point in Lough Ree , close to the western County Roscommon Co. Roscommon shore, whose grid reference ... reference , employing three digits in each coordinate to determine a 100 m square. Coordinates may ..., 31590, 23467 is also a valid location. Summary parameters of the Irish Grid coordinate system ...?id b2bd07a6 858e 4eb1 9d09 25917f0c713a The Irish Grid A Description of the Co ordinate ReferenceSystem used in Ireland PDF 358kB on the Irish Grid from OSi. http www.osi.ie GetAttachment.aspx ... en alist reference information.aspx?article 42177d93 831a 4c6c 8ebf cef57b55cd93 History and overview of the system, from OSI http www.osi.ie calculators converter index.asp OSI online coordinate ... more details
Geodesy The Military Grid ReferenceSystem MGRS ref name DMA8358 1 Chapter3 http earth info.nga.mil GandG ... grid reference is a point referencesystem. When the term grid square is used, it can refer ... . This same notation is used in both UTM and MGRS, i.e. the UTM grid referencesystem the article ... coordsys MGRS Final Guidance.doc NGA Guidance for the Military Grid ReferenceSystem MGRS . ref also ... Area ReferenceSystem GARS has been adopted by the National Geospatial Intelligence Agency ... by amateur radio operators. A modification of the Military Grid ReferenceSystem is used by the http ... a point using the .shtml Locate a point using the US Army Military Grid ReferenceSystem MGRS DEFAULTSORT Military Grid ReferenceSystem Category Geographic coordinate systems Category Military cartography Category Geodesy de UTM Referenzsystem fr MGRS id Military grid referencesystem nl Military grid referencesystem sv Military Grid ReferenceSystem ..., Grids, and Grid Reference Systems ref is the geocoordinate standard used by NATO militaries for locating ... Transverse Mercator UTM grid system and the Universal Polar Stereographic Universal Polar Stereographic UPS grid system, but uses a different labeling convention. The MGRS is used for the entire earth. An example of an MGRS coordinate , or grid reference , would be Coor URL 21 18 34.0 N 157 55 0.7 ... grid reference is required. One always reads map coordinates from west to east first easting , then from ... to an MGRS grid reference, or when abbreviating an MGRS grid reference to lower precision, one ... in grid zone 1P, while one third is north of 16 and therefore in 1Q. So, an MGRS grid reference ... part of BT. At least, this is possible if the precision of the grid reference is enough to place the denoted area completely inside either 1P or 1Q. But an MGRS grid reference can denote an area that crosses ...? In these cases, software that interprets an MGRS grid reference should accept both of the possible ... more details
The Global Area ReferenceSystem GARS is a standardized geospatial referencesystem developed by the National Geospatial Intelligence Agency NGA for use across the United States Department of Defense . Under the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Instruction CJCSI 3900.01C dated 30 June 2007, GARS was adopted for use by the US DoD as the area centric counterpart to the point centric MGRS . It uses the WGS 84 WGS 1984 Datum and is based on lines of longitude LONG and latitude LAT . It is intended to provide an integrated common frame of reference for joint force situational awareness to facilitate air to ground coordination, deconfliction, integration, and synchronization. This area referencesystem provides a common language between the components and simplifies communications. GARS is primarily designed as a battlespace management tool and not to be used for navigation or targeting. Design GARS divides the surface of the earth into 30 minute by 30 minute cells. Each cell is identified by a five character designation. ex. 006AG The first three characters designate a 30 minute wide longitudinal band. Beginning with the 180 degree meridian and proceeding eastward, the bands are numbered from 001 to 720, so that 180 E to 179 30 W is band 001 179 30 W to 179 00 W is band 002 and so on. The fourth and fifth characters designate a 30 minute wide latitudinal band. Beginning at the south pole and proceeding northward, the bands are lettered from AA to QZ omitting I and O so that 90 00 S to 89 30 S is band AA 89 30 S to 89 00 S is band AB and so on. Each 30 minute cell is divided into four 15 minute by 15 minute quadrants. The quadrants are numbered sequentially, from west to east, starting with the northernmost band. Specifically, the northwest quadrant is 1 the northeast quadrant is 2 the southwest quadrant is 3 the southeast quadrant is 4 . Each quadrant is identified by a six character designation. ex. 006AG3 The first five characters comprise the 30 minute cell designation ... more details
