Infobox Embryology Name Hindgut Latin metenteron GraySubject 241 GrayPage 1101 Image Gray472.png Caption Profile view of a human embryo estimated at twenty or twenty one days old. Hindgut labeled at lower left. Image2 Gray1118.png Caption2 Primitive kidney and Urinary bladder bladder , from a reconstruction. Hindgut labeled at upper right. System CarnegieStage 10 Precursor Mesenchyme GivesRiseTo MeshName MeshNumber Code Terminologia Embryologica TE E5.4.9.0.2.0.1 The hindgut or epigaster is the Posterior anatomy posterior Caudal anatomical term caudal part of the alimentary canal . In mammals, it includes the distal third of the transverse colon and the splenic flexure , the descending colon , sigmoid colon and rectum . Blood flow Arterial supply is by the Inferior mesenteric artery , and venous drainage is to the portal venous system . Lymphatic drainage is to the chyle cistern . Autonomic innervation The hindgut is innervated via the inferior mesenteric plexus . Sympathetic innervation is from the Lumbar splanchnic nerves L1 L2 , parasympathetic innervation is from S2 S4. Additional images gallery Image Gray985.png Abdominal part of digestive tube and its attachment to the primitive or common mesentery. Human embryo of six weeks. Image Gray1115.png Tail end of human embryo twenty five to twenty nine days old. gallery See also Foregut Midgut Hindgut fermentation External links EmbryologyUNC digest 035 Development of digestive system Category Colon anatomy Category Embryology of digestive system digestive stub developmental biology stub ms Usus belakang ... more details
Hindgut fermentation is a digestive process seen in monogastric herbivore s, animals with a simple, single chambered stomach . Cellulose is digested with the aid of Symbiosis symbiotic bacteria . ref name Waikato http sci.waikato.ac.nz farm content animalstructure.html Animal Structure & Function . Sci.waikato.ac.nz. Retrieved on 2011 11 27. ref The microbial fermentation biochemistry fermentation occurs in the digestive organs that follow the small intestine , namely the large intestine and cecum . Examples of hindgut fermenters include large odd toed ungulate s such as horses and rhino s, as well as small animals such as rodent s and rabbits . ref name Grant In contrast, foregut fermentation is the form of cellulose digestion seen in ruminant s such as cattle which have a four chambered stomach which digests cellulose. ref http vcebiology.edublogs.org 2011 04 30 hindgut versus foregut fermenters Hindgut versus Foregut Fermenters . Vcebiology.edublogs.org 2011 04 30 . Retrieved on 2011 11 27. ref Smaller hindgut fermenters of the order biology order Lagomorpha rabbits and pika s absorb the needed levels of nutrients via their upper digestive system by reingestion of cecotrope s, which are passed through the intestines and subsequently reingested for added nutrients. Coprophagy is also practiced by some rodents, such as the capybara , guinea pig and related species. ref cite journal author Hirakawa, Hirofumi title Coprophagy in Leporids and Other Mammalian Herbivores journal Mammal Review year 2001 volume 31 issue 1 pages 61 80 doi 10.1046 j.1365 2907.2001.00079.x ref While foregut fermentation is generally considered more efficient, and monogastric animals cannot digest cellulose as efficiently as ruminants, ref name Waikato hindgut fermentation allows animals to consume ... not be able to obtain nutrition adequate for their needs. Hindgut fermentors are able to extract ... Elasmotherium ref Hindgut fermenters are subdivided into two groups based on the relative size of various ... more details
Infobox Embryology Name PAGENAME Latin mesenteron GraySubject GrayPage Image Illu small intestine.jpg Caption The midgut and hindgut. Image2 Caption2 System CarnegieStage 10 Precursor Mesenchyme GivesRiseTo MeshName MeshNumber Code Terminologia Embryologica TE E5.4.7.0.0.0.2 The midgut is the portion of the embryo from which most of the intestines develop. After it bends around the superior mesenteric artery , it is called the midgut loop . It comprises the portion of the alimentary canal from the end of the foregut at the opening of the bile duct to the hindgut , about two thirds of the way through the transverse colon. Structures in the adult midgut Duodenum distal half of 2nd part, 3rd and 4th parts Jejunum Ileum Cecum Vermiform