Histogramequalization is a method in image processing of contrast vision contrast adjustment using the image ... contrast to gain a higher contrast. Histogramequalization accomplishes this by effectively spreading ... mathematics operator . So in theory, if the histogramequalization function mathematics function .... Histogramequalization often produces unrealistic effects in photographs however it is very ... of images that user would apply false color to. Also histogramequalization can produce undesirable ... it will further reduce color depth number of unique shades of gray of the image. Histogramequalization ... ways to think about and implement histogramequalization, either as image change or as Palette computing ... image I unchanged then histogramequalization is implemented as Palette computing palette change ... contrast. Examples of such methods include adaptive histogramequalization and contrast limiting adaptive histogramequalization or CLAHE . Histogramequalization also seems to be used in biological ... Z. Naturforsch. volume 9 10 36 910 2 ref Histogramequalization is a specific case of the more general ... Histogramequalization of color images The above describes histogramequalization on a grayscale image .... 12, no. 12, pp. 1591 1598, Dec. 2003 ref . There are several histogramequalization methods in 3D space. Trahanias and Venetsanopoulos applied histogramequalization in 3D color space ref P. E. Trahanias and A. N. Venetsanopoulos, Color image enhancement through 3 D histogramequalization, in Proc ... and C. Kotropoulos, Color image histogramequalization by absolute discounting back off, Computer ... ref Ji Hee Han, Sejung Yang, Byung Uk Lee, A Novel 3 D Color HistogramEqualization Method with Uniform ... . The general histogramequalization formula is math h v mathrm round left frac cdf v cdf min M times ... black valign top Image Equalized Hawkes Bay NZ.jpg thumb 300px The same image after histogramequalization ... black Notes reflist See also Histogram matching Adaptive histogramequalization References Acharya ... more details
Adaptive histogramequalization AHE is a computer image processing technique used to improve contrast vision contrast in images. It differs from ordinary histogramequalization in the respect that the adaptive method computes several histogram s, each corresponding to a distinct section of the image ... regions will not be sufficiently enhanced. Adaptive histogramequalization AHE improves on this by transforming ... is enhanced, while contrast at larger scales is reduced. Due to the nature of histogramequalization ... Limited Adaptive HistogramEqualization . In P. Heckbert Graphics Gems IV , Academic Press 1994, ISBN 0123361559 ref CLAHE CLAHE differs from ordinary adaptive histogramequalization in its contrast limiting. This feature can also be applied to global histogramequalization, giving rise to contrast limited histogramequalization CLHE , which is rarely used in practice. In the case of CLAHE, the contrast .... Adaptive HistogramEqualization and Its Variations . Computer Vision, Graphics, and Image Processing 39 1987 355 368. ref to prevent the overamplification of noise that adaptive histogramequalization ... is negligible. Efficient computation by interpolation Adaptive histogramequalization in its ... additional cost of linear interpolation. References reflist See also Histogramequalization Shadow ... signal noise noise in relatively homogeneous regions of an image. A variant of adaptive histogramequalization called CLAHE contrast limited adaptive histogramequalization CLAHE prevents this by limiting the amplification. Motivation and explanation of the method Ordinary histogramequalization uses the same transformation derived from the image histogram to transform all pixels. This works .... ref sup cited in sup ref name hummel77 R. A. Hummel Image Enhancement by Histogram Transformation ... based on the histogram of a square surrounding the pixel, as in the figure below. The derivation of the transformation functions from the histograms is exactly the same as for ordinary histogram ... more details
Dablink For the histograms used in digital image processing, see Image histogram and Color histogram . Infobox quality tool image Histogram of arrivals per minute.svg category One of the Seven Basic Tools ... , a histogram is a graphical representation showing a visual impression of the distribution ... introduced by Karl Pearson . ref name pearson cite doi 10.1098 rsta.1895.0010 ref A histogram consists ... by the width of the interval. The total area of the histogram is equal to the number of data. A histogram ... The rectangles of a histogram are drawn so that they touch each other to indicate that the original ... estimating the probability density function of the underlying variable. The total area of a histogram ... axis are all 1, then a histogram is identical to a relative frequency plot. An alternative to the histogram ... accurately reflect the underlying variable. The histogram is one of the Seven Basic Tools of Quality ... An example histogram of the heights of 31 Prunus serotina Black Cherry trees. The etymology of the word histogram is uncertain. Sometimes it is said to be derived from the Greek language Greek histos anything set upright as the masts of a ship, the bar of a loom, or the vertical bars of a histogram ... time histogram total n Stata.png thumb 350px Histogram of travel time, US 2000 census. Area under the curve ... 