Corporation SRM Category Firmware Category OpenVMS de SystemReference Manual ru ... system initialization, an Alpha AXP computer set to boot from the SRM console displays a short ... code help code or code man code at the prompt. Various system variables for establishing automatic boot settings, parameter strings to be passed to an operating system and the like may also be set ... Console Reference http h18002.www1.hp.com alphaserver technology literature srmcons.pdf Alpha SRM ... more details
Reversible referencesystem propagation algorithm r RESPA is a time stepping algorithm used in molecular dynamics . ref AR Leach. Molecular modelling principles and applications 1998, p. 363 ref It evolves the system state over time, math Gamma t e iLt Gamma t 0 , math where the L is the Liouville operator . References references Category Molecular dynamics Category Hamiltonian mechanics Physics stub ... more details
Geodesy The European Terrestrial ReferenceSystem 1989 ETRS89 is a ECEF Earth Centered, Earth Fixed geodesy geodetic Cartesian coordinate system Cartesian reference frame , in which the Eurasian Plate as a whole is static. The coordinate s and map s in Europe based on ETRS89 are not subject to change due to the continental drift . The development of ETRS89 is related to the global International Terrestrial ReferenceSystem ITRS geodetic datum , in which the representation of the continental drift is balanced in such a way that the total apparent angular momentum of continental plate s is about 0. ETRS89 was officially born at the 1990 Florence meeting of Regional Reference Frame Sub Commission for Europe EUREF , following its Resolution 1, which recommends that the terrestrial referencesystem to be adopted by EUREF will be coincident with ITRS at the epoch 1989.0 and fixed to the stable part of the Eurasian Plate. According to the resolution, this system was named European Terrestrial ReferenceSystem 89 ETRS89 . Since then ETRS89 and ITRS diverge due to the continental drift at a speed about 2.5 cm per year. By the year 2000 the two coordinate systems differed by about 25 cm. ref http www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk oswebsite gps osnetfreeservices about faqs osnet.html 1 GPS and Positioning Services FAQ, Q1 , UK Ordnance Survey, accessed 2007 11 25 ref The 89 in its name does ... Terrestrial ReferenceSystem 1989 sv ETRS89 ... C. Boucher, Z. Altamimi. Specifications for reference frame fixing in the analysis of a EUREF GPS campaign ... frame of reference for geodata for Europe. ref cite web url http eusoils.jrc.ec.europa.eu Projects Alpsis Docs ref grid sh proc draft.pdf title Short Proceedings of the 1st European Workshop on Reference ... in the USA, Canada, and Mexico. ETRS89, as well as World Geodetic System 1984 WGS 84 and NAD 83, is based on the GRS80 reference ellipsoid ellipsoid . See also WGS 84 ED50 References reflist External ... more details
Geodesy The Hellenic Geodetic ReferenceSystem 1987 or HGRS87 lang el 1987 or 87 is a geodetic system commonly used in Greece . The system specifies a local geodetic datum and a projection system. In some documents it is called Greek Geodetic ReferenceSystem 1987 or GGRS87 . HGRS87 datum HGRS87 specifies a non geocentric Datum geodesy datum that is tied to the coordinates of the key geodetic station at the Dionysos Satellite Observatory DSO northeast of Athens Coor dec 38.078400 23.932939 . The central pedestal CP at this location has by definition HGRS87 coordinates 38 sup 0 sup 4 33.8000 N 23 sup 0 sup 55 51.0000 E, N 7 m. Although HGRS87 uses the GRS80 ellipsoid, the origin is shifted relative to the GRS80 geocenter, so that the ellipsoidal surface is best for Greece. ref cite journal title The Hellenic Positioning System HEPOS and its foreseeable implications on the Spatial Data Infrastructure in Greece author Delikaroglou. D. year 2008 journal Tech. Chron. Sci. J. TCG volume I issue 1 2 pages 95 103 ref The specified offsets relative to WGS84 WGS84 HGRS87 are x 199.87 m, y 74.79 m, z 246.62 m. The HGRS87 datum is implemented ... Terrestrial ReferenceSystem 2007 or HTRS07. HTRS07, which was specified for the Hellenic Positioning System HEPOS project, is GPS based and is compatible with European Terrestrial ReferenceSystem ... Organisation year 1987 title The Hellenic Geodetic ReferenceSystem lang el ... Sydney month April year 2010 ref Migration to HTRS07 HGRS87 replaced an earlier de facto geodetic system. The datum of that system was based on the Bessel ellipsoid , with an accurate determination of the geodetic ... for civilian use were based on the Hatt projection system, with different projection parameters ... CoordinateReferenceSystemsGR.html Coordinate Reference Systems GR http www.mapref.org MapProjectionsGR.html Map Projections GR cite journal title Geodetic reference frames transformations author ... more details