appendix Appendix Ascending colon Hepatic flexure of colon. Transverse colon proximal two thirds Vascular, lymphatics and innervation Arterial supply to the midgut is from the superior mesenteric artery , an unpaired branch of the aorta . Venous drainage is to the portal venous system . Lymph from the midgut drains to prevertebral superior mesenteric nodes located at the origin of the superior mesenteric artery from the aorta. Portal drainage carries all non lipid nutrients from digestion to the liver for processing and detoxification, while lymphatic drainage carries fatty chyle to the cisterna chyli . Autonomic innervation of the midgut is from the superior mesenteric plexus . Clinical notes Malrotation of the midgut during development can lead to volvulus . Pain in the midgut is referred to the umbilical region around the umbilicus belly button . See also Foregut Hindgut External links EmbryologyUNC digest 020 eMedicine radio 450 Midgut Volvulus Chorus 00494 http www.med.umich.edu lrc coursepages M1 embryology embryo 10digestivesystem.htm Umich.edu development digestive stub developmental biology stub Development of digestive system Category Embryology of digestive system de Mitteldarm ... more details
Bacillus oleronius is a Gram negative bacterium belonging to the genus Bacillus . It was first described in 1995 and was found in the hindgut of the termite Reticulitermes santonensis . ref cite journal last Kuhnigk first Thomas coauthors Borst, Eva Maria Breunig, Alfred Konig, Helmut Collins, Matthew D Hutson, Roger A Kampfer, Peter year 1995 month August title Bacillus oleronius sp.nov., a member of the hindgut flora of the termite Reticulitermes santonensis Feytaud journal Canadian Journal of Microbiology volume 41 issue 8 pages 699 706 url http rparticle.web p.cisti.nrc.ca rparticle AbstractTemplateServlet?calyLang eng&journal cjm&volume 41&year 0&issue 8&msno m95 096 pmid 7553453 oclc 90251878 doi 10.1139 m95 096 accessdate 2008 09 27 ref It is also found in the human skin parasitic mite Demodex folliculorum , and may be related to the development of a type of acne rosacea . ref cite press release title New Study Shows Role for Bacteria in Development of Rosacea Symptoms url http www.rosacea.org press archive 20040503.php publisher National Rosacea Society date 2004 05 03 accessdate 2008 09 27 ref References reflist See also Bacillus marinus Bacillus lentimorbus Bacteria stub Category Bacillus ... more details
A monogastric organism has a simple single chambered stomach , compared to a ruminant organism which has a four chambered complex stomach. Examples of monogastric animals include omnivores such as humans , rats and pigs , carnivores such as dogs and cats , and herbivore s such as horses and rabbits . Herbivores with monogastric digestion can digest cellulose in their diet by way of symbiotic gut bacteria. However, their ability to extract energy from cellulose digestion is less efficient than in ruminants. ref name Waikato http sci.waikato.ac.nz farm content animalstructure.html Animal Structure & Function ref Herbivores digest cellulose via microbial fermentation biochemistry . Monogastric herbivores who can digest cellulose nearly as well as ruminants are called hindgut fermentation hindgut fermenters , while ruminants are called Foregut fermentation foregut fermenters . ref http vcebiology.edublogs.org 2011 04 30 hindgut versus foregut fermenters Hindgut versus Foregut Fermenters ref These are subdivided into two groups based on the relative size of various digestive organs in relationship to the rest of the system colon ic fermenters tend to be larger species such as horses and rhino s, and cecum cecal fermenters are smaller animals such as rabbits and rodents. ref name Grant http www.lafebervet.com small mammal medicine nutrition adaptations in herbivore nutrition Grant, Kerrin. Adaptations in Herbivore Nutrition, July 30, 2010 ref The great apes bonobos , chimpanzees , gorillas , and orangutans , in contrast to humans, derive significant amounts of phytanic acid from the hindgut fermentation of plant materials. ref name pmid20932325 cite pmid 20932325 ref Monogastrics cannot digest the fiber molecule cellulose as efficiently as ruminants, though the ability to digest cellulose varies amongst species. ref name Waikato A monogastric digestive system works as soon as the food enters the mouth. Saliva moistens the food and begins the digestive process. After being ... more details