3212 642 40 5 4122 824 45 15 9200 613 60 30 6461 215 90 60 3435 57 This histogram shows the number ... 124 million . This type of histogram shows absolute numbers, with Q in thousands. br clear all Image Travel time histogram total 1 Stata.png thumb 350px Histogram of travel time, US 2000 census ... 35 5 3212 0.0052 40 5 4122 0.0066 45 15 9200 0.0049 60 30 6461 0.0017 90 60 3435 0.0005 This histogram ... density estimate . This version shows proportions, and is also known as a unit area histogram. br clear all In other words, a histogram represents a frequency distribution by means of rectangles whose .... The intervals are placed together in order to show that the data represented by the histogram, while ... more details
about electronic compensation for systems uneven frequency responses equalization particularly as used in sound recording and reproduction Equalization audio other uses Equalization disambiguation Equalization British equalisation is the process of adjusting the balance between frequency components within an electronic Signal electronics signal . The most well known use of equalization is in sound recording and reproduction but there are many other applications in electronics and telecommunications. The circuit or equipment used to achieve equalization is called an equalizer. These devices strengthen boost or weaken cut the energy of specific frequency Frequency range bands . In telecommunications ..., the term equalization has come to include the adjustment of frequency responses for practical ... between different frequency components. Uses Audio and music main Equalization audio Image Shelving ... bandwidth Although the range of equalization functions is governed by the theory of linear filter ... than providing actual equalization in the strict sense of the term. A parametric equalizer .... Variable equalization in audio reproduction was first used by John Volkman working at RCA in the 1920s ..., Audio Cyclopedia, 2nd. Ed., H.W. Sams, Indianapolis, 1973 ref Since equalization in the context ... ref Analog telecommunications Audio lines Early telephone systems used equalization to correct ... or cancel any loading coil s in the line before equalization can be successful. Equalization was also ... Cauer equalizer . The second issue is that phase equalization is essential for an analog television ... severe attenuation distortion , which is dealt with by automatic equalization or by abandoning the worst frequencies. Videophone Picturephone circuits also had equalizers. See also Blind equalization ... edition, Focal Press, 2008 ISBN 0240809696. div External links Wiktionary equalisation equalization ... http www.wikirecording.org EQ WikiRecording s Guide to Equalization http www.musicdsp.org files ... more details
Equalization is correction for frequency dependent processing of signals. Equalization may also be Science and technology Equalization audio , specific to audio signals and sound processing RIAA equalization , the RIAA specification for the correct playback of gramophone records Bandwidth equalization , in computer networking Blind equalization , a digital signal processing technique Histogramequalization Delay equalizationEqualization proof , an analysis of load sharing anchors Economics and finance Factor price equalizationEqualization payments Equalization pool Risk equalization Tax equalization Interest Equalization Tax Other Equalization of pressure within the ear, a.k.a. ear clearing Equalization, Anchor climbing Equalization sharing of load in anchors for rappelling and rock climbing See also Equalizer disambiguation disambig it Equalizzazione disambigua ... more details
File Histogram matching.PNG thumb 250px An example of histogram matching Histogram matching is a method in image processing of color mapping color adjustment of two images using the image Image histogram histograms . It is possible to use histogram matching to balance detector responses as a relative detector calibration technique. It can be used to normalize two images, when the images were acquired at the same local illumination such as shadows over the same location, but by different sensors, atmospheric conditions or global illumination. The algorithm Given two images, the reference and the adjusted images, we compute their histograms. Following, we calculate the Cumulative distribution function cumulative functions of the two images histograms math F 1 , math for the reference image and math F 2 , math for the target image. Then for each gray level math G 1 in 0,255 math , we find the gray level math G 2 , math for which math F 1 G 1 F 2 G 2 , math , and this is the result of histogram matching function math M G 1 G 2 , math . Finally, we apply the function math M , math on each pixel of the reference image. See also Histogramequalization Image histogram Color mapping Category Image processing photo stub it Histogram matching ... more details