File Open System Environment Reference Model.jpg thumb 320px Illustration of the open system environment reference model, 1995. ref name Hun95 Joseph I. Hungate et al. 1995 http nvl.nist.gov pub nistpubs jres 100 6 j16ce hun.pdf Conference Report APPLICATION PORTABILITY PROFILE AND OPEN SYSTEM ENVIRONMENT .... History The open system environment reference model OSE RM refines the core POSIX model defined by the POSIX ... reflist Further reading Commonscat Open System Environment Reference Model Department of Defense 1996 ... of Standards and Technology . Volume 100, Number 6, November December 1995 ref Open system environment OSE reference model RM or OSE reference model OSE RM is one of the first reference model s for enterprise architecture . It provides a software framework framework for describing open system concepts ... name Hun95 Overview The open system environment OSE forms an extensible framework that allows services ... systems frameworks, such as the government s applications portability profile for the open system ... System Environment OSE to exchange information and respond to NIST proposals regarding the evaluation ... USERS NIST Bulletin 1996. Accessed 13 Dec 2008. ref OSE RM topics OSE reference model entities The three classes of OSE reference model entities are described as follows ref name Hun95 Application software Within the context of the OSE Reference Model, the application software includes data, documentation ... of the collection of hardware and software components that provide the generic application and system services. Platform external environment The platform external environment consists of those system ... in the OSE reference model the application program interface and the external environment ... interchange services Communication services Internal system services External environment interface ... tend to fall into broad service areas . These service areas are ref name Hun95 Operating system services ... Reference Model.jpg thumb 240px Detailed DoD technical reference model of the TAFIM , is based ... more details
Refimprove date April 2010 pp move indef Reference is a relation between objects in which one object ... object refers is called the referent of the first object. The term reference is used in many spheres ... debate , Fordham University Press, 2006, p.41 ref spacetime coordinate, Symbolic system ... hide the reference from some observers, as in cryptography . The following sections give specific usages of reference in different subjects. Etymology The word reference is derived from ... science Main Reference computer science In computer science , Reference computer science reference ... of data structure s, such as linked list s. Generally, a reference is a value that enables a program to directly access the particular data item. Most programming language s support some form of reference. The C programming language has a specific type of reference also referred to as a reference see reference C . Bibliographies Bibliographies are special reference work s that are used to identify ... or researchers. Library and information sciences In a library , reference may refer to a dictionary , an encyclopedia or other reference work , that contains many brief articles that cover a broad scope of knowledge in one book, or a set of books. However, the word reference is also used to mean a book that cannot be taken from the room, or from the building. Many of the books in the reference department of a library are reference works, but some are books that are simply too large or valuable to loan out. Conversely, selected reference works may be shelved with other library circulation ... Resource Identifier URI . Librarians also conduct reference interview s at the library reference ... though virtual reference and digital reference services . Encyclopedias & books of facts Some published sources are produced as reference work s that allow quick access to essential information about .... Psychology In terms of mental processing, a self reference is used in psychology to establish ... more details
A reference circuit is a hypothetical electric circuit of specified equivalent length and computer configuration configuration , and having a defined transmission characteristic or characteristics, used primarily as a reference for measuring the performance of other, i.e., real, circuits or as a guide for planning and engineering of circuits and networks. Normally, several types of reference circuits are defined, with different configurations, because Telecommunication communications are required over a wide range of distances. Another type of reference circuit shows how to configure integrated circuits into function blocks, which Analog Devices provides for electrical design engineers. Analog Devices Circuits from the Lab reference circuits are fully tested and come with the schematics, evaluation boards, and device drivers necessary for system integration. A group of related reference circuits is also called a referencesystem . References FS1037C MS188 See also netlist SPICE Category Electronic circuits ... more details