Infobox Nerve Name PAGENAME Latin nervi splanchnici lumbales GraySubject GrayPage Image Caption Image2 Caption2 Innervates BranchFrom BranchTo MeshName MeshNumber DorlandsPre n 05 DorlandsSuf 12566685 The lumbar splanchnic nerves are splanchnic nerves that arise from the lumbar part of the sympathetic trunk and travel to an adjacent plexus near the aorta . They are originated from L1 and L2. These nerves contain preganglionic sympathetic and visceral afferent fibers. The site of synapse is found in the inferior mesenteric ganglion and the postsynaptic fibers innervate the smooth muscle and glands of the pelvic viscera and hindgut . External links eMedicineDictionary lumbar splanchnic nerves DartmouthHumanAnatomy figures chapter 32 32 6.HTM Autonomic neuroanatomy stub Category Nerves ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Context date May 2010 A cryptonephridium is a structure present in most larval Lepidoptera and in other insects i.e. , Coleoptera inhabiting xeric environments. The Malpighian tubules are not free in the hemocele but are bound to the wall of the rectum by the perinephric Biological membrane membrane . This structure allows efficient resorption of water from wikt diuresis diuresis and absorption of atmospheric water that is present in the hindgut as humidity. An adaptation for water conservation. ref Wigglesworth, V.B. 1953. The Principles of Insect Physiology. 5th edition, E.P. Dutton & Co. Ltd., New York. p. 369. ref ref Klowden, M.J. 2007. Physiological Systems in Insects. 2nd edition, Academic Press. p. 416 ref References references Category Insect anatomy insect anatomy stub la Cryptonephridium ... more details
Italic title Taxobox name Nasutitermes regnum Animal ia phylum Arthropod a classis Insect a ordo Termite Isoptera familia Termitidae genus Nasutitermes genus authority Nasutitermes is a genus of termite s. It consists of the following species Nasutitermes bikpelanus Nasutitermes corniger Nasutitermes ephratae Nasutitermes exitiosus Nasutitermes magnus Nasutitermes matangensiformis Nasutitermes matangensis Nasutitermes nigriceps Nasutitermes novarumhebridarum Nasutitermes pinocchio Nasutitermes polygynus Nasutitermes princeps Nasutitermes takasagoensis Nasutitermes triodiae Nasutitermes walkeri References http www.nature.com nature journal v450 n7169 extref nature06269 s1.pdf Metagenomic and functional analysis of hindgut microbiota of a wood feeding higher termite Nature 450, 560 565 22 November 2007 Category Termites termite stub ... more details
italic title Taxobox name Dinenympha domain Eukaryote Eukaryota unranked phylum Excavata phylum Metamonad a ordo family genus Dinenympha species Dinenympha is a genus of Excavata . It includes the species Dinenympha exilis . ref name pmid9573371 cite journal author Moriya S, Ohkuma M, Kudo T title Phylogenetic position of symbiotic protist Dinenympha correction of Dinemympha exilis in the hindgut of the termite Reticulitermes speratus inferred from the protein phylogeny of elongation factor 1 alpha journal Gene volume 210 issue 2 pages 221 7 year 1998 month April pmid 9573371 doi 10.1016 S0378 1119 98 00078 X url http linkinghub.elsevier.com retrieve pii S037811199800078X ref References reflist protist stub Excavata Category Protist genera ... more details
Cecotropes , also caecotrophes or night feces , are the product of the cecum , a part of the digestive system in mammal s of the order biology order lagomorpha , which includes two families Leporidae hare s and rabbit s , and Ochotonidae pika s . Cecotropes are passed through the intestines and subsequently reingested for added nutrients in a process known as cecotrophy , cecophagy , pseudorumination , refection , or coprophagia . Reingestion is also practiced by a few species of rodent such as the capybara and guinea pig , marsupial s particularly their young and one species of primate . ref cite journal author Hirakawa, Hirofumi title Coprophagy in Leporids and Other Mammalian Herbivores journal Mammal Review year 2001 volume 31 issue 1 pages 61 80 doi 10.1046 j.1365 2907.2001.00079.x ref Production The process by which cecotropes are produced is called hindgut fermentation . Food passes through the esophagus , stomach, small