axis represents the size of the area that is captured in each one of these zones. Thus, the histogram .... Conversely, the histogram for a very bright image with few dark areas and or shadows will have ... Image editors typically have provisions to create a histogram of the image being edited. The histogram ...&dq 22image histogram 22&lr &as brr 0&ei dvL2R yFI2AsgPP7Z2FCg&sig UoCi37U m3IUzm6fUG YB3za Y PPA136,M1 ... segmentation , and Co occurrence matrix co occurrence matrices . See also Histogram Image editing Color histogram , a multidimensional histogram of the distribution of color in an image HistogramequalizationHistogram matching References references External links http www.cambridgeincolour.com tutorials ... Histogram Category Image processing photo stub it Istogramma di un immagine ... more details
Orphan date November 2006 Unreferenced date July 2009 A profile histogram is a histogram where each bin contains the mean of its entries and possibly the corresponding Root mean square RMS . E.g. a 1D profile histogram gives for each value of X the mean value of Y. The term profile histogram is widely used in the high energy physics community. See also Physics Analysis Workstation PAW ROOT HippoDraw Scientific computing jHepWork External links http www.slac.stanford.edu grp ek hippodraw profilehist.png Profile histogram example DEFAULTSORT Profile Histogram Category Physics software ... more details
distinguish Image histogram In image processing and photography , a color histogram is a representation of the distribution of colors in an image . For digital images, a color histogram represents the number ... space , the set of all possible colors. The color histogram can be built for any kind of color space ... color space HSV . For monochromatic image s, the term intensity histogram may be used instead. For multi ..., beyond the three measurements in RGB , the color histogram is N dimensional, with N being ... small, each of those colors may be placed on a range by itself then the histogram is merely the count ... histogram may also be represented and displayed as a smooth Function mathematics function defined over the color space that approximates the pixel counts. Like other kinds of histogram s, the color histogram is a statistic that can be viewed as an approximation of an underlying continuous Frequency ... or any other color space of any dimension. A histogram of an image is produced first by discretization ... bin. For example, a Red Blue chromaticity histogram can be formed by first normalizing color pixel ... bins each. A two dimensional histogram of Red Blue chromaticity divide in to four bins N 4 might yield a histogram that looks like this table class wikitable align center align center colspan 2 rowspan ... 47 13 A histogram can be N dimensional. Although harder to display, a three dimensional color histogram ... . The histogram provides a compact summarization of the distribution of data in an image. The color histogram of an image is relatively invariant with translation and rotation about the viewing axis ... and matching the color content of one image with the other, the color histogram is particularly well ... the histogram to operate well in varying light levels. Example Given the following image of a cat an original version and a version that has been reduced to 256 colors for easy histogram purposes , the following data represents a color histogram in the RGB color space, using four bins. Bin 0 corresponds ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2006 Orphan date February 2009 In computing , equalization is a type of bandwidth management that makes adjustments to the flow of data along a computer network . By adding Latency engineering latency to low priority tasks, it ensures high priority tasks receive sufficient bandwidth. DEFAULTSORT Equalization Computing Category Computer networks Compu network stub ... more details
An equalization pool a fund created to level out differences in financial risk, often across long periods of time, in a process known as risk equalization . Examples include mandatory health insurance and grower co operatives. Health insurance In health insurance , equalization pools are used in countries such as Ireland , Australia , Germany and the Netherlands to balance risks amongst groups of people ... made basic health insurance compulsory and have created a risk equalization pool to even out differences ... must pay into the risk equalization pool and the older and sicker persons will receive money from the equalization pool. A government agency usually assigns the risks and manages the risk pool. Governments .... The presence of a risk equalization pool and a common health benefits system makes competition ... equalization regulations