About the computer operating system component broadcast reference monitor Broadcast reference monitor audio reference monitor Studio monitor In operating system s architecture a reference monitor concept defines a set of design requirements on a reference validation mechanism, which enforces an access control policy over subjects e.g., processes and users ability to perform operations e.g., read and write on objects e.g., files and sockets on a system. The properties of a reference monitor are The reference validation mechanism must always be invoked complete mediation . Without this property, it is possible for an attacker to bypass the mechanism and violate the security policy. The reference ... it was intended to provide. The claim is that a reference validation mechanism that satisfies the reference monitor concept will correctly enforce a system s access control policy, as it must be invoked ... the mechanism itself so that the security policy is not correctly enforced. The reference validation ... with a reference monitor, whereas the Windows NT line, which also includes Windows 2000 and Windows XP , was designed to contain a reference monitor, ref http www.microsoft.com resources documentation ... analysis and testing to verify correctness. The abstract model of a reference monitor has been widely applied to any type of system that needs to enforce access control, and is considered to express the necessary and sufficient properties for any system making this security claim. ref Irvine, C. E. 1999 . The Reference Monitor Concept as a Unifying Principle in Computer Security Education. IN PROCEEDINGS ... Security ref the reference monitor concept was introduced by James Anderson in an influential ... ref Systems evaluated at B3 and above by the Trusted Computer System Evaluation Criteria TCSEC must enforce the reference monitor concept. References references See also Security kernel Category Operating system security security software stub de Referenzmonitor ... more details
Infobox software name Reference Manager logo screenshot caption author developer Research Information Systems later acquired by Thomson Corporation Thomson ISI ResearchSoft released 1984 latest release version 12 latest release date 02 09 2008 latest preview version 12 latest preview date programming language operating system Microsoft Windows no versions for Mac or Linux platform language English language English status genre reference management software Reference management license Proprietary software Proprietary website http www.refman.com Reference Manager is a commercial reference management ... Information Systems. Offered for the CP M operating system, it was ported to DOS and then Microsoft Windows and later the Apple Macintosh . Operation How to section date October 2009 Reference Manager is most commonly used by people who want to share a central database of reference s and need to have .... Reference Manager offers different in text citation templates for each Reference Type. When writing papers, you may want to have a different in text citation style depending on the reference type you are citing, or journal you are writing for. For example, if you insert a reference for a Book which appears as Smith, 1999 , using Reference Manager you can also insert a reference for a Academic journal Journal , and it could appear differently, e.g. Smith, 1999 without the brackets . Reference ... Animals are also returned. Reference Manager Web Publisher allows publishing a reference databases ... references into their own bibliographic software. Others can even edit the reference information so ... and Web Services Description Language WSDL standard services. See also Comparison of reference management software External links http lists.adeptscience.co.uk refman Reference Manager Email List Archive http www.refman.com rmword2k7.asp Issues with Word 2007 Reference management software Category Reference management software Category Proprietary software Category Windows software software ... more details
Multiple issues tone August 2008 unreferenced August 2008 The Creditor Reference also called the Structured Creditor Reference is an international business standard based on International Organization for Standardization ISO 11649, implemented at the end of 2008. Using Creditor Reference, a company can automatically match its remittance information to its accounts receivable A R . This means that the company s financial supply chain s Straight through processing STP will be increased. The Creditor Reference was first implemented within the Single Euro Payments Area SEPA rulebook 3.2. Implementation A vendor adds the Creditor Reference to its invoices. When a customer pays the invoice, the company writes the Creditor Reference instead of the invoice number in the message section, or places a Creditor Reference field in its payment ledger. When the vendor receives the payment, it can automatically match the remittance information to its Accounts Receivable system. Structure The Creditor Reference is an alphanumeric string, 25 characters long, with the letters RF at the beginning. After the letters are two