intestine, where nutrients are initially absorbed ineffectively, and then into the Colon anatomy colon . Through reverse peristalsis , the food is forced back into the cecum where it is broken down into simple sugars i.e. monosaccharides by bacteria l Fermentation biochemistry fermentation . The cecotrope then passes through the colon, the anus, and is eliminated by the animal and then reingested. The process occurs 4 to 8 hours after eating. This type of reingestion to obtain more nutrients is similar to the chewing of cud in cattle. References reflist See also Coprophagia Category Lagomorphs ca Cecotr fia de Caecotrophie fr C cotrophie lt Cekotrofija ms Sekotrop pl Cekotrofia wa Rimagnaedje des mol s crotes vls Caecotrofie ... more details
Infobox Anatomy Name Hepatic flexure Latin flexura coli dextra GraySubject 249 GrayPage 1180 Image Illu colorectal anatomy.jpg Caption Colorectal anatomy. Hepatic flexure labeled at upper left. Image2 Gray1125.png Caption2 Sagittal section through posterior abdominal wall, showing the relations of the capsule of the kidney . Section of right colic flexure labeled at center right. Precursor Midgut hepatic , hindgut splenic System MeshName MeshNumber DorlandsPre DorlandsSuf Hepatic or the right colic flexure is the sharp bend between the Ascending colon ascending and the Transverse colon transverse Colon anatomy colon . The right colic flexure is adjacent to the liver , and is therefore also known as the hepatic flexure . Thus, the left colic flexure is also known as the splenic flexure as it is close to the spleen . The hepatic flexure lies in the right upper quadrant of the Human abdomen abdomen in humans. It is supplied by the superior mesenteric artery . See also Splenic flexure Additional images gallery Image illu intestine.jpg Intestines Image Gray1098.png The duodenum and pancreas. Image DCBE.jpg Double Contrast Barium Enema Using Positive and Negative Contrast gallery External links eMedicineDictionary right colic flexure SUNYAnatomyLabs 37 13 01 02 SUNYAnatomyImage 8 1 82 Digestive tract Category Colon anatomy Category Article Feedback 5 digestive stub it Flessura epatica pl Zagi cie w trobowe okr nicy ... more details
Infobox Embryology Name Foregut Latin praeenteron proenteron GraySubject 241 GrayPage 1101 Image Gray27.png Caption Diagram showing the expansion of amnion and delimitation of the Navel umbilicus . Image2 Digestive system showing bile duct.png Caption2 Termination of the foregut. System CarnegieStage 9 Precursor Mesenchyme GivesRiseTo MeshName MeshNumber Code Terminologia Embryologica TE E5.4.4.0.0.0.2 The foregut is the anterior part of the alimentary canal , from the mouth to the duodenum at the entrance of the bile duct . At this point it is continuous with the midgut . Pain in the foregut is typically referred to the epigastric region, just below the intersection of the ribs. Structures of the foregut are Esophagus Stomach Duodenum 1st and 2nd parts Liver Gallbladder Inferior portion of Pancreas Spleen Note that it is located in the foregut region, but is not a gut organ Superior portion of pancreas Arterial supply to all these structures is from the celiac trunk , and venous drainage is by the portal venous system . Lymph from these organs is drained to the prevertebral celiac nodes at the origin of the celiac artery from the aorta . See also Midgut Hindgut External links EmbryologyUNC digest 008 MedicalMnemonics 2452 http sprojects.mmi.mcgill.ca embryology gi fg.htm Foregut embryology at mcgill.ca Development of digestive system Category Embryology of digestive system developmental biology stub digestive stub de Vorderdarm eo Anta intesto ... more details
Endocrine oncology refers to a medical speciality dealing with hormone producing tumors, i.e. a combination of endocrinology and oncology . Few centres are specializing in hormone producing tumors only, due to the relatively low Incidence epidemiology incidence . Most centres have gastroenterologists, oncologist or endocrinologists who deal with other diseases as well. One exception is the Uppsala Centre of Excellence in Neuroendocrine Tumors ref http www.endocrinetumors.org ref at Uppsala University Hospital in Sweden , where doctors treat only endocrine tumors. Endocrine tumors There are many different kinds of endocrine tumors, some of which are listed below Gastrointestinal