came into force SI No. 261 of 2003 with the aim to neutralize more equitably ... risk equalization transfers from insurers with low risk profiles to insurers with high risk ... of their members. Under the system, if the market equalization percentage the degree of difference between insurers risk profiles is less than 2 , the regulations specify that no risk equalization ... equalization constituted state aid, as transfers were likely to take place from BUPA Ireland to Vhi ... that transfers under the equalization scheme did not constitute state aid. BUPA withdrew from the Irish ... equalization levy. The Irish Supreme Court has since found in favour of the Irish company on the grounds that community rating is not the same as risk equalization, and the whole issue of VHI ... Health care in the Netherlands has since 2006 used a new system of health care based on a risk equalization ..., especially of perishable goods such as milk or fruit, equalization pools are sometimes used to even ... balance Some governments use equalization pools to achieve social balance, so that richer regions with fewer needs for state aid pay taxes into an equalization pool from which poorer regions needing ... more details
by many global companies is the implementation of a Tax Equalization policy. The principles behind a tax equalization policy is that the employee will not need to suffer neither a financial hardship ... usual home country taxes. In order to implement the tax equalization procedures, the company will have ... http www.expatexchange.com lib.cfm?articleID 718 Tax Equalization , Tax Advice by Tim Lenneman, CPA DEFAULTSORT Tax Equalization Category International taxation de Hypotax ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 In signal processing , delay equalization corresponds to adjusting the relative phase waves phases of different frequencies to achieve a constant group delay , using by adding an all pass filter in series with an uncompensated filter. ref cite book last Qu lhas first MF coauthors Petraglia A year 2003 title Group Delay Equalization of Discrete Time Filters journal IEEE 2003 International Symposium on Industrial Electronics ISIE 2003 pages 924 927 ref Clever machine learning techniques are now being applied to the design of such filters. ref cite journal last i ka first P coauthors Laipert M year 2006 title Band pass Filter Group delay equalization journal Proceedings of the 38th Symposium on Systems Theory pages 289 293 ref References reflist 1 Category Signal processing Category Digital signal processing signal processing stub ... more details
Merge to Equalization discuss Talk Equalization Merge parametric and blind equalization into equalization article date September 2010 Unreferenced date January 2007 Blind equalization is a digital signal processing technique in which the transmitter transmitted Signal electrical engineering signal is inferred Equalizer communications equalized from the receiver information theory received signal, while making use only of the transmitted signal statistics. Hence, the use of the word blind in the name. Blind equalization is essentially blind deconvolution applied to digital communications . Nonetheless, the emphasis in blind equalization is on Online algorithm online estimation of the Equalization filter equalizer signal processing filter , which is the Inverse filter Inverse system inverse of the Channel communications channel impulse response , rather than the estimation of the channel impulse response itself. This is due to blind deconvolution common mode of usage in digital communications systems, as a mean to extract the continuously transmitted signal from the received signal, with the channel impulse response being of secondary intrinsic importance. The estimated equalizer is then convolution ... equalization problem can now be formulated as follows Given the received signal math r k math , find a filter math w k math , called an equalization filter, such that math hat s k sum n infty infty ... to the blind equalization problem is not unique. In fact, it may be determined only up to a signed ... k math Algorithms Many algorithms for the solution of the blind equalization problem have been suggested ... the blind equalization problem tractable. One such assumption, common to all algorithms described below ... the equalizer. See also Equalization Independent component analysis Principal components analysis ... Equalization Using the Constant Modulus Criterion A Review , PROCEEDINGS OF THE IEEE, VOL. 86, NO. 10, OCTOBER 1998. DEFAULTSORT Blind Equalization Category Telecommunication theory Category Signal processing ... more details