check digits, which confirm that the reference will be entered correctly. The remaining part of the Creditor Reference up to 21 alphanumeric characters is the Reference. The content of the Creditor Reference can be determined without any restrictions. Example RF 18 5390 0754 7034 in this example, the check digits are 18 References reflist External links http www.europeanpaymentscouncil.eu knowledge bank detail.cfm?documents id 144 European Payment Council s Creditor Reference pages http www.iso.org ISO white papers https www.swiftcommunity.net communities detail.cfm?communityId 106 SWIFT Community requires registration http www.jknc.eu RFcalculator Creditor Reference Calculator http www.scopulus.co.uk Business Resources Category Business economics Category ISO standards ... more details
Refimprove date December 2009 Reference design refers to a technical blueprint of a system that is intended for others to copy. It contains the essential elements of the system however, Third party developer third parties may enhance or modify the design as required. ref cite web url http www.pcmag.com encyclopedia term 0,2542,t reference design&i 50334,00.asp publisher PC Magazine Encyclopedia accessdate 20 December 2011 title Definition reference design ref Reference Design Packages enable a fast track to market thereby cutting costs and reducing risk in the customer s integration project. Reference designs enable customers to shorten their time to market. In this modern competitive world shortening the design cycle and speeding up the time to market is the major challenge faced by Original equipment manufacturer s OEMs . The main purpose of reference design is to support companies in development of next generation products using latest technologies. The reference product is proof of the platform concept and is usually targeted for specific applications. As the predominant customer for reference designs are OEM s, many reference designs are created by technology component vendors, whether hardware or software, as a means to increase the likelihood that their product will be designed into the OEM s product, giving them a competitive advantage. Examples NanoBook , a reference design of a miniature laptop Open source hardware also Category Open hardware RONJA , a free and open telecommunication technology free Internet VIA OpenBook , a free and open reference design of a laptop References Reflist Use dmy dates date December 2011 DEFAULTSORT Reference Design Category Electronics manufacturing Electronics stub sv Referensdesign ... more details
references in data structures, but before an object with reference count zero can be deleted, the system ... and collecting reference cycles. One is that a system may explicitly forbid reference cycles. In some ... to work with the language s own memory management system. PHP PHP uses a reference counting mechanism ...Refimprove date November 2009 In computer science , reference counting is a technique of storing the number ... garbage collection algorithm that uses these reference counts to deallocate objects which are no longer referenced. Use in garbage collection As a garbage collection algorithm, reference counting tracks, for each object, a count of the number of reference computer science reference s to it held by other objects. If an object s reference count reaches zero, the object has become inaccessible, and can be destroyed. When an object is destroyed, any objects referenced by that object also have their reference counts decreased. Because of this, removing a single reference can potentially lead to a large number of objects being freed. A common modification allows reference counting to be made incremental instead of destroying an object as soon as its reference count becomes zero, it is added to a list .... Simple reference counts require frequent updates. Whenever a reference is destroyed or overwritten, the reference count of the object it references is decremented, and whenever one is created or copied, the reference count of the object it references is incremented. Reference counting is also ... and disadvantages The main advantage of reference counting over tracing garbage collection .... Reference counting is also among the simplest forms of garbage collection to implement. It also allows for effective management of non memory resources such as operating system objects, which are often ... may cause problems . Reference counting Weighted reference counting Weighted reference counts are a good solution for garbage collecting a distributed system. Tracing garbage collection cycles are triggered ... more details