ECLoma Midgut carcinoid Appendix carcinoid Hindgut carcinoid sometimes also referred to as Rectal carcinoid Pulmonary Typical bronchial carcinoid Atypical bronchial carcinoid Large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma Small cell lung cancer Endocrine pancreatic tumors Non functioning endocrine pancreatic tumors Insulinoma Gastrinoma Glucagonoma VIPoma Adrenals Adrenocortical carcinoma Pheochromocytoma Endocrine tumor syndromes Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia I, MEN1 Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia II, MEN2 von Hippel Lindau syndrome References Reflist Category Endocrine neoplasia Category Rare cancers ... more details
Infobox Anatomy Name Pectinate line Latin linea anocutanea GraySubject GrayPage Image Hemorrhoid.png Caption Pectinate line labeled at bottom center. Image2 gray1080.png Caption2 The interior of the anal cami and lower part of the rectum, showing the columns of Morgagni and the anal valves between their lower ends. Pectinate line visible but not labeled. System MeshName MeshNumber DorlandsPre l 10 DorlandsSuf 12496033 The pectinate line dentate line is a line which divides the upper 2 3s and lower 1 3 of the anal canal. Developmentally, this line represents the hindgut proctodeum junction. It is an important anatomical landmark, and several distinctions can be made based upon the location of a structure relative to this line class wikitable Distinction Above pectinate line Below pectinate line destination of lymph drainage internal iliac lymph nodes , ref name isbn0 7817 6274 X cite book author Anne M. R. Agur Moore, Keith L. title Essential Clinical Anatomy Point Lippincott Williams & Wilkins publisher Lippincott Williams & Wilkins location Hagerstown, MD year 2006 isbn 0 7817 6274 X oclc doi page 258 ref inferior mesenteric lymph nodes ref name titleDissector Answers Pelvis & Pelvic Viscera cite web url http anatomy.med.umich.edu reproductive system pelvicvisc ans.html title Dissector Answers Pelvis & Pelvic Viscera accessdate 2007 12 09 work ref pararectal lymph nodes , superficial inguinal lymph nodes below Hilton s white line ref name titlePelvis cite web url http mywebpages.comcast.net wnor pelvis.htm title Pelvis accessdate 2007 12 09 work ref epithelium columnar epithelium as is most of the digestive tract the line represents the end of the part of the body derived from the hindgut stratified squamous epithelium , non keratinized until Hilton s white line , where the anal verge becomes continuous with the perianal skin containing keratinized epithelium. embryological origin endoderm ectoderm artery superior rectal artery middle rectal artery middle and infer ... more details
Infobox Anatomy Name Splenic flexure Latin flexura coli sinistra GraySubject 249 GrayPage 1180 Image Illu colorectal anatomy.jpg Caption Colorectal anatomy. Splenic flexure labeled at upper right. Image2 Gray1098.png Caption2 Front of abdomen, showing surface markings for liver, stomach, and great intestine. The duodenum and pancreas. Left colic flexure labeled at upper right. Precursor Midgut hepatic , hindgut splenic System MeshName MeshNumber DorlandsPre DorlandsSuf The splenic or left colic flexure is a sharp bend between the Transverse colon transverse and the Descending colon descending Colon anatomy colon in the left upper quadrant of humans. The left colic flexure is near the spleen , and hence called the splenic flexure. There are two colic flexures in the transverse colon &mdash the other being the hepatic flexure , as it is next to the liver , in the right upper quadrant abdomen right upper quadrant . The splenic flexure is a watershed region as it receives dual blood supply from the terminal branches of the superior mesenteric artery and the inferior mesenteric artery , thus making it prone to ischemic damage in cases of hypotension because it does not have its own primary source of blood. ref First Aid for the USMLE Step 1, 2011 Edition, p.311 ref Additional images gallery Image illu intestine.jpg Intestines Image DCBE.jpg Double Contrast Barium Enema Using Positive and Negative Contrast gallery See also Splenic flexure syndrome References references External links SUNYCrossSection ThoraxF03 20 eMedicineDictionary left colic flexure SUNYAnatomyLabs 37 13 02 03 Digestive tract Category Colon anatomy Digestive stub it Flessura splenica pl Zagi cie ledzionowe okr nicy ... more details