Risk equalization is a way of equalizing the risk profile s of insurance members in order to avoid loading Risk premium premium s on the insured to some predetermined extent. Health care In unregulated competitive market s for individual health insurance , risk rated premiums are observed to differ across subgroups of insured people, which are defined by rating factor s such as ageing age , gender , family size, geographic area because costs of care may be higher or lower in some coverage areas than others Profession occupation , length of contract period , the level of deductible , health status at time of enrollment, health habit psychology habits smoking , drinking , exercising and via differentiated bonus es for multi year no claim to prior costs. ref name VdV 2000 Van de Ven et al. 2000 ref Some nations that encourage private insurance for health care nevertheless seek to prevent insurers ... insurance market, the sponsor organizes it in the form of risk equalization among health insurers ..., the Subsidy Fund is called a Risk Equalization Fund REF . An insurer receives a relatively large ..., and Ireland. The system of risk equalization plays a crucial role in order to reduce the incentives ... results on the effectiveness of the 2004 Dutch risk equalization model. ref In practice, the sponsor ... to include in the risk equalization model. ref http www.youtube.com watch?v 0wWNP deiiY ref References Stam PJA. Testing the effectiveness of risk equalization models in health insurance. PhD Dissertation ... http www.youtube.com watch?v 3HeqJEbUptA The purpose of risk equalization, English version http www.youtube.com watch?v st1kP2WSnT8 The purpose of risk equalization, Dutch version http www.youtube.com watch?v 0wWNP deiiY Testing the effectiveness of risk equalization models, English version http www.youtube.com watch?v DNIPVH9tMxI Testing the effectiveness of risk equalization models, Dutch version Videos http www.youtube.com watch?v 3HeqJEbUptA A theoretical introduction to risk equalization ... more details
Equalization payments are cash payments made in some federal systems of government from the federal government ... main Equalization payments in Canada Canadian Transfer Payments In Canada , the federal government makes ... to generate tax revenues. In 2009 2010, six provinces received 14.2 billion in equalization payments ... on equalization payments ref Until the 2009 2010 fiscal year, Ontario was the only province to have never received equalization payments in 2009 2010 Ontario will receive 347 million, ref http ... called have province, and is now a net contributor that does not receive Equalization payments. Canada s territories are not included in the equalization program the federal government addresses territorial fiscal needs through the Territorial Formula Financing TFF program. Equalization payments are based ... the cost of providing services or the expenditure need of the provinces. Equalization payments do ..., a so called have not province, pays more into equalization than a poorer citizen in Alberta, a so called ... as a whole are net contributors to Equalization, while the citizens of New Brunswick are net receivers of Equalization payments. Equalization payments are one example of what are often collectively ... , Equalization, and Territorial Formula Financing TFF . Moreover, the federal government has entered ... receive through equalization can be spent in any way the provincial government desires. The payments ... fiscal equalisation and iii Bundeserg nzungszuweisungen BEZ . Switzerland The first elements of an equalization .... External links General http aysps.gsu.edu isp world bank institute module.html The Design of Equalization ... equalization program canada overview and contemporary issues Maple Leaf Web Equalization Program ... Equalization Program http www.strongontario.ca A Strong Ontario for a Stronger Canada http www.eqtff pfft.ca index.asp Expert Panel on Equalization and Territorial Formula Financing http etatscanadiens ... Commonwealth Grants Commission References reflist DEFAULTSORT Equalization Payments Category ... more details
Image RIAA EQ Curve.svg thumb 300px right The RIAA equalization curve for playback of vinyl records. The recording .... RIAA equalization is a specification for the recording and playback of gramophone records phonograph record s, established by the Recording Industry Association of America RIAA . The purposes of the equalization audio equalization are to permit greater recording times, improve sound quality, and to minimize the groove damage that would otherwise arise during playback. The RIAA equalization ..., each record company applied its own equalization there were over 100 combinations of turnover .... The RIAA curve RIAA equalization is a form of pre emphasis on recording and de emphasis on playback ... on playback. Players must therefore be designed to limit rumble, more so than if RIAA equalization did not occur. RIAA equalization is not a simple low pass filter. It defines transition points in three ... and 50 Hz. ref name stereophile2009 Cut and Thrust RIAA LP Equalization By Keith Howard, Stereophile March 2009 http www.stereophile.com features cut and thrust riaa lp equalization index.html ref ... to the gradual obsolescence of vinyl records. Add on phono preamplifiers with the RIAA equalization ... standard. Special preamplifiers are also available for the various