models, OSI model Open Systems Interconnection Basic Reference Model , Real time Control System for real ... Open System Environment Reference Model Reference architecture References references Category Computer ...A reference model in systems engineering systems , enterprise engineering enterprise , and software engineering .... A reference model can represent the component parts of any consistent idea, from business functions to system components, as long as it represents a complete set. This frame of reference can then be used to communicate ideas clearly among members of the same community. Reference models are often ... Standards a reference model is an abstract framework for understanding significant relationships ... supporting that environment. A reference model is based on a small number of unifying concepts and may be used as a basis for education and explaining standards to a non specialist. A reference ... different implementations. ref cite web title OASIS SOA Reference Model url http www.oasis open.org ... of concepts rolled up into that of a reference model. Each of these concepts is important Abstract a reference model is abstract. The things described by a reference model are not actual ... of the reference model. One must understand the concept of a wall in order to build a house that has walls. Entities and relationships A reference model contains both entities things that exist and relationships ... a reference model. Within an environment A reference model does not attempt to describe all things. A reference model is used to clarify things within an environment or a problem space. To be useful, a reference model should include a clear description of the problem that it solves, and the concerns of the stakeholders who need to see the problem get solved. Technology agnostic A reference ... computing environment. A reference model is a mechanism for understanding the problems faced, not the solutions ... value to the practitioner. Note That does not preclude the development of a reference model that describes ... more details
cleanup date November 2010 Orphan date February 2009 Scholastic Reference is a series of reference work s published by Scholastic Corporation . There is a Scholastic Children s Dictionary which may not be part of the series , a Scholastic Pocket Dictionary, a Scholastic Pocket Thesaurus , and a Scholastic World Atlas . Scholastic Children s Dictionary The Scholastic Children s Dictionary includes thousands of words, definitions, and pages. There is a pronunciation system that is pretty easy to use, and there is a map of the world. There is a reference section at the back of the book. Over 3.5 million copies were sold. Scholastic Pocket Dictionary Scholastic Pocket Dictionary is a portable dictionary. There is an easy to use pronunciation system. There is also a pronunciation guide at the beginning of the book. There are homophones, synonyms, and antonyms. Another thing you ll find in the book is an abbrev. page. Scholastic Pocket Thesaurus The Scholastic Pocket Thesaurus includes many synonyms and antonyms. Scholastic Pocket World Atlas The Scholastic Pocket World Atlas is a book with hundreds of maps. unreferenced date October 2007 Category Reference works ... more details
orphan date January 2011 refimprove date January 2011 Reference Computer is a computerized supplement to PBX Private Branch Exchange or PBX that supports the internal telephone directory , absence data and messages. Reference Computer is an effective aid for the switchboard operator as information on the lines are obtained directly from a display. Reference computer is connected to the telephone exchange and a call comes in to an extension the computer shows all the data about that extension automatically. Reference computer enabled a sophisticated information management in large companies. People in the workplace could from their phones enter information about absences cause and time of return simply by entering certain digits on his telephone apparatus. The first complete reference computer attached to PBX in the Swedish Telecom company s network had the name SESAM and came in operation in the early 1980s. It was associated initially with company s electromechanical telephone A344 and thus gave it a host of new modern services . The big break for reference computer, which is a Swedish invention, came when the telephone service s large electronic PBX A345 and A335 were provided with a reference computer HVD . Several such existed in the Swedish market. SESAM system was first developed and marketed, then from the mid 1980s, known as PRESENT. These two systems were developed by four engineers from the telephone company who has obtained a Swedish patent for the invention. The patent was declared invalid in 1991 after the telephone company itself had sought annulment in the Stockholm District Court and the Svea Court of Appeal. State Board of Workers inventions SNAU stated that it was a recommendation that the four engineers of the telephone company would hold SEK 3 million ... finally settled by SNAU. The dispute has lasted for over 30 years. Reference computers and direct ... a reference feature in the software in most modern PBX. References Televerkets rsber ttelse r 1984 ... more details
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