Infobox Nerve Name PAGENAME Latin nervi pelvici splanchnici br nervi erigentes GraySubject GrayPage Image Caption Image2 Caption2 Innervates BranchFrom S2 S4 BranchTo MeshName MeshNumber DorlandsPre r 02 DorlandsSuf 12687960 Pelvic splanchnic nerves or nervi erigentes are splanchnic nerves that arise from sacral spinal nerve s sacral spinal nerve 2 S2 , sacral spinal nerve 3 S3 , sacral spinal nerve 4 S4 to provide parasympathetic innervation to the hindgut . Structure The pelvic splanchnic nerves arise from the ventral rami of the S2 S4 and enter the sacral plexus. They travel to their side s corresponding inferior hypogastric plexus , located bilaterally on the walls of the rectum. From there, they contribute to the innervation of the pelvis pelvic and genital organs. The nerves regulate the emptying of the urinary bladder and the rectum as well as sex ual functions like erection . They contain both preganglionic parasympathetic fibers as well as visceral afferent fibers. The parasympathetic nervous system is referred to as the craniosacral outflow the pelvic splanchnic nerves are the sacral component. They are in the same region as the sacral splanchnic nerves , which arise from the sympathetic trunk and provide sympathetic efferent fibers. The proximal 2 3 of the transverse colon , and the rest of the proximal gastrointestinal tract is supplied its parasympathetic fibers by the vagus nerve . In the distal 1 3 of the transverse colon, and through the sigmoid and rectum, the pelvic splanchnic nerves take over. See also sacral splanchnic nerves Coccygeal plexus External links eMedicineDictionary Pelvic splanchnic nerves SUNYAnatomyLabs 43 15 01 07 UMichAnatomyModule autonomics abdomen module abdomen 07 DartmouthHumanAnatomy figures chapter 32 32 6.HTM NormanAnatomy pelvis NormanAnatomyFig pelvicnerves Autonomic neuroanatomy stub Category Nerves ... more details
The TD 2 RNA motif is a conserved RNA structure found in Treponema denticola , ref cite journal author Weinberg Z title Identification of 22 candidate structured RNAs in bacteria using the CMfinder comparative genomics pipeline journal Nucleic Acids Res. volume 35 issue 14 pages 4809 19 year 2007 pmid 17621584 pmc 1950547 doi 10.1093 nar gkm487 url author separator , author2 Barrick JE author3 Yao Z display authors 3 last4 Roth first4 A. last5 Kim first5 J. N. last6 Gore first6 J. last7 Wang first7 J. X. last8 Lee first8 E. R. last9 Block first9 K. F. ref as well as metagenome sequences extracted from a termite hindgut , which is known to be enriched for Spirochaete s. Since TD 2 RNAs are not typically positioned in 5 UTR s, the motif is presumed to correspond to a non coding RNA . The TD 2 RNA s secondary structure is supported by covariation see secondary structure prediction , and one stem typically has terminal GNRA tetraloop s, which are known to be especially stable. Surprisingly, however, the motif has an unusual number of stems containing runs of adenosine s that base pair with coordinate runs of uridine s. The lengths of these runs do correspond, thus comprising part of the covariation evidence in support of the motif s assignment as a conserved RNA. The first 5 most stem in the TD 2 RNA motif exhibits covariation, but also appears to be lost in some TD 2 RNAs. Seven TD 2 RNAs overlap predicted representatives of the TD 1 RNA motif , but it is unknown whether these two motifs can somehow be merged. References references Category Non coding RNA molecular cell biology stub ... more details
Infobox rfam Name Termite flg RNA image Termite flg RNA.svg width 170 caption Consensus secondary structure of Termite flg RNAs Symbol Termite flg AltSymbols tg flg Rfam RF01729 miRBase miRBase family RNA type Cis regulatory element Tax domain Termite gut metagenome GO SO CAS number EntrezGene HGNCid OMIM PDB RefSeq Chromosome Arm Band LocusSupplementaryData The Termite flg RNA motif also called tg flg is a conserved RNA structure identified by bioinformatics . ref name Weinberg2009 cite journal author Weinberg Z, Perreault J, Meyer MM, Breaker RR title Exceptional structured noncoding RNAs revealed by bacterial metagenome analysis journal Nature volume 462 issue 7273 pages 656 9 year 2009 month December pmid 19956260 doi 10.1038 nature08586 url ref ref name Weinberg2010 