equalization curves used ... standard and custom equalization curves, removing the need for a dedicated hardware preamplifier ... Origins of pre emphasis unreferenced section date December 2009 Equalization practice for electrical ... the RIAA curve. Over the years a variety of record equalization practices emerged and there was no industry ... equalization standard was written, the bandwidth limitations of recording equipment imposed their own ... uk riaa background 1.html Description and diagrams of RIAA equalization curve http www.euronet.nl mgw background riaa uk riaa background 2.html Sample passive filter designs DEFAULTSORT Riaa Equalization Category Recording Industry Association of America Equalization Category Audio engineering Category ... more details
About frequency dependent processing of audio signals processing of other types of signals Equalization other uses Equalization disambiguation mergefrom Smiley face curve discuss Talk Equalization audio Merge proposals date September 2010 mergefrom British EQ discuss Talk Equalization audio Merge proposals date September 2010 infobox product title Equalization audio image Image Graphic equalizer.jpg thumb 200px caption A stereo graphic equalizer notes 2 3 octave, 15 bands per channel url Equalization ... or equipment used to achieve equalization. ref name Strong 2005 25 cite book last Strong first Jeff ... . ref name The Audio Dictionary Equalization may also be used to eliminate unwanted sounds, make ... system had a null in its response which cannot be corrected. The concept of equalization was first applied in correcting the frequency response of equalization Analog telecommunications telephone ... of electronic amplification. Initially equalization was used to compensate for i.e. correct the uneven ... be equal . Hence the term equalization. Much later the concept was applied in audio engineering ... of audio electronics the term equalization is now broadly used to describe the application ..., they are considered quite inadequate for equalization tasks among audio engineers. Graphic equalizer ... and equalization of room modes . Such an equalizer as shown above is called a 1 3 octave equalizer spoken ... recording , equalization is used to improve an instrument s sound or make certain instruments and sounds ..., equalization is not only used to flatten the frequency response but may also be useful in eliminating ... which connect to the woofers and tweeters respectively. Equalization is used in a reciprocal manner ... those low frequencies following the standard RIAA equalization curve. History Audio electronic equipment ... two passive equalization sections, a bass shelving filter, and a pass band filter. Each filter had ... in 1971 shows the circuit topology Figure 2. that would come to dominate audio equalization until the present ... more details
In image processing , the balanced histogram thresholding method BHT ref A. Anjos and H. Shahbazkia. Bi Level Image Thresholding A Fast Method. BIOSIGNALS 2008. Vol 2. P 70 76. ref , is a very simple method used for automatic image thresholding . Like Otsu s Method ref Nobuyuki Otsu 1979 . A threshold selection method from gray level histograms . IEEE Trans. Sys., Man., Cyber. 9 62 66. ref and the Iterative Selection Thesholding Method ref Ridler TW, Calvard S. 1978 Picture thresholding using an iterative selection method, IEEE Trans. System, Man and Cybernetics, SMC 8 630 632. ref , this is a histogram based thresholding method. This approach assumes that the image is divided in two main classes The background and the foreground . The BHT method tries to find the optimum threshold level that divides the histogram in two classes. File Lovely spider.jpeg thumb 200px right Original image. File Lovely spider BHT.jpeg thumb 200px right Thresholded image. This method weighs the histogram, checks which of the two sides is heavier, and removes weight from the heavier side until it becomes the lighter. It repeats the same operation until the edges of the weighing scale meet. Given its simplicity, this method is a good choice as a first approach when presenting the subject of automatic image ... Histogram Thresholding method code int BHThreshold int histogram i m int i s i e 2.0f center of the weighing scale I m w l get weight i s, i m 1, histogram weight on the left W l w r get weight i m 1, i e 1, histogram weight on the right W r while i s i e if w r w l right side is heavier w r histogram i e if i s i e 2 i m w r histogram i m w l histogram i m else if w l w r left side is heavier w l histogram i s if i s i e 2 i m w l histogram i m 1 w r histogram i m 1 i m return i m code File ... the extremities of the histogram. ref A. Anjos, R. Leite, M. L. Cancela, H. Shahbazkia. MAQ ... BHThresholding.jar ImageJ Plugin DEFAULTSORT Balanced Histogram Thresholding Category Image processing ... more details