cite journal author Weinberg Z, Wang JX, Bogue J, et al. title Comparative genomics reveals 104 candidate structured RNAs from bacteria, archaea and their metagenomes journal Genome Biol volume 11 issue 3 pages R31 year 2010 month March pmid 20230605 doi 10.1186 gb 2010 11 3 r31 url pmc 2864571 ref Genome Genomic sequences corresponding to Termite flg RNAs have been identified only in uncultivated bacteria present in the termite hindgut . As of 2010 it has not been identified in the DNA of any cultivated species, and is thus an example of RNAs present in environmental samples . Termite flg RNAs are consistently located in what is presumed to be the 5 untranslated region s of gene s that encode protein s whose functions relate to flagella . The RNAs are hypothesized to regulate these genes in an unknown mechanism. References references External links Rfam id RF01729 name Termite flg RNA Category Cis regulatory RNA elements molecular cell biology stub ... more details
Infobox rfam Name Termite leu RNA image Termite leu RNA.svg width caption Consensus secondary structure of Termite leu RNAs Symbol Termite leu RNA AltSymbols Rfam RF01730 miRBase miRBase family RNA type Cis regulatory element Tax domain Termite gut metagenome GO SO CAS number EntrezGene HGNCid OMIM PDB RefSeq Chromosome Arm Band LocusSupplementaryData The Termite leu RNA motif is a conserved RNA structure discovered by bioinformatics . ref name Weinberg2010 cite journal author Weinberg Z, Wang JX, Bogue J, et al. title Comparative genomics reveals 104 candidate structured RNAs from bacteria, archaea and their metagenomes journal Genome Biol volume 11 issue 3 pages R31 year 2010 month March pmid 20230605 doi 10.1186 gb 2010 11 3 r31 url pmc 2864571 ref It is found only in DNA sequences extracted from uncultivated bacteria living in termite hindgut s, and has not yet been detected in any known cultivated organism. In many cases, Termite leu RNAs are found in the likely 5 untranslated region s of multive genes related to the synthesis of the amino acid leucine . However, in several cases it is not found in this type of location. Therefore, it was considered ambiguous as to whether Termite leu RNAs constitute cis regulatory element s. References references External links Rfam id RF01730 name Termite leu RNA Category Cis regulatory RNA elements Category Non coding RNA molecular cell biology stub ... more details
. Proctolin stimulates contractions of the hindgut in P. americana , the foregut in S. gregaria .... In Drosophila , this receptor is strongly expressed in the head , the larval hindgut , the aorta ... more details
Insect diuretic hormones are hormone s that regulate water balance through diuretic action. The insect excretory system , responsible for regulating water balance in the insect, comprises the Malpighian tubules and the hindgut the ileum and rectum . Malpighian tubules secrete primary urine , most of which is passed into the hindgut where water, ion s and essential metabolites are reabsorbed before the fluid is excreted. Excretion is under the control of diuretic and anti diuretic factors, or hormones , comprehensively reviewed by Coast et al. 2002 . These factors are produced in neurosecretory cell s in the insect nervous system , and stored and released from neurohaemal sites, such as the corpora cardiaca in the brain . Before a factor can be attributed with the role of hormone, it needs to meet certain criteria. While there is evidence that some diuretic and antidiuretic factors are indeed circulating neurohormones, this has not been demonstrated for all factors investigated so far. It has been known for many years that insects possess diuretic and antidiuretic factors, but it has only been comparatively recently that technological advances have allowed for them to be characterised. Antidiuretic factors are less well studied than diuretic factors. They act either on the Malpighian tubules to inhibit urine production, or on the hindgut to stimulate reabsorption. To date, the only insect for which both diuretic and antidiuretic hormones acting directly on tubules have been isolated is a beetle, the mealworm Tenebrio molitor Tenebrionidae . Functions of diuretic and antidiuretic hormones include postprandial diuresis, post eclosion diuresis , excretion of excess metabolic water, clearance of toxic wastes and restricting metabolite loss Coast et al., 2002 . The effects of diuretic factors are tested in fluid secretion experiments, usually conducted using the Ramsay assay , in which isolated Malpighian tubules are placed in droplets of saline solution under liquid para ... more details