In neurophysiology , peristimulus time histogram and poststimulus time histogram , both abbreviated PSTH or PST histogram , are histogram s of the times at which neurons fire. These histograms are used to visualize the rate and timing of neuronal spike discharges in relation to an external stimulus or event. The peristimulus time histogram is sometimes called perievent time histogram , and post stimulus and peri stimulus are often hyphen ated. The prefix peri, for through, is typically used in the case of periodic stimuli, in which case the PSTH show neuron firing times wrapped to one cycle of the stimulus. The prefix post is used when the PSTH shows the timing of neuron firings in response to a stimulus event or onset. ref cite book title Introduction to Electrophysiological Methods and Instrumentation author Franklin Bretschneider and Jan R. De Weille url http books.google.com ?id 2ybw9UoRVBUC&pg PA188&dq peri stimulus time histogram post stimulus time histogram publisher Academic Press isbn 0123705886 year 2006 ref To make a PSTH, a spike train recorded from a single neuron is aligned with the onset, or a fixed phase point, of an identical stimulus repeatedly presented to an animal. The aligned sequences are superimposed in time, and then used to construct a histogram. ref cite journal last Palm first G. authorlink coauthors Aertsen, A. M. Gerstein, G. L. title On the significance of correlations among neuronal spike trains journal Biological Cybernetics volume 59 issue 1 pages 1 11 publisher date 1988 doi 10.1007 BF00336885 id accessdate pmid 3401513 ref Construction procedure Align spike sequences with the onset of stimuli that repeated n times. For periodic stimuli, wrap the response sequence back to time zero after each time period T , and count n as the total number ... a bar graph histogram with the bar height of bin i given by math frac k i n Delta math in units of estimated ... of a time histogram journal Neural Computation volume 19 issue 6 pages 1503 152 publisher date 2007 ... more details
In robotics , Vector Field Histogram VFH is a real time motion planning algorithm proposed by Johann Borenstein and Yoram Koren in 1991. ref name Borenstein1991 cite journal author Borenstein, J. coauthors Koren, Y. year 1991 title The vector field histogram fast obstacle avoidance for mobilerobots journal Robotics and Automation, IEEE Transactions on volume 7 issue 3 pages 278 288 url http ieeexplore.ieee.org xpls abs all.jsp?arnumber 88137 accessdate 2008 06 30 doi 10.1109 70.88137 ref The VFH utilizes a statistical representation of the robot s environment through the so called histogram grid, and therefore place great emphasis on dealing with uncertainty from sensor and modeling errors. Unlike other obstacle avoidance algorithms, VFH takes into account the dynamics mechanics dynamics and shape of the robot, and returns steering commands specific to the platform. While considered a local path planner, i.e., not designed for global path optimality, the VFH has been shown to produce near optimal paths. The original VFH algorithm was based on previous work on Virtual Force Field , a local path planning algorithm. After its creation in 1991, VFH was updated in 1998 by Iwan Ulrich and Johann Borenstein , and renamed VFH unofficially Enhanced VFH . ref name Ulrich1998 cite conference author Ulrich, I. coauthors Borenstein, J. year 1998 title VFH reliable obstacle avoidance for fast mobile robots conference booktitle Robotics and Automation, 1998. Proceedings. 1998 IEEE International ... driver vfh.html VFH in Player Stage Gazebo ref VFH The Vector Field Histogram was developed with the aim ... histogram grids see also occupancy grid . Such representation is well suited for inaccurate sensor ... three major components Cartesian histogram grid a two dimensional Cartesian histogram grid is constructed ... updated in real time. Polar histogram a one dimensional polar histogram is constructed by reducing the Cartesian histogram around the momentary location of the robot. Candidate valley consecutive ... more details
Dose volume histogram DVH , a concept used in radiation treatment planning ref Drzymala et al. Dose Volume Histograms. Intl J Rad Oncology, Biology and Physics 21, 1991, 71 78 ref . DVHs were introduced by Goitein and Verhey in 1979 in a publication by Shipley et al. ref Phys. Med. Biol. 50 2005 L17 L19 ref . The purpose of a DVH is to summarize 3D dose distributions in a graphical 2D format. In modern radiation therapy, 3D dose distributions are typically created in a computerized treatment planning system based on a 3D reconstruction of a Computed tomography CT scan. The volume referred to in DVH analysis can be a target of radiation treatment, a healthy organ nearby a target, or an arbitrary structure. DVHs can be visualized in either of two ways differential DVHs or cumulative DVHs. A DVH is created by first determining the size of the dose bins of the histogram . Bins can be of arbitrary size, e.g. 0 1 Gy, 1.001 2 Gy, 2.001 3 Gy, etc. In a differential DVH, bar or column height indicates the volume of structure receiving a dose given by the bin. Bin doses are along the horizontal axis, and structure volumes either percent or absolute volumes are