Infobox Anatomy Name Sigmoid colon Latin colon sigmoideum GraySubject 249 GrayPage 1182 hello Image Dickdarm Schema.svg Caption 1 Ascending colon BR 2 Transverse colon BR 3 Descending colon BR 4 Sigmoid colon BR 5 Rectum Image2 Gray1223.png Caption2 Front of abdomen, showing surface markings for liver, stomach, and great intestine. Precursor hindgut System Artery sigmoid arteries Vein Nerve superior mesenteric ganglia , sacral nerve ref GeorgiaPhysiology 6 6ch2 s6ch2 30 ref Lymph MeshName MeshNumber DorlandsPre c 47 DorlandsSuf 12249909 The sigmoid colon pelvic colon is the part of the large intestine that is closest to the rectum and anus . It forms a loop that averages about 40 cm. in length, and normally lies within the pelvis , but on account of its freedom of movement it is liable to be displaced into the abdominal cavity . Path It begins at the superior aperture of the lesser pelvis , where it is continuous with the iliac colon , and passes transversely across the front of the sacrum to the left side of the pelvis. The name sigmoid aptly means S shaped. It then curves on itself and turns toward the right to reach the middle line at the level of the third piece of the sacrum , where it bends downward and ends in the rectum . Coverings It is completely surrounded by peritoneum and thus is not retroperitoneal , which forms a mesentery sigmoid mesocolon , which diminishes in length from the center toward the ends of the loop, where it disappears, so that the loop is fixed at its junctions with the iliac colon and rectum, but enjoys a considerable range of movement in its central portion. Innervation Pelvic splanchnic nerves are the primary source for Parasympathetic nervous system parasympathetic innervation. Lumbar splanchnic nerves provide Sympathetic nervous system sympathetic innervation via the inferior mesenteric ganglion . Relations Behind the sigmoid colon are the External iliac vessels disambiguation external iliac vessels , the left Piriformis , and ... more details
Gametogenesis is a biology biological process by which diploid or haploid precursor cell s undergo cell division and differentiation to form mature haploid gamete s. Depending on the biological life cycle of the organism , gametogenesis occurs by meiosis meiotic division of diploid gametocyte s into various gametes, or by mitosis mitotic division of haploid gametogenous cells. For example, plants produce gametes through mitosis in gametophytes. The gametophytes grow from haploid spores after sporic meiosis. The existence of a multicellular, haploid phase in the life cycle between meiosis and gametogenesis is also referred to as alternation of generations . In animals Image Gray7.png thumb 400px Scheme showing analogies in the process of maturation of the ovum and the development of the spermatids, following their individual pathways. The oocytes and spermatocytes are both gametocytes. Ova and spermatids are complete gametes. In reality, the first polar body typically dies without dividing. Animals produce gametes directly through meiosis in organs called gonad s. Male s and female s of a species that sexual reproduction reproduces sexually have different forms of gametogenesis spermatogenesis male oogenesis female Stages However, before turning into gametogonia, the embryonic development of gametes is the same in males and females. Common path Gametogonia are usually seen as the initial stage of gametogenesis. However, gametogonia are themselves successors of primordial germ cells . During early embryonic development, primordial germ cells PGCs from the dorsal endoderm of the yolk sac migrate along the hindgut to the gonadal ridge . They multiply by mitosis and once they have reached the gonadal ridge in the late embryonic stage, they are called gametogonia. Gametogonia are no longer the same between males and females. Individual path From gametogonia, male and female gametes develop differently males by spermatogenesis and females by oogenesis. However, by conventi ... more details
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