on the vertical. The differential DVH takes the appearance of a typical histogram. The cumulative DVH is plotted with bin doses along the horizontal axis, as well. However, the column height of the first bin 0 1 Gy, e.g. represents the volume of structure receiving greater than or equal to that dose. The column height of the second bin 1.001 2 Gy, e.g. represents the volume of structure receiving greater than or equal to that dose, etc. With very fine small bin sizes, the cumulative DVH takes on the appearance of a smooth line graph. The lines always slope and start from top left to bottom right. For a structure receiving a very homogenous dose 100 of the volume receiving exactly 10 Gy for example the cumulative DVH will appear as a horizontal line at the top of the graph, at 100 volume as plotted vertically, with a vertical ... more details
FeatureDetectionCompVisNavbox Histogram of Oriented Gradients HOG are feature descriptors used in computer vision and image processing for the purpose of object detection . The technique counts occurrences of gradient orientation in localized portions of an image. This method is similar to that of edge orientation histogram s, scale invariant feature transform descriptors, and shape context s, but differs in that it is computed on a dense grid of uniformly spaced cells and uses overlapping local contrast normalization for improved accuracy. Navneet Dalal and Bill Triggs , researchers for the French National Institute for Research in Computer Science and Control INRIA , first described Histogram of Oriented Gradient descriptors in their June 2005 paper to the Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition CVPR . In this work they focused their algorithm on the problem of pedestrian ... The essential thought behind the Histogram of Oriented Gradient descriptors is that local object appearance ... connected regions, called cells, and for each cell compiling a histogram of gradient directions ... the cell histograms. Each pixel within the cell casts a weighted vote for an orientation based histogram ... be rectangular or radial in shape, and the histogram channels are evenly spread over 0 to 180 degrees ... found that unsigned gradients used in conjunction with 9 histogram channels performed best in their human ... of channels per cell histogram. In the Dalal and Triggs human detection experiment, the optimal parameters were found to be 3x3 cell blocks of 6x6 pixel cells with 9 histogram channels. Moreover ... spatial window within each block before tabulating histogram votes in order to weight pixels around ... using Histogram of Oriented Gradient descriptors is to feed the descriptors into some recognition ... 2006 Workshop, Dalal and Triggs presented results on applying Histogram of Oriented Gradient descriptors ... and Triggs teamed up with Cordelia Schmid to apply Histogram of Oriented Gradient detectors to the problem ... more details
makes equalization payments to less wealthy Canadian provinces to equalize the provinces fiscal capacity &mdash their ability to generate tax revenues. A province that does not receive equalization ... . In 2010 2011, six provinces will receive 14.4 billion in equalization payments from the federal ... on equalization payments publisher Fin.gc.ca date 2010 02 15 accessdate 2011 04 25 ref Until the 2009 2010 fiscal year, Ontario was the only province to have never received equalization payments ... story 2008 11 03 flaherty ministers.html title Ontario to receive 347M in equalization Flaherty ... in the equalization program the federal government addresses territorial fiscal needs through the Territorial Formula Financing TFF program. Calculating payments Equalization payments are based on a formula ... of providing services or the expenditure need of the provinces. Equalization payments do not, technically ... have not province, pays more into equalization than a poorer citizen in Alberta, a so called have ... are net contributors to Equalization, while the citizens of New Brunswick are net receivers of Equalization payments. Equalization payments are one example of what are often collectively referred ... to individuals see Canadian Transfer Payments . The money the provinces receive through equalization ... below. Quebec and Ontario will receive the most from equalization payments in the 2012 2013 year. ref name fin.gc.ca cite web url http www.fin.gc.ca fedprov eqp eng.asp title Equalization Program publisher .... In the 2012 2013 year, the following provinces will receive equalization payments ref name fin.gc.ca ... for equalization payments in 2012 2013 Alberta Saskatchewan Newfoundland and Labrador British Columbia ... revenues. ref name fin.gc.ca History The basics of equalization payments have been around since Canadian ... redistributed. A formal system of equalization payments was first introduced in 1957. The idea ... Canada by far the world s most generous system of equalization payments. The rise in